ADVANCED PRINCIPLES AND METHODS OF TEACHING

MODULE REVIEW
MODULE 1

STUDY GUIDE (CHUNK 1)

1. What professional qualities are considered important for successful
teaching?
Mastery of the subject matter.
Understanding of the learner.
Understanding the principles and methods of teaching and skill in the use of
strategies and techniques for proper implementation.
General understanding of other branches/ field of knowledge.
Understanding and taking pride of teaching as a profession.
2. Why should be equipped and practice professional ethics?
Professional ethics are important for several reasons. ... Professional
ethics will provide the useful function of identifying these moral hazards and
providing the appropriate avoidance or work-around strategies. Second, most
professional are, at some point, young and inexperienced professionals.

STUDY GUIDE (CHUNK 2)

1. Discuss the subject matter of education, nature of strategy and the school
and the social progress.
Subject Matter Education is a third-cycle subject where the conditions,
processes and results of teaching, learning and education are studied in relation to
content. The subject matter of the school curriculum should mark a gradual
differentiation of the primitive unconscious unit of social life.
Nature of Strategy
The active side precedes in the development of the child-nature; the
expression comes before conscious expression, that the sensory, that
intellectual and rational processes also result from action and devolve for the
sake of the better control of action.
The image is the great instrument of instruction. What a child gets out any
subjected presented to him is simply the images which he himself forms
with regard to it.
Interests are the sigs and symptoms of growing power. He believes that they
represent dawning capacities.
 Social Progress
Education is a regulation of the process of coming to share the social
consciousness and that the adjustment of individual activity on the basis of
this social consciousness is the only sure method of social reconstruction.
It is the business of everyone interested in education to in upon the school as
the primary and the most effective interest of social progress and reform in
order that the society maybe awakened to realize what the school stands for,
and arouse necessity of endowing the educator with sufficient equipment
properly to perform his task.
Education thus conceived marks the most perfect and intense union of
science and art conceivable in huma powers and shaping them social
realities.
When science and art thus join hands, the most commanding motive for
human action will be reached, the most genuine springs of huma conduct
aroused; and the best service that human nature is capable of guaranteed.
The teacher is engaged, not simply in the training of individuals, but in the
formation of the proper social life.
2. What are included in the Code of Professional Ethics for Teachers.
Relate justly and impartially with pupils/ students regardless of their
physical, mental, political, economic, social, racial or religious background.
Recognized the difference among pupils/ students and seek to meet their
individual needs.
Encourage pupils/ students to aspire for lofty, individual goals in the
development of their physical, intellectual, creative and spiritual
endowments.
Assist pupils/ students to develop an understanding and appreciation, not
only of opportunities and the benefits of Philippine democracy, but also of
their obligations to preserve it.
Respect the right of every pupil/ student to have confidential information
about himself withheld, except when its release to authorize agencies is with
consent.
Adhere to appropriate behavior of expected of professionals.
Submit documents and records that are accurate and correct.
Discuss controversial issues in class from objective point of view allowing
pupils/ students to make their own decision.
Conduct official business though proper channels.
Speak constructively of other members of the community.
Be a good steward of time.
Reflect the Christian values in personal and professional dealings.
Make professional and personal growth a strong priority in life.
3. What makes a teacher a real professional?
The professional teacher does not require close supervision from his
superiors, takes full responsibility of the results of his efforts and in actions. He
continually seeks self-improvement, comes to class and leaves it on time and
avoids rumor and hearsay. He meets his own duties and obligations. He behaves
professionally in thought and in word. He shows refinement of manners, does not
engage in gossip and rumor-mongering. He addresses his grievances though proper
channels. He should always act in the best interest of his pupils/ students. He is
always presentable and pleasant. He explicitly governs the conduct of the teacher.
Indeed, the Filipino teacher is a professional.
 MODULE 2

STUDY GUIDE (CHUNK 1)

1. What are the important elements of the teaching -learning process?
The important elements are, the teachers, learners, instructional methods,
curriculum, classroom, materials of instruction and administration.
2. Why should teachers need to utilize education media?
Effective instruction builds bridges between students' knowledge and the
learning objectives of the course. Using media engages students, aids student
retention of knowledge, motivates interest in the subject matter, and illustrates the
relevance of many concepts.
3. What is the importance of recording and tape recorder in the teaching-
learning process?
Record keeping is an important means of supporting the overall learning
process. It creates a trail of information that could be called upon both internally
and externally. The information engrained within it can help measure performance
and may be utilized to work out if a particular programmed is working.
Tape recorders are important for many reasons. They are used to store
computer data and measurements from instruments in scientific and medical
research. They help preserve and reproduce varied forms of information. Tape
recorders are also used in almost every household.
4. What is the value of significant role of computers in education?
Computer can improve the student learning and basic skill area. Computers
not only improve the learning process; it also increases retention of the students.
Effective and adequate teacher learning is an integral element of the successful
learning program.
5. Why is there a need to use desktop computer?
Desktop computers have more power and more features. Desktop computers
are easier, and less expensive, to upgrade. Desktop computers are generally less
expensive overall and offer a better overall value. Desktop computers have a more
comfortable keyboard and a much easier to use mouse.

STUDY GUIDE (CHUNK 2)

1. What are the important elements of the teaching-learning process
The important elements are, the teachers, learners, instructional methods,
curriculum, classroom, materials of instruction and administration.
2. Wy should teachers need to utilize educational media?
Effective instruction builds bridges between students' knowledge and the
learning objectives of the course. Using media engages students, aids student
retention of knowledge, motivates interest in the subject matter, and illustrates the
relevance of many concepts.
3. What is the importance of recording and tape recorder in the teaching-
learning process?
Record keeping is an important means of supporting the overall learning
process. It creates a trail of information that could be called upon both internally
and externally. The information engrained within it can help measure performance
and may be utilized to work out if a particular programmed is working.
Tape recorders are important for many reasons. They are used to store
computer data and measurements from instruments in scientific and medical
research. They help preserve and reproduce varied forms of information. Tape
recorders are also used in almost every household.
4. What is the value or significant role of computers in education?
Computer can improve the student learning and basic skill area. Computers
not only improve the learning process; it also increases retention of the students.
Effective and adequate teacher learning is an integral element of the successful
learning program.
5. Why is there a need to use desktop computer?
Desktop computers have more power and more features. Desktop computers
are easier, and less expensive, to upgrade. Desktop computers are generally less
expensive overall and offer a better overall value. Desktop computers have a more
comfortable keyboard and a much easier to use mouse.
 MODULE 3

STUDY GUIDE (CHUNK 1)

1. What are the different principles of learning postulated by various authors?
Respect for the Individual.
Democracy as a way of life.
Providing suited conditions for the development and maintenance of a
sound personality.
Improving group living.
Improving the classroom environment
2. What is the definition of learning, its nature and the different theories
involves in learning?
Learning is the modification of behavior through experience. It is also
defined as acquisition of behavior pattern. It is the modification and coordination
of the responses of organism. It is an active process not passive observation of
knowledge. It is not the mere reading of books or listening to lectures it is an
enrichment of experience. There is an interaction of the environment with the
organism. It is a lifetime process.
Nature of Learning
Learning is the process by which one acquires, ingests, and stores or accepts
information. The main characteristic of learning that; it is a process of obtaining
knowledge to change human behavior through interaction, practice, and
experience. Our experiences with learned information compose our bodies of
knowledge.
Theories of Learning
Learning theories develop hypotheses that describe how this process takes
place. ... The major concepts and theories of learning include behaviorist theories,
cognitive psychology, constructivism, social constructivism, experiential learning,
multiple intelligence, and situated learning theory and community of practice.
3. Identify the five-learning process and explain each.
Unfreezing. This is the stage where the individual becomes motivated
and ready to consider changes in attitudes, behaviors, knowledge, and
skills
Problem Diagnosis. This is the stage of determining and examining
the forces supporting the need for change.
Goal Setting. This is the stage where the desired changes in attitudes,
knowledge, skills and behavior are explicitly stated.
New Behavior. This is the phase wherein the individual learns, adapts
and practice the newer knowledge, attitudes, skills, and behaviors
which are earnestly desired.
 Refreezing. This is the phase of the learning process where novel
learning has found to be relevant and to be beneficial and assimilated
into the learner’s ongoing frame work of knowledge, attitudes, skills
and behavior.

STUDY GUIDE (CHUNK 2)

1. What are the different principles of learning?
The pupils/ students must have a clear idea of the goal
The pupils/ students must e physiologically ready and prepare to
respond their new experience.
The pupils/ students must be motivated to learn.
2. What is motivation? Identify the principles of motivation as applied to.
Motivation is what explains why people or animals initiate, continue or
terminate a certain behavior at a particular time. Motivational states are commonly
understood as forces acting within the agent that create a disposition to engage in
goal-directed behavior. 
Principles of motivation
In an effective learning environment, pupils/ students are working at
purpose that are real to them.
Learning is most effective when the pupils/ students are motivated by
goals which are intrinsic to the learning activity.
The pupils/ students overcome frustrations, obstacles, and difficulties
when they see the goals as worthwhile.
Successful experiences are important motivators.
Reward rather than punishment is a better motivation for learning.
The pupils/ student’s interest is important in classroom learning.
Meaningful instructional devices and materials as well as wholesome
tasks serve as a good motivator.
Success generally increases the level of aspiration and achievement of
the pupils/ students.
Feedback as a tool about the pupils/ student’s progress can be
effective motivation.
The pupils/ students who recognize the need for acquiring new skill
and experience can be effective motivation.
A pleasant learning environment can be effective motivator.
Learning is most effective when the situation has meaning for the
pupils/ students.
Intrinsic motivation is better than extrinsic motivation.
3. What is teaching method? What are its important aspects? Explain your
answer.
A teaching method comprises the principles and methods used by teachers to
enable student learning. These strategies are determined partly on subject matter to
be taught and partly by the nature of the learner. 
A good method is straight forward and promotes flexible intellectual
interest, open- minded will to learn, integrity of purpose and acceptance of
responsibility for the consequences of one’s activity. It also raised new questions,
introduce new undertakings, and create fresh knowledge. Teaching method greatly
influences the nature of the educative process. In the traditional school, it is subject
centered where the emphasis is the full development of the pupils/ students ,
intellectually, socially, and emotionally.
4. Wat are the different functions of teaching?
Broadly speaking, the function of teachers is to help students learn by
imparting knowledge to them and by setting up a situation in which students can
and will learn effectively. But teachers fill a complex set of roles, which vary from
one society to another and from one educational level to another.
5. What are the different laws of learning? Explain each.
Edward Lee Thorndike (1874-1949) gives four important laws in learning.
They are law of readiness, law of exercise, law of effect.
Law of Readiness
This law states that the responses to a situation that have a satisfying
state of affairs will be strengthened and will become a habitual response to that
situation. Similarly, responses to a situation that have an annoying state of affairs
will be weakened and are unlikely to be repeated.
Law of Exercise
A law which states that, in learning, the more frequently a stimulus
and response are associated with each other, the more likely the particular response
will follow the stimulus. The law implies that one learns by doing and one cannot
learn a skill, for instance, by watching others.
Law of Effect
 Thorndike termed this the “Law of Effect,” which suggested
that when satisfaction follows an association, it is more likely to be repeated. If an
unfavorable outcome follows an action, then it becomes less likely to be repeated.
6. Enumerate the basic principles of today’s teaching.
Children learn by doing.
Motivation should be intrinsic and natural, not artificial.
Learning should be gradual and continuous, no discrete.
Instruction should be adapted to individual needs.
Natural social settings should constitute learning situations.
Learning depends upon the child’s ability.
Learning comes through sense impressions
The child can best educate as a whole, as a unit organism.
Teacher-pupil and inter -pupil relationships should be cooperative.
Education means improving the quality of living.
 MODULE 4

STUDY GUIDE
1. What is lesson plan? What are its components?
A lesson plan is a teacher's detailed description of the course of instruction
or "learning trajectory" for a lesson. A daily lesson plan is developed by a teacher
to guide class learning. Details will vary depending on the preference of the
teacher, subject being covered, and the needs of the students.
Components of Lesson Plan
Objectives or Targets
Content or Subject Matter and Materials
Procedure or Strategy
Evaluation or Application
Assignment / Agreement and Special Reminders
2. What should be included in the taxonomy of educational objective for
effective domain?
The classification of the type of learning outcome is formulates as cognitive,
affective, and psychomotor. The classification of objectives is necessary for
planning ad sequencing of instructions.
3. Enumerate the various guideline for developing lesson plans.
Learner differences.
Length of period.
Flexibility
Learners understanding.
Evaluation
 MODULE 5

STUDY GUIDE
1. What is development lesson? What method may be utilized? Formal types?
Informal types?
Development Lesson is type of something to be learned in which a new idea
is presented and developed. It may be a concept, principle, a theory, a skill or a
generalization
Formal types development lesson utilizes deductive and inductive method
with a definite step, the preparation, presentation and application.
2. What is supervised study? How can this type of lesson be made successful?
Supervised study means the study performed under supervision. In actual
practice, when the students engage themselves in some learning activities under the
properly organized supervision of the teacher, the phenomenon is labeled as
supervised study. It may take either of the two forms-individual or collective.
This type of lesson be made successful through group study, study with
printed materials, e.g., books, manuals, and other printed materials and people,
programmed instruction, science laboratories, the library-study plan, and the study
period.
3. What is appreciation lesson? How can the appreciation lesson be made
effective?
Appreciation Lesson is designed to instruct the class to understand,
appreciate and enjoy something. In order to appreciate something, one must
understand to enjoy. Appreciation is the combination of understanding and
enjoyment.
It can be made effective by means of focusing on the developing desirable
values. A good appreciation lesson should help learners to evaluate values and
guide them to make proper choices. The sources of appreciation lesson are,
literature, music, the arts, nature constitutes the material world especially that the
part unaffected by man consisting plants, animals, geographical features or places
where these exist largely free from human influence, religion and culture.

4. What is review lesson? What is its objective?

A review connects the current lesson with previous lessons by going over
points that were taught or learned previously. For example, "Last time we learned
about introductions" Rather, they allow the students to demonstrate what they
learned and what they remember. The review often leads into the current lesson.
 Objectives of a Review Lesson
Review Lesson is the retention of the facts and information learned
operates directly through the fact that practice works through
repetition of correct responses.
Organization of materials and experiences.
Ability of the learner to evaluate the material.
Foundations of furthering learning, Diagnosis of the learner’s
weakness
Development and interest in the old materials.
5. What are the guidelines to be followed in the drill lesson. Explain your
answer.
Motivation- is the process that initiates, guides, and maintains goal-
oriented behaviors. ... In everyday usage, the term "motivation" is
frequently used to describe why a person does something. It is the
driving force behind human actions.
Focalization- is a term coined by the French narrative theorist Gérard
Genette. It refers to the perspective through which a narrative is
presented. Genette focuses on the interplay between three forms of
focalization and the distinction between heterodiegetic and
homodiegetic narrators.
Repetition and attention- Repetition is the simple repeating of a
word, within a short space of words, with no particular placement of
the words to secure emphasis. It is a multilinguistic written or spoken
device, frequently used in English and several other languages, such
as Hindi and Chinese, and so rarely termed a figure of speech.
Attention careful thinking about something so as to be able to take
action on it This matter requires immediate attention.
Application- An application program is a computer program designed
to carry out a specific task other than one relating to the operation of
the computer itself, typically to be used by end-users. Word
processors, media players, and accounting software are examples. The
collective noun refers to all applications collectively.
6. What is the application lesson? What is its nature and purpose?
Application lesson is a type of learning instruction that gives the learners the
opportunity to relate, express and apply what they have learned. After arriving at
the generalization, it is important to apply further analysis and verification.
Nature and Purpose
The application lesson is very valuable to the teacher and the learners.
The teacher is also stimulated and challenged to be more creative because e has to
plan and organized different forms of expression and consequently, his ability to
direct the teaching -learning process is put to a test. The application on various
expression lessons may take a variety of forms. The different ideas, facts,
principles and rules that have been taught to the learners can find outlets or
manifested in any of the following:
Storytelling
Oral Reading
Dramatization
Written Composition
Construction and Illustration
Singing
Creative work or composition
Test
 MODULE 6

STUDY GUIDE
1. Enumerate the principles of method based on the democratic ideal?
Method should provide for the teacher-learner cooperation in
planning, executing and evaluating learning activities.
Method should provide proper balance between learner freedom and
teacher guidance.
Method should provide learner maximum participation on the solution
of problems arising in connection with school living.
Method should provide varied opportunities for the learner to develop
basic skills in group consensus and approval.
Method should provide for the stimulation of individual effort through
the use of group consensus and approval.
Method should provide opportunities for learners to make decision
and assume responsibilities.
Method should provide for the gradual development of self- direction
on part of the learners.
2. Enumerate the five steps used in the inductive method and explain.
Preparation. This step involves the appreciation, motivation and
statement of the general objectives.
Presentation. This is the step where specific cases are presented before
the pupils/students.
Comparison ad abstraction. This is the step where common element
among the cases is deducted. It is important that every case is
evaluated thoroughly.
Generalization. This common fact deducted from the specific
instances is stated as a generalization, a principle of a formula.
Application. This is the last step and tests the children’s understanding
of the principle just developed by implication, and should understand
the principle and apply them in their problems.
3. What is a deductive method? Enumerate its steps.
Deductive method is the reverse of the inductive method. Starts with
generalization that is applied to particular cases. Deduction is a logical process for
reasoning from the general to the specific. The deductive process starts with a rule
that is applied to a particular case for the purpose of determining and testing the
rule.
Steps of Deductive Method
Introduction
Statement of a generality
Explanation of a general idea
 Illustration
Evaluation
4. Identify the classification of projects and be able to explain.
Construction Projects. The motive is to do something.
Employment Project. The motive is participation in an activity that is
accompanied by enjoyment or satisfaction.
Problem Project. The motive is to master some intellectual difficulties
which come from the learner himself.
Learning Project. The inner drive is toward acquisition of a skill or
some knowledge.
Another Classification of Projects according. to Risk (1965)
Physical or material project (making a table, digging a wall, making a
school album, planning a garden plot, or fencing the garden)
Learning projects are study activities on the initiative of the
individual, such as a project to speak English fluently, maser Spanish
conjugation, write a short story, etc.
Intellectual or problem projects are intellectual questions that can be
solved by induction or deduction, such as:
-To determine whether Maria Clara would survive in modern
society or not,
-To determine how Spanish lost her colonies.
-To determine if Rome is worthy of the love of Juliet.
5. Identify the steps in the laboratory method and be able to explain.
Introduction step for orientation and motivation. This step includes
planning and determining the scope of the work to be done.
Work period. This is the step of the laboratory method when the
pupils/ students, may be working on the problem.
Culminating activities. When the work has been completed the class
get together to discuss the various problems they encounter and
organize their findings I the presentation of the results, they may
explain the nature and importance of the problem; the date gathered
and the contribution of such findings in the pursuit of knowledge.
6. What is a unit method? Enumerate its steps.
The Morrisonian Technique/ Unit Method is the process of taking the
contents of a particular subject as big blocks and not as isolated and fragmentary
bits of information. It is considered the forerunner of the different kinds of units
and the integrative technique in an organized and integrative body, showing
relevance and cognitive relationship.
Steps of Unit Method
Exploration
Presentation
Assimilation
 Organization
Recitation
7. How can the expository method be effective? Cite some instructional
strategies
When suitable or applicable information is needed to make the
learners understand a portion of the lesson.
When the learners have some difficulty on having the information on
hand, and the teacher can save time by explaining it.
When a concept or a principle can easily be learned through
explanation and interpretation.
Examples include pictorial relationships, application of the
rules, context through historical information, and prerequisite
information.

MODULE 7
STUDY GUIDE (CHUNK 1)
1. What is conceptual approach?
According to Dr. Liceria Soriano, the conceptual approach is choosing
and defining the content of a certain discipline to be taught through
the use of big or pervasive ideas as against the traditional practice of
determine content by isolated topics.
According to Garcia (1989), the conceptual approach, like other
approaches, is not a particular teaching method with specific steps to
follow. It is more of a viewpoint of how facts and topic under a
discipline should deal with.
2. What is a multi-disciplinary approach?
Attempts are made to relate the disciplines, but the identity of each of the
disciplines is maintained.
3. What is an intra- disciplinary approach?
Involves the organization of social science content using only the
disciplines. The most common approach to curriculum organization in many
colleges, especially colleges of education in universities, is the intra- disciplinary
approach
4. What is team teaching?
Is an approach that involves two or more teachers who work cooperatively
with the same group of students for some period of time. Teachers have been
allowed to exchange classes with those of others on specific subjects such as
music, dramatic performances, athletics, and allied activities; the older teachers on
a school voluntarily assist a new teacher or the requests assistance from other.
5. What is role playing approach/ enumerate its steps.
It is an approach in teaching and is one of the dramatic ways of presenting
learning episodes. This approach is an action -filled because it consists of an
enactment by the pupils/ students of a learning situation through which the
participants (the learner) depict real life responses and behavior. Role playing is
spontaneous acing out of certain problems or situation in a natural setting.
Steps in Role Playing
Identifying the problem and explain the roles to be played.
Establishing the situation in which the action is to happen
Establishing descriptive roles and selecting participants
Presenting the act line of them
Analyzing and evaluating the presentation of action of each role
player, the adequacy and authenticity of the learner event, the major
 focus and other detail that are contributory to the vividness of the
presentation of the episode.

STUDY GUIDE (CHUNK 2)

1. What are the fundamental principles of mastery learning?
The learning unit is broken into its component tasks.
The learning tasks are properly arranged and should be within the
comprehension level of the pupils/ students.
Frequent and corrective measures are given to overcome groups or
individual difficulties as evidenced by formative evaluation tests. The
tests provide feedback about the learner’s progress.
The pupils/ students usually gave enough time to achieve the mastery
level.
2. What is a lecture method?
Lecture method is the oldest method of teaching. It is based on the
philosophy of idealism. This method refers to the explanation of the topic to the
students. The emphasis is on the presentation of the content. It is the simplest
method for teachers and does not require any arrangements.
3. Could you consider demonstration techniques as one of the effective’s
methods?
Cite examples.
Yes, because it can provide students with experiences of real events,
phenomena and processes, helping them learn, raise students' interest and
motivation, enable you to focus students on a particular phenomenon or
event, such as the starch test for foods.

4. What does a community -based activity mean?

This teaching approach involves the student’s active participation in various
activities of government and non- government agencies related to social and
welfare services, e.g., child-care center, health and sanitation, beautification and
other work-experience programs.
5. What does reflective teaching develop from the learners?
Reflective teaching helps you understand how to better perform each little
part to create a better future. In a world of teaching standards based on student
outcomes, being able to reflect upon your classroom activities may seem like a
luxury that most teachers do not have time for.
There should be sufficient time for reflection, and this must be
incorporated in the learning activity of the students.
Students should be allowed time to recall the experience to their
classmates, to strengthen the experience gained.
Heed to the feelings especially the positive and the pleasant
experiences.
Carefully analyze and evaluate the experiences in the light of the
learner’s intention.
 MODULE 8

STUDY GUIDE
1. What is classroom management?
Cater V. Good’s Dictionary of Education defines classroom management as
the Administration or direction of activities with special reference to such problem
as discipline, democratic techniques, use and care of supplies and reference
materials, the physical features of the classroom, general housekeeping, and the
social relationships of pupils.
According to Lardizabal, et Al. (1991), classroom management includes
operation and control of activities.
2. Why classroom management is plays an integral part of teaching?
Ornstein (1990) states that in order to teach, one must be able to manage the
students under him. No matter how much potential one has a teacher, if he is
unable to control the students I his classroom, little learning will take place.
Classroom management is an integral part of teaching and techniques of managing
students must be acquired by the teacher. The classroom cannot function well
without the teacher. The success of the activities in the classroom depends on the
ability of the teacher as a classroom manager.
3. What are the three approaches to classroom management? Discuss each.
Assertive Approach. This approach to classroom management expects
the teacher to specify rules of behavior and consequences for
disobeying them. These rules and consequences should be
communicated early to the pupils/students during the first day of
classes.
Business Academic Approach. A well-managed classroom that is free
from disruptions, where students behave in an orderly manner and are
involved enthusiastically in learning, exist where teachers have a clear
idea of the type of classroom conditions, student’s behavior and
instructional activities they wish to produce.
Feedback to Learners. Feedback as a too for an effective classroom
management is important for enhancing academic monitoring, and
managerial procedures.

4. What are the elements of classroom management? Discuss each.

Physical arrangement r environment includes the location, size, shape,
and construction of the room itself, the furniture in the room, the
instructional supplies or resources for learning, the provisions for
lighting, heating and ventilating, the acoustic of the room, and the
provisions for sanitation, cleanliness and orderliness.
 Classroom routine. When routines and procedures are carefully
taught, modeled, and established in the classroom, children know
what's expected of them and how to do certain things on their own.
Having these predictable patterns in place allows teachers to spend
more time in meaningful instruction.
Discipline. In a classroom, a teacher uses discipline to ensure routine
is maintained, school rules are enforced, and the students are in a safe
learning environment.
5. What is classroom discipline/ Identify some common types of disciplinary
problems in the classroom.
Discipline, as applied to classroom instruction, is any means adopted by the
teacher for the orderly behavior of the learners. Discipline to be effective should be
vital, meaningful and sympathetic.
Disrespect, defiance, bullying, and aggression are the most common
disciplinary problems. A dysfunctional home life can impact student behavior.
Peer pressure can negatively impact a student's behavior. For some students,
cultural and racial pressure can be a challenge.
 MODULE 9

STUDY GUIDE
1. What are the different modes of college teaching/ Give the salient features
of the following modes of college teaching.
a. Large – Group Instruction
Is a very effective means for providing part of the learning experiences of
today’s college and university students.
b. Medium – Group Instruction
Despite the increased attention to large-group instruction, groups of from
thirty-five to sixty students continue to be a popular class size.
c. Small – Group Instruction
A mode of college teaching conducting in groups ranging from
approximately five to fifteen persons is expected to provide maximum opportunity
for instructor-student and student-students interaction.
d. Independent Study
Is the fourth and the last mode of college teaching to be considered in this
chapter. It is a teaching -learning format that places increase responsibility upon
the student for his own education.
e. Other Independent Study
Follow course syllabus assignments for directed reading with the little
or no instructor contact, expect, perhaps, for an initial setting of tasks
or a final test of accomplishment.
Have the continuing help of the instructor, or tutor, but operate
independently of a standard syllabus, pursuing to his intellectual
interest where they take him rather than retracing those of his
instructor of his instructor’s instructor.
Be freed from attending a number of his regular class meetings but be
expected, nevertheless, to cover, either on his own or in terms of
groups with other students, the material that might normally have
covered in the class sessions from which he has been excused.
Works with film, tapes, lectures, programmed materials, texts and
assigned reading, and be expected to accomplish almost completely
on his goal usually supported by classroom procedures of lecture and
discussion.
Do his independent work off campus, pursuing an individual research
project or extramural studies for which he uses field resources.
f. Programmed and Computerized Instruction
It is a technique of self-instruction that presented in printed form, in simple
or quite complicated teaching machines, by several uses of tapes, by various audio-
visual projection or dial access devices, or by computers.