Quantitative Research Design

By 5th Group

TBI 5C

Alvina Juniati 1808103036, Dhea Miftahul Huda 1808103200, Fatimatuzzahro 18081030,

Fitria Alfi Qatrunnada 18081030, Nurul Aenni 1808103055

Introduction

In quantitative research, one of the important things that researcher have to do is to

create a research design because the research design is like a guideline for the researcher who
guides and determines the direction of the research process correctly, in accordance with
predetermined goals. Research design is a strategy to achieve predetermined research
objectives and acts as a guideline for researchers in the entire research process (Nursalam &
Effendy, 2003). Without the correct design in quantitative research, a researcher cannot
conduct research well because the researcher does not have clear direction guidelines.
Researchers need to avoid potential sources of error in the overall research process, in order
to achieve correct design creation. The same thing was also stated by Sarwono. According to
Sarwono (2006) (Jonathan, 2006) research design is like a road map for researchers who
guide and determine the direction of the research process correctly and precisely in
accordance with predetermined goals, without the correct design a researcher will not be able
to carry out research properly. Since the person concerned does not have clear direction
guidelines. Besides, one of the determinants of the success of a study is the research design,
especially for quantitative research. The research design is a guideline that researchers must
adhere to so that research can be carried out in a directed and systematic manner.

According to (Setiawan, 2020) research design is a process of collecting and

analyzing research data. It is means that this research includes planning and conducting
research. For planning begins with observation and evaluation of research that has been
carried out and known, until the formation of a framework requires further evidence. There is
absolute uniformity regarding this, but in general, it is necessary to describe the following: 1)
Background of the problem, 2) Formulation of the problem, 3) Research objectives, 4)
Research benefits, 5) Literature review, 6) Formulation of theoretical hypotheses, and 7)
Research method. Given the importance of design and design in compiling a study, we try to
summarize it in this paper to facilitate the learning process of designing research in the future.

Discussion
Quantitative Research Design
Research design is all the processes required in planning and conducting research. In
this context, the design component can include all research structures starting from the
discovery of ideas until the research results are obtained [ CITATION Suk041 \l 1033 ] . In
principle, the design in quantitative research includes determining the subject from which
information or data can be obtained, the techniques used in data collection, and the
procedures used for collection, and the treatment that can be obtained. Furthermore, research
design is a model or method used by researchers to conduct a study that provides directions
for the course of the research. In general, the research design will determine the following
five points:

1. What will the researcher do with the research subject, whether to conduct an
intervention /treatment then to determine the effect of the treatment, or to only make
observations of measurements on some of the variables studied without conducting an
intervention
2. If the researcher intervenes on the research subject, the research design also determines
whether a control group without intervention is involved in the study and how the
researcher determines the effect, whether by comparing the post-test results between
the control group and the intervention group or by comparing the pre-test and post-test
in both groups
3. What will the researcher do with the research data, whether the researcher wants to
analyze the relationship between variables or just display the data descriptively?
4. The method used by the researcher in determining the relationship between the
independent variables and the dependent variable, whether the researcher conducted a
retrospective, cross-sectional or prospective research
5. Statistical test that will be used to analyze research data

Several research design based on an expert includes, experimental, longitudinal, survey, and
comparative research design [ CITATION Bry12 \l 1033 ]. These are summary of following
research design.
A. Experimental Research Design
Experimental design is a research design that is applied to assessments or to acquire
initial knowledge. Experiments in social research are often used to determine the causal
aspects or causes of social phenomena. In experimental research, the research design is called
the experimental design. The experimental design is designed in such a way as to increase
internal and external validity. An expert categorize the pure experimental design into eight
sections [CITATION Suh93 \l 1033 ].
1) Control group pre-test and post-test
2) Random to the subject
3) Pair against the subject
4) Random pre-test and post-test
5) Random to subjects with the control group pre-test and the experimental group
post-test
6) Three experimental and control groups
7) Four groups with three control groups
8) Design time
Furthermore, according to Nursalam, (2003), in terms of the level of control variables,
experimental research designs can be divided into three parts, namely: pre-experimental
research design, quasi experimental design, and real experimental design.
1) Pre-experimental
There are three types of pre-experimental research designs, as in: one-shot case
study, one-group pre-test and post-test design, and static group design [ CITATION
Sur00 \l 1033 ][ CITATION Nur03 \l 1033 ].
a. One-shot case study
The one-shot case study design procedure is as follows. A group of subjects is
subjected to certain treatment (as independent variables) and then the
independent variables are measured.
b. One-group pre-test and post-test design
The design procedure of this study were: a) the measurement of the dependent
variable of one group of subjects (pretest) was carried out, b) the subject was
given treatment for a certain period of time (exposure), c) the second
measurement (post-test) was carried out on the independent variable, and d)
pre-test measurement results are compared with posttest measurement results.
 c. Static group design
The third design is a static group comparison which is a modification of the
design b. In this design, there are two groups selected as research objects. The
first group received treatment while the second group received no treatment.
This second group functions as the comparison/control group.
2) Quasi experimental
According to Nursalam (2003), quasi-experimental research designs or designs
attempt to reveal causal relationships by involving the control group and the
experimental group, but the selection of the two groups is not done randomly. Both
groups exist naturally.
3) Real experimental
This design has the characteristics of involving a randomized control group and an
experimental group. There are three types of research designs including real
experimental designs [ CITATION Nur03 \l 1033 ], as in:
- Post-test with random group selection
In this design the experimental group was given treatment while the control
group was not. Measurements are only given once, namely after the treatment
is given to the experimental group.
- Pre-test and post-test with random group selection
In this design there are two groups that are randomly selected. The first group
was given treatment (experimental group) and the second group was not treated
(control group). Observation or measurement was carried out for both groups
both before and after treatment.
- Solomon Design
A design that is a combination of design 1) and design 2) is called a Solomon
design or Randomized Solomon Four-Group Design. There are four groups
involved in this study: two control groups and two experimental groups. In one
pair the experimental and control groups started with a pre-test, while the other
pair did not.
B. Longitudinal Research Design
Longitudinal research designs generally apply survey methods. The difference is that
the longitudinal research design is carried out periodically over a relatively long period of
time with the same sample. Furthermore, longitudinal research is carried out to see trends or
developments in a phenomenon based on the sample. Longitudinal quantitative research is
carried out with a relatively long time, it can be years depending on the time period chosen by
the researcher.
C. Survey Research Design
A survey is a research design that is used to provide information related to the
prevalence, distribution and relationships between variables in a population [ CITATION
Nur03 \l 1033 ]. Survey research is also called cross-sectional. Survey research design was
carried out with the aim of obtaining information from respondents through the sample under
study. Survey or cross-sectional can also be carried out by applying the content of the
analysis if the sample used is a document.
D. Causal-Comparative Research Design
The causal-comparative design can be divided into two, namely the cohort design and
the case-control design [ CITATION Nur03 \l 1033 ].
a. Cohort study design
The approach used in the cohort research design is the longitudinal time approach
or time period approach. So this research is also called prospective research.
b. Case control research design
The case control research design is the opposite of the cohort research design, in
which the researcher takes measurements on the dependent variable first.
Meanwhile, the independent variables were examined retrospectively to determine
whether there was an influence on the dependent variable.
E. Action Research Design
Action research or action research is research that aims to develop new skills or new
approaches and to solve problems with direct application in the world of work or other actual
worlds [ CITATION Sur00 \l 1033 ].
Furthermore, based on him, action research has the characteristics: 1) practical and
directly relevant to actual situations in the world of work, 2) provides a regular framework for
problem solving and new developments, 3) is flexible and adaptive, and 4) has a lack of order
scientific.
Research design
Research is a scientific method or steps that follow certain rules or procedures.
Ruseffendi stated that: "Research is a way of finding the truth through the scientific method.
Because research reveals answers or findings with the scientific method, namely: formulating
problems; conduct literature study; formulating hypotheses; collect data and process it; and
draw conclusions. ”1 Conducting research requires a logical and systematic research plan in
the form of a research design. The research design aims to ensure that the implementation of
the research can achieve the intended objectives and provide accountability for the steps to be
taken in the research. In other words, the research design is basically a guideline during
research.
When we are going to do research, we as researchers must first prepare everything
related to research. Starting from planning, planning collaboration and understanding various
research ethics. According to Margono, (2010: 100) the design is the flow of research
activities in solving problems. Arranged carefully and carefully so that later it will greatly
help researchers and people who read the results of their research in understanding the
problem and how to solve it.
The research design can also be said to be a scheme or chart because the plan creates
or contains a map of the activities that we will carry out and use as a guide. Design also
reminds us to do this, don't do that, be careful in doing this, it's not important and so on. This
is a guideline for a researcher in completing his research and getting satisfactory results.
According to Soegeng in Tahir (2011: 51) the research design is structured,
economical and appropriate research steps so that the data obtained are accurate data.
Meanwhile, according to Sukardi (2003: 69), research planning is a shadow for a researcher
about what we will do when researching and finding ways to solve problems that are the
object of his research.
Kerlinger and Lee in Setyosari (2010: 170) suggest that the usefulness of the first
research design is a guide in finding results / how to overcome a problem, which before we
conducted research became a question mark which we would find the answer to and after
conducting research departed from that design itself now all the questions are answered and
are the result of research. The second is controlling or controlling interrelated variables, what
variables should we prioritize.
So that the design can predict what things will be done and held during the research,
the formulation must pay attention to the following criteria:
1. Includes all activities to be carried out, such as problems, objectives, data sources,
infrastructure and so on.
2. Arranged in a logical systematic manner so as to provide the possibility for
convenience for researchers to carry out and for others to make assessments.
3. Must be able to estimate the extent to which the results will be obtained, as well as
the possible efforts to obtain results effectively and efficiently. " Margono (2010).
Conclusion
Research design is very important because research design is like a guideline for
researchers who determine and determine the direction of the research process correctly, in
accordance with predetermined goals. Without the correct design in quantitative research, a
researcher cannot do research well because the researcher does not have a clear new
direction. In research that uses a quantitative approach, there are two main designs, namely
exploratory research designs and conclusive research designs. In conclusive research design,
there are two sub-designs, namely the design for descriptive research and causal research.

References
Arikunto, S. (1993). Prosedur penelitian: Suatu pendekatan praktek. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.

Bryman, A. (2012). Social reseach methods. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Jonathan, S. (2006). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif dan Kualitatif. Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu.
Nursalam. (2003). Konsep dan penerapan metodologi penelitian ilmu keperawatan pedoman
skripsi, tesis dan instrumen penelitian keperawatan. Jakarta: Salemba Medika.

Setiawan, P. (2020). dalam Hitungan Hari. Gurupendidikan.com, 2.

Sukardi. (2004). Metodologi penelitian pendidikan: Kompetensi dan praktiknya. Jakarta:
Bumi Aksara.

Suryabrata, S. (2000). Metode penelitian. Jakarta: Rja Grafindo Persada.

Huda, F. A. (2017, July 31). Pengertian Rancangan Penelitian dan Penelitian Kuantitatif.
Retrieved December 7, 2020, from fatkhan.web.id: http://fatkhan.web.id/pengertian-
rancangan-penelitian-dan-penelitian-kuantitatif/