ISSN 2347 - 3983

Volume
Imam Safi’i et al., International Journal of Emerging 8. No.
Trends in 8, August 2020
Engineering Research, 8(7), July 2020, 4819 - 4827
International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering Research
Available Online at http://www.warse.org/IJETER/static/pdf/file/ijeter120882020.pdf
https://doi.org/10.30534/ijeter/2020/120882020

Integration of Quality Function Deployment and Value

Engineering: A Case Study On Waiting Chair Products
Imam Safi’i1*, Silvi Rushanti Widodo1, Dyah Lintang Trenggonowati 2
1
Industrial Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Kadiri, Kediri, Indonesia,
2
Industrial Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa, Banten,
Indonesia
*Corresponding author: [email protected]

 costs. According to [1] product development aims to develop

ABSTRACT existing products, so that customer satisfaction will increase
and even be met as a whole.
The purpose of this research is to determine a better
alternative to the development of waiting chair products by Economic success most companies depend on their ability to
using the integration of QFD method and value engineering identify customer needs and full their needs so it can be
so that the product obtained by the appropriate and to reduce manufactured at low cost [2]. Quality Function Deployment is
production costs without eliminate the product functions. 40 one of method that use for development product and increase
respondents taken in incidental sampling techniques and the quality of product. Quality Function Deployment is a
provides data through the transfer of the questionnaire to product development and quality management methodology
obtain the attributes of the consumer's need for a waiting chair that was first introduced in Japan as a quality enhancement
product while 5 teams from the manufacturer accommodate tool. Product development and quality improvement are based
through the attributes of technical needs with House of on the principle of customer demand [3]. QFD methods are
Quality to get priority product technical improvement. Value used in developing products upon request from customers [4].
Engineering aims at finding alternatives and identifying The overall concept of QFD provides a means of translating
product concepts that have greater value. The result of this customer requirements to the technical requirements for each
research show that the integration of Quality Function stage of product development and production [5].
Deployment and Value Engineering can identify the priority
of product improvement based on customer’s needs and Products made with regard to overall quality will incur high
decrease the cost of making the product with the highest ratio production costs, therefore many companies that want to
value is in the alternative II of 0.00634. If viewed from the reduce costs in production by not eliminating the functions of
cost of making the initial product is IDR 546.500,00 then the product [6]. Value engineering is a system used to create a
after the stage of this research, the cost of making decrease of design by establishing a clear purpose and expanding it as
IDR 90.625,00. desired [7]. SAVE (Society Of American Value Engineering)
mentions that value engineering as a technique to develop
Key words : Quality function, House of quality, Value
product functions in a low cost [8].
engineering, QFD
Submitting a new product successfully to the market is the
1. INTRODUCTION result of a well-defined new product development process [9],
which includes planning , concept development, system level
Industrial Engineering at the Kadiri University Faculty of design, detailed design, testing and debugging, and trial
Engineering has conceptualized the waiting chair product at production phases [10]. The new product development
the previous drawing engineering practicum in 2017. process begins with the planning stage [11]. The outputs of
According to the results of a questionnaire distributed to 40 this phase constitute the introduction of the concept
respondents, stated that the existing seat model is less development phase at the same time, and these inputs lead to
comfortable (can cause back pain to the pelvis and so on) and the new product development team. The final stage of the new
when tidied takes up a lot of places. Then the physical product development process is to present the product to the
prototype is continued in the manufacturing process in 2018. market and make the product ready for purchase [12].
From the waiting chair product concept, we need to do
research that has the aim to develop a product concept design The integration concept of QFD and value engineering
that meets customer demand appraisal and low production methods has been conducted by [4] by adding the Design for
Manufacture and Assembly (DFMA) method to the design

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process of a product [13]. Where the integration between QFD process, customer requirements should be determined and a
and value engineering has the main objective to choose a list of product specifications should be developed based on
better alternative in product/service planning or process these customer requirements. These specifications must be
products/services that not only produce higher value for ensured by the product. The next stage of concept design is the
customers, but also not increase the cost of products/services. design process and involves the establishment of subsystems.
More detail can seen in Figure 1 about releationship between Once the various concepts are identified, the best combination
QFD and Value Engineering [4]. of the sub-sets with the highest performance and lowest cost is
selected. This process is called concept selection [17]. After
2. METHODOLOGY this phase, the design process progresses towards a detailed
The product planning process based on QFD principle starts resolution. The goal of the concept selection, which is one of
by taking into customer needs and requirements. Product the stages of the concept development process, is to choose the
characteristics associated with this requirement are most appropriate one at the beginning of the process [18]. So,
determined. Solutions (alternatives) contribute to the the purpose of this research is to determine a better alternative
fulfillment of these needs identified. Then use the value to the developed waiting chair products using the integration
engineering technique as a solution that has a higher value of QFD and value engineering methods.
index for the selected customer. Integration Conceptual QFD
Model & Value Engineering can be seen in Figure 1. An open questionnaire is given to 40 customers who use the
waiting chair who already represent from the waiting chair
user. Question on the open questionnaire is when and why do
you use this waiting chair? what is the advantage of the
waiting chair you are currently using? What is the lack of a
waiting chair that you use today? What are some things you
consider when buying a waiting chair? What improvements
do you want to have on your existing waiting chair?

On the closed questionnaire the data collection can be said to

be the most effective because the respondents can directly
provide answers with a checklist (√) in the column that has
been provided. There are several stages in a closed
questionnaire, such as:
1. Enter the attribute of the need statement derived from
the open questionnaire as a query in the closed
questionnaire [19].
2. Spreading the questionnaire closed to the respondent
[20].
3. Analyzes data tabulation from closed questionnaire
[21].

A closed questionnaire question was given to customer who

used a waiting chair of 40 respondents who already
Figure 1: Integration conceptual QFD model & value engineering represented a multifunctional waiting chair user with
incidental sampling techniques. Closed questionnaire to
This research is product development because the process
know the level of importance of each attribute. The range
identifies improved product attributes better. Development
assessments on the questionnaire are closed as follows (1 =
research as a systematic assessment of the study,
very not important), (2 = not important), (3 = pretty
development, and evaluation of programs, processes and
Important), (4 = Important), (5 = very important).
learning products that must meet the criteria for validity,
practicality, and effectiveness [14]. The research did in the The value of relationship in relationship matrix is determined
Laboratory of Industrial Engineering major of Kadiri by the observation and also the interview of the manufacturer.
University with waiting chair products. How to fill this matrix by determining the appropriate impact
between the relationship needs of techniques and customer
Customer requirements are changing very quickly [15]. Thus,
needs.
it is very important for firms to be able to respond to customer
requirements quickly and accurately so that they can take On the increase of the technical interest is divided into two
more shares in the market [16]. At the first stage of the design parts, first is value of absolute importance and second is value
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of the relative importance. This value shows which activities The result of the validity test with a factor analysis indicates a
need to first take precedence among other activities. The KMO value of 0.584 from the result indicating that the
value of absolute interest is obtained by the way of the instrument is valid because it already meets the 0.50 (0.584 >
customer interest that has a relationship with the attribute of 0.50) limit. The anti-image correlation results in a correlation
technical needs with the value of the relationship of customer greater than 0.50 for each attribute, i.e. 0.530 (X1); 0.638
expectation with the attributes of existing technical needs (X2); 0.666 (X3); 0.576 (X4); 0.566 (X5); 0.604 (X6); 0.619
with the formula as: (X7). Based on the correlation result is high enough, that can
be expressed 7 attributes can be used to measure the
(1)
contraction of the product-forming criteria. While Cronbach's
Explanation : Alpha value in the results of reliability test = 0.669 with a
AI : The absolute significance value for each attribute number of items = 7 items, then on the reusability of
Bti : Weight of the desires of consumers who have Cronbach's Alpha test > The minimum value of Cronbach's.
relationships with the attributes of technical needs. Minimal Cronbach 0.6.
Hi : The value of the relationship of consumer desires by
attributable to existing technical needs. 3.1 QFD Phase
In making the product design matrix, the most important step
To find the value of relative interest gained by calculating is to translate the customer needs into technical needs, this
using the way each value of absolute interest multiplied by aims to explain the specifications in general the design will be
one hundred percent (100%) with the formula as follows : developed. Technical needs data is obtained by interview
RI= [(Kti/∑Kti)x100%] (2) methods to 5 teams of waiting chair products that
accommodate the customer needs. As for the techniques
Explanation : needs that customers expect based on each voice of customer
Kti : Value of the absolute importance of technical needs can be seen in the Table 1.
Σkti : Total of absolute value interest from technical need
This section shows the direction of improvement to any
Some examples of product development process can be found
existing technical needs can be seen in Table 2.
in [22] and [23]/
Table 2: Target technical needs
3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
No Technical Needs Target
In this study requires really reliable and valid data, then in
this case the questionnaire will be tested first before being 1 Comfortable seating Add sponge in seats
used as a primary data in the research. All of the above tests mat
2 Additional facilities There is backup
are done in order to obtain evidence of how far the precision
3 Material quality Using iron.
and accuracy of the measuring instrument is in performing its
measuring function. In this testing variable 7 attributes 4 Appropriate body size Adjust the average body size of
Indonesian anthropometry.
adapted from the customer needs attributes include
5 Easy to assembly Adjust the sitting position only
comfortable, there is backup, strong material, appropriate or with the table at once.
body size, easy to use, multifunctional, and reasonably priced. 6 Other functions besides Can be used as chair, and table.
waiting chairs
Table 1: Customer needs and technical needs 7 Competitive price Not more than IDR 500,000
Average
No Customer Needs Customer Technical Needs
The correlation matrix is a triangle-shaped image resembling
Expectations a house roof, and the matrix is usually combined with the
Comfortable technical needs. Usually this correlation of matrix is at the
1 Comfortable 4.67
seating mat very top of the QFD matrix can be seen in Figure 2.
Reasonably
2 4.30 Competitive price
priced Following an example of the calculation of absolute
Other functions
importance on the technical needs of pricing, absolute interest
3 Multifunction 4.00 besides waiting
chairs is calculated in the following: AI = (3,93 x 3) + (3,33 x 9) + (4
4 There is backup 3.93 Additional facilities x 3) + (4,30 x 9) = 92,4. Calculating the value of absolute
5 Easy to use 3.67 Assembling interest is done on all technical needs.
Appropriate body
6 Ergonomic 3.63
size
7 Strong material 3.33 Material quality

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Following the calculation of relative importance on the

technical needs of pricing, relative interest is calculated in the
following : Σkti =84,6+32,9+68,6+86,6+103,1+63,7+92,4 =
532,24. Then the value of relative importance (RI) =
92,4/532,24x100% = 17,3 .Likewise, by calculating the needs
of other techniques, this is done in the same way until all is
completed. Relation Matrix, absolute importance, and
relative importance can be seen in Table 3.

Figure 2: Correlation between technical needs

Table 3: Relation matrix, absolute importance and relative importance

Technical needs
Customer needs IR
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Comfortable 4,67 9 1 9 3
There is backup 3,93 1 3 1 1 1 3
Strong material 3,33 9 9
Ergonomic 3,67 3 9 1
Easy to use 3,63 3 1 1 9 3
Multifunction 4,00 3 1 9 9 3
Reasonably price 4,30 1 3 9 3 3 9 Total
Absolute Importance 84.6 32.9 68.6 86.6 103.1 63.7 92.4 532.24
Relative Importance 15.8 6.19 12.9 16.2 19.3 11.9 17.3 100

Value of absolute interests technical needs comfortable FAST (Function Analysis System Technique ) is a way of
seating 84.6, additional facilities 32.9, material quality 68.6, mapping functions and techniques of solving problems by
ergonomic 86.6, easy in assembling 103.1, other functions way of identifying functions. This is FAST diagram of
besides the waiting seat 63.7, competitive price 92.4. While waiting chair product can be seen in Figure 5.
the value of the relative importance of technical needs is the
comfortable seat mat 15.8, additional facilities 6.19, material From the results of the analysis on the figure 5, it shows that
quality 12.9, ergonomic 16.2, easy to assemble 19.3, function in making creative stage is more pressed on the product
besides waiting chair 11.9 competitive price 17.3. The biggest dimensions to accommodate from the value of the importance
value on the relative importance of technical needs is of the relative technical needs of the product.
prioritized for consideration of product development i.e.
easy-to-assemble attributes.
3.2 Phase Value Engineering
At this information stage focused on the value of the relative
importance of product technical needs at the QFD stage. The
results of interviews with the manufacturer of product
manufacturers describe the waiting seat products that are
based on hollow pipes and wooden planks. The base material
used is 2x2 pipe size and 3x3 full pipe, with a seat height of
450 mm, width of 380 mm, length 2,000 mm. While the table
height is 790 mm, width 300 mm, length 2,000 mm. Seating
area and desk are fitted with wooden planks. In addition,
there is information that the cost of making a waiting chair
product according to specification above is IDR 546.500,00
Here's the picture that shows the production of waiting chair
products from industrial Engineering of Kadiri University.
Figure 3 shows from dise view and Figure 4 shows from back
view.
Figure 3: Side view

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Figure 4: Back view

Figure 5. FAST diagram

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Table 4: An alternative to multifunctional chair design

Product Spesification Alternative I Alternative II Alternative III

Basic size under table Length =1990mm Length = 1800mm Length = 2000mm
and chair Width = 430 mm Width = 350 mm Width = 350mm
Length = 1990mm Length = 1800mm Length = 2000mm
Seat size Width = 383mm Width = 350mm Width = 350 mm
Height = 400 mm Height = 410 mm
Table size Length =1990mm Length =1800mm Length = 2000mm
Width = 300mm Width = 400mm Width = 300 mm
Height = 725mm Height = 700mm Height = 660 mm
Lock of table and chair - Iron Elbow Locking Locking Metals
Main material Iron Iron Iron
Seat material Wood plank with the Wood plank with the Wood plank with the
thickness 20mm thickness 20mm and thickness 20mm and
covered with sponge covered with sponge
Table mat Wood plank with the Wood plank with the Wood plank with the
thickness 20mm thickness 20mm and thickness 20mm
removable sponge
As multifunction waiting Waiting chair can Waiting chair can have a Waiting chair can have
chair have a function to be a function to be a table a function to be a table
table

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At this creative stage is analyzing the same functions to meet At this development stage, an alternative cost analysis is used
other alternative uses. Based on the level of information to determine the price of the product in each making 1 unit of
criteria customer needs waiting chair product is developed each alternative available in Table 6, Table 7, and Table 8.
alternative products according to the results of the level of Table 7: Calculation of alternative II
information visible on the table 4. At this stage is analyzing Unit
the same functions to meet the usability of other alternatives. No Material Diameter Amount Total
Price
Based on the information criteria of the customer needs of the Hollow IDR IDR
1. 1.2 mm 2
waiting chair product is made basic consideration to develop Iron 3x3 66,000 132,000
the waiting chair design. The criteria of customer needs is in Hollow IDR IDR
2. 1 mm 1
the function of the waiting chair itself. For alternatives can be Iron 2x2 62,000 62,000
Wooden IDR IDR
seen from the following table. 3. ½
Planks 70,000 35,000
IDR IDR
To make weighted criteria, the analysis of the product 4. Bracket 2
27,500 55,000
formation of waiting seats to the proposed alternatives Sponge IDR IDR
5. 1
according to their respective criteria. The data presented is 1x1 17,500 17,500
the data in the assessment of the 5 panelists that includes Zinc IDR IDR
6. ½
users and producers to each proposed alternative by Chromate 33,000 16,500
IDR IDR
delivering a value range of 0-100 per product requirement 7. Putty 1
13,000 13,000
criteria. The results of the performance analysis can be seen in IDR IDR
table 5. 8. Paint ½
54,000 27,000
Table 5: Alternative performance IDR IDR
9. Electrode 2 mm ¼
70,000 17,500
10 Welding IDR IDR
Alternative 1 kg
. Wire 7,500 7,500
Need’s criteria 1 2 3 11 Screw IDR IDR
Weight Weight Weight ¼
. bolts 11,500 2,875
Comfortable 380 390 407 12
Hinge
IDR
14
IDR
There is backup 395 390 385 . 5,000 70,000
IDR
Iron material 405 385 410 Total
455,875
Ergonomic 365 377 383
Easy to use 391 402 392 Table 8: Calculation of alternative III
Multifunction 408 398 395
Unit
Reasonably priced 383 382 390 No Material Diameter Amount Total
Price
Total of product Hollow IDR IDR
performance 2727 2724 2762 1. 1.2 mm 2½
Iron 3x3 66,000 165,000
Hollow IDR IDR
2. 1 mm 1½
Table 6: Calculation of alternative I Iron 2x2 62,000 93,000
IDR IDR
Unit 3. Lock 4
No Material Diameter Amount Total 20,000 80,000
Price
Wooden IDR IDR
Hollow IDR IDR 4. 1
1. 1.2 mm 3.5 Planks 70,000 70,000
Iron 3x3 66,000 231,000
IDR IDR
Wooden IDR Rp 5. Sponge 1
2. 1 17,500 17,500
Planks 70,000 70,000
Zinc IDR IDR
IDR IDR 6. ½
3. Electrode 2 mm ½ Chromate 33,000 16,500
70,000 35,000
IDR IDR
Zinc IDR IDR 7. Putty 250 gr
4. ½ 13,000 13,000
Chromate 33.000 16,500
IDR IDR
IDR IDR 8. Paint ½
5. Putty 250 gr 54,000 27,000
13,000 13,000
IDR IDR
IDR IDR 9. Electrode 2 mm ½
6. Paint ¾ 70,000 35,000
54,000 40,500
10 Welding IDR IDR
Welding IDR IDR 1 kg
7. 1 kg . Wire 7,500 7,500
Wire 7,500 7,500
11 Screw IDR IDR
Nuts and IDR IDR ¼
8. 12 . bolts 11,500 2,875
bolts 5,000 60,000
IDR
IDR Total
Total 527,375
473,500

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After calculating the cost analysis of the product manufacture

each alternative further determines the ratio value of Value
Engineering. A product or service can be said to be good if the
product has good performance and accordingly. Cooper [10]
said that value is an approach that uses consumers as its
orientation. In other words, it is a consumer approach that
uses products to get the value of the performance as expected.
The last stage in the value engineering is determining the
measured value of the performance score divided by the basic
cost of the product in each alternative. So the result can be Figure 8: Design III
seen in Table 9.

Table 9: Price of the product calculation result

Price of the Performan Ranki
Alternative Value
product ce Score ng
Alternative IDR
2727 0.00576 2
I 473,500
Alternative IDR
2724 0.00598 1
II 455,875
Alternative IDR
2762 0.00523 3
III 527,375

The images below (Figure 6 to Figure 9) show the

development of an alternative II that can change based on the Figure 9: Design IV
functionality.
4. CONCLUSION
The integration of QFD and Value Engineering in this study
seeks to produce products that fit the needs of customers and
reduce the cost of manufactured products but does not
eliminate the functions that exist in previous products. The
conclusion from this research is there is three alternative
designs for waiting chair product. The otal of product
performance from each alternative is 2727, 2724, and 2762.
The cost from each alternative is alternative 1 IDR 473.500,
alternative II IDR 455.875, and alternative III IDR 527.375.
The results showed that increasing the development of
Figure 6: Design I
waiting chair products in this case could reduce product
manufacturing costs by Rp. 90.625. The weakness from this
research is the product still in prototype design.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Thanks to Kadiri University for the 2019 research funding.

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