Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources (Client) Engineering Corporation of Oromia (Consultant)

Contents
LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................ VI
LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................ 1
PART-I: DAM AND ITS APPURTENANT STRUCTURES ............................................................. 3
1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 4
1.1 General .............................................................................................................................................................. 4
1.2 Project Location and Accessibility ............................................................................................................. 5
2 DESCRIPTION OF WORKS ....................................................................................................... 6
2.1 General Description ....................................................................................................................................... 6
2.2 Dam Body ........................................................................................................................................................ 6
2.3 Spillway ............................................................................................................................................................ 6
2.4 Diversion Arrangements ............................................................................................................................... 7
2.5 Irrigation outlet................................................................................................................................................ 7
3 HYDROLOGY ............................................................................................................................. 8
3.1 General .............................................................................................................................................................. 8
3.2 Hydrological investigation of Project Area ............................................................................................... 8
3.3 Analysis of Climate Data .............................................................................................................................. 9
3.3.1 Rainfall .................................................................................................................................. 9
3.4 Stream Flow ................................................................................................................................................... 10
3.5 Reservoir Simulation ................................................................................................................................... 11
3.5.1 Reservoir sites and their characteristics .............................................................................. 11
3.5.2 Area-Capacity -Elevation Curves ....................................................................................... 11
3.6 Flood and Flood Routing ............................................................................................................................ 11
3.6.1 Flood estimation.................................................................................................................. 11
3.6.2 Design flood selection......................................................................................................... 12
3.6.3 Flood routing and spillway sizing ....................................................................................... 12
4 GEOLOGY AND GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION ........................................................ 14
4.1 Regional Geology ......................................................................................................................................... 14
4.2 Geology of Project Area .............................................................................................................................. 14
4.3 Geotechnical Investigation ......................................................................................................................... 14
4.3.1 Geologic Test Pits along the Dam Axis .............................................................................. 15
4.3.2 Geologic Test Pits within the Reservoir Area..................................................................... 16
4.3.3 Geophysical Investigation along major structures .............................................................. 16
4.3.4 Direct Method of Geotechnical Investigation ..................................................................... 19

Anuba Dam and Small-Scale Irrigation Project Detailed Engineering Design Final Report i
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources (Client) Engineering Corporation of Oromia (Consultant)

4.4 Engineering Geological Evaluation of the Dam axis, Spillway, Outlet works and the Reservoir
19
4.4.1 Dam Axis ............................................................................................................................ 19
4.4.2 Spillway site ........................................................................................................................ 20
4.4.3 Intake structure.................................................................................................................... 20
4.4.4 Reservoir site ...................................................................................................................... 20
4.5 Seismicity of the Project Area ................................................................................................................... 21
4.5.1 Earthquake hazard in Ethiopia ............................................................................................ 21
4.6 Construction Materials Investigations ...................................................................................................... 21
4.6.1 Background ......................................................................................................................... 21
4.6.2 Clay Borrow area ................................................................................................................ 22
4.6.3 Shell material Borrow area ................................................................................................. 22
4.6.4 Sand Borrow site ................................................................................................................. 23
4.6.5 Rock Quarry site/ for Stone masonry & Aggregate ............................................................ 23
5 DAM DESIGN............................................................................................................................ 24
5.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................ 24
5.2 Topographic Features .................................................................................................................................. 24
5.2.1 Alignment ........................................................................................................................... 24
5.2.2 Dam Axis and Spillway Geologic Features ........................................................................ 25
5.2.3 Left Abutment ..................................................................................................................... 25
5.2.4 Right Abutment................................................................................................................... 25
5.2.5 River Channel and main river valley .................................................................................. 26
5.2.6 Spillway alignment ............................................................................................................. 27
5.3 Available Construction Materials.............................................................................................................. 27
5.3.1 Impervious material ............................................................................................................ 27
5.3.2 Rock for riprap materials .................................................................................................... 27
5.3.3 Sand for filter and other purposes ....................................................................................... 27
5.3.4 Water ................................................................................................................................... 27
5.4 Foundation Condition and Preparation .................................................................................................... 28
5.5 Seepage Control Measures through the Dam Foundation .................................................................... 28
5.5.1 Cut-off Trench .................................................................................................................... 28
5.5.2 Treatment of Bed rock & reservoir Area ............................................................................ 29
5.6 Dam Design Sectional Elements ............................................................................................................... 30
5.6.1 General ................................................................................................................................ 30

Anuba Dam and Small-Scale Irrigation Project Detailed Engineering Design Final Report ii
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources (Client) Engineering Corporation of Oromia (Consultant)

5.6.2 Freeboard Computation ...................................................................................................... 31

5.6.3 Determination of Camber Height/ settlement allowance .................................................... 32
5.6.4 Dam Crest Width ................................................................................................................ 33
5.6.5 Berms .................................................................................................................................. 34
5.6.6 Dam Zoning ........................................................................................................................ 34
5.6.7 Shell fill with central clay core ........................................................................................... 34
5.6.8 Impervious Clay Core ......................................................................................................... 36
5.6.9 Filter Materials (F1) ............................................................................................................ 36
5.6.10 Rock for Riprap & Toe Dain material grading specifications ....................................... 39
5.6.11 Slope Protection .............................................................................................................. 39
5.7 Dam Slope Stability and Deformation Analysis .................................................................................... 40
5.7.1 Upstream and downstream slopes ....................................................................................... 40
5.7.2 Dynamic Stress Deformation Analysis ............................................................................... 47
5.7.3 Static Stress Deformation Analysis .................................................................................... 49
6 SPILLWAY WORKS ................................................................................................................. 51
6.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................ 51
It is essentially a safety value for a dam. So, it must be properly designed and must have adequate
capacity to dispose of the entire surplus water at the time of the arrival of the worst design flood. ... 51
6.2 General Design Considerations ................................................................................................................. 51
6.3 Spillway inflow and outflow design flood .............................................................................................. 52
6.4 Type of spillway and selected scheme ..................................................................................................... 52
6.5 Location and alignment of spillway.......................................................................................................... 52
6.6 Hydraulic design of spillway ..................................................................................................................... 53
6.6.1 Discharge over the weir ...................................................................................................... 53
6.6.2 Design of approach channel ................................................................................................ 54
6.6.3 Spillway crest shape & Determination of flow depth downstream of the control section . 55
6.6.4 Spillway chute channel design ............................................................................................ 58
6.6.5 Vertical curves .................................................................................................................... 63
6.6.6 Design of terminal structure................................................................................................ 64
6.6.7 Spillway exit channel .......................................................................................................... 65
6.7 Structural Design of the Spillway Components ..................................................................................... 66
7 .DESIGN OF DAM INTAKE AND OUTLET STRUCTURES ................................................ 67
7.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................ 67
7.2 Data Required for Dam Inlet/Outlet Design ........................................................................................... 67

Anuba Dam and Small-Scale Irrigation Project Detailed Engineering Design Final Report iii
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources (Client) Engineering Corporation of Oromia (Consultant)

7.3 Components Parts of outlet works ............................................................................................................ 67

7.4 Irrigation Outlet and Irrigation conduit hydraulics ................................................................................ 68
7.4.1 Hydraulic Design of Intake/Inlet ........................................................................................ 68
7.4.2 Irrigation Conduit Hydraulics ............................................................................................. 68
7.4.3 Type and sizes of Regulating Valves .................................................................................. 70
7.4.4 Energy Dissipater Design ................................................................................................... 70
8 DIVERSION FOR CONSTRUCTION ...................................................................................... 72
8.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................ 72
8.2 Components of the Diversion System ...................................................................................................... 72
8.2.1 Dry season conduit/facility .................................................................................................... 72
8.2.2 Wet season diversion channel ............................................................................................. 73
8.2.3 Upstream and downstream temporary cofferdams ................................................................ 73
9 COST ESTIMATES ................................................................................................................... 74
10 DAM INSTRUMENTATION .................................................................................................... 86
10.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................ 86
10.2 Recommended Instruments ........................................................................................................................ 86
10.2.1 Bench Marks (BM) ......................................................................................................... 86
10.2.2 Open Standpipe Piezometer (OSP) ................................................................................. 87
10.2.3 Vibrating Wire Piezometer (VP) .................................................................................... 87
10.2.4 Vibrating Wire Settlement Sensor (ST) .......................................................................... 87
10.2.5 Earth Pressure Cells (EP) ................................................................................................ 87
10.2.6 Accelerometer Recorder (ACC) ..................................................................................... 87
10.2.7 Seepage Measuring Weir (W) ......................................................................................... 88
10.2.8 Water Level Gage (LG) .................................................................................................. 88
11 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR DAM .................................................. 89
PART -II:- IRRIGATION SYSTEM .................................................................................................. 91
12 IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM DESIGN ............................................................. 92
12.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................ 92
12.2 Irrigation System Design ............................................................................................................................ 92
12.3 Canal Systems ............................................................................................................................................... 92
12.4 Canal Alignment ........................................................................................................................................... 92
12.5 Canal Design.................................................................................................................................................. 93
12.5.1 Fixing Canal Capacities .................................................................................................. 93
12.5.2 Main canal ....................................................................................................................... 94

Anuba Dam and Small-Scale Irrigation Project Detailed Engineering Design Final Report iv
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources (Client) Engineering Corporation of Oromia (Consultant)

12.5.3 Secondary canal .............................................................................................................. 95

12.5.4 Tertiary Canal ................................................................................................................. 96
12.5.5 Field Canal ...................................................................................................................... 98
12.6 Drainage System Design ............................................................................................................................. 98
12.7 Drainage design requirement: .................................................................................................................... 99
12.8 Irrigation Infrastructure ............................................................................................................................. 101
12.9 Drop Structures ........................................................................................................................................... 101
12.10 .................................................................................................................................................Division Boxes
103
12.11 ............................................................................................................................................................ Turnouts
103
12.12Access Road ............................................................................................................................................... 106
12.13 Conclusion and Recommendation......................................................................................................... 106
12.13.1 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 106
12.13.2 Recommendation ............................................................................................................ 92
REFERENCE ...................................................................................................................................... 93

Anuba Dam and Small-Scale Irrigation Project Detailed Engineering Design Final Report v
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources (Client) Engineering Corporation of Oromia (Consultant)

LIST OF FIGURES
.Figure 5.1: Layout of the dam and appurtenant structures .......................................................... 25
Figure 0.1: Schematic representation of initial static analysis ...................................................... 49
Figure 6 .1: Crest shape profile ..................................................................................................... 56
Figure 6.2: Energy computations before and after the control section ......................................... 57
Figure 6.1: Model schematization and various loads considered for the ogee control section .... 66

Anuba Dam and Small-Scale Irrigation Project Detailed Engineering Design Final Report vi
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources (Client) Engineering Corporation of Oromia (Consultant)

LIST OF TABLES
Table 4.1: Geologic Test Pits within the Reservoir Area of Anuba micro earth dam project ..................16
Table 4.2: Geologic Test Pits at the Spillways of Anuba micro earth dam project ................................17
Table 5.1: Percentage of pass with respect to various sieves of the collected samples.............37
Table 0.1: Loading condition and recommended minimum factor of safety ...............................41
Table 5.2: Pore water pressure ratio Ru values for construction conditions ...............................44
Table 0.3: Material Property ......................................................................................................48
Table:- 7.1: Intake Pipe size calculation ...................................................................................70

Anuba Dam and Small-Scale Irrigation Project Detailed Engineering Design Final Report 1
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources (Client) Engineering Corporation of Oromia (Consultant)

Executive Summary
This summary report is mainly emphases on Dam types, spillway, total irrigable area & water
abstraction method.

Anuba Dam is designed as earth embankment dam which is Shell fill with central clay core,

Dam height & length is 33.1m & 827 m respectively. the proposed spillway is ogee weir 20m
length. Total command area is 143ha. Source of water is surface runoff water during rainy
season.
Proposed implementation period is two years.
Cost summary
The estimate of quantities presented at this detailed design report considers the permanent works
as set out in the scope of the study. The unit rate adapted for cost estimation is taken from other
similar projects with some adjustments. All rates are presented in Ethiopian Birr (ETB) only.
Accordingly the investment cost of the dam and its appurtenant structures as well as irrigation
system including VAT. Is Birr 385,396,143.26 with 15% VAT as presented in below

Anuba Dam and Small-Scale Irrigation Project Detailed Engineering Design Final Report 2
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources (Client) Engineering Corporation of Oromia (Consultant)

Part-I: Dam and its Appurtenant Structures

Anuba Dam and Small-Scale Irrigation Project Detailed Engineering Design Final Report 3
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources (Client) Engineering Corporation of Oromia (Consultant)

1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 General
Event though, Ethiopia is endowed with quite a substantial amount of water resources potential , suitable
topography and several millions hectors of irrigable land, the amount of land used yet for irrigation
development is very small. On the other hand, Agricultural of Ethiopia which is the leading sector in the
national economy of the country depends on rain fall and it is repeatedly affected by drought.
Accordingly, the sector could not able to meet the food requirement of the ever increasing population of
the country. To alleviate the aforementioned problem, the federal government as well as Oromia Regional
Stat Government gave great attention on the irrigation development throughout the country. Accordingly,
Anuba Micro dam irrigation project is among projects planned for irrigation development project in the
region.

This Irrigation development Project has been launched by Oromia Bureau of Agriculture & Natural
Resource Development with the aim of solving or mitigating the food self-sufficiency and rural
unemployment problems of the people of local area by harnessing the Anuba dam on Arer River at a
suitable location and utilizing it for irrigated farming. This River is an intermittent river which is one of
the tributaries of Dungeta Rive which joins Wabi Shebel River

Two optional sites were first selected by the reconnaissance field crew that each optional site having its
own unique physiographic features,

Fig 1:1 Dam Site options

Anuba Dam and Small-Scale Irrigation Project Detailed Engineering Design Final Report 4
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources (Client) Engineering Corporation of Oromia (Consultant)

During feasibility study, comparison was made on the two options based on topography of the
dam as well as command area, length of main canal & gully crossing along the main canal,
suitability of spillway site, availability of construction materials, reservoir area condition,
environmental consideration etc.

The main difference between the two options are that, option - 1 has relatively large command
area but less catchment area while option 2 has relatively large catchment area but practically
there is no command area downstream of option 2.

Finally, the upper (option- 1) has been selected and hence the current study has been conducted
on the selected dam site option. The proposed project is planned to irrigate about 280 hectares of
land at completion. But the net irrigation area is found to be only 143 has due to command area.
limitation of suitable command area.

1.2 Project Location and Accessibility

The project area is found in West Hararghe Zone of Oromia National Regional State, in Burqa
Dhinsa Wereda Anuba Kebele.
It is located at a distance of 450 km, 120 km and 45 km from Finfinne, Chiro (Zone town) , and
Teffe (woreda capital town), respectively. The proposed dam site is located North of the Wereda
town Teffe . Geographic coordinate’s at dam site center of the river is 705306 E, , 938228N &
elevation: - 1505.82 say 1506 m. a.s.l at the center of River Bed

Figure 1.2: Location Map of Anuba Irrigation Project Area

Anuba Dam and Small-Scale Irrigation Project Detailed Engineering Design Final Report 5
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources (Client) Engineering Corporation of Oromia (Consultant)

2 DESCRIPTION OF WORKS

2.1 General Description

The Principal components of the Works which will be covered under this detailed design are those stated
here under.

a) Main Dam (incorporating ,clay core, shell materials ,rock fill, filters and drains);
b) Spillway (incorporating Approach Channel, Spill weir, Chute and Stilling basin, and Downstream
exit Channel) and;
c) Irrigation intakes, conduits and outlets

2.2 Dam Body

The length and height of the Dam is 827 m & 33.10 m respectively. The main dam body is designed with
Zoned, Shell material and central clay core, downstream and upstream filter; drainage zone and toe drain.
The purpose of filter and transitions will be to protect migration of soil, to drain seepage water and
smooth transition from fine to coarse textured dam fill materials. Transition filter is not recommended
since shell material its self can use as transition filter. But great attention shall be made during
construction. That is, fine shall material shall be placed near filter. Lime Stone rock foundation is
found at depth less than 1.0 (almost it is exposed) at river center & 1.0 t0 1.5 m on the right & left side.
However, some excavation is necessary to remove some areas of alluvial deposit (intercalation of sandy
clay soil with fractured limestone rock) on the dam axis and especially right & left side of the river
Center. Deferent depth of cut off has been also included in design to ensure foundation stability and
curtail seepage through dam foundation.

2.3 Spillway
Chute spillway is designed to discharge a maximum of 124.54 m3/s corresponding to the rainfall
at 1/2PM has been utilized to generate the flood incoming to the reservoir storage area that was
intern used for flood routing

The total crest length of the spillway is 20 m. The crest level of spillway (full storage level) is at
1534.91 m a s l and the maximum water level corresponding to ½ PM routed outflow is 1537.19
m i.e. with flood lift height (He) of 2.28m including velocity approach. The structure comprises
an approach channel, ogee crest, chute and terminal structure. The spilled water leaving the

Anuba Dam and Small-Scale Irrigation Project Detailed Engineering Design Final Report 6
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources (Client) Engineering Corporation of Oromia (Consultant)

terminal structure will join small stream or gully which in turn joins the natural river channel
that is Arer River.

2.4 Diversion Arrangements

The construction of Anuba Dam might take one or two years to complete. The construction will
take place in the dry seasons. Therefore it is not possible to completely block the river flow
rather to create provisions for safe passage of the river flow during the rainy and dry season.

The followings are considered the main components for the diversion system during construction
of the dam.

• Up and down stream cofferdams,

• Dry season conduit with an inlet and out let channel, and
• Wet season diversion i.e. the existing river course.
• In the first year of construction period, first completing filling of the trench to the level of
existing river course level & right side dam body which is large in volume can be
completed safely. Then, in next year, remain part can be completed before rain comes or
another option can be used .

2.5 Irrigation outlet

The main purpose of the project is for irrigation development. It is planned to develop around 143ha land
downstream of the dam. Consequently, during dry months of the year, regulated water will be released as
per the downstream demand. Accordingly intake, conduit, regulating facility and terminal structure is
provided for this purpose.

Anuba Dam and Small-Scale Irrigation Project Detailed Engineering Design Final Report 7
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources (Client) Engineering Corporation of Oromia (Consultant)

3 HYDROLOGY

3.1 General

The hydrological analysis was undertaken to be primarily used for the design of the proposed
dam. There is no flow data at the dam site. However the nearby station of Meiso AVA Station is
used for hydrology analysis at the dam site. Detail of hydrological analysis is explained in
hydrology & climate study report

3.2 Hydrological investigation of Project Area

The hydrological investigation of this study includes;

• Catchment area rainfall has been estimated based on Theissen polygon method and the
missing rainfall data was filled using statistical regression of nearby stations; this method has
been used to compute the weighted average of both stations for determining the areal rainfall
of the project for further analysis especially for rainfall amount.
• The project design rainfall was estimated using the analytical method of statistical approach.
• Daily flow data at dam site is necessary for design of dam and its appurtenant structures to
estimate maximum design flood for a given return periods, dependable flow to estimate the
reservoir capacity and low flow to estimate the base flow and decide environmental flow for
the downstream environment.
• Since there is no any flow gauging station available in the catchment to help determine the
mentioned variables. Thus, the current hydrologic investigation relied on SCS method of
rainfall-runoff method for estimating the surface runoff generated from the catchment from
rainfall data on daily basis.
• Estimation of open water evaporation and reference evapotranspiration (ETo) for the project
areas have been computed using penman and penman-montieth methods;;
• Reservoir simulation was done considering the required basic inputs and the size of
command area is fixed after several trails considering several command area and reservoir
water level scenarios. The analysis is done using spread sheet. The target reliability is
decided to be about 80% which is common practice for similar projects in the country.
• Standardized flood quantiles of different return period has been derived using the selected
distribution;

Anuba Dam and Small-Scale Irrigation Project Detailed Engineering Design Final Report 8
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources (Client) Engineering Corporation of Oromia (Consultant)

• Design discharge, be it for peak flood to determine the structure that can withstand risk
coming from the expected flow with the predetermined recurrence interval (1/2PMP for the
current study) or the dependable flow to choose the flow that frequently exists (80%
dependable for the current study project)
• Determination of the inflow hydrograph to the dam site is important for the design of
spillway and this spillway routing and sizing was done using spread sheet applications;
• The annual sediment yield at the dam site has been estimated based on SWAT model and
empirical formula of Fleming and the revised universal soil loss equations for comparison
purposes; and
• The annual sediment deposition distribution over the reservoir for the life period of the
project was carried out based on the USBR Method.

3.3 Analysis of Climate Data

3.3.1 Rainfall

Five nearby stations which are believed to have an influence on the project area were collected
and were used for the areal rainfall and climate data analysis of the project area
However, when the acquired data was compiled and investigated for quality check and control
prior to utilization of the data for further analysis, five of the data stations had few data of daily
data especially rainfall and temperature except Metehara, Awash 7-kilo, Kora and Arbabordode
stations which had data for the year 1985-2017 with few missing values
Thus, the current study decided to utilize these four stations for filling in the missing data of
Meisso Station that was used for further analysis

3.3.1.1 Dependable Rainfall

The mean, 80% and 90% runoff generated from the catchment was analyzed. the catchment is
able to provide an average of 6.5895 MCM of runoff while 80% and 90%% dependability
showed that the catchment can provide 3.8801 MCM and 3.0089 MCM respectively attesting
that at least these amounts could be expected if the worst situation is encountered. Accordingly,
80% dependable rainfall is adapted as consistent with the national experience and the extreme
variability nature of the rainfall. Detail of hydrological analysis is explained in hydrology &
climate study report

Anuba Dam and Small-Scale Irrigation Project Detailed Engineering Design Final Report 9
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources (Client) Engineering Corporation of Oromia (Consultant)

3.4 Stream Flow

Daily flow data at dam site is necessary for design of dam and its appurtenant structures to
estimate maximum design flood for a given return periods, dependable flow required for
estimating reservoir capacity and low flow useful for estimating the base flow and decide
environmental flow for the downstream environment.

Nevertheless, there is no any gauging station within Anuba Catchment, but the nearby stations at
Meiso AVA Station was used

Figure 3.1: Mean Monthly Inflow of Anuba Catchment at Dam Site

The mean annual inflow from Anuba catchment to the dam site reservoir was estimated to be
6.5895 Mm3. Conforming with the existing bimodal rainfall condition of the area; high runoff is
generated from the catchment during the months of March to May for the first season and July to
October for the second season as seen in Figure 3.1. The generated flow, considered as supply of
the project, is shared among the various needs of the project area namely irrigation, domestic
demand, livestock demand and environmental factors, making the total project demand.

Anuba Dam and Small-Scale Irrigation Project Detailed Engineering Design Final Report 10
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources (Client) Engineering Corporation of Oromia (Consultant)

3.5 Reservoir Simulation

3.5.1 Reservoir sites and their characteristics

The reservoir site is characterized by rugged topography having low reservoir capacity even at
high elevation from the river bed. The reservoir capacity is at 0.4746 Mm3 (47.46 ha-m) at
13.99 m height from its river bed depicting that the reservoir site is for holding required amount
of water is not sufficient as expected. In addition, the reservoir may have ample storage
capacity at higher elevations to hold the available catchment runoff (like 29.09 m above the
river bed) to be able to store the available runoff from the catchment, as the area is known by its
high water scarcity. From hydro-geological point of view, the current selected site for reservoir
is good for its water tight formation due to its geologic nature.

It is worthwhile to note that owing to topographic nature of the area where the dam reservoir
was planned the reservoir capacity is small at lower dam height. Thus, in order to impound the
desired runoff coming from the catchment, the dam height was attained at 29.09 m. If the
current proposed dam axis is shifted to upstream, the dam height should increase more than
29.09 m or forced to store less amount of runoff that cannot satisfy the planned irrigable area
(283 ha). If the dam axis shifts to downstream, the dam height may reduce but requires much
dam length. Moreover, it losses command area. Thus, it is suggested to maintain the dam axis
to the current selected dam axis site.

3.5.2 Area-Capacity -Elevation Curves

Reservoir area-elevation and reservoir volume-elevation curve for the selected site is derived
from the reservoir area survey data. it indicated in Appendix

3.6 Flood and Flood Routing

3.6.1 Flood estimation

In order to evaluate the values of design flood flows different alternative methodologies
were applied. The Probable maximum flood is estimated from probable maximum precipitation
and it is transformed into PMF using unit hydrograph convolution techniques. In addition to the

Anuba Dam and Small-Scale Irrigation Project Detailed Engineering Design Final Report 11
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources (Client) Engineering Corporation of Oromia (Consultant)

PMF, flood design discharges for various return periods at the dam site are evaluated using
different candidate probability distributions and parameter estimation techniques.

3.6.2 Design flood selection

The USACE has published guidelines for selection of spillway design flood by classifying dams
by height, volume impounded, and hazard potentials in the downstream areas in the event of dam
failure. The estimated maximum impounded water volume of the planned dam was estimated to
be 499.80 ha-m. Thus, this dam is categorized under intermediate/medium type of dam according
to USACE standard. Hazard classification wise, the area below the planned Anuba dam has no
habitation of humans and no availability of economically significant infrastructure. Thus, the
hazard potential classification is classified as low category.
Furthermore, analysis of the proposed Anuba Dam from perspective of Forest Service of
US Department of Agriculture, the low hazard potential level and size class of "B", the
recommended spillway design flood is for 1/2PMP flood.
The category of the hazard of the area under investigation is low owing to insignificant impact of
inundation in case of the breach of the dam due to the impounded incoming design flood is
resulted.

Source: Forest Service, US Department of Agriculture.

Note: ** Anuba Dam falls under this category (Low hazard, class B thus SDF is for 100 to
1000 years return period

3.6.3 Flood routing and spillway sizing

The flood hydrograph developed at the dam site was then routed over the reservoir. The Full
Reservoir Level (FRL) is fixed at 1534.91 masl and an ogee type spillway crest is adapted.

Anuba Dam and Small-Scale Irrigation Project Detailed Engineering Design Final Report 12
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources (Client) Engineering Corporation of Oromia (Consultant)

The routing exercise was conducted for total length of 6,8,10, 12, 15 20, 25, 30, 40 & 50m width
un gated spillway.

Inflow and Outflow Hydrograph (Flood Routing) Anuba Dam

165.00

150.00

135.00 Inflow (Qi)

Outflow (Qo)
120.00

105.00

90.00
Flow in cms

75.00

60.00

45.00

30.00

15.00

0.00
- 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00 20.00 22.00 24.00 26.00 28.00 30.00
Time (hr)

Figure 3.3: Flood Routing of Anuba Dam Reservoir

Spillway crest length has been calculated using the well-known formula, Q = LCH^1.5 as shown
in.
The analysis has been done for both broad crest and ogee spillway crest. Finally ogee spillway
crest is selected for is dam.
Table 3.1: Weir Length and corresponding Discharge and Elevation over Spillway

For vary ing Weir Lengths: Ogee Crested Sp illway way

C = 2.2
Weir length Max Discharge, Q (m3/sec)Max Elevation Height (H)
6 88.55 1,538.47 3.6
8 98.58 1,538.06 3.2
10 105.68 1,537.76 2.8
.
12 110.49 1,537.51 2.6
15 117.29 1,537.24 2.3
20 124.54 1,536.91 2.0
25 128.53 1,536.67 1.8
30 130.95 1,536.49 1.6
40 136.81 1,536.25 1.3
50 139.92 1,536.08 1.2

Accordingly, 20 m length of spillway with 124.54m3/s out flow is used for design

Anuba Dam and Small-Scale Irrigation Project Detailed Engineering Design Final Report 13
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources (Client) Engineering Corporation of Oromia (Consultant)

4 GEOLOGY AND GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION

4.1 Regional Geology

Geology and Geotechnical investigation report is prospered separately. So, some important point for
design purposes is discussed in this section

4.2 Geology of Project Area

As mentioned earlier, Geology and Geotechnical investigation report is prospered separately in
detail. So, to avoid repetition, only key points have been discussed here.

Extensive outcrops of Mesozoic sedimentary rocks occur in the Anuba project area. The
Mesozoic sedimentary rock is constituted limestone rock. Two major geological formations are
identified in the project area, namely; Alluvium, and limestone rock

Figure 4.1: Anuba project area Geology

4.3 Geotechnical Investigation

Under this study, data related to the dam site geomorphologic setting, embankment stability,
workability, bearing capacity, slope stability, water tightness of the foundation of the dam
structures, reservoir area and the main canal route as well as the availability/accessibility,
quantity and quality of construction materials required for construction and groundwater
condition of the command area is analyzed and interpreted. Furthermore, the anticipating

Anuba Dam and Small-Scale Irrigation Project Detailed Engineering Design Final Report 14
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources (Client) Engineering Corporation of Oromia (Consultant)

geological and engineering geological risks likely to occur in future and propose best mitigation
measures

4.3.1 Geologic Test Pits along the Dam Axis

The field investigation of the riverbed and riverbank material is undertaken to determine its
engineering characteristics. During the field investigation test pit have been dug on the right &
left side of river bank near to river center along the dam Axis. Subsequently, visual description
and logging of the soil profile of the foundation materials are given. Besides, samples have
collected from each test pit for laboratory tests. Summary of test is given in the next table &
detail is presented in geology report separately.

Table 4.1: Geological test pits along the dam axis of Anuba micro earth dam project

Test pit Coordinates Material Depths Unified soil

ID Easting Northing Sources (m) classification
Right of Limestone rock
ARRC 705306 938228 River bank 1.5
Left of Limestone rock
ALRC 705309 938253 River bank 1

The center of the river is exposed lime stone rock.

Based on the in situ permeability test and laboratory test result, the hydraulic conductivity of the
foundation material is found to be in the order of 1.90x10-4 mm/sec (1.90x10-7 m/s).

Figure 4.2 Geological cross section along dam axis for Anuba micro earth dam
irrigation project

Anuba Dam and Small-Scale Irrigation Project Detailed Engineering Design Final Report 15
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources (Client) Engineering Corporation of Oromia (Consultant)

The geological formation taken as foundation at Dam site is sound/strong limestone rock which
has a Safe/allowable bearing capacity of 3000kN/m2. Accordingly, the foundation is safe for
intended dam height.

4.3.2 Geologic Test Pits within the Reservoir Area

Main interest at the water storage / reservoir behind the proposed dam is water tightness. So test
pit excavations are performed within the reservoir area of Anuba micro earth dam irrigation
project and subsequently, visual description and logging of the soil profile of the foundation
materials are given. Besides, samples have collected from each test pit for laboratory tests.
Summary of the result is given in table 4.2.

Based on the in situ permeability test and laboratory test result, the hydraulic conductivity of the
reservoir area material is found to be in the order of 1.90x10-4 mm/sec (1.90x10-7 m/s)..This
implies that the material is of low hydraulic conductivity
Detail is seen in geology report.
.

Table 4.1: Geologic Test Pits within the Reservoir Area of Anuba micro earth dam project

Test pit Coordinates Material Depths Unified soil classification

ID Easting Northing Sources (m)
Reservoir Intercalation sandy clay
ARA1 705186 938364 Area 1.5 soil with fractured
limestone rock
Reservoir Intercalation of sandy
ARA2 705159 938495 Area 1 clay soil with fractured
limestone rock

4.3.3 Geophysical Investigation along major structures

4.3.3.1 Spillway Structure

The proposed spillway route for dam site option two is on right abutment. It is made to join the
the main river coarse downstream of the dam axis.

Anuba Dam and Small-Scale Irrigation Project Detailed Engineering Design Final Report 16
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources (Client) Engineering Corporation of Oromia (Consultant)

The formation of Spillways on both right and left sides of the dam is intercalation of interaction
sandy clay with fractured limestone rock, limestone rock formation respectively observed from
top to bottom

Summary of the test taken along the spillway route is shown in Table 4.2.

Table 4.2: Geologic Test Pits at the Spillways of Anuba micro earth dam project

Test pit Coordinates Material Depth Unified soil classification

ID Easting Northing Sources s (m)
Right side Limestone rock
ARMC1 705132 938169 Spillway 0.5
Left side Intercalation of Sandy clay soil
ALMC1 705736 938388 Spillway 1 with fractures limestone rocks

According to Table 4.3, the probable lithology is composed of sandy clay soil with fractured
limestone rock formation up to 1 m & sound limestone rock below 1 m depth on left side &
Limestone rock below 0,5m on right side.

During design, the spillway will be made to rest on sound Limestone rock foundation formation
among the existing lithological units mentioned above.

4.3.3.2 Summary of Laboratory Test Results

The laboratory-testing program of the materials recovered from the borings included the
following conventional geotechnical tests: water contents, Atterberg limits, sieve analyses,
permeability test and others. The lab tests are conduct in general accordance with the basic
requirements of the ASTM listed in parenthesis. Brief descriptions of the physical laboratory
tests are present in the following table.

Anuba Dam and Small-Scale Irrigation Project Detailed Engineering Design Final Report 17
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources (Client) Engineering Corporation of Oromia (Consultant)

Table 4.4: Summary lab test result for Anuba micro earth dam project

1. Rock Test

Specific Water
ACV % AIV %
Sample Gravity Absorpti
No ID SSD on %

1 ARC 2.59 3.14 19.5 19.6

1. River Sand Test

Percentage Pass
at at at at
No Material at at at at
2.36 0.3 0.15 0.075
Type 10 mm 5 mm 1.18 mm 0.6 mm
mm mm mm mm
Anuba/Ija
1 Lenca San 100.00 96.88 90.77 77.33 43.87 10.09 2.84 2.34

Anuba Dam and Small-Scale Irrigation Project Detailed Engineering Design Final Report 18
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources (Client) Engineering Corporation of Oromia (Consultant)

4.3.4 Direct Method of Geotechnical Investigation

4.3.4.1 General
The site investigation has covered test pit dug, laboratory test , conventional geotechnical tests:
water contents, Atterberg limits, sieve analyses, permeability test and others. The lab tests are
conduct in general accordance with the basic requirements of the ASTM listed in parenthesis.

4.3.4.2 Core Drilling

Core drilling is vital to access deeper geological layers and to core and recover samples of both
soils and rocks from various depths. However, core drilling is not performed at this level.

4.3.4.3 Recommendation on Core drilling

As mentioned earlier, Core drilling geotechnical investigation is vital to access deeper geological
layers and to core and recover samples of both soils and rocks from various depths. However,
this is not performed at this level. So, it is strictly recommended, core drilling geotechnical
investigation must be done during construction aforesaid dam. But Cost for core drilling is not
included in the BoQ.

4.4 Engineering Geological Evaluation of the Dam axis, Spillway, Outlet

works and the Reservoir

4.4.1 Dam Axis

Main interest at the dam site is foundation bearing capacity, water tightness and seismic tremor.

Generally, two soil types’ intercalation of sandy clay soil with fractured limestone rock and
sound limestone rock observed respectively from top to bottom at the proposed Dam site.

The dam site / axis is characterised by sandy clay soil with limestone rock formations
overburden material and bed rock units. Thickness of the unconsolidated soil overburden
material varies along the proposed am axis 0.5 m at dam / river centre 1.5m on right side river
bank.

The soils formation found at river center on dam axis is exposed limestone rock.But right side of
river bank is intercalation of sandy clay soil with limestone rock formations up to 1.5m. Below
1.5m m is sound/strong limestone rock.

Anuba Dam and Small-Scale Irrigation Project Detailed Engineering Design Final Report 19
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources (Client) Engineering Corporation of Oromia (Consultant)

Left side of river bank is also is intercalation of sandy clay soil with limestone rock formations
up to 1.0m & below 1.0 m is sound/strong limestone rock.

Similarly, left & right side around spillway on dam axis, soils formation found from 0- 1.0 m is
Intercalation of Sandy clay soil with fractures limestone rocks. Below 1.0m is sound limestone rock

Generally, geological formation taken as foundation at dam site is sound/strong limestone rock
which has a Safe/allowable bearing capacity of 3000kN/m2.

4.4.2 Spillway site

The main attention at the spillway site is foundation bearing capacity of material, frequency of
seismic tremor and ability to withstand erosion from high flow velocity. The proposed spillway
site is located at the left end abutment of the dam. Such a site is characterised by intercalation of
Sandy clay soil with fractured limestone rock formation up to 1.0 (one) m & sound limestone
rock below foreside depth. Accordingly, the spillway structure rests on stable foundation which
is sound limestone rock.

4.4.3 Intake structure

The proposed intake structure site is found being characterised by Sandy clay soil with tree
routes up to 1m depth & sandy clay soil with fractured limestone rock found up to 1.5m. Below
1.5m depth strong limestone rock is found.

4.4.4 Reservoir site

Main interest at the water storage / reservoir behind the proposed dam is water tightness .Based on the
present site investigation works. Based on the in situ permeability test and laboratory test result, the
hydraulic conductivity of the reservoir area material is found to be in the order of 1.5x10-6 m/s. This
implies that the material is of low hydraulic conductivity that could not cause excess leakage.

However, at some location the River deposits may be of high hydraulic conductivity that can
cause excess leakage. To this, it is assumed that due to saturation of the deposit, it could not
cause excess leakage

It is important to note that such sites are expected to be silt up / blanketed upon natural siltation
process. This is due to run off draining towards the reservoir site from the reservoir catchment

Anuba Dam and Small-Scale Irrigation Project Detailed Engineering Design Final Report 20
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources (Client) Engineering Corporation of Oromia (Consultant)

area that would carry and deposit such soil material of poor hydraulic conductivity.
Consequently, it could act as natural blanket that would hinder excess leakage.

4.5 Seismicity of the Project Area

4.5.1 Earthquake hazard in Ethiopia
Ethiopia is a major city in relation to seismic hazard. The project area lies at the eastern flank of
the main Ethiopian Rift. Based on the Seismic zonation map of Ethiopia, the Anuba project site
lies within the vertical ground acceleration of 0-0.025 m/s2. This would have certain impact on
the proposed design related to earth movement. Consequently, the design shall consider such an
impact. Accordingly, 0.025 is taken for design.

4.6 Construction Materials Investigations

4.6.1 Background
An investigation has been conducted to identify, evaluate and delineate potential sites of
construction materials in the project area. The natural construction materials are required for
construction of the intended dam and appurtenant structures.
During the investigation, major emphases for selection of potential sites for construction
materials have been given by considering among others:

➢ ease of excavation and extraction

➢ hydrologic condition
➢ overburden thickness
➢ soundness / durability
➢ Quality and volume of potential reserves with respect to the intended purpose

Anuba Dam and Small-Scale Irrigation Project Detailed Engineering Design Final Report 21
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources (Client) Engineering Corporation of Oromia (Consultant)

➢ hauling distance
➢ Social and environmental impacts that could hinder development of the quarry and
borrow materials
Clay borrow material is extracted for use as construction of the central impervious core. Sand
borrow sites have been identified and delineated for use as a source of filter and drain material,
as a source for construction of concrete and masonry structures. The rock quarry sites are
envisaged mainly for use as source of toe drain, Rip rap and as a source for construction of
mason and concrete structures.

4.6.2 Clay Borrow area

Potential Clay borrow area has been identified and delineated within the project. Two locations
are proposed the first is located / found in Mato Arba Kebele. It is located using GPS (UTM-
Z37) 709336E, 943627N, this is located at about 7km from the dam. There is 2nd option which
used in the design.

Table 4-5 : Optimum Ranges of Permeability of Zones of Earthfill Dam

Zone Range of Permeability
Impermeable fill (core) 1x10-6 - 1x10-8 cm/sec
Semi-permeable fill (shell) 5x10-4 - 5x10-7 cm/sec
Permeable fill (upstream facings) 1x10-3 - 1x10-5 cm/sec
Permeable fill (downstream facings) 5x10-2 - 1x10-4 cm/sec

Based on the lab test result hydraulic conductivity of the first option is 2.5 *10-7 m/s which is not
satisfactory.
On the other hand, hydraulic conductivity of the second option is 2.5 *10-9 m/s which is more
satisfactory and used in dam design.
Summary of the laboratory test results is presented in Table 4.4.

4.6.3 Shell material Borrow area

The Shale materials used for construction of Anuba micro earth dam project is found in Kurfa
kebele. It is located using GPS (UTM-Z37) 715742E, 938588N

The Shale material is weathered and fractured basaltic rocks which is white reddish in color.
Most quantity of the Shale material is about 11km far from the dam axis of the project area.
Nonetheless some amount is found around the dam at near distance.

Anuba Dam and Small-Scale Irrigation Project Detailed Engineering Design Final Report 22
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources (Client) Engineering Corporation of Oromia (Consultant)

4.6.4 Sand Borrow site

Sources for potential filter materials source have been assessed along prevailing River. But, there
is no Sand for filter materials as well as masonry & concert works near the project area
accordingly; the selected sand source is about 230km far from the project area. It is found in
Mieso River at 693813E, 1021002N. Detail is discussed in Geology report separately.

4.6.5 Rock Quarry site/ for Stone masonry & Aggregate

An investigation has been conducted to identify, evaluate and delineate potential quarry sites in
the project area. Based on the investigation, a number of potential quarry sites have been
identified and delineated for use in the project area. Accordingly, Stone for masonry work is
found rear project area, around 707195E, 937225N in sufficiency quantity while that of
Aggregate is found around 701614E, 1009473N which is about 190km from the project site.

Anuba Dam and Small-Scale Irrigation Project Detailed Engineering Design Final Report 23
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources (Client) Engineering Corporation of Oromia (Consultant)

5 DAM DESIGN

5.1 General
During feasibility study design two dam site options were considered and each option was
evaluated based on stated criteria. Accordingly option 1 was selected for further detail design.
Similarly three dam type or zoning options were considered and evaluated during the feasibility
study. The dam type options considered during feasibility design are:

i. Shell fill with central clay core

ii. Rock and shell fill with central clay core
iii. Rock fill with central Core

From technical point of view all the three options are technically feasible. Therefore, the
estimated project cost is mainly considered as major comparison criteria. Option one (i) is the
cheapest option compared to the remaining two and hence is selected for Anuba Irrigation
Project & the design is Shell fills with central clay core & up stream stone Rip Rap. The shell fill
consist rock fragment, cobles, gravels and soils, materials excavated from spillway. this is to use
the local nearby the dam site to minimalize the cost of the project. Complete rock part of the dam
is Rip Rap part.

5.2 Topographic Features

The topographic maps produced for the present study (option 1) shows that the river bed is as
wide as 68m up to elevation of 1509 m a s l while river bed level is 1505.82 .m a.s.l. But at curst
of dam 1538.92 m a s l the width of the river / dam length is 827m. it is flat on left side &
relatively steep on right abutment ends.

5.2.1 Alignment

The dam axis has been aligned nearly perpendicular to the River considering the suitability of the
abutments that ensure the stability of the dam.

Anuba Dam and Small-Scale Irrigation Project Detailed Engineering Design Final Report 24
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources (Client) Engineering Corporation of Oromia (Consultant)

5.2.2 Dam Axis and Spillway Geologic Features

5.2.3 Left Abutment

The left abutment is strong/sound limestone bed rocks over burden by intercalation of sandy clay
soil with fractured limestone rock. The depth of over burden is only 1.0m depth as per the
geology report.

5.2.4 Right Abutment

Similarly, the right abutment is strong/sound limestone bed rocks over burden by intercalation of
sandy clay soil with fractured limestone rock. The depth of over burden is only 0.5m depth.

.Figure 5.1: Layout of the dam and appurtenant structures

Anuba Dam and Small-Scale Irrigation Project Detailed Engineering Design Final Report 25
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources (Client) Engineering Corporation of Oromia (Consultant)

5.2.5 River Channel and main river valley

The soil profile found within the downstream river channel is intercalation of intercalation of
sandy clay soil and intercalation of Sandy clay soil with fractured lime stone rock

Along dam axis at the river center, the foundation formation is exposed limestone bed rocks
which cannot be excavated by labors.

Along the river channel, the soils formation is intercalation of sandy clay soil with fractured
limestone rock. It is represented by the sand, river gravel, cobbles and the material can be
utilized as an alternative/additional source as shell material.

Anuba Dam and Small-Scale Irrigation Project Detailed Engineering Design Final Report 26
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources (Client) Engineering Corporation of Oromia (Consultant)

5.2.6 Spillway alignment

Two options have been seen (left & Right abutment) to align the spillway. Finally, the spillway
is aligned on the Left side by excavating the left abutment. The excess water passing over the
spillway will be joined side stream or conveyed to the main river course with the necessary
components of the spillway.

5.3 Available Construction Materials

As described in Section 4.6 the available materials at Anuba project site include but not limited
to the following:

5.3.1 Impervious material

Potential impervious material sources has been identified and delineated within the project area.
The detailed is discussed under section 4.6.2.

5.3.2 Rock for riprap materials

A number of potential quarry sites have been identified and delineated for use in the project area.
The proposed sources are Lime stone rock found around project area.
Generally, there is sufficient rock for riprap & masonry works.

5.3.3 Sand for filter and other purposes

.
As discussed under section 4.6.4, Sources for potential filter materials source have been assessed
along prevailing River. But, there is no Sand for filter materials as well as masonry & concert
works near the project area accordingly; the selected sand source is about 230km far from the
project area. It is found in Mieso River at 693813E, 1021002N. Detail is discussed in Geology
report separately.

5.3.4 Water

There is water limitation in the area during dry season since Arera River is not Perennial River.
However, there are some Ponds located in the project area which can serve as the source of water
for construction activities. But, during rainy season, Arera River can serve by temporarily
ponding the flow water for construction of embankment works. For concert & masonry works,

Anuba Dam and Small-Scale Irrigation Project Detailed Engineering Design Final Report 27
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources (Client) Engineering Corporation of Oromia (Consultant)

great attention shall be made before using river or pond water. Otherwise any potable water shall
be obtained from nearby town.

5.4 Foundation Condition and Preparation

The dominant lithological units around the foundation area are intercalation of sandy clay soil
with fractured lime stone rock and sound lime stone rock

The bed rock lime stone is found at about 1.0 to 1.5 m below the river bed at the main river
course and 1.0 to 2.5 m on right and left abutment. Based on the developed engineering
geological cross section the proposed general and trench excavation levels have been suggested.
The depth of the general foundation is proposed based on evaluation of the distribution of the
soils/fractured rocks and their engineering characterization and it is shown appendix

5.5 Seepage Control Measures through the Dam Foundation

In order to minimize seepage through the foundation, provision of seepage curtailing measures
are necessary. From the Geotechnical evaluation of the dam foundation point of view the
following seepage curtailing measures in the foundation has been considered.

5.5.1 Cut-off Trench

The cutoff foundation is placed at sound lime stone bed rock at stream center and intercalation of
sandy clay soil with lime stone rock deposits on left & right abutment.

As mentioned earlier, the foundation is hard lime stone rock, with depth of 1.0 t0 1.5m around
stream center and increase to right side up to 2.5 m. but minimum depth of cut-off trench is 3m
which 4m from OGL at river center including 1.0 m clearance. As mentioned in this report, core
drilling is not done for the project. Accordingly, foundation treatment such as grouting is not
recommended s. That why cut – off trench depth is recommended up to 4.0m since weak point is
expected. but this depth is liable to change based on actual foundation condition during
construction.

Anuba Dam and Small-Scale Irrigation Project Detailed Engineering Design Final Report 28
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources (Client) Engineering Corporation of Oromia (Consultant)

5.5.2 Treatment of Bed rock & reservoir Area

As mentioned earlier, Core drilling is not done for this project. So, sufficient information is not
obtained at deeper geological layers,

However, as per the geotechnical investigation made along the dam axis through test pit & lab
test, intercalation of sandy clay soil with lime stone rock deposits foundation is considered as
semi-pervious to pervious, so, cut-off shall be up to bed rock throughout the length of the dam.
Similarly some part of reservoir area shows semi-pervious which may Couse Seepage

Seepage through dam foundation can be minimized by providing effective curtail throughout the
dam foundation and also blanketing the reservoir with objective of avoiding contact between the
reservoir water and the impervious formation. Blanketing the reservoir might be practiced on
limited part of the reservoir as it is usually expensive to cover the whole reservoir, besides it is
necessary to properly locate the defective area and also make good contact with the existing
natural blanket. So, additional data shall be collected during construction to identify the weak
point in order to take required measures.

Finally, core drilling is recommended to be done during construction level and foundation
treatment such as Grouting as well as reservoir treatment should be decided based on
investigation result.

Anuba Dam and Small-Scale Irrigation Project Detailed Engineering Design Final Report 29
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources (Client) Engineering Corporation of Oromia (Consultant)

5.6 Dam Design Sectional Elements

5.6.1 General
This section describes the dam design procedures undertaken for Anuba dam. The basic
consideration in the design of aforementioned Dam has been to achieve safety consistent with
economy. The type of dam will be an embankment dam with shell fill with central clay core. An
Ogee spillway with chute on the Right bank has been selected for this dam site. The following
criteria have been considered in this Dam design:

▪ Under all conditions of construction, reservoir operation, and seismic activity, the
embankment, foundation, and abutments must remain stable.
▪ Seepage through the embankment, foundation, and abutments must be properly
controlled and collected to prevent excessive uplift pressures, piping, sloughing and
removal of material by solution or erosion of material by loss into cracks, joints, and
cavities. In the design seepage control measures such as foundation cutoffs, grouting,
slurry trench, concrete cutoff, adequate and non-brittle impervious zones, transition
zones, and drainage blankets are incorporated.
▪ One of the basic requirements for design of dam is to fix the crest level of the dam
which ensures safety against overtopping caused by wind induced waves and water by
providing adequate free board.

Freeboard is the vertical distance between the crest of the embankment (without camber) and the
reservoir water surface.

, the distance between the flood peak level in the reservoir and the top of the settled dam
constitutes the net freeboard. This net freeboard should be sufficient to prevent waves from
overtopping the embankment. Normal freeboard is measured with respect to the full reservoir
level while the minimum freeboard is measured with respect to the maximum water level in the
reservoir. Wave height for moderate size reservoir areas can be determined by Hawks Lay’s
formula as follows.

h = 0.014 (D f ) 1
2 ……………………………………………………..…….…..………

Anuba Dam and Small-Scale Irrigation Project Detailed Engineering Design Final Report 30
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources (Client) Engineering Corporation of Oromia (Consultant)

The more specific term “Normal Freeboard” is the difference in elevation between the crest of
the dam and the top of active conservation, joint use, or exclusive flood control water level as
fixed by design requirements. The term “Minimum Freeboard” is the difference in elevation
between the crest of the dam and the maximum reservoir water surface that would result from a
routing of the design flood with spillway operating as planned.

5.6.2 Freeboard Computation

There are deferent approaches for Freeboard Computation

Wave height for moderate size reservoir areas can be determined by Hawks Lay’s formula as
follows.

h = 0.014 (D f )
1
2 ……………………………………………………..…….…..……….

Where, h. is height of wave under maximum wind velocity (m)

Df is Fetch (m

Additional allowances for settlement of the foundation and embankment (known as camber) as
well as settlement due to strong ground motion should also be considered. Based on the
Hydrological study and the topography of the flooded area, the required freeboard is computed
considering the following:

Freeboard for wave action: The computations are based on significant wave height

The Molitor Stevenson formula

Anuba Dam and Small-Scale Irrigation Project Detailed Engineering Design Final Report 31
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources (Client) Engineering Corporation of Oromia (Consultant)

Fetch length (F) at FSL and at MSL is 1.80km & 1.88 km respectively & average is taken
for design.
Wind velocity of 15km/hrs is taken for design. But up to 60km/ hrs velocity is checked.
➢ The crest level of the over flow weir is 1534.91m;.
➢ Total spillway crest length 20 m; and
➢ Maximum Water Level corresponding to ½ PM routed outflow including velocity approach
is 1537.19 m a.s.l
➢ Calculated Freeboard Fb = Hs+R+S = 0.83 m
➢ Maximum Water Level including wave action or freeboard is 1538.02m a.s.l.

5.6.3 Determination of Camber Height/ settlement allowance

The crest elevation is increased towards center of the dam by an amount equal to future
consolidation of dam foundation and embankment after completion of the construction.
Selection of amount of camber is somewhat arbitrary. The camber is provided by increasing
the u/s and d/s slopes near the crest of the dam. Most reference recommends 2 to 3% of dam
height (2%H).

So, 2% H which is 0.63m, Camber or settlement allowance is included in the design.

As discussed above, Maximum Water Level corresponding to ½ PM routed outflow is

1537.19m a.s.l freeboard is 0.83 & settlement allowance is 0,63m. Additional road
finishing 0.27 m
This makes top of dam height, including settlement allowance is 1538.92 m
River bed level is 1505.82 m
Therefore a dam crest level is fixed to be 1538.92 m asl. Accordingly the maximum
height of the dam from river bed level will be (1538.91) – (1505.82) = 33.10m.

Anuba Dam and Small-Scale Irrigation Project Detailed Engineering Design Final Report 32
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources (Client) Engineering Corporation of Oromia (Consultant)

River Beb Level 1505.82

FSL 1534.91
He 2.28
MSL 1537.19
Freeboard (Fb) 0.83
Settlement allowance
(SA) (2% of Dam 0.63
Height)
Road finishing (RF) 0.27
Fb+SA+RF 1.72
Dam Crest 1538.92
Dam Height 33.10

5.6.4 Dam Crest Width

The top width of an earth or rock-fill dam within conventional limits has little effect on stability.
The crest width is often governed by construction procedure and the access required. Depending
upon the height of the dam, the minimum top width, according to USACE, is between 7.5 and
12.0 m. The width of dam at crest as per BIS 8826 - 1978 "Guide lines for design of large earth
and rock fill dam" should be fixed according to the working space required at top and the crest
width should not be less than 6.0 m.
The Japanese code 1957 specifies crest width (W) in terms of dam height (H) as follows:
W = 3.6  3 H − 3 (Meters)
The crest width either proposed by different codes or equations are shown below.
Code Unit Criteria
BIS 8826-1978 m B>6
USACE m 7.5 to 12.0
Japanese (1957) m 8.83

By using above-mentioned equations w = 9m

i. Merriman’s formula:
B= 0.2H +1.5 (m)
Where, B is top width (m)
H is height of earth dam above the streambed (m)
ii. Trautwine’s formula

Anuba Dam and Small-Scale Irrigation Project Detailed Engineering Design Final Report 33
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources (Client) Engineering Corporation of Oromia (Consultant)

B = 1.1 H1/2 +0.6 (m)

iii. According to the Bureau of Reclamation
W = H/5 + 10
Where: w = width of crest in feet and H = height of dam, in feet, above the streambed
Similarly, from above different equations the value ranges from 8m to 10 m
Based on the above equation and recommendations the crest width for Anuba dam is proposed to
be 9.0 m.

5.6.5 Berms

Berms shall be provided for serving the following purposes:

• For providing level surface for construction and maintenance of the dam section.

• For reducing the surface erosion in case of downstream slope and breaking the
continuity of the slope;

• To protect the lower edge of the riprap and from preventing it from undermining in
case of the upstream slope.

Berms of 4 m width have been provided at both upstream and downstream faces of the dam at
similar elevations. The berm will be inclined at 2% slope towards the rock Rip Rap.

Both upstream & downstream Berm elevation is 1521.82 m

5.6.6 Dam Zoning

The main dam is designed with outer shell zone with shell martial (Soil, Gravel, Cobble Boulder
rock fragments) clay core at the Center of the dam.

5.6.7 Shell fill with central clay core

The main dam is shell fill dam with central clay core. A central core has the advantage of
providing higher pressure at the contact between the core and the foundation, thus, reducing the
possibility of leakage and piping.

USBR (1973) points out that the normal freeboard must be sufficient to prevent seepage through
a core which has been cracked due to drying out. This suggests that the core crest elevation shall
be maintained nearly equal to the normal freeboard. However, the top level of the core is

Anuba Dam and Small-Scale Irrigation Project Detailed Engineering Design Final Report 34
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources (Client) Engineering Corporation of Oromia (Consultant)

generally fixed at 0.5 to 1 meter above Maximum Water Level (MWL) to prevent seepage by
capillary siphoning.
Based on these considerations, therefore, for Anuba dam, the MWL being at 1537.19m, the top
level of the core is fixed at EL 1538.12 m adding 0.62m above the existing MWL.
The minimum top width of the core as specified by Indian standards is 3m and usually from
construction point of view the minimum width recommended is 4m. Therefore the top width of
the core is maintained to be 4m.
Fell et al (2005) stated that according to common practice, a core width at the base, or cutoff,
should be at least 25 to 50% of the difference between the maximum water level in the reservoir
and the minimum tail water elevation. According to Indian standard the thickness of a core at
any section is specified to be above 30% (preferably not lesser than 50 percent) of the maximum
water head acting at that section. According to Kutzner (1997) typical sloping of the vertical
core on both sides is 1V:0.25H to 1V:0.4H. Besides to avoid potential hydraulic fracturing and
thus piping hydraulic gradient across the core should be around two but preferably less than
(i<2). Therefore based on the above technical considerations and standards consultation and
seeing the availability of suitable impervious material, and after evaluating the dam seepage-
stability performance a core crest width of 4m and a similar upstream and downstream core face
slope of 1V:0.5H is adopted.

The quarry run rock materials will be used as outer shell, additional zone in between the rock fill
and the impervious core is provided which is composed of Gravel, Cobble Boulder rock
fragments semi pervious fine materials found in the Dam site area

Based on the material availability the upstream and downstream slope for the inner shell is fixed
to

2.5:1(H: V) 2:1 (H: V) respectively. In order to maintain proper transition and grading filter and
transition zones have been proposed in between the impervious core and the shoulder zones
where appropriate.

The proposed zoning for the dam design

Zone 1: Impervious clay core
Zone 2: Fine Filter also refereed as F1
Zone 3: Granular shell material (Gravel, Cobble Boulder rock fragments)

Anuba Dam and Small-Scale Irrigation Project Detailed Engineering Design Final Report 35
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources (Client) Engineering Corporation of Oromia (Consultant)

Zone 4: Riprap

5.6.8 Impervious Clay Core

The suitability of soils for sealing purposes depends on the grain size distribution, the plasticity,
the permeability, the compatibility, and geological history of the soil. Laboratory tests have been
carried out to determine the index and engineering properties of the proposed impervious clay
based on collected few samples. Accordingly, the result of the analysis proved that the material
is appropriate for the intended purpose.

But, during construction sufficient (additional) representative samples should be collected since
materials may change with depth & exact location and at the sometimes necessary engineering
and index parameters should be derived after undertaking the laboratory test.

5.6.9 Filter Materials (F1)

Fine and coarse filter are required for filtering and discharging purposes.Sources for potential
filter materials source have been assessed along prevailing River. But, there is no Sand for filter
materials as well as masonry & concert works near the project area accordingly; the selected
sand source is about 230km far from the project area. It is found in Mieso River at 693813E,
1021002N. Detail is discussed in Geology report separately.

For this purpose the selected sand source is about 230km far from the project area since not sand
near proposed project. Samples were collected and their gradation is shown in Table 5.3.

Anuba Dam and Small-Scale Irrigation Project Detailed Engineering Design Final Report 36
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources (Client) Engineering Corporation of Oromia (Consultant)

Table 5.1: Percentage of pass with respect to various sieves of the collected samples

There are several approaches for the design of filter envelope. One of the available methods is
the NRCS (1994) to use this approach for filter design (Fine filter, F1) it is necessary to have
gradation curve of the base materials i.e. impervious core. There is limitation of data to carryout
detailed analysis for fixing the

. The proposed filter sources seemed to have much fine content and hence it will need processing
during implementation such washing the silt.

One of the basic requirements for design of earth-rock fill dams is to ensure safety against
internal erosion, piping and development of excessive pore pressures in the dam. The filters and
drainage /transition zones will full fill this criteria (i.e. filtering and discharging). To safely
discharge the seepage water towards downstream of the dam, a horizontal drain is also provided.

Since fine shell material can use as transition between filter and shell materials, the shell material
adjacent to filter shall be fine. But course than filter sand

Anuba Dam and Small-Scale Irrigation Project Detailed Engineering Design Final Report 37
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources (Client) Engineering Corporation of Oromia (Consultant)

Figure 5.3: Dam zoning for rock fill with central clay core

In order to design the chimney drain and horizontal blanket thicknesses, seepage analyses
through the dam and the foundation have been conducted using the state of the art Finite Element
Method based computer program – SEEP/W from Geo slope international, 2007. The SEEP/W
analysis result is shown on Figure 5.6. The computed discharge as shown on the Figure is used to
calculate the filter thicknesses. Besides, the computed phreatic surface, as shown by the blue
(dotted) line on the figures, is used to set up the pore water pressure line in the stability analysis
of the dam.

The vertical filter thickness can be determined from the following equation for known unit
discharge.

k 2 h2 w
q= Eq. 5.2
L2

Where: Where: k2: permeability of drain material (m/s), h2: depth of vertical drain (m), L2:
Length (m), w: width of drain, q: discharge capacity of drain per meter width of drain (m3/s/m)

The calculated thickness is very small. Therefore considering construction convenience and
ICOLD recommendations 2.5m & 1.5m width is proposed for downstream & upstream
respectively. The thickness of coarse filter (horizontal filter F2) adapted is 1.0m. Any water
passing either through the foundation or draining vertically either through zone 2 will be

Anuba Dam and Small-Scale Irrigation Project Detailed Engineering Design Final Report 38
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources (Client) Engineering Corporation of Oromia (Consultant)

intercepted by this 1m thick blanket.

Figure 5.5: Seep/W analyses result for seepage through the foundation and dam body

5.6.10 Rock for Riprap & Toe Dain material grading specifications
At Anuba dam area there is plenty of rock sources that can be used as riprap & toe drain within
the project vicinity. The rock for Rip Rap should ideally be strong, durable, and rock fragments
in the size of gravel and cobbles.

5.6.11 Slope Protection

Adequate slope protection must be provided for all earth and rock-fill dams to protect against
wind and wave erosion. Dumped riprap is the proposed type of upstream slope protection for
Anuba dam. Stones in the upstream slope protection must consist of sound rocks with sufficient
weight to withstand the action of waves. In the calculation of stone weights for Anuba dam, the
wave height Hs has been taken into account. The required riprap stone sizes, gradation and
thickness have been computed

For the safety consideration of riprap provision of 1.0 m is used for this dam. For the
downstream slope the existing Shell fill surface is considered to be sufficient for protection and
thus no additional provision is provided. But, on the outer part of downstream slope, coarser
materials shall be used.

Anuba Dam and Small-Scale Irrigation Project Detailed Engineering Design Final Report 39
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources Engineering Corporation of Oromia (ECO)

5.7 Dam Slope Stability and Deformation Analysis

5.7.1 Upstream and downstream slopes

5.7.1.1 General
The existing laboratory facilities in the country do not support tests for rock fill materials and
rock consisting shell materials. Therefore, the shear strength materials adapted for slope stability
analysis are basically derived from similar project experience and commonly used literature data
considering index and classification tests for rock part. The number of tests done to identify the
engineering properties of the proposed construction materials is limited i.e. for the core and shell
martials. Therefore to proceed with the analysis previous experience and the limited available
tests were used. Accordingly the parameters adapted for the analysis shown in Appendix

To fix the upstream and downstream slopes of a dam, different literatures, guidebooks, manuals
& experience of similar previous works has been deeply seen

Basically, upstream and downstream slopes of a dam should be based on the type of impervious
membrane and its location. Rock- fill dams having central or sloping cores have slopes ranging
from 1:2 to 1:4 upstream and downstream; usually tending toward 1:2or slightly steeper when all
conditions are favorable. But, Anuba dam is not Rock- fill dam. It is designed with zoned Earth-
fill dam or zoned shell material with center clay core.

Table 5-4 (a): Recommended slopes for small zoned Earth-fill dams on stable foundations

Anuba Dam, its Appurtenance Structures & irrigation System Detailed Design Report 40
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources Engineering Corporation of Oromia (ECO)

Table 5-4 (b): Recommended slopes for small zoned Earth-fill dams on stable foundations

Therefore, preliminary slopes were initially considered from different literatures, guidebooks,
manuals & taking the experiences from previous projects and later on confirmed by undertaking
slope stability analysis.

The stability analysis has been conducted in order to determine the factors of safety for various
slip surfaces of:

▪ Downstream under steady state seepage condition with and without earth quake;
▪ Upstream slope under sudden drawdown condition; and
▪ Upstream and downstream slopes during and end of construction.

Finally, slop of 1:2.5 (V:H) & 1:2 (V:H) is adopted for upstream & downstream respectively.

5.7.1.2 Loading Conditions

Table below summarizes the loading conditions and corresponding minimum factor of safety
(FOSmin) requirements proposed by USACE and used worldwide. The Anuba Dam design shall
meet these requirements.

Table 0.1: Loading condition and recommended minimum factor of safety

Case Loading Condition Slope FOSmin
I During Construction Downstream/Upstream 1.3
II End of Construction Downstream/Upstream 1.3
III Sudden drawdown Upstream 1.25
IV Steady state seepage Downstream 1.5
V Steady state seepage with earthquake Downstream 1.0

Anuba Dam, its Appurtenance Structures & irrigation System Detailed Design Report 41
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources Engineering Corporation of Oromia (ECO)

5.7.1.3 Slope Stability Analysis

Typical slope stability analysis results of for both static and with earth quake loading are
presented at end of respective sections. The software calculates the minimum factor of safety
with four method of analysis i.e. Morgenstern-Price, Ordinary, Bishop and Janbu. However for
comparison and reporting purposes the Morgenstern-Price method is selected which accounts
both the force and moment equilibrium.

5.7.1.4 Steady State Analysis

The steady state slope stability analysis has been checked for the downstream slope which is
expected to be the worst case compared to the upstream face. The hydraulic conductivity values
indicated in Appendix is used as input for SEEP/W of Geo studio 2007 to generate the water
table and pore water pressure required for the slope stability analysis. The shear strength
parameters shown in the same table are used for slope stability analysis using Slope/W of Geo
studio 2007 package. The analysis is made when the water level is at Normal Storage level
(1534.91 m).

The minimum computed factor of safety for the downstream slope when the reservoir water is at
normal pool level is found to be 1.519 for no earthquake loading. The model schematization for
Seep/W and Slope/W as well as the outputs of the Seep/W are indicated Model output for steady
state loading condition is presented and the minimum factor of safety is 1.519, say 1.52

Fig 5.8 D/S Slop Stability Factor of Safety is 1.52 which is greater than 1.5 Safe

Anuba Dam, its Appurtenance Structures & irrigation System Detailed Design Report 42
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources Engineering Corporation of Oromia (ECO)

Fig 5.9 U/S Slop Stability Factor of Safety is 1.636 which is greater than 1.5 Safe
Model output for steady seepage when the water level is at full reservoir level without earth
quake loading condition

5.7.1.5 During/End of Construction

Computation of stability during and at the end of construction was performed using drained
strengths in non-free-draining materials. For materials that drain slowly two alternatives are
used:

a. Total stress analysis with un drained strengths and zero pore water pressure or
b. Effective stress analysis modeling partially saturated condition with pore water
pressure.
For Anuba dam, the second alternative is used with pore water pressure during construction
being higher than at the end of construction. Table 5.3 below summarizes the values of pore

Anuba Dam, its Appurtenance Structures & irrigation System Detailed Design Report 43
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources Engineering Corporation of Oromia (ECO)

water pressure ratio Ru used for the stability analyses during and at the end of construction
conditions.

Table 5.2: Pore water pressure ratio Ru values for construction conditions
Material zone Porewater pressure ratio Ru Porewater pressure ratio Ru
during of construction at the end of construction
Impervious Core 0.40 0.35
Filters 0.10 0.10
Granular shell --- ----
Foundation alluvium 0.10 0.05
Stiff clay at the foundation 0.30 0.25
Rock Fill -- --
Riprap -- --
Foundation Rock -- --

Accordingly, the computed results during and end of construction are presented in Figure 5.10
and Figure 5.11 for downstream and upstream slopes respectively. For downstream slope the
minimum factor of safety obtained during construction and at end of construction are 1.46 and
1.47 respectively. Similarly, the minimum factor of safety obtained for the upstream slope
during construction and at end of construction are 1.445 and 1.446 respectively.

Figure 5.10: Slope stability analysis result for upstream during construction FoS = 1.445

Anuba Dam, its Appurtenance Structures & irrigation System Detailed Design Report 44
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources Engineering Corporation of Oromia (ECO)

Figure 5.11(a) Slope stability analysis result for downstream during construction FoS =
1.460

Figure 5.11 (b): Slope stability analysis result for downstream at end construction FoS = 1.473

5.7.1.6 Upstream Drawdown

Rapid drawdown stability computations were performed for the upstream slope for conditions
occurring when the water level adjacent to the slope is lowered rapidly. For analysis purposes, it
was assumed that the drawdown is very fast and no drainage occurs in materials with low
permeability. Accordingly, the computed factor of safety is 1.48 with Morgenstern-price method
of analysis.

In summary the minimum factor of safety computed is presented in Table 5.5 in comparison to
the recommended minimum factor of safety.

Anuba Dam, its Appurtenance Structures & irrigation System Detailed Design Report 45
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources Engineering Corporation of Oromia (ECO)

Figure-5.12 Computed factor of safety for rapid drawdown is 1.48

Table 5.5: Recommended and Computed Factor of Safety (FoS) for different Loading Conditions

Recommended Computed FoS

Loading condition
FoS minimum Upstream Downstream
During construction 1.3 1.445 1.46
End of construction 1.3 1.446 1.47
Steady state seepage at normal level 1.5 1.519
Sudden drawdown 1.25 1.48

5.7.1.7 Slope stability analysis with earthquake loading

Jibson, R.W.(2011) reported that methods developed to date to assess the stability or
performance of slopes during earthquakes thus falls into three general categories: (a)
Pseudostatic analysis, (b) Stress deformation analysis, and (c) Permanent-displacement analysis.
Each of these types of analysis has strengths and weaknesses, and each can be appropriately
applied in different situations. Besides to this data availability is also another major hindrance to
successfully undertake such kind of exercise.

Current methods of analysis generally use the Pseudostatic method for reasonably well-built
dams on stable soil or rock foundations and if estimated peak ground accelerations are less than
0.2g. USNRC (1985) stated that in areas where peak ground accelerations may exceed 0.2g and
for dams involving embankment or foundation soils that may lose a significant fraction of their
strengths under the effects of earthquake shaking; a dynamic analysis should be performed. The
project area is located in active seismic zone and the assumed ground acceleration is 0.2g as
discussed in above section. According to the geotechnical investigation made along the dam axis
the foundation material is not expected to liquefy or reduce strength during earthquake loading.

Anuba Dam, its Appurtenance Structures & irrigation System Detailed Design Report 46
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources Engineering Corporation of Oromia (ECO)

Therefore, considering the scope of the project and foundation conditions Pseudostatic analysis
might be sufficient. However, an additional attempt was made to undertake dynamic analysis
though there is no potentially liquefiable material at the dam foundation.

5.7.1.8 Pseudostatic Analysis

Pseudostatic analysis models the seismic shaking as a permanent body force that is added to the force
body diagram of a conventional static limit-equilibrium analysis. As indicated in above section PGA
value of 0.1g is considered. It is usually common practice to consider the vertical acceleration as half of
the horizontal acceleration i.e. 0.05g. Accordingly, the slope stability analysis results considering the
Pseudostatic analysis for the steady seepage with earthquake loading for the downstream slope is
presented

Results of the analysis depicts that the minimum factor of safety is 1.098 upstream and 1.017 for
downstream. The output for the earthquake the analysis is slightly greater than the minimum required and
thus safe.

Figure5.13 : Pseudo static stability analysis result

5.7.2 Dynamic Stress Deformation Analysis

Finite-element modelling uses a mesh to model a deformable system; the deformation at each
node of the mesh is calculated in response to an applied stress. This method soon began to be
applied to slopes, particularly embankment dams, and it provided a valuable tool for modelling
the static and dynamic deformation of soil systems. The stress deformation analysis is done using
Quake/W and Slope/W and Sigma/W. The analysis is done step-wise as discussed here under.

The first step in the modelling process is to establish the long-term steady-state seepage
conditions and pore-pressures. This is done with SEEP/W and the result discussed in section
6.1.2. The next step is to establish the initial total and effective static stress distribution

Anuba Dam, its Appurtenance Structures & irrigation System Detailed Design Report 47
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources Engineering Corporation of Oromia (ECO)

throughout the dam. This can be done with a QUAKE/W Static-type analysis or a SIGMA/W in
situ analysis. The QUAKE/W Initial Static analysis type is used here. For the current design
stage the dam foundation as well as the embankment material is considered to be non-liquefiable
and liquefaction analysis is not done.

The basic general geometry, zones and slopes of the embankment dam considered are shown in
Figure 5.3.

The soil properties of each zone are given in Table 6.1. The dynamic properties used in this work
are taken from Seed et al. (1986). Except the Basalt and Rhyolite bed rock, the maximum shear
modulus of all materials is considered to vary with the mean effective stress according to the
formula:

G max = 218 .7 K 2 max (( ' m )

0.5
Eq. 6.1

Where Gmax = maximum shear modulus, K2max: soil modulus and σ’m= mean effective stress

For the Basalt bed rock the following equation stated in Quake/W, 2007, engineering book, is
used to estimate the shear modulus. The modulus of elasticity obtained from literature is used as
input.
E
Gmax = Eq. 6.2
2(1 +  )

Where E= Modulus of elasticity, ν = Poisson’s ratio. The values used for the coefficient K 2max
are listed in Table 5.5.

Table 0.3: Material Property

Material Zone K2max
Clay core 1 50
Filters/Rock Toe 2 70
Shell 3 80
For the Lime stone bed rock , E=12Gpa, ν=0.18 and
Gmax= 3,000,000kPa

Anuba Dam, its Appurtenance Structures & irrigation System Detailed Design Report 48
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources Engineering Corporation of Oromia (ECO)

The strain-dependent dynamic shear modulus and damping ratio values for the different soils and
rock published by Sun et al. (1988) and Idriss (1990) have been used for Anuba Dam dynamic
analysis.
As stated earlier, the dam foundation as well as the embankment materials are not susceptible to
liquefaction but with a potential for some pore water pressure build up during earthquake
shaking. To account for the pore water pressure build up, a constant ru value of 0.25 is
considered for the inner shell. As indicated in Table the for clay core ru = 0.40 is adapted.
The weight of the reservoir water is also considered in the static stress analysis which is done by applying
a fluid pressure boundary on the region edges in contact with the reservoir. The schematic representation
is presented

1.681

40
38
36
34
32
30
28
26
24
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180

Figure 5.14: Schematic representation of initial static analysis

The vertical stress computed for the initial static case is shown in Figure 6.7. The computed
maximum vertical stress at bedrock is about 970kPa; which is very small.

5.7.3 Static Stress Deformation Analysis

In order to achieve the expected behavior of the zoned fill dam, the rock fill materials
constituting the shells have to exhibit sufficient strength, minimum reduction of strength
parameters as strain progress and limited quantified settlement. Besides there should be adequate
degree of permeability in order to effectively control any pore pressure build-up during
embankment construction.

Non-linear elastic E－B model is adopted for the clay core and fine filters. Linear elastic model
is adopted for rock fill, riprap, coarse filter, toe drain, foundation alluvium, fractured rock and
bed rock. Parameters of various materials are shown in Table 6.6. The analysis is carried out by
load deformation analysis of SIGMA/W. The results from this analysis are used to determine if

Anuba Dam, its Appurtenance Structures & irrigation System Detailed Design Report 49
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources Engineering Corporation of Oromia (ECO)

the expected magnitude of settlement is acceptable and whether the proposed camber is
adequate.

Loading conditions
The analysis is used to establish the stress conditions induced by the self-weight of the dam. The
load/deformation analysis option in SIGMA/W is used for determining the stress conditions.

Analysis method and assumptions

A 2D stress-strain analysis on a vertical cross section with a unit length is conducted using
SIGMA/W load-deformation analysis option. SIGMA/W is used for determining the stress
conditions using nonlinear elastic and linear-elastic model (Mohr-Coulomb).

Results

Computed stress conditions at end of construction (dry and drained embankment) , the situation
for fully drained embankment, a situation equivalent to end of construction condition. Under
such circumstance the total normal stress is comparable to the effective stress.
Computed maximum total stress
The computed total vertical displacement under dry (drained) embankment condition is moderate
at the dam crest. The computed deformation considering the whole embankment mass is
relatively moderate even in actual construction scenario it is expected that the actual deformation
is much less because the dam construction is made with stages. The settlement observed during
one stage will be compensated (settlement in the dam body, not foundation) while filling
embankment material in the next fill. As a result of this; stage construction has been exercised
considering an arbitrary stage thickness. Therefore similar analysis considering stage
construction resulted that the maximum displacement is found to be about 0.35m Therefore, the
camber depth (settlement allowance) adapted for the Goda chale dam is sufficient and can
accommodate any possible deformation at the end of construction.

Based on the stability and deformation analysis results, the stable slopes for the proposed dam
zoning under all loading conditions are upstream slope of 1V:2.5H and for the downstream slope
1V:2.0H below berm at elevation of 1207.92 m for both upstream and downstream.

Anuba Dam, its Appurtenance Structures & irrigation System Detailed Design Report 50
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources Engineering Corporation of Oromia (ECO)

6 SPILLWAY WORKS

6.1 General
A spillway system provides the means by which excess water is conducted past the dam
embankment from watershed runoff after the reservoir behind the dam has reached the full
supply level (FSL)

It is essentially a safety value for a dam. So, it must be properly designed and must have
adequate capacity to dispose of the entire surplus water at the time of the arrival of the worst
design flood.
The design of spillways takes into consideration different factors such as:
➢ Selection of spillway layout
➢ Spillway components (approach channel, control structure, discharge channel, terminal
structure)
➢ Hydraulic computations
➢ Stability studies
➢ Economic studies
An acceptable design can only be obtained as a consequence of serious considerations of factors
affecting the final choice. This choice must be the safest and the most economical of all possible
solutions.

6.2 General Design Considerations

The Anuba Dam is rock fill with shell and central clay core. This type of dam needs separate and
sufficient spillway capacity. The safety of the dam cannot be secured only with provision of
sufficient discharging capacity of the spillway; the hydraulic design of the spillway must also be
adequate to convey and dissipate the energy associated with water passing over the spillway.

The crest elevation of the spillway is fixed at 1534.91 masl and the following main design
criteria have been considered for the design of the above-mentioned dam spillway:

There should be complete dissipation of energy of spillway flow before it enters the river;
The dimension of the control section (weir), have been fixed such that it could pass the
maximum routed flood with a design discharge head (surcharge);
The spillway must be hydraulically and structurally safe;
The spillway and chute in general should be erosion resistant to withstand the high
scouring velocities; and

Anuba Dam, its Appurtenance Structures & irrigation System Detailed Design Report 51
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources Engineering Corporation of Oromia (ECO)

The spillway design is accomplished in a manner that minimizes cost subject to the following:-

• Sufficient crest length to convey the design discharge.

• Acceptable minimum pressures acting on the crest boundary.
• Acceptable maximum energy head on the spillway crest.
• Acceptable velocities and flow characteristics through the spillway system.

6.3 Spillway inflow and outflow design flood

The design discharge for the spillway is fixed based on the recommendation given in the
The rainfall at 1/2PM was utilized to generate the flood incoming to the reservoir storage area
that was intern used for flood routing is 149 m³/s For the selected total crest length of 20 m, the
routed outflow discharge is 124.54 m³/s.

6.4 Type of spillway and selected scheme

The decisive factors for selection of spillway type is, type of dam, topography site, and flood
discharge, simplicity for construction and. Therefore, by considering all factors listed above, un-
gated chute spillway is selected to convey maximum outflow discharge i.e. 124.54 m³/s.

6.5 Location and alignment of spillway

The location of the spillway is mainly determined by the safety of the dam, economic
considerations, topography and geology, construction difficulties, and the possible interference
with the layout of outlet and canal structures of the project.

For Anuba dam, the length of spillway on left side & right-side abutment has been compered.
moreover, its effect on commanded area has been seen deeply. Finally, left side abutment
spillway site is selected by considering the advantage natural stream no the left side

The flank bottom of the spillway is at higher level (1515.81 m ) than Normal Pool Level (Full
Storage Level = 1515.81 m. So, excavation will have to be done up to that level. On the other
hand, the foundation is basaltic rock. So, it is not needed to excavate this hard rock to construct
weir. Accordingly, flat weir low height weir with crust level almost on the bed rock) with “ogee
shape” for obtaining high coefficient of discharge is recommended. So, 1.3m weir height is
considered for design. But during construction, it is liable to change based on actual bed rock
formation.

Anuba Dam, its Appurtenance Structures & irrigation System Detailed Design Report 52
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources Engineering Corporation of Oromia (ECO)

Spillway route has almost moderately steep slope throughout the chute length. The dissipated
flow will join the River.

6.6 Hydraulic design of spillway

The main components of the spillway include,

a) Entrance channel or approach channel,

b) Control section(Low Ogee weir) ,
c) Chute section or discharge carrier,
d) . Energy dissipation arrangements at the bottom in the form of the stilling basin (terminal
structure and exit channel.)

The hydraulics design of each aforesaid component of the spillway will be presented discussed
in the nex section.

6.6.1 Discharge over the weir

The control section of the spillway is designed as ogee shape weir which has good hydraulic
performance. Discharge over the weir is expressed as:

Q = CLeHe 3 / 2 Eq. 6.1

Le = L -2 (N Kp+Ka) He
Where
Q = Discharge, L = length of the weir, Le= effective length, He = height of energy line above the
crest = Hd + V2/2g, Hd = Design head excluding the velocity head of the approach flow, C =
Discharge
Coefficient, N= Number pier, Kp= pier contraction coefficient for round nosed: = 0.01, Ka =
abutments correction factor

Design parameters
▪ Spillway crest level: 1534.91m.
▪ Total Crest length: 20 m, to support the truck bridge proposed on the top of spillway
one pier with 1.0m thick is provided.
▪ Spillway design discharge: 124.54 m³/s

Anuba Dam, its Appurtenance Structures & irrigation System Detailed Design Report 53
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources Engineering Corporation of Oromia (ECO)

▪ Flow depth over the spillway crest, Hd= 2.0

▪ Proposed weir section = Ogee shaped and C=2.2 is adapted.

6.6.2 Design of approach channel

Approach channel admits reservoir water to the control structure of the proposed spillway. The
approach channel partly excavated channel for creating access and close to the control section
i.e. about 10m length rectangular prismatic channel is proposed. The width of approach channel
is considered to be 20m similar with the spillway width. From the equation
Q = CLeHe 3 / 2 Eq. 6.2
Spillway width is 20m, 1m thick pier is provided. So, clear width is 19m
124.54 m³/= 2.2 *19* He 3/2
He = 2.1m
Spillway crest level: 1534.91m
Upstream water level =: 1534.91m +2.10 = 1537.01 m
Elevation at bottom of spillway = 1534.91m – 1.2m = 1533.71m (Spillway height is only 1.2m
since the foundation basalt rock).
Water depth in approach channel =3.30 m

Q P Hd P+Hd L A Va Hva
124.54 1.2 2.10 3.30 20 66.02 1.89 0.18

Frictional head loss,

n 2Va 2 L
hf =
R4/3 Eq. 6.3
Where, L= length of the approach channel = 10m, n = Manning’s roughness coefficient 0.019
R=Hydraulic radius, Va = velocity of Approach = Q/A =, R =A/P

Hence, total energy head,

Level of upstream TEL = Upstream water level + Velocity head – Head lost up to Spillway crest
That is
FSL = 1221.05
Hd = 2.10, Hva = 0.18 & hf = 0.0043
Level of upstream TEL = 1534.91m +2.10 + 0.18 – 0.0043 = 1537.1857 Say 1537.19
There for Level of upstream TEL is 1537.19

Anuba Dam, its Appurtenance Structures & irrigation System Detailed Design Report 54
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources Engineering Corporation of Oromia (ECO)

6.6.3 Spillway crest shape & Determination of flow depth downstream of the control
section

6.6.3.1 Spillway crest shape

Vertical upstream face ogee shaped is proposed for the spillway control section. The downstream
profile of the ogee spillway can be represented by the equation:
n −1
He y
xn =
K Eq. 6.4
Where (x,y) are the coordinates of the point on the crest profile with the origin at apex crest, He
is the design head including velocity head, K and n are constants depending on the upstream
face.

Anuba Dam, its Appurtenance Structures & irrigation System Detailed Design Report 55
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources Engineering Corporation of Oromia (ECO)

Figure 6 .1: Crest shape profile

For a spillway having a vertical upstream face and K= 0.51 and n =1.848, the downstream crest is given
by:

Y = X1.85 / ( 2* Hd 0.85 )

Anuba Dam, its Appurtenance Structures & irrigation System Detailed Design Report 56
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources Engineering Corporation of Oromia (ECO)

The value of Xc, Yc, R1 & R2 are calculated using spread sheet and shown in table 6.1.
Similarly, downstream profile is calculated using spread sheet and shown in table 6.2 and the
horizontal distance X and the vertical distance, Y is found to be 2.34 m and 1.2m respectively.
The different elements of the curve shown in Figure 6.1 are determined with the following equations.

Table 6.1: Coordinate points

Coordinat Hd Constant Value

Xc 2.28 0.282 0.643
Yc 2.28 0.124 0.283
R1 2.28 0.200 0.456
R2 2.28 0.500 1.140

X 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.80 2.00 2.25 2.34
Y 0.00 0.02 0.07 0.15 0.25 0.37 0.53 0.74 0.89 1.11 1.20

6.6.3.2 Determination of flow depth downstream of the control section

By applying the Bernoulli’s equation between upstream and down sections of the crest shown in
figure below, in this case the downstream floor is less than 1m from the upstream approach level
and thus P measured from downstream will be 4.0m:

Figure 6.2: Energy computations before and after the control section
V2 Q
P + H e = d1 + ,V1 =
2g Ld1 Eq.6.5

(6.23) 2
1.2 + 2.1 = d1 + 2
19.62d1
By trial and error d1 = 0,9091m, say 0.91m

Anuba Dam, its Appurtenance Structures & irrigation System Detailed Design Report 57
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources Engineering Corporation of Oromia (ECO)

The critical depth dc is determined by:

q2
dc = 3 , q = 6.23 m3/s/m = Eq. 6.6
g

6.232
dc = 3 , = 1.58m
9.81
The computed depth d1= 0.91m is less than the critical depth, which confirms the depth
estimated with equation 6.6 is the super critical depth. Therefore, just downstream of the control
section a chute channel is provided to convey the discharge up to the energy dissipater.
Hydraulic design of the chute channel is presented in the following sections.

6.6.4 Spillway chute channel design

6.6.4.1 Slope of the spillway

The slope of the spillway was fixed based on the natural topography along the proposed route. In
all chute slopes a super critical slope is maintained to keep super critical flow along the length of
the spillway. The total width of the chute will be 20 m.

That is providing a rectangular chute channel of 20 m width, Critical velocity, Vc = q/dc ,

L q Yc or dc Vc A= L*dc P =L+2*dc R = A/P n Sc

20 4.663 1.3 3.59 26.0 22.6 1.150 0.019 0.0038530

So, Sc = 0.003853 = 1/260

Thus, the computed critical slope for the chute section is, Sc = 1/260 hence a steeper or superficial slope
is maintained to keep super critical flow throughout the chute

So, Sc =1/260, consequently, considering the natural topography of rout, a steeper slope of 1/200
provided for 3m & slope of 0.1 is provided for 159 m distance from the toe of the spillway

Anuba Dam, its Appurtenance Structures & irrigation System Detailed Design Report 58
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources Engineering Corporation of Oromia (ECO)

Accordingly considering topography and hydraulic criteria, the chute slopes proposed are shown
in Table 6.2.

General slop of chute spillway of the project

Table 6.2: Proposed chute slope

Chainage or length (m) Spillway bed slope Remark
150 (0 – 150) Horizontal Excavated Approach channel
10 (150 . 160) Horizontal Rectangular Approach channel
2.5 (160 - 163) Control section
3.5 (163 – 166) 1/200 Chute channel
159 (166 - 325) 0.01 Chute channel
50(325 – 374) 0.142 Chute channel
35(374 - 410) 0.0742 Exit channel
10 (410 - 420) Horizontal Exit channel Energy dissipater

6.6.4.2 Water surface profile

The water surface profile of the chute channel is calculated using the principles of momentum
equation. The height of chute wall should be sufficient enough to prevent the flow from
overtopping the bank. The freeboard need to be provided for the chute channel is determined by:
Fb = 0.61 + 0.041Vd 1 / 3 Eq. 6.6

Where V and dare mean velocity (m/s) and depth (m) in the chute reach under consideration. The
analysis is carried out with spreadsheet and the result is presented in following tables

Anuba Dam, its Appurtenance Structures & irrigation System Detailed Design Report 59
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources Engineering Corporation of Oromia (ECO)

Chute spillway water surface profile

As mentioned earlier under spillway weir design, the Length of spillway is 20m. Similarly, the width of approach channel as well as chute width is
20 m. So, Chute spillway water surface profile is designed by 20 m chute width.
Table 6.3 : Chute spillway water surface profile (Reach 1)
Discharge channel water surface profile computations
Channel width 20 End bed level 1531.95 Beginning slope 0.010 95.5 or steeper
Beginning bed level 1533.61 Design discharge 124.54 Discharge intensity 6.227
Drop Bed level +E
S. Partial in bed Depth Velocity Velocity Specific =TEL Hyd Friction Average head loss, Actual Froude
4/3
No. Chainage distance level Bed level assumed q/d head energy E calculated Area radius R
Wetted perimeter R slope Sf Sf hf TEL number
m m m masl m m/sec m m masl m2 m m/m m masl
166 1533.61
1 198 32 0.3350 1533.275 1.3 4.790 1.169424 2.46942406 1535.744451 26 22.6 1.15044 1.20546 0.00041 0.0000 1535.74 1.34
2 230 32 0.3350 1532.940 1.3 4.790 1.169424 2.46942406 1535.409478 26 22.6 1.15044 1.20546 0.00041 0.0004 0.0131 1535.42 1.34
3 262 32 0.3350 1532.605 1.3 4.790 1.169424 2.46942406 1535.074505 26 22.6 1.15044 1.20546 0.00041 0.0004 0.0131 1535.09 1.34
4 294 32 0.3350 1532.270 1.3 4.790 1.169424 2.46942406 1534.739533 26 22.6 1.15044 1.20546 0.00041 0.0004 0.0131 1534.75 1.34
5 325 31 0.3245 1531.95 1.3 4.790 1.169424 2.46942406 1534.415028 26 22.6 1.15044 1.20546 0.00041 0.0004 0.0127 1534.43 1.34

Table 6.4: Chute spillway water surface profile (Reach 2

Discharge channel water surface profile computations
Channel width 20 End bed level 1524.99 Beginning slope 0.142 7.0 or steeper
Beginning bed level 1531.95 Design discharge 124.54 Discharge intensity 6.227
Drop Bed level +E
S. Partial in bed Depth Velocity Velocity Specific =TEL Hyd Friction Average head loss, Actual Froude
4/3
No. Chainage distance level Bed level assumed q/d head energy E calculated Area radius R
Wetted perimeter R slope Sf Sf hf TEL number
m m m masl m m/sec m m masl m2 m m/m m masl
325 1531.946
1 340 15 2.130356 1529.815 1.1 5.660909 1.633328 2.73332782 1532.548575 22 22.2 0.99099 0.98801 0.00097 0.0000 1532.55 1.72
2 355 15 2.130356 1527.685 1.1 5.660909 1.633328 2.73332782 1530.418219 22 22.2 0.99099 0.98801 0.00097 0.0010 0.0146 1530.43 1.72
3 370 15 2.130356 1525.555 1.1 5.660909 1.633328 2.73332782 1528.287863 22 22.2 0.99099 0.98801 0.00097 0.0010 0.0146 1528.30 1.72
4 374 4 0.568095 1524.986 1.1 5.660909 1.633328 2.73332782 1527.719768 22 22.2 0.99099 0.98801 0.00097 0.0010 0.0039 1527.72 1.72

Anuba Dam, its Appurtenance Structures & irrigation System Detailed Design Report 60
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources Engineering Corporation of Oromia (ECO)

Table 6.5: Chute spillway water surface profile (Reach 3)

Discharge channel water surface profile computations

Channel width 20 End bed level #REF! Beginning slope 0.074 13.5 or steeper V2
Beginning bed level 1524.99 Design discharge 124.54 Discharge intensity 6.23 U = 0.15 w
2g
Drop Bed level +E
S. Partial in bed Depth Velocity Velocity Specific =TEL Wetted Hyd Friction Average head loss, Actual Froude
4/3
No. Chainage distance level Bed level assumed q/d head energy E calculated Area perimeter radius R R slope Sf Sf hf TEL number
m m m masl m m/sec m m masl m2 m m/m m masl
374 1524.99
1 389 15 1.112804 1523.87 0.95 6.554737 2.189836 3.140 1527.013472 19 21.9 0.86758 0.82746 0.00209 0.0000 1527.01 2.15
2 404 15 1.112804 1522.76 0.95 6.554737 2.189836 3.140 1525.900669 19 21.9 0.86758 0.82746 0.00209 0.0021 0.0314 1525.93 2.15
3 410 6 0.445121 1522.32 0.95 6.554737 2.189836 3.140 1525.455547 19 21.9 0.86758 0.82746 0.00209 0.0021 0.0126 1525.47 2.15

Anuba Dam, its Appurtenance Structures & irrigation System Detailed Design Report 61
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources Engineering Corporation of Oromia (ECO)

6.6.4.3 Thickness of chute floor

Based on the current existing investigation the chute slope is going to be founded on fractured
and weathered volcanic rocks. The proposed longitudinal profiles demands deep excavation
and hence stability issues will be considered. Since the existing investigation is not sufficient
during final design detailed geotechnical investigation along the spillway route is mandatory
and accordingly treatment measures should be designed to minimize the problems related
stability and erosion.

In this current design, an attempt was made to estimate the required floor thickness that will
overcome the dynamic uplift pressure resulting from flowing water. A typical requirement
where there is high velocity flow is to make allowance for dynamic uplift forces, based on the
following:

V2
U = 0.15 w Eq. 6.7
2g

Where U = Uplift (kN/m2), V = Velocity in each section of the chute (m/s),  w =

density of water (kN/m3)

The thickness of the floor required to counter balance the dynamic uplift pressure is computed
by:

U
t=
G −1 Eq. 6.8

Where t = Floor thickens (m), U is the uplift pressure in (m), G= Specific gravity of floor
material, 2.4

Uplift Due to Dynamic Force on the Chute and required floor thickness
Calculated required floor thickness is very small as shown in the following table,
So, the proposed floor thickness is given in the next table 6 .6

Anuba Dam, its Appurtenance Structures & irrigation System Detailed Design Report 62
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources Engineering Corporation of Oromia (ECO)

Calculated floor
Horizontal
thickness (m)
166 0.125

196 0.147
226 0.175
256 0.175
281 0.175
301 0.174
316 0.175
316 0.175
316 0.175
316 0.175
316 0.175

Table 6 6: Uplift Due to Dynamic Force on the Chute and Proposed floor thickness

Chainage or Proposed floor Remark

length (m) thickness m
150 (0 – 150) Horizontal Excavated Approach channel
10 (150 . 160) 0.3 Rectangular Approach channel
2.5 (160 - 163) Control section
3.5 (163 – 166) 0.3 Chute channel
35 (166 - 201) 0.25 Chute channel

The spillway velocity is not high, but the proposed lining material is Reinforced Concrete
flooring. Details of the reinforcement and concrete grade will be reported in the structural
design of the dam appurtenant structures. To minimize movement of concrete blocks and
retrogression effect cutoff walls are also provided at every 20m with 2.0 depths below the
spillway floor throughout the chute length. As mentioned earlier in spillway geology section,
the foundation section of spillway is hard rock (Lime stone rock). So, it is not necessary to
line all length of the chute. Thus it is better to line only 20 to 35m and provided cutoff walls
at every 20 m with 2.0 depths below the spillway floor. Accordingly, 35m length is
recommended to be lined. Remain length of spillway is left as it is, since it is rock. But during
construction, great attention shall be mad as it is liable to change based on the actual
foundation conditions .

6.6.4.4 Design of transition curves

6.6.5 Vertical curves

Whenever there is a change in the slope of a chute floor vertical curves are provided. Convex
curves are required when the change is from mild to steep and concave curve when it is from

Anuba Dam, its Appurtenance Structures & irrigation System Detailed Design Report 63
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources Engineering Corporation of Oromia (ECO)

steep to mild. At chainage 39.0m a convex curve is proposed where the slope changes from
0.004 to 0.625. The convex curve should approximate to the parabolic shape given by:

X2
Y = − X tan −
4 K (d + hv)Cos 2 Eq.6.9

Where,  = slope angle of the floor upstream of the curve, K = factor of safety to ensure +ve
pressure on the floor and should be equal to or greater than 1.5, and d+hv = specific energy at
junction = 1.1 +1.63 = 2.73

The radius of curvature for concave curves should not be less than the one given by the
2𝛾𝑑𝑉 2
following equation 𝑅 = Where,
𝑃𝑔

γ = unit weight of water

d = depth of flow
V = the velocity
P = permissible intensity of pressure

In no case shall the radius be less than 10d, except at the toe of the crest where it can be 5d.

Considerable slop change in the spillway chute at 245m distance from control section. As the
slope of the chute bed slope changes from 0.002 to 0.1 ; there is a tangential curve to this
slope

Accordingly the coordinates of the parabola is given in Table blow.

x (m) 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

y (m) 0 0.013 0.0425 0.0874 0.165 0.95 0.223

6.6.6 Design of terminal structure

It is checked that is energy dissipater is required or not. As it is known, an energy dissipater is
provided to change the incoming flow from supercritical to subcritical. The type of energy
dissipater depends on Froude number of the incoming flow. From hydraulic computation at
the end of the chute the velocity is 5.65 m/s and the corresponding flow depth is 1.1m. The
Froude number at the end of the chute or entrance of the stilling basin (if any) is 1.72.

Anuba Dam, its Appurtenance Structures & irrigation System Detailed Design Report 64
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources Engineering Corporation of Oromia (ECO)

The sequent depth of flow is estimated by the equation:

d1
d2 = ( 1 + 8F1 − 1)
2

2 Eq. 6.10

= 2.18m

Whine F1 <2.5, the jump is weak & energy loss is low. In this case no blocks or devices are
provided in this range.
As worked out in spread sheet in table 6.3, & 6.4, Froude number is less than 2.5 and flow
velocity less than 6m/s. So, no block or other devices are provided. Accordingly, energy
dissipater is not provided.

6.6.7 Spillway exit channel

The downstream exit channel will convey the spilled water for about 200m before it joins the
natural river course. The spilled water is made to joins the Arera River.

For the majority of the remaining reaches of the exit channel the bed slope is made to be
similar with the existing river. The slope of the existing stream is less than the subcritical
slope and hence the flow will not be supercritical. However to prevent erosion, some
treatment is provided such cutoff walls having 2m height below the spillway floor level are
also recommended. The cross section of the channel will be rectangular with bed width 15m.

As it is well understood, deferent stilling basin is recommended for different Fraud numbers.

When F1 lies between 2.5 to 4.5 as in case of Wave Suppressor may be needed.

From table 6.5, F1 at round end of exit canal is 2.53 which is between 2.5 & 4.5.

So, U.B.S.R Stilling basin IV is recommanded as shown in figure 6 7 below.

From Spreadsheet (Table 6.5), the velocity at chainage 355m is about 7.3m/s. The
corresponding flow depth and fraud number are 0.85m and 2.55 respectively. The velocity is
slightly high and hence proper terminal structural is necessary. Accordingly, starting from
chainage 355 a horizontal floor is provided for about 5.5 m to act as energy dissipater.
Beyond this further stone boulders are recommended as additional precaution measures. The
terminal structure details are given below.

Anuba Dam, its Appurtenance Structures & irrigation System Detailed Design Report 65
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources Engineering Corporation of Oromia (ECO)

Figure U.B.S.R Stilling basin IV (2.5 <F2< 4.5)

The length of spillway basin is generally kept equal to 5*(y2 – y1 )

6.7 Structural Design of the Spillway Components

Structural design of the control section, chute floors, energy dissipater floor and retaining wall
is done based on standard practice. The civil drawings prepared during the feasibility and
detailed were used as basis for undertaking the structural analysis. As mentioned earlier, the
foundation of the spillway at weir site is basaltic rock which can serves as spillway naturally
after excavation of the rock to the level of weir curst level. The weir is proposed only to
provide “ogee shaped “for obtaining high coefficient of discharge. Accordingly, the height of
weir is very small. That 1.1m is only constructed on basalt rock which has no stability
problem in all condition. However its stability is checked and attached.

Figure 6.1: Model schematization and various loads considered for the ogee control section

Anuba Dam, its Appurtenance Structures & irrigation System Detailed Design Report 66
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources Engineering Corporation of Oromia (ECO)

7 .DESIGN OF DAM INTAKE AND OUTLET STRUCTURES

7.1 General
An outlet work is a structure designed to regulate or release water impounded on upstream
side of a dam

Dam outlets are provided in the body of the dam or its abutment below the crest level of the
spillway so that the water can be withdrawn from the reservoir. It is required to release the
impounded water as and when needed for various purposes such irrigation.. Outlets are
provided with gates and valves for controlling the outflow. These gates and valves are used
for regulating the outflow or for completely closing the outflow, depending upon their
location and design.

An intake structure which built away from the dam body is required at the entrance through
which water is withdrawn from a reservoir.

7.2 Data Required for Dam Inlet/Outlet Design

The data required for the design of dam Inlet/outlet structures are:
✓ Topographic map at the dam site and topographic map of the irrigable area if the
purpose of the release is for irrigation
✓ Geological information along the foundation of inlet/outlet route
✓ Dead storage levels determined from sediment distribution analysis in the reservoir for
the expected design life of the reservoir
✓ Full supply level of the reservoir
✓ Required water demand that releases through the outlet structure, for example if the
dam is constructed for irrigation purpose, the irrigation water demand is required to
determine the capacity of inlet/outlet structures
In this case, water release is for irrigation purpose & the capacity of inlet/outlet structures is
designed to satisfy the intended purpose.

7.3 Components Parts of outlet works

The components of an outlet works vary somewhat according to the purpose of the structure
and type of dam. For Anuba Dam, the outlet works have an inlet, water passage, means of
control, and an outlet structure including energy dissipaters.

Anuba Dam, its Appurtenance Structures & irrigation System Detailed Design Report 67
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources Engineering Corporation of Oromia (ECO)

The full supply level of the main canal is about 13.70 above the river bed level and hence it is
mandatory to align the irrigation conduit corresponding to the irrigation demands. The total
reservoir storage below the minimum drawdown level is relatively small and hence no
separate bottom outlet is proposed to evacuate the flow below the irrigation conduit.
However, if it is necessary to evacuate this volume water can be pumped into the outlet
conduit and then into the Arera River.

The main purpose of this outlet system is for irrigation. However, during emergency cases it
will be used to evacuate the volume of water above it. The control mechanism will be stop-
logs at upstream and downstream (valve). The water entering the small intake will be
conveyed towards downstream with a conduit crossing the dam body. The current dam design
concept did not encourage provision of conduits within the dam. Though locating conduit
outside the dam is the safest approach, there are also several dams in which their outlet system
crosses the dam body. For this project special consideration has been given in most part of the
dam to be embedded in excavated trench and thus minimize potential failure. Water leaving
the dam will be dissipated before it joins the main canal. As meshed earlier the dead storage
level is 1519.81m, accordingly, inverted level & center line of the irrigation conduit is
maintained to be at 1520.81 m & 1521.06 m respectively.

7.4 Irrigation Outlet and Irrigation conduit hydraulics

The proposed net command area for Anuba project is about 143ha. The required design
discharge considering for irrigation is about 0.286m3/s. The main purpose of this outlet is for
irrigation.. The irrigation outlet is designed to have a small inlet, trash rack, circular conduit,
flow regulation valves at the downstream end and an energy dissipater.

7.4.1 Hydraulic Design of Intake/Inlet

7.4.1.1 Intake/Inlet opening

The proposed design discharge is 0.284 m3/s and an opening pipe diameter of 500mm ductile iron pipe
is provided.

7.4.2 Irrigation Conduit Hydraulics

7.4.2.1 General

The conduit is designed to pass the irrigation flow 0.286.

Anuba Dam, its Appurtenance Structures & irrigation System Detailed Design Report 68
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources Engineering Corporation of Oromia (ECO)

The size of an outlet conduit for a required discharge varies according to an inverse
relationship with the available head for producing the discharge. This relationship is
expressed by the following equation:
𝑸𝟐
𝑯𝑻 = 𝑲𝑳 𝟐𝒈𝑨𝟐 Eq. 8.1

Where: HT = total available head needed to overcome the various head losses to produce the
discharge (m); Q = required outlet works discharge (m3/s); KL = loss coefficients; A =
required area of the conduit (m2); and g = acceleration due to gravity 9.81(m/s2). Head loss
computation for various parts of the structure is discussed below.

7.4.2.2 Pressure flow in the irrigation conduit

The valves fitted downstream will basically control the flows and hence the conduit is always
under pressure. The flow in a closed conduit pipe system follows Bernoulli’s equation which
is written as:
𝑯𝑻 = 𝒉𝑳 + 𝒉𝒗𝟐 Eq. 8.2

Where: HT = total head needed to overcome the various head losses to produce discharge, h L=
Cumulative losses of the systems, and hv2 = Velocity head at the valve.

The above equation is expanded to include the system losses of the outlet structure as follows:
𝑯𝑻 = (𝒉𝒕 + 𝒉𝒆 + 𝒉𝒇 + 𝒉𝒈 ) + 𝒉𝒗𝟐 Eq. 8.3

Where: ht= Trash rack losses, he= entrance losses, hf= friction losses and hg= gate or valve
losses. For the discharge at the outlet, HT is measured from the reservoir water surface to the
centerline of the outlet gate.

7.4.2.3 Head loss computation

i. Trash rack Losses

The trash rack consists of 16mm thick mounted at the inlet and its head loss is almost
negligible because the trash rack is placed on the top of the box horizontally.
ii. The other loss computation is shown in table 1 below(Entrance, Friction and Valve
losses) in pipe size calculation

Anuba Dam, its Appurtenance Structures & irrigation System Detailed Design Report 69
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources Engineering Corporation of Oromia (ECO)

Table:- 7.1: Intake Pipe size calculation

Intake Pipe size calculation

` Symbols Units Value Formulae (Remark)
Diameter D m 0.5 500mm
Number of pipes N Nr 1
Design discharge Qd m3/S 0.286
Pipe roughness coefficient n 0.01
Inlet loss coefficient ξ in 0.5
Outlet loss coefficient ξ out 1
Pipe length L m 150
Acceleration g m/s2 9.81
Hydraulic radius R m 0.125 D/4
Flow section area W ㎡ 0.196 = 2
/4
Length loss coefficient ξL 4.709 2*g*n 2*L/R(4/3)
Discharge coefficient Cd 0.401 1/Sqrt( ξ in+ξ out+ξL)
Water level difference Z m 1.5
Calculated discharge Qc m3/S 0.43 N*Cd*W*Sqrt(2*g*Z)
Difference Qc - Qd 0.14
Pipe velocity v m/s 1.46 Qd/(N*W)

From the above table, the maximum discharge that can be withdrawn from the reservoir is
0.43m3/s, which is greater than the required discharge or design discharge i.e. 0.286m3/s.
Therefore, the proposed conduit diameter of 0.50 m (500mm) is satisfactory for the
intended purpose.

7.4.3 Type and sizes of Regulating Valves

The selected types of valve at the outlet are two types; one is simple gate valve used for
energy or maintenance valve and the other is butterfly valve for operation purposes. The
selected valve size is of diameter which fit to 500 mm pipe.

7.4.4 Energy Dissipater Design

Before water is conveyed to the main canal from the outlet, the flow energy should be
dissipated so that downstream erosion will be avoided. Therefore at the end of the outlet pipe
a stilling basin is needed for energy dissipation. It is designed to safely dissipate the
maximum energy i.e. when the reservoir is full and discharging the maximum flow.

Anuba Dam, its Appurtenance Structures & irrigation System Detailed Design Report 70
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources Engineering Corporation of Oromia (ECO)

Intake Pipe size calculation

` Symbols Units Value Formulae (Remark)

Diameter D m 0.5 500mm

Number of pipes N Nr 1
Design discharge Qd m3/S 0.286

FSD in canal h m 1
Pipe roughness coefficient n 0.01
Inlet loss coefficient ξ in 0.5
Outlet loss coefficient ξ out 1
Pipe length L m 140
Acceleration g m/s2 9.81
Hydraulic radius R m 0.125 A/P = D/4
Flow section area W ㎡ 0.196 = 2
/4
Length loss coefficient ξL 4.395 2*g*n2*L/R(4/3)
Discharge coefficient Cd 0.412 1/Sqrt(ξ in +ξ out+ξL)
Water level difference Z m 1.5
Calculated discharge Qc m3/S 0.44 N*Cd *W*Sqrt(2*g*Z)
Difference Qc - Qd 0.15
Pipe velocity v m/s 1.46 Qd /(N*W)

Outlet Water Pressure decrease cistern size

2
Head against aeration Ha m 0.22 1.05*v /g
Min. water depth in cistern hc m 1.2
hc+1.5*D/1000+2.5*Qd /(v*
Act. depth in cistern Hc m 2.3
Bc)
Cistern floor area ωb ㎡ 1.0725 4.5*Qd /hc
Average width of cistern Bc m 1.6 D/1000+2*0.55
Length of cistern L1 m 0.67 ωb /Bc
Actual Length of cistern Lc m 1.07 L1+2*0.2
Outlet Stilling Basin size
Minimum water depth in Stilling
hc m 0.55 4.5*Qd /(v*Bc)
Basin
Act. depth in Stilling Basin Hc m 1.55 hc+(TBL-CBL)
Average width of Stilling Basin Bc m 1.6
Actual Length of Stilling Basin Lc m 0.81 2.5*Qd /(hc*Bc)

The design procedure of energy dissipater is shown in table below.

Anuba Dam, its Appurtenance Structures & irrigation System Detailed Design Report 71
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources Engineering Corporation of Oromia (ECO)

8 DIVERSION FOR CONSTRUCTION

8.1 General

The construction of Anuba Dam might take two years to complete. Even though the construction will
takes place in the dry seasons, it is not possible to completely block the river flow rather to create
provisions for safe passage of the river flow during the rainy and dry season.

Arer River flow during the rainy season is relatively high; whereas during low flow season is
relatively small or no flow. The Arer River at the dam axis flows close to the right abutment and hence
instead of excavating new wet season diversion channel, it is planned to use the existing river course.
It is planned that without closing the main river the major part of the dam will be constructed during
the first year and the main river course the remaining part of the dam will be completed during the
second year. To enable this dry season diversion will be constructed during the first year of
construction in one side within the river.

8.2 Components of the Diversion System

The following are considered as the main components for the diversion system during
construction of the dam.

• Up and down stream cofferdams,

• Dry season conduit and
• Wet season diversion i.e. the existing river course.

8.2.1 Dry season conduit/facility

The main purpose of dry season conduit is:-

• To divert the dry season flow and create favorable conditions for the construction
activities at the Arer river; and

• During final closure of the dam on the main diversion canal; it will also serve to
divert the dry season flow.

The flow is quite small and thus it can be easily passed towards downstream with either
plastic pipes or stainless pipes

Anuba Dam, its Appurtenance Structures & irrigation System Detailed Design Report 72
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources Engineering Corporation of Oromia (ECO)

8.2.2 Wet season diversion channel

The existing river will serve as wet season diversion channel. At the dry season of the second
year of construction the river should be diverted to the dry season conduit/facility and trench
excavation, grouting (if it is recommended after core drilling) as well as backfill up to the dam
bed level should be completed before the second year rainy season.

8.2.3 Upstream and downstream temporary cofferdams

The upstream and downstream cofferdams will serve for early diversion of dry season flow. A
maximum height of 3m coffer dam is sufficient for both upstream and downstream coffer
dams. The material excavated from either trench or dam seat can be used for this purpose. A
top width of 4m and side slopes shall be 1.5:1 (H:V) used.

Anuba Dam, its Appurtenance Structures & irrigation System Detailed Design Report 73
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources Engineering Corporation of Oromia (ECO)

9 COST ESTIMATES
The estimate of quantities presented at this detailed design report considers the permanent
works as set out in the scope of the study. The unit rate adapted for cost estimation is taken
from other similar projects with some adjustments. All rates are presented in Ethiopian Birr
(ETB) only. Accordingly, the investment cost of the dam and its appurtenant structures as
well as irrigation system including VAT. is 385,396,143.26 with 15% VAT as presented in
below as presented in below.

Table 9-2: Project Cost Summary

No ITEM AMOUNT (ETB)
1 GENERAL ITEMS 2,950,000.00
2 CAMP CONSTRUCTION 1,767,390.38
3 EARTHFILL DAM(HEAD WORK) CONSTRUCTION 295,574,781.86
4 DAM INSTRUMENTATION 1,577,087.16
5 SPILLWAY CONSTRUCTION COST 27,395,698.07
6 OUTLET CONSTRUCTION COST 3,295,371.34
7 ACCESS ROAD COST 2,566,752.29
TOTAL PROJECT COST 335,127,081.10
15% VAT 50,269,062.16
TOTAL PROJECT COST INC. CONT + VAT 385,396,143.26

Table9-3: Bill of quantity and cost estimation

Item Amount
Description Unit Quantity Rate (ETB)
Nr. (ETB)
1 General Provisions
1.1 Mobilization and demobilization of Construction LS 1.00 2,100,000.0 2,100,000.0
equipment including transport to site, erection, 0 0
maintenance.
1.2 Preparation and submission of as-built drawings ( LS 1.00 50,000.00 50,000.00
Electronic and Hard Copies)
1.3 Preparation and submission of operation and LS 1.00 50,000.00 50,000.00
maintenance manuals
1.4 Constrcution of temporary access and haul roads. LS 1.00 500,000.00 500,000.00
1.5 Survey and setting out work LS 1.00 10,000.00 10,000.00
1.6 Running cost for water and power supply months 12.00 20,000.00 240,000.00
Sub Total 2,950,000.0
0
Total bill No 1 Carried to total Summary 2,950,000.0
0
2 Camp (Staff residence (3m x 13.85), office (3m x
13.85), Café & Kitchen (6x4x2), Store(5x5x2),
Toilet & Shower (4x2x2) and guard house
2.1 Residential rooms & office
2.1.1 Earth Work
2.1.1.1 Clearing of site to remove top soil to a depth of 200 m2 116.34 26.88 3,127.22

Anuba Dam, its Appurtenance Structures & irrigation System Detailed Design Report 74
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources Engineering Corporation of Oromia (ECO)

Item Amount
Description Unit Quantity Rate (ETB)
Nr. (ETB)
mm
2.1.1.2 Excavation for stone masonry foundation; 0.5m m3 29.80 140.23 4,178.98
width and 0.4 m depth
2.1.1.3 Cart away and dispose excavated surplus material to m3 36.00 26.85 966.72
a distance not exceeding 1km
2.1.1.4 Supply and fill hard core with hard basaltic or m2 99.70 221.91 22,124.05
equivalent stone, well compacted and blinded with
crushed stone to a finished thickness of 25 cm
2.1.2 Concrete and Block Work 0.00
2.1.2.1 Supply and construct 500mm thick trachitic or m3 10.30 2,212.32 22,786.86
equivalent stone masonry foundation wall below
ground level bedded in cement mortar mix 1:3
2.1.2.2 Supply and construct 500mm thick trachitic or m3 10.00 2,442.47 24,424.67
equivalent stone masonry foundation wall above
ground level bedded in cement mortar mix 1:3
2.1.2.3 Mass concrete fill on floor slab (100mm) C-15. m2 91.40 438.29 40,059.87
2.1.3 Carpentry and Walling 0.00
2.1.3.1 Supply, assemble and fix in position eucalyptus m 63.00 70.83 4,462.29
wall post of length 3 m with span length of 1.2m
2.1.3.2 Supply and fix purlin in Eucalyptus wood size 8 cm m 150.00 90.50 13,575.00
nailed into eucalyptus truss
2.1.3.3 Supply and fix wall cover in G-32 corrugated m2 263.00 417.04 109,681.31
galvanized iron sheet fixed into Eucalyptus wood
purlin with dome headed galvanized nails (purlin
and ridge cover measured separately)
2.1.3.4 Supply and fix 8mm thich chip wood internal wall m2 927.41 139,112.13
cover. Price shall include 4 x 5 cm wooden buttons 150.00
2.1.4 Carpentry and Roofing
2.1.4.1 Supply, assemble and fix in position 10cm dia m 88.60 99.83 8,844.94
eucalyptus upper and lower roof truss members of a
given length and span price shall include the
application of three coats and external anti-termite
treatment as per the drawing
2.1.4.2 Supply, assemble and fix in position 8 cm dia m 158.00 95.50 15,089.00
eucalyptus diagonal roof truss members of a given
length and span price shall include the application
of three coats and external anti-termite treatment as
per the drawing
2.1.4.3 Supply and fix purlin in eucalyptus wood size diam m 317.00 90.50 28,688.50
8cm nailed into eucalyptus truss including three
coats of anti - termite external treatment
2.1.4.4 Supply and fix roof cover in G-32 corrugated m2 217.00 454.37 98,598.50
galvanized iron sheet fixed into Eucalyptus wood
purlin with dome headed galvanized nails (purlin
and ridge cover measured separately)
2.1.4.5 Supply and fix 8 mm chipwood ceiling. Price shall m2 45.00 1,031.80 46,430.78
include 4 x 5 cm wooden buttons
2.1.4.6 Supply and fix CIS windows size 1x1.2m No 8.00 801.88 6,415.04
2.1.4.7 Supply and fix CIS doors size 1.0x2.10m No 8.00 2,304.24 18,433.90
2.1.5 Finishing 0.00

Anuba Dam, its Appurtenance Structures & irrigation System Detailed Design Report 75
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources Engineering Corporation of Oromia (ECO)

Item Amount
Description Unit Quantity Rate (ETB)
Nr. (ETB)
2.1.5.1 Floor screed in cement mortar 20 mm thick (1:3 m2 73.12 346.23 25,316.30
mortar)
Sub total 632,316.06
2.2 Store
2.2.1 Earth Work
2.2.1.1 Clearing of site to remove top soil to a depth of 200 m2 65.00 26.88 1,747.20
mm
2.2.1.2 Excavation for stone masonry foundation; 0.5m m3 15.00 140.23 2,103.52
width and 0.4 m depth.
2.2.1.3 Cart away and dispose excavated surplus material m3 16.90 26.85 453.82
to a distance not exceeding 500m.
2.2.1.4 Provide and fill hard core with hard basaltic or m2 60.00 221.91 13,314.38
equivalent stone, well compacted and blinded with
crushed stone to a finished thickness of 25 cm
2.2.2 Concrete and Block Work
2.2.2.1 Supply and construct 500mm thick high trachitic or m3 5.20 2,212.32 11,504.05
equivalent stone masonry foundation wall below
ground level bedded in cement mortar mix 1:3
2.2.2.2 Supply and construct 500mm thick trachitic or m3 5.20 2,442.47 12,700.83
equivalent stone masonry foundation wall above
ground level bedded in cement mortar mix 1:3
2.2.2.3 Mass concrete fill on floor slab (100mm), C-15 m2 50.00 438.29 21,914.59
2.2.3 Carpentry and Walling
2.2.3.1 Supply, assemble and fix in position eucalyptus m 150.00 70.83 10,624.50
wall post of length 3 m span
2.2.3.2 Supply and fix purlin in Eucalyptus wood size 8 cm m 200.00 90.50 18,100.00
nailed into eucalyptus truss
2.2.3.3 Supply and fix wall cover in G-32 corrugated m2 156.00 417.04 65,058.12
galvanized iron sheet fixed into eucalyptus wood
purlin with dome headed galvanized nails
2.2.4 Carpentry and Roofing
2.2.4.1 Supply, assemble and fix in position 10cm dia m 63.00 99.83 6,289.29
eucalyptus upper and lower roof truss members of a
given length and span price shall include the
application of three coats and external anti-termite
treatment as per the drawing
2.2.4.2 Supply, assemble and fix in position 8 cm dia m 125.00 95.50 11,937.50
eucalyptus diagonal roof truss members of a given
length and span price shall include the application
of three coats and external anti-termite treatment as
per the drawing
2.2.4.3 Supply and fix purlin in eucalyptus wood size diam m 317.00 90.50 28,688.50
8cm nailed into eucalyptus truss including three
coats of anti - termite external treatment
2.2.4.4 Supply and fix roof cover in G-32 corrugated m2 130.00 454.37 59,068.23
galvanized iron sheet fixed into eucalyptus wood
purlin with dome headed galvanized nails
2.2.4.5 Supply and fix CIS windows size 1x1.2m No 2.00 801.88 1,603.76
2.2.4.6 Supply and fix CIS doors size 2.0x2.10m No 2.00 4,608.47 9,216.95
Sub total 2.2 274,325.21

Anuba Dam, its Appurtenance Structures & irrigation System Detailed Design Report 76
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources Engineering Corporation of Oromia (ECO)

Item Amount
Description Unit Quantity Rate (ETB)
Nr. (ETB)
2.3 Cafe , Kitchen and Workers living room
2.3.1 Earth Work
2.3.1.1 Clearing of site to remove top soil to a depth of 200 m2 36.48 26.88 980.58
mm
2.3.1.2 Excavation for stone masonry foundation; 0.5m m3 10.00 140.23 1,402.34
width and 0.4 m depth
2.3.1.3 Cart away and dispose excavated surplus material m3 13.00 26.85 349.09
to a distance not exceeding 1km.
2.3.1.4 Provide and fill hard core with hard basaltic or m2 37.00 221.91 8,210.53
equivalent stone, well compacted and blinded with
crushed stone to a finished thickness of 25 cm
2.3.2 Concrete and Block Work
2.3.2.1 Supply and construct 500 mm thick trachitic or m3 4.00 2,212.32 8,849.27
equivalent stone masonry foundation wall below
ground level bedded in cement mortar mix 1:3
2.3.2.2 Supply and construct 500 mm thick high trachitic m3 4.00 2,442.47 9,769.87
or equivalent stone masonry foundation wall above
ground level bedded in cement mortar mix 1:3
2.3.2.3 Mass concrete fill on floor slab (100mm), C-15 m2 33.30 438.29 14,595.12
2.3.3 Carpentry and Walling
2.3.3.1 Supply, assemble and fix in position eucalyptus m 117.00 70.83 8,287.11
wall post of length 3 m span price shall include the
external anti-termite treatment as per the drawing
2.3.3.2 Supply and fix purlin in Eucalyptus wood size 8 cm m 120.00 90.50 10,860.00
nailed into eucalyptus truss
2.3.3.3 Supply and fix wall cover in G-32 corrugated m2 121.00 417.04 50,461.74
galvanized iron sheet fixed into eucalyptus wood
purlin with dome headed galvanized nails (purlin
and ridge cover measured separately)
2.3.4 Carpentry and Roofing
2.3.4.1 Supply, assemble and fix in position 10cm dia m 105.00 99.83 10,482.15
eucalyptus upper and lower roof truss members of a
given length and span price shall include the
application of three coats and external anti-termite
treatment as per the drawing
2.3.4.2 Supply, assemble and fix in position 8 cm dia m 150.00 95.50 14,325.00
eucalyptus diagonal roof truss members of a given
length and span price shall include the application
of three coats and external anti-termite treatment as
per the drawing
2.3.4.3 Supply and fix purlin in Eucalyptus wood size 8 cm m 125.00 90.50 11,312.50
nailed into eucalyptus truss
2.3.4.4 Supply and fix roof cover in G-32 corrugated m2 79.00 454.37 35,895.31
galvanized iron sheet fixed into eucalyptus wood
purlin with dome headed galvanized nails (purlin
and ridge cover measured separately)
2.3.4.5 Supply and fix CIS windows size 1x1.2m No 4.00 801.88 3,207.52
2.3.4.6 Supply and fix CIS doors size 1.0x2.10m No 3.60 2,304.24 8,295.25
2.3.5 Finishing
2.3.5.1 Floor screed in cement mortar 20 mm thick, (1:3 m2 32.83 346.23 11,367.41

Anuba Dam, its Appurtenance Structures & irrigation System Detailed Design Report 77
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources Engineering Corporation of Oromia (ECO)

Item Amount
Description Unit Quantity Rate (ETB)
Nr. (ETB)
mortar)
Sub total 208,650.79
2.4 Shower and Toilet
2.4.1 Earth Work
2.4.1.1 Clearing of site to remove top soil to a depth of 200 m2 24.00 26.88 645.12
mm
2.4.1.2 Excavation for stone masonry foundation; 0.5m m3 77.00 140.23 10,798.05
width and .4 m depth
2.4.1.3 Cart away and deposit excavated surplus material m3 100.10 26.85 2,688.02
to a distance not exceeding 1km.
2.4.2 Concrete and Block Work
2.4.2.1 Supply and construct 500mm thick trachitic or m3 28.80 2,212.32 63,714.72
equivalent stone masonry foundation wall below
ground level bedded in cement mortar mix 1:3
2.4.2.2 Slab for the toilet including reinforcement bar , m3 2.40 4,649.92 11,159.80
form work and concrete C-20 with 150mm thick
2.4.2.3 Mass concrete fill on floor slab (150mm) for m3 1.20 4,382.92 5,259.50
shower, C-15
2.4.3 Carpentry and Walling
2.4.3.1 Supply, assemble and fix in position eucalyptus m 50.00 70.83 3,541.50
wall post of length 3.5 m span price shall include
the external anti-termite treatment as per the
drawing
2.4.3.2 Supply and fix purlin in Eucalyptus wood size 8 cm m 100.00 90.50 9,050.00
nailed into eucalyptus truss
2.4.3.3 Supply and fix wall cover in G-32 corrugated m2 156.00 417.04 65,058.12
galvanized iron sheet fixed into eucalyptus wood
purlin with dome headed galvanized nails (purlin
and ridge cover measured separately)
2.4.4 Carpentry and Roofing
2.4.4.1 Supply, assemble and fix in position 10cm dia m 33.00 99.83 3,294.39
eucalyptus upper and lower roof truss members of a
given length and span price shall include the
application of three coats and external anti-termite
treatment as per the drawing
2.4.4.2 Supply, assemble and fix in position 8 cm dia m 120.00 95.50 11,460.00
eucalyptus diagonal roof truss members of a given
length and span price shall include the application
of three coats and external anti-termite treatment as
per the drawing
2.4.4.3 Supply and fix purlin in Eucalyptus wood size 8 cm m 160.00 90.50 14,480.00
nailed into eucalyptus truss
2.4.4.4 Supply and fix roof cover in G-32 corrugated m2 62.00 454.37 28,171.00
galvanized iron sheet fixed into eucalyptus wood
purlin with dome headed galvanized nails (purlin
and ridge cover measured separately)
2.4.4.5 Supply and fix CIS doors size 1.0x2.10m No 6.00 2,304.24 13,825.42
Sub Total 243,145.63
2.5 Laboratory (8x6)m2
2.5.1 Earth Work
2.5.1.1 Clearing of site to remove top soil to a depth of 200 m2 38.40 26.88 1,032.19

Anuba Dam, its Appurtenance Structures & irrigation System Detailed Design Report 78
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources Engineering Corporation of Oromia (ECO)

Item Amount
Description Unit Quantity Rate (ETB)
Nr. (ETB)
mm
2.5.1.2 Excavation for stone masonry foundation; 0.5m m3 12.00 140.23 1,682.81
width and 0.4 m depth
2.5.1.3 Cart away and deposit excavated surplus material m3 15.60 26.85 418.91
to a distance not exceeding 1km.
2.5.1.4 Provide and fill hard core with hard basaltic or m2 18.72 221.91 4,154.09
equivalent stone, well compacted and blinded with
crushed stone to a finished thickness of 25 cm
2.5.2 Concrete and Block Work
2.5.2.1 Supply and construct 500 mm thick trachitic or m3 12.00 2,212.32 26,547.80
equivalent stone masonry foundation wall below
ground level bedded in cement mortar mix 1:3
2.5.2.2 Supply and construct 500 mm thick trachitic or m3 12.00 2,442.47 29,309.60
equivalent stone masonry foundation wall above
ground level bedded in cement mortar mix 1:3
2.5.2.3 Mass concrete fill on floor slab (100mm), C-10 m2 57.60 438.29 25,245.61
2.5.3 Carpentry and Walling
2.5.3.1 Supply, assemble and fix in position eucalyptus No 62.40 70.83 4,419.79
wall post of length 3 m span price shall include the
external anti-termite treatment as per the drawing
2.5.3.2 Supply and fix purlin in Eucalyptus wood size 8 cm m 150.00 90.50 13,575.00
nailed into eucalyptus truss
2.5.3.3 Supply and fix Wall cover in G-32 corrugated m2 193.60 417.04 80,738.79
galvanized iron sheet fixed into eucalyptus wood
purlin with dome headed galvanized nails (purlin
and ridge cover measured separately)
2.5.4 Carpentry and Roofing
2.5.4.1 Supply, assemble and fix in position 10 cm dia. No 33.60 99.83 3,354.29
eucalyptus roof truss of a given length &span price
shall include the application of three coats and
external anti-termite treatment as per the drawing
2.5.4.2 Supply, assemble and fix in position 8 cm dia m 120.00 95.50 11,460.00
eucalyptus diagonal roof truss members of a given
length and span price shall include the application
of three coats and external anti-termite treatment as
per the drawing
2.5.4.3 Supply and fix purlin in Eucalyptus wood size 8 cm m 200.00 90.50 18,100.00
nailed into eucalyptus truss
2.5.4.4 Supply and fix roof cover in G-32 corrugated m2 120.00 454.37 54,524.52
galvanized iron sheet fixed into eucalyptus wood
purlin with dome headed galvanized nails (purlin
and ridge cover measured separately)
2.5.4.5 Supply and fix CIS windows size 1x1.2m No 2.00 801.88 1,603.76
2.5.4.6 Supply and fix CIS doors size 1.0x2.10m No 2.00 2,304.24 4,608.47
2.5.5 Finishing 0.00
2.5.5.1 Floor screed in cement mortar 20 mm thick, (1:3 m2 52.50 346.23 18,177.05
mortar)
Sub total 2.5 298,952.68
2.5.6 Fence 2.0m height & 15cm φ eucalyptus poles m 200.00 550.00 110,000.00
placed every 2m with barbed wire at 20cm vertical
interval & erected in 0.6m depth embedded with
concrete

Anuba Dam, its Appurtenance Structures & irrigation System Detailed Design Report 79
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources Engineering Corporation of Oromia (ECO)

Item Amount
Description Unit Quantity Rate (ETB)
Nr. (ETB)
Sub total 2.5 110,000.00
Sub Total of 1.3 1,767,390.3
8
BILL PART 3 - MAIN DAM
3.10 Excavation
3.1.1 Site clearance/Striping and removal of top soil with m2 84,175.0 20.44 1,720,342.7
bushes & trees to a max. depth of 20 cm /m² 0 3
3.1.2 Excavation for cutoff trench & General foundation m3 48,970.8 65.56 3,210,526.8
in common soil and decomposed rock 2 3
3.1.3 Excavation in soft rock for cutoff trench m3 10,882.4 269.47 2,932,430.4
0 0
3.1.4 Excavation in hard rock with the assistance of Jack m3 544.12 381.74 207,713.82
hammer
3.1.5 Cement slurry treatment of rock surface in cutoff m2 6,657.44 346.23 2,305,000.5
trench as per the Engineer's approval 8
Sub total 3.1 10,376,014.
36
3.2 Earth fill
3.2.1 Earth fill work of clay core material for center core m3 281,630. 230.00 64,774,968.
from borrow areas. Price shall include excavation, 30 08
hauling, spearing & compaction by layer as per the
specification & also clay blanket outside dam
boundary
3.2.2 Earth fill work of compacted shell materials or m3 774,872. 210.00 162,723,31
alluvial river deposit (zone 3) in dam body, 91 2.04
upstream backfill or toe drain. Price shall include
excavation, hauling, dumping, spreading &
compaction The material source will be either from
river course downstream of the dam or the specified
quarry area layer thickness is as per the
specification
3.2.3 Compact rock fill material for shoulder (Zone 3) m3 14,221.7 210.00 2,986,564.7
from excavation of spilway works including 4 7
spillway approach channel and channel down
stream of stilling basin, diversion work and
others.(As per the Engineer's approval)
Sub total 3.2 230,484,84
4.88
3.3 Filter and Drainage Material
3.3.1 Gravel filter-construction of filter (F2) with clean m3 61,748.7 330.00 20,377,094.
screened fine gravel. price includes supply of 7 15
gravel material, transportation and compaction
complete in all aspect
3.3.2 Sand filter-construction of filter (F1)with clean m3 30,874.3 350.00 10,806,034.
washed,concrete sand as shown in the drawing and 9 78
specification, price includes production of fill
material, transportation and compaction complete in
all aspect
Sub total 3.3 31,183,128.
93
3.4 Upstream Slope Protection

Anuba Dam, its Appurtenance Structures & irrigation System Detailed Design Report 80
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources Engineering Corporation of Oromia (ECO)

Item Amount
Description Unit Quantity Rate (ETB)
Nr. (ETB)
3.4.1 Supply, place and spread stone reprap of 1m m2 45,561.7 286.09 13,034,770.
thickness on the dam body as orderd by the 3 29
Engineer
3.5 Downstream protection
3.5.1 Supply and placing of 20 cm top soil on the m2 36,449.3 101.29 3,691,893.3
downstream face of the dam body 8 4
3.5.3 Supply and fix sodding m2 36,449.3 20.00 728,987.62
8
Sub total 3.4 17,455,651.
24
3.5 Embankment Crest works
Supply, spread, grade, compact and shape
3.5.1 Shape and compact dam crest with 200mm thick m3 1,186.50 210.00 249,165.00
selected material ( borrow natural gravel with soil
mixture, weathered rock etc. wearing course
material with CBR more than 35% at MDD 95%
price includes development spreading, showering,
grading and rolling
3.5.2 200 mm Base coarse material fill with borrow m3 1,187 210.00 249,165.00
natural gravel mix with soil, weathered rock with
CBR more than 30% at MDD 95% price includes
development spreading, showering, grading and
rolling
3.5.3 Supply and fix concrete posts size No 80 176.00 14,080.00
(1mx0.20mX0.20m ) at 20 m intrevals
Sub total 3.5 512,410.00
3.60 Temporary Diversion
3.6.1 Upstream coffer dam
3.6.1.1 Stripping of top soil before fill where there is no m2 330.00 20.44 6,744.44
excavation before fill work
3.6.1.2 Compact Decomposed rock from dam seat or other m3 2,800.00 99.96 279,888.00
excavation
3.6.2 Plastic or steel pipe
3.6.2.1 Provide plastic or steel pipe with internal diamter of LS 1.00 20,000.00 20,000.00
3inch
Sub total 3.6 306,632.44
3.7 Core Drilling and Insitu Testing if ordered by the
Engineer
3.7.1 Mobilization and demobilization of rigs and No 1.00 500,000.00 500,000.00
drilling crews
3.7.2 Inter site/ inter borehole mobilization No 6.00 50,000.00 300,000.00
3.7.3 0 to 15 m depth(spillway) m 15.00 7,500.00 112,500.00
3.7.4 0 to 30 m depth m 180.00 7,500.00 1,350,000.0
0
3.7.5 Casing (temporary) m 30.00 2,000.00 60,000.00
3.7.6 Piezometer Installation with 2 inch PVC pipe m 30.00 1,000.00 30,000.00
3.7.7 Standard Penetration Test (SPT) No. 35.00 1,000.00 35,000.00
3.7.8 Single Packer Test No. 20.00 5,000.00 100,000.00
3.7.9 Constant/Falling Head No 18.00 3,000.00 54,000.00
3.7.10 Undisturbed Soil Sampling (Shelby) No. 18.00 1,000.00 18,000.00
3.7.11 Disturbed soils sample No 18.00 350.00 6,300.00

Anuba Dam, its Appurtenance Structures & irrigation System Detailed Design Report 81
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources Engineering Corporation of Oromia (ECO)

Item Amount
Description Unit Quantity Rate (ETB)
Nr. (ETB)
3.7.12 Rock samples No. 10.00 200.00 2,000.00
3.7.13 Water Level Recording No. 1.00 200.00 200.00
3.7.14 Wooden Core Box No. 30.00 1,500.00 45,000.00
3.7.15 Geological core logging and core photographs m 200.00 60.00 12,000.00
3.7.16 Natural Moisture Content No 10.00 500.00 5,000.00
3.7.17 Grain Size Analysis No 10.00 500.00 5,000.00
3.7.18 Specific Gravity No 10.00 200.00 2,000.00
3.7.19 Atterberg Limits No 10.00 250.00 2,500.00
3.7.20 Shrinkage No 10.00 300.00 3,000.00
3.7.21 Free Swell No 10.00 100.00 1,000.00
3.7.22 Organic Content No 10.00 300.00 3,000.00
3.7.23 Unconfined compression strength No 10.00 650.00 6,500.00
3.7.24 Dispersion Test by Pin hole method No 10.00 350.00 3,500.00
3.7.25 Permeability test on undisturbed samples No 7.00 500.00 3,500.00
3.7.26 Direct Shear test on undisturbed samples No 15.00 500.00 7,500.00
3.7.27 Consolidation (Oedometer) test on undisturbed No 7.00 1,500.00 10,500.00
samples
3.7.28 Tri-axial (UU) on undisturbed Samples No 7.00 1,500.00 10,500.00
3.7.29 Swelling Pressure No 5.00 1,000.00 5,000.00
3.7.30 Specific gravity No 10.00 200.00 2,000.00
3.7.31 Unit weight No 10.00 200.00 2,000.00
3.7.32 Soundness ( Sulphate) No 10.00 500.00 5,000.00
3.7.33 Water Absorption No 10.00 200.00 2,000.00
3.7.34 UCS ( Uniaxial Compressive Strength) test No 18.00 500.00 9,000.00
3.7.35 Porosity No 18.00 250.00 4,500.00
3.7.36 Slake Durability No 18.00 450.00 8,100.00
3.7.37 Prepare of geotechnical investigation report, Ls 3.00 10,000.00 30,000.00
including drawings(sections, maps, core photo, core
log, insitu and laboratory testetc)
Sub Total 3.7 2,756,100.0
0
3.80 GROUTING if ordered by the Engineer
3.8.1 Mobilization and demobilization & Grauting
3.8.1.1 Mobilize and demobilize drilling and grouting Sum 1.00 2,500,000.0 2,500,000.0
machine to the project site. This includes set up for 0 0
drilling machine between the bore holes and drilling
works,labrotory test and analysis with all
parameters
Sub Total 3.8 2,500,000.0
0
Total bill No 3 Carried to total Summary 295,574,78
1.86
4.00 Dam Instrumentation
4.1 Supply and install piezometers in embankment No 6.00 120,555.00 723,330.00
4.2 Supply and install Deformation Monitoring No 5.00 135,744.90 678,724.50
Monuments in embankment
4.3 Produce and install concrete Bench mark No 10.00 1,000.00 10,000.00
4.4 Supply and Intsall water level staff in the irrigation No 1.00 55,093.66 55,093.66

Anuba Dam, its Appurtenance Structures & irrigation System Detailed Design Report 82
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources Engineering Corporation of Oromia (ECO)

Item Amount
Description Unit Quantity Rate (ETB)
Nr. (ETB)
intake structure
4.5 Supply and install Seepage measuring weir (V- No 1.00 109,939.00 109,939.00
Notch) supply and installation
Sub total 1,577,087.1
6
Total bill Carried to total Summary 1,577,087.1
6
BILL PART 5- SPILLWAY
5.1 Earth work
5.1.1 Clearing and stripping of top soil around the chute m2 10,525.5 20.44 215,117.97
spill way structures construction area with an 5
average thickness of 200 mm and disposal of
excavated materials to a distance exceeding 500m
5.1.2 Excavation of alluvial deposit,colluvial material and m3 7,276.00 65.56 476,999.80
weathered rock and disposal of excavated materials
to a distance exceeding 500m
5.1.3 Excavation of soft rock foundation on chute spill m3 14,553.0 269.47 3,921,550.2
way structure on completion and disposal of surplus 8 8
to a distance exceeding 500m
5.1.4 Ditto "Hard rock" m3 2,425.00 381.74 925,725.63
3
5.1.5 Compacted granular backfill on the back side of m 987.99 66.76 65,956.45
walls from excaveted selected materials as per the
specification
5.1.6 Fill with selected material from borrow pits with in m3 987.99 99.96 98,762.73
haul distance 20km, including compaction
Total bill Carried to total Summary 5,704,112.8
6
5.2 Structural works
5.2.1 Form work
5.2.1.1 Provide cut and fix in position smooth finish m2 3,722.52 1,046.29 3,894,832.8
formwork Type "F3" to spill way floor, control 3
section and retaining wall
5.2.2 Concrete Work
5.2.2.1 Reinforced concrete quality C-20 filled in to form m3 771.06 4,649.92 3,585,388.0
work and vibrated around rod reinforcement 4
(formwork and reinforcement measured separately)
to Ogee,spillway floor etc
5.2.2.2 Reinforced concrete quality C-30 filled in to form m3 1,823.22 5,183.92 9,451,398.9
work and vibrated around rod reinforcement 7
(formwork and reinforcement measured separately
to spillway floor and retaining wall of the spillway
and ogee weir
5.2.3 Reinforcement bars
5.2.3.1 Provide, cut, bend and fix in position high yield kg 34,690.5 115.17 3,995,250.2
reinforcement steel bar to spill way floor and 3 2
retaining walland control section the bar size as per
specification and drawing
5.2.4 Miscellaneous
5.2.4.1 Supply and fix 250 mm PVC water-stops m 353.89 628.00 222,239.78
5.2.4.2 Supply and fix resin bonded cork filler (20 mm m2 222.44 950.00 211,319.90
thick)
5.2.4.3 Supply and fix polysulphide sealant (20 mm wide x m 353.89 600.00 212,331.00

Anuba Dam, its Appurtenance Structures & irrigation System Detailed Design Report 83
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources Engineering Corporation of Oromia (ECO)

Item Amount
Description Unit Quantity Rate (ETB)
Nr. (ETB)
30 mm deep)
5.2.4.4 Supply and install 250mm HDPE pipes to spillway m 262.89 452.00 118,824.47
under drains including gravel surround
Sub total 21,691,585.
21
Total bill No 5 Carried to total Summary 27,395,698.
07
BILL PART 6- IRRGATION OUTLET LEFT SIDE
6.1 Excavation and fill
6.1.1 Clearing and stripping of top soil around the Outlet m2 515.14 20.44 10,528.28
works construction area with an average thickness
of 200 mm and disposal of excavated materials to a
distance exceeding 500m
6.1.2 Excavation of alluvial deposit,colluvial material and m3 149.65 65.56 9,810.89
weathered rock and disposal of excavated materials
to a distance exceeding 500m
6.1.3 Fill with selected material from borrow pits with in m3 321.90 99.96 32,178.45
haul distance 20km, including compaction
Sub total 6.1 52,517.62
6.2 Pipe work
6.2.1 Supply and install Steel Pipe (D=500mm, 6mm m 138.00 11,000.00 1,518,000.0
Thick) 0
Sub total 6.2 1,518,000.0
0
6.3 Intake Structure& Manhole-1
6.3.1 10 cm thick lean Concrete quality C-10 under the m3 26.08 3,538.54 92,302.04
structure
6.3.2 Reinforced concrete quality C-20 filled in to form m3 78.37 4,649.92 364,414.04
work and vibrated around rod reinforcement
(formwork and reinforcement measured separately)

6.3.3 Supply and construct trachitic or equivalent stone m3 30.18 2,212.32 66,776.44
masonry foundation wall below ground level
bedded in cement mortar mix 1:3
6.3.4 Fill with selected material from borrow pits with in m3 346.35 205.37 71,128.46
haul distance 20km, including compaction
6.3.5 Supply, cut, weld and fix manhole kg 81.76 115.17 9,416.61
trashrack(Ø16mm)
6.3.6 Provide, cut, bend and fix in position high yield kg 410.27 115.17 47,250.80
reinforcement steel bar to spill way floor and
retaining walland control section the bar size as per
specification and drawing
Sub Total 6.3 651,288.38
6.4 Outlet Structure & Manhole-2
6.4.1 Supply and fix 500mm batter fly Valve pcs 2.00 235,000.00 470,000.00
6.4.2 Reinforced concrete quality C-25 filled in to form m3 21.40 4,916.92 105,214.74
work and vibrated around rod reinforcement
(formwork and reinforcement measured separately)

6.4.3 Reinforced concrete quality C-20 filled in to form m3 20.22 4,649.92 94,009.45
work and vibrated around rod reinforcement
(formwork and reinforcement measured separately)

Anuba Dam, its Appurtenance Structures & irrigation System Detailed Design Report 84
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources Engineering Corporation of Oromia (ECO)

Item Amount
Description Unit Quantity Rate (ETB)
Nr. (ETB)
6.4.4 Provide, cut, bend and fix in position high yield kg 1,940.00 115.17 223,429.80
reinforcement steel bar to spill way floor and
retaining walland control section the bar size as per
specification and drawing
6.4.5 Supply and fix Iron Steel Plate (t=10mm) m2 1.00 10,000.00 10,000.00
2
6.4.6 Provide cut and fix in position smooth finish m 163.35 1,046.29 170,911.34
formwork Type "F3"
Sub total 6.4 1,073,565.3
3
Total bill No 6 Carried to total Summary 3,295,371.3
4
Bill Nr. Gravel access road of 6 m wide km 5.00
1
7.1 Clearing and grabbing works in areas including m2 9,771.43 14.19 138,684.34
interceptor drain & working areas as specified by
the engineer
7.2 Excavation cut/fill earth works of the road section m3 7,717.22 65.56 505,925.10
in normal soil including side drains
7.3 Spreading & compaction for camber formation m2 48,857.1 20.00 977,142.86
4
7.4 Fill and compaction works of 150 mm thick m3 4,500.00 210.00 945,000.00
selected gravel wearing material
Sub total 2,566,752.2
9
Total bill No 7 Carried to total Summary 2,566,752.2
9

Anuba Dam, its Appurtenance Structures & irrigation System Detailed Design Report 85
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources Engineering Corporation of Oromia (ECO)

10 DAM INSTRUMENTATION

10.1 General
The use of instrumentation to monitor the performance of dams is widely accepted as a prudent
component of a successful dam safety program to manage and minimize the risks to the public posed
by dams. Instrumentation observations are used to supplement and complement visual inspections to
verify the integrity of the dam and appurtenant features, assuring protection of life and property.
Instrumentation provides data for monitoring the safe performance during the various phases of a
dam’s life including:

• Characterize site conditions before construction;

• Verify design and analysis assumptions;
• Evaluate behavior during construction, first filling, and operation of the structure;
• Evaluate performance of specific design features;
• Observe performance of known geological and structural anomalies; and
• Evaluate performance with respect to potential site-specific failure modes.

There are no simple rules for determining the appropriate level of instrumentation and monitoring
because it depends on the size and hazard potential classification of the dam, the complexity of the
dam and foundation, known problems and concerns, and the degree of conservatism in the design
criteria.

Therefore, in case of Anuba dam selection of type of instruments their number and location have been
decided based on Anuba specific site conditions such as its geological formation, type of dam fill
material, and valley shape. Accordingly the following instruments have been designed as listed under.

10.2 Recommended Instruments

10.2.1 Bench Marks (BM)

The purpose of Bench Marks is to measure surface movement of structures which may move or
deform as a result of applied loads. Embankments settle and spread over time as the result of
consolidation and secondary settlement of the dam and foundation from self-weight. Embankments
also deform due to external loads produced by reservoir water, rapid drawdown, earthquakes,
undermining, swelling clays, and piping

Anuba Dam, its Appurtenance Structures & irrigation System Detailed Design Report 86
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources Engineering Corporation of Oromia (ECO)

Bench Marks shall be provided on the dam crest and downstream berms. Two reference bench marks
as base line on left and right side of the dam on hard formation have been provided too as shown on
the drawings.

10.2.2 Open Standpipe Piezometer (OSP)

Purpose of the instrument is to obtain water pressure directly by measuring the head in a standpipe.
According to Anuba dam foundation formation three locations were identified

10.2.3 Vibrating Wire Piezometer (VP)

This instrument is to be installed in both foundation and dam body to monitor piezometric and ground
water level where standpipe piezometer cannot be used due to interfere with construction equipment.
Five locations at different levels have been selected as appropriate to monitor the pore pressure during
and post construction.

10.2.4 Vibrating Wire Settlement Sensor (ST)

The purpose of the instrument is to measure internal vertical movement within embankment,
foundation or abutment resulting from consolidation of foundation or of embankment material.

In case of Anuba dam the vibrating wire settlement sensor is only proposed at the maximum dam
section at the interface between the dam fill and the filter media as shown on the drawings.

10.2.5 Earth Pressure Cells (EP)

Total earth pressure can be measured by these cells and will help monitor under what conditions the
core is situated; only monitoring the highest sections is considered.

10.2.6 Accelerometer Recorder (ACC)

Anuba project area is located at the boundary of highly seismic area. Accordingly, availability of
seismic data is one of the major constraints in the design of civil engineering works in such areas.

But there is no any recommendation to install the instrument at this level.

Anuba Dam, its Appurtenance Structures & irrigation System Detailed Design Report 87
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources Engineering Corporation of Oromia (ECO)

10.2.7 Seepage Measuring Weir (W)

Purpose of the device shall be to measure the quantity of seepage entering a seepage collection system
(drain outlets) from the dam toe drain. Depending on seepage flow analysis and topography of the dam
site four rectangular weirs with staff gage shall be provided. The location of each measuring weir is
shown on the drawing.

10.2.8 Water Level Gage (LG)

Water level gages are the simplest method for measuring reservoir and tail water level which are
reliable, durable and easy to obtain the measurement. Hence for Anuba dam the staff gages should be
erected on the upstream face of the dam with gauge height of 1m. Each staff should be erected on
concrete foundation and the gauge plate should be fixed on corrosion resistant angle iron.

Summary of dam instrumentation for Anuba dam is attached in Appendix

Anuba Dam, its Appurtenance Structures & irrigation System Detailed Design Report 88
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources Engineering Corporation of Oromia (ECO)

11 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR DAM

The catchment area at the dam site is about 39.32 km2. According to the reservoir simulation
exercise the Anuba reservoir can irrigate about 143ha with full storage capacity of 3.09 MCM.
The proposed dam will have maximum dam height of 33.10 m above river bed and 827 m crest
length.

The main dam is designed with outer shell zone with Rock fill and inner shell material gravel,
rock fragments in between the clay core and the outer rock-fill zone. For Anuba dam the
spillway site is selected or proposed on the left side abutment by excavating the top end of the
abutment. The selected spillway crest length is 20m, the routed outflow discharge is 124.54m³/s.
the irrigation outlet is designed to convey 0.286m3/s and is positioned on the right abutment. The
conduit will pass through the dam foundation and its diameter will be 500 mm

The dam site / axis is characterised by sandy clay soil with Lime Stone rock formations
overburden material and bed rock units. Thickness of the unconsolidated soil overburden
material varies along the proposed am axis 1m at dam / river center 1.5m on right & left side
river bank.

As mentioned earlier, Core drilling geotechnical investigation is vital to access deeper geological
layers and to core and recover samples of both soils and rocks from various depths. However,
this is not performed at this level. So, it is strictly recommended that, core drilling geotechnical
investigation must be done during construction for the aforesaid dam. But, Cost for core drilling
is not included in the BoQ

Before using the proposed filter it will need processing during implementation such as washing
the silt..

The Project area is situated within the Eastern part of the Main Ethiopian Rift. According to
Seismic zonal classification map of Ethiopia the project area is found at the border of zone IV.
Earthquake records are very limited in our country. In such cases it is customary to adapt the
general contour map prepared for the whole country though site specific seismic hazard
evaluation study would be much preferred. the project area lies in the range between 0.0 to 0.025
ground acceleration. However, considering lack of site specific seismic hazard evaluation study

Anuba Dam, its Appurtenance Structures & irrigation System Detailed Design Report 89
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources Engineering Corporation of Oromia (ECO)

of the project area and uncertainty of seismic phenomenon conservative value of 0.025g has been
used for design purposes.

According to the geotechnical investigation made along the dam axis the foundation material is
not expected to liquefy or reduce strength during earthquake loading. Therefore, considering the
scope of the project and foundation conditions Pseudostatic analysis might be sufficient.
However, an additional attempt was made to undertake dynamic analysis though there is no
potentially liquefiable material at the dam foundation.

Based on the stability and deformation analysis results, the stable slopes for the proposed dam zoning
under all loading conditions are upstream slope of 1V:3 H and for the downstream slope 1V:2H

Accordingly the investment cost of the dam and its appurtenant structures & Irrigation System is
about Birr 366,647,956.76 (Three Hundred Sixty Six Million Six Hundred Forty Seven
Thousand Nine Hundred Fifty Six Birr and 76/100) with 15% VAT as presented in above.

As it was indicated above, the geotechnical investigation and construction materials assessment
have limitations and also treatment measures proposed for seepage mitigation are proposed based
on limited available laboratory test & information obtained from geotechnical investigations.
Accordingly, the following are recommended to be either done before construction or during
construction.
➢ It is well known that, Core drilling geotechnical investigation is vital to access deeper
geological layers and to core and recover samples of both soils and rocks from various
depths. However, this is not performed at this level. So, it is strictly recommended, core
drilling geotechnical investigation must be done during construction aforesaid dam.
Based on the result, the required grouting shall be proposed.
➢ There is only one source for clay core materials, additional source shall be identified and
for impervious clay core materials. Accordingly with the collected sample engineering
and index properties should be estimated..
➢ No test has been done for the inner shell material Gravel, rock fragments proposed for
inner shell. Therefore, samples should be collected and necessary tests should be done
accordingly. Furthermore the quantity should be confirmed and if it is not sufficient
alternative sources like the weathered basalt can be used for this purpose.

Anuba Dam, its Appurtenance Structures & irrigation System Detailed Design Report 90
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources Engineering Corporation of Oromia (ECO)

Part -II:- Irrigation System

Anuba Dam, its Appurtenance Structures & irrigation System Detailed Design Report 91
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources Engineering Corporation of Oromia (ECO)

12 IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM DESIGN

12.1 General
Irrigation and drainage system design incorporates all engineering aspects related to project
study and designs. This system design focuses on study and design of headwork, irrigation water
supply and drainage canals and all appurtenant structures related to conveyance, distribution and
application of water to the farm lands. This design also gives attention to network of roads: main
access road, farm roads and inspection roads. All influential factors that determine project
sustainability are accounted to come up with reasonable results of study. In so doing, idea from
different disciplines was given due attention.

12.2 Irrigation System Design

The design of irrigation canals is mainly concerned with the adoption of proper canal geometry
to accommodate the design discharge within the specified limits and at the same time to allow
gravitational flow of irrigation water to farm fields. This situation will call the close inquiry of
the farm fields, which are to be irrigated, as the level of the farm field is the major parameter that
would influence the relative vertical positioning of irrigation canals in the system.
Prior to the design of the longitudinal profile of irrigation canals, it would be necessary to define
the design flow in each irrigation canal and to proportion the geometric parameters of the canal
in such a way that it is capable to carry the design flow within acceptable tolerances.
12.3 Canal Systems
The diverted water is to be distributed to the farm through a network of canals by gravity flow.
The physical purpose of irrigation is to satisfy the demands of crop water requirement by
increasing the moisture content of the soil in the root zone of the crop. For this canal distribution
system should be planned to convey the required amount of water from the outlet to the required
area. For Anuba small Scale irrigation furrow irrigation method is selected.
12.4 Canal Alignment
In order to prepare a realistic system layout it would be inevitable to study the local topographic
condition of the area. For this purpose, detailed topographic survey has been done using total
station. After generating contours using the collected topographic data, the alignment of canals
are fixed either along or across the contour.
The command area of this small scale project is located on the right side of the river. It covers
about 143.39 ha.

Anuba Dam, its Appurtenance Structures & irrigation System Detailed Design Report 92
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources Engineering Corporation of Oromia (ECO)

The layout of irrigation canals, furrows are made to run more or less parallel to contours and
field canals are aligned perpendicular to contour lines, subsequent higher level canals were made
to run perpendicular and/or near perpendicular to lower level canals that they discharge into.
The alignment procedure used for drainage canals is such that the positioning of higher-level
drainage channels would more or less be along depressions. Accordingly, field ditches are placed
at the foot of furrows and are aligned down the contour lines. Similarly, tertiary and secondary
drains are made to run perpendicular to field ditches and to each other.

The following points are considered while preparing the canal layout:
• The layout is done based on block areas to be irrigated by taking drainage channels and
ridges into consideration.
• Deep cutting and high banking is tried to be avoided
• The alignment of secondary canal follows almost perpendicular to contour line.
• To be economical, changing alignment is considered when steep ground slope is
encountered.
• The tertiary canals are attempted to run along contours perpendicular to the secondary
canal following the natural slope.
• Field channels are proposed to run perpendicular to tertiary canals. Each field canal
irrigates two fields on the left and right of the respective canals.
• Field drains are proposed at the end of each field units fed by a field canal to clear out the
irrigation and rainfall excess. Collector or Tertiary drains collect drainage water from two
or more field drains and are designed accordingly.
• Field canals and field drains are left to be designed in the field during project
implementation and constructed by the farmers.

12.5 Canal Design

12.5.1 Fixing Canal Capacities

The design of canals is concerned with the determination of the cross sectional dimensions of the
canal to convey the required amount of discharge to the intended irrigation areas to meet the
peak requirement of crops grown in the entire command area during the supplementary case and
dry season cases. The dimension of the channel is calculated using the general formula of
Manning’s, which is given by:
1
Q= * AR 2 / 3 S 1 / 2
n
Where, Q = discharge of the channel
R = Hydraulic radius = A/p
Anuba Dam, its Appurtenance Structures & irrigation System Detailed Design Report 93
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources Engineering Corporation of Oromia (ECO)

A = Wetted cross-sectional area

m = side slope
p = wetted perimeter
s = bed slope
n = Manning’s roughness coefficient
The roughness coefficient recommended by USBR design standard No. 3 is used to derive the
roughness coefficients to be used in the present project. USBR recommends a value of n 0.025
for earthen canals.
•

12.5.2 Main canal

Two main canals running on both flanks of the river are designed to irrigate 143.391ha of the
command area. They distribute irrigation water to Secondary, Tertiary and few field canals.
The main canals are contour canals and follow the contours giving slight drops to facilitate the
irrigation flow. It is recommended to be lined canal for the whole stretch in order to minimize
maintenance costs and encourage the farmers for efficient irrigation.
The source of water is Anuba River which has the maximum discharge of 64.53m3/s after
releasing a 20% environmental flow of 0.18m3/s for downstream users.

Main canal is designed using the following Manning equation

2 1
1
Q = 𝑛A𝑅 3 𝑆 2

The main canals are trapezoidal in section and lined to irrigate a net command area of 143.39ha,
with maximum design discharge of 0.287m3/s
Bed width, b = 0.5m
Water depth, d = 0.3m
Side slope of 1:1
Manning roughness coefficient, n = 0.015
Longitudinal slope S, = 0.0016m/m
Calculated discharge, Q = 0.287m3/s
Since the calculated discharge flowing in the canal is more than the required the discharge is ok!

➢ Right Main canal start /take form outlet of the dam at similar point of left main canal
through division box. This canal is designed by PVC pipe for 544 m length & dia
400mm. detail is indicated in appendx.
Anuba Dam, its Appurtenance Structures & irrigation System Detailed Design Report 94
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources Engineering Corporation of Oromia (ECO)

12.5.3 Secondary canal

Generally, secondary canals will flow rotationally and will distributed down to each tertiary
canal in proportion to the area they irrigate. The canal geometric design results for irrigation
canals including related hydraulic parameters such as design discharge, flow depth, velocity etc.
are given in the standard longitudinal profile drawings of each irrigation canal. Secondary canals
run down steep slopes in most cases, the flow regime in secondary canals is supercritical. To
avoid the prevalence of super-critical flow in secondary canals it was inevitable to provide drop
structures where conditions permit. There are only two secondary canals for this specific project
as shown in the table below.

Table 1 Length and Area Irrigated by Secondary Canal

S.No Description Length(m) Area (ha)

1 LSC-1-1 812.615 61.31

2 RSC1-1 132.05 24.46

Sample Secondary canal design

Canal Parameters
Duty, q = 2 l/sec/ha
Canal name = LSC-1
Command Area, A = 61.31 ha
Section of Channel = Trapezoidal
Design Discharge, Q d = q*CA = 0.1226m3/s
Canal bed width, b = 0.35m
Water Depth, d = 0.30m
Canal Side Slope = 1:1
Water area, A = 0.2m2
Wetted Perimeter, P = 1.2m
Hydraulic Radius, R = 0.16m
Roughness Coefficient, n = 0.015
Canal bed slope, S = 0.0011m/m
Flow Velocity, V = 0.659m/s
Logically, calculated discharge should be greater than design discharge.
i.e0.123m3/s >0.122 m3/s …….Ok!

Anuba Dam, its Appurtenance Structures & irrigation System Detailed Design Report 95
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources Engineering Corporation of Oromia (ECO)

12.5.4 Tertiary Canal

Tertiary canals will flow for 12 hr/day and flow will be distributed down to each off-taking field
canals in proportion to the area they irrigate. The discharge released for each tertiary canal at its
off take is different based on the area they irrigate. The Tertiary canals are earthen open
channels, which is generally laid along the contours. The canal geometric design results for
irrigation canals including related hydraulic particulars such as design discharge, flow depth,
velocity etc. are given in the standard longitudinal profile drawings of each irrigation canal.
There are around five tertiary canals out of which two tertiary canals originate from the main
canals supply irrigation water to the field canals and the remaining three originate from two
secondary canals serve the field canals. The total length of right and left tertiary canals are
1,716.7m and 2,961.58m respectively and irrigates 85.18ha as shown below. The remaining
58.21ha are directly fed from the main canals via field canals.

Anuba Dam, its Appurtenance Structures & irrigation System Detailed Design Report 96
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources Engineering Corporation of Oromia (ECO)

Table 2 Lengths and Area Irrigated by Canals

Chainage Description of No. of field Canal Area

S.No Parent Canal
(m) Canal Canals Length(m) (ha)

1 L. Main Canal 626.95 LFC1-0-0-1 1 220.64 4.05

2 844.03 LFC1-0-0-2 1 301.24 5.53

936.60 LSC1-1 - 502.03

3 1044.03 LFC1-0-0-3 1 193.41 3.42

4 1237.57 LFC1-0-0-4 1 176.26 3.23

5 1444.03 LFC1-0-0-5 1 174.78 2.95

6 1634.97 LFC1-0-0-6 1 160.10 2.67

7 1831.02 LFC1-0-0-7 1 190.01 2.99

8 2021.09 LFC1-0-0-8 1 271.53 4.04

9 2443.06 LTC1-0-1 3 502.03 10.84

10 R. Main Canal 96.315 RFC1-0-0-1 1 305.38 5.07

11 197.08 RTC1-0-1 4 761.954 13.03

RSC1-1 - 132.00 61.31

12 R. Secondary 132.00 6
RTC1-1-1 954.75 24.46
Canal

13 L. Secondary 182.858 7
LTC1-1-1 1291.457 31.41
Canal

14 817.116 LTC1-1-2 6 1165.097 29.9

Total Area (ha) 143.59

Sample tertiary canal design

Canal Parameters
Duty, q = 2.0 l/sec/ha
Canal name = LTC1-1-1
Command Area, A = 31.41ha
Section of Channel = Trapezoidal
Anuba Dam, its Appurtenance Structures & irrigation System Detailed Design Report 97
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources Engineering Corporation of Oromia (ECO)

Design Discharge, Q d = q*CA = 0.0628m3/s

Canal bed width, b = 0.35m
Water Depth, d = 0.25m
Canal Side Slope = 1:1
Water area, A = 0.15m2
Wetted Perimeter, P = 1.057m
Hydraulic Radius, R = 0.142m
Roughness Coefficient, n = 0.025
Canal bed slope, S = 0.0015m/m
Flow Velocity, V = 0.42m/s
T w – Top width (m) =0 .85m
F b, free board (m) = 0.15m
Calculated discharge (Qc) =0.0631m3/s, since the calculated discharge is slightly greater
than the designed or required discharge, it is ok!

12.5.5 Field Canal

Generally the field channels are earthen open channels which takeoff water from the tertiary
canals. In addition to this general arrangement there are 9No. field channels which directly
takeoff from the main canals. The alignment of the field canals are across the contour on the
ridge so that they can supply furrows on both sides. These canals are the last watercourses that
directly supply irrigation water to the farm plots. While main canal, secondary canals and tertiary
canals are designed as telescopic with successive reduction of discharges from head to tail, the
design section of field channels will remain constant from head to tail.
12.6 Drainage System Design
For design of a drainage system, the drainage requirement or the drainable surplus has to be
known. This is the amount of water that must be removed from an area within a certain period so
as to avoid an unacceptable rise in the levels of the groundwater or accumulation of surface
water in the form of sheet erosion and/or irrigation excess. Removing the drainable surplus has
the following advantages:

• It prevents excess water logging in the fields by artificially draining out of the irrigation
area via the collector drains and finally to natural outlets.

• It minimizes the accumulation of salts brought in by irrigation before reaching a

concentration level that would be harmful to crops.
Anuba Dam, its Appurtenance Structures & irrigation System Detailed Design Report 98
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources Engineering Corporation of Oromia (ECO)

• It keeps the ground water table sufficiently deep from the root zone

Field drains for a surface drainage system have a different shape from field drains for subsurface
drainage. Surface drainage systems have to allow farm equipment to cross them and should be
easy to maintain with manual labor and/or remove weeds in canals with ordinary mowers.
Surface runoff reaches the field drains by flow through row furrows or by sheet flow. In the
transition zone between drain and field, flow velocities should not induce erosion.

The removal of irrigation excess and sheet erosion from the fields requires the amount of
drainable flow and sufficient channels have to be provided. For this purpose field drains are
proposed at the far end of the field units. These field drains collect flows to tertiary drains. There
are no secondary drains designed for this project since the tertiary drains empty into the natural
channels to remove undesirable flows away from the irrigated areas.

The volume of drainable surplus is determined by using the drainage duty and area of drainage.
The drainage duty is estimated as 8.30 l/s/ha for this particular project. (see hydrology report)

12.7 Drainage design requirement:

Unlike the Irrigation canals as the drainage flow in the channel advances, it collects additional
flows from the successive fields thus forming larger discharges. Thus two or more field drains
collect to form Tertiary drains.

Table 11: Drainage requirement

Area Duty Discharge Discharge

TD FD Chainage (m)
(ha) (l/s/ha) (l/s) (m3/s)

LFD1-0-0-3 0+000 1.64 8.3 13.612 0.0136

LFD1-0-0-4 0+097.953-0+198.432 3.45 8.3 28.635 0.0286
LFD1-0-0-5 0+300.18-0+403.55 3.14 8.3 26.062 0.0261
LFD1-0-0-6 0+507.78-0+604.32 3.07 8.3 25.481 0.0255
LFD1-0-0-7 0+799.45-0+888.866 2.75 8.3 22.825 0.0228
LFD1-0-0-8 0+979.745-1+186.996 3.79 8.3 31.457 0.0315
LFD1-0-0-9 1+186.996 (end) 1.93 8.3 16.019 0.0160
LTD1-0-1 19.77 8.3 164.091 0.1641

Area Duty Discharge Discharge

TD FD/FC Ch.
(ha) (l/s/ha) (l/s) (m3/s)

Anuba Dam, its Appurtenance Structures & irrigation System Detailed Design Report 99
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources Engineering Corporation of Oromia (ECO)

LFD1-1-1-1 0+0-197.435 1.89 8.3 15.687 0.0157

LFD1-1-1-2 197.435-402.553 4.55 8.3 37.765 0.0378
LFD1-1-1-3 402.553-603.328 4.54 8.3 37.682 0.0377
LFD1-1-1-4 603.328-798.457 3.96 8.3 32.868 0.0329
LFD1-1-1-5 798.457-978.748 4.48 8.3 37.184 0.0372
LFD1-1-1-6 978.748-1185.935 4.22 8.3 35.026 0.0350
LFD1-1-1-7 1185.935-1345.657 4.53 8.3 37.599 0.0376
LFD1-1-1-8 3.24 8.3 26.892 0.0269
LTD1-1-1 31.41 8.3 260.703 0.2607

Area Duty Discharge Discharge

TD FD/FC Ch.
(ha) (l/s/ha) (l/s) (m3/s)

RFD1-0-1-1 0+0 1.13 8.3 9.379 0.0094

RFD1-0-1-2 0-198.956 2.65 8.3 21.995 0.0220
RFD1-0-1-3 198.96-412.658 4.36 8.3 36.188 0.0362
RFD1-0-1-4 412.658-621.487 3.4 8.3 28.22 0.0282
RFD1-0-1-5 621.487-728.487 1.49 8.3 12.367 0.0124
RTD1-0-1 728.922-967.156 13.03 8.3 108.149 0.1081

Sample Tertiary Drain Design

Design Parameters
Tertiary Drain (RTD1-0-1)
Drainage area = 13.03ha
Drainage duty = 8.3 l/s/ha
Discharge (Q) = 13.03*8.30/1000 =0.108m3/s
Manning’s Constant (n) = 0.03
Channel shape = Trapezoidal with side slope 1:1
Drainage flow depth (d) = 0.35m
Chanel bed width (b) = 0.45m
Water area (m2) = d*(b+1*d) =0.35*(0.45+0.35) = 0.28m2
Wetted Perimeter(m)= b+2*√2*d = 0.45+2*√2*0.35 = 1.44m
Hydraulic Radius = 0.194m
Flow velocity: To avoid siltation drainage flow should be between 0.3-0.9m/s

Anuba Dam, its Appurtenance Structures & irrigation System Detailed Design Report 100
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources Engineering Corporation of Oromia (ECO)

With an estimated channel bed slope of 0.0012m/m, V = 0.388m/s

And the calculated discharge (Qcal) = 0.109m3/s. This calculated discharge is greater than the
required design discharge of 0.108m3/s. Therefore the drainage channel can carry the design
discharge. So the design is OK.

12.8 Irrigation Infrastructure

The flow of irrigation water in the canals must always be under control. For this purpose, canal
structures are required. They help in regulating the flow and deliver the correct amount of water
to the different branches of the system and onwards to the irrigated fields. There are four main
types of structures: erosion control structures, distribution control structures, crossing structures
and water measurement structures. In this particular scheme the following structures have been
provided.
12.9 Drop Structures
Whenever the natural ground profile is steeper than the design canal bed slope, drops have to be
provided to avoid high flow velocities. The ground slope along the canals in the project area is
generally steeper than the water surface slope (1:500), which is required to limit the flow
velocity. So that, providing a fall or chute is imminent to secure lowering of the water surface in
a canal and to dissipate the energy liberated. Fall is located at a point upstream where the full
supply level exceeds the natural ground level such that the drop structure is positioned in cutting
than in fill. Vertical and chute drop type is selected since the discharge through the canal system
is small i.e. less than 400 liters per second. Drops of 2.50m, 1.50m, 1.00m, 0.75m and 0.50m
vertical drop height is provided for ease of construction in most part of the canal.

Anuba Dam, its Appurtenance Structures & irrigation System Detailed Design Report 101
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources Engineering Corporation of Oromia (ECO)

Table 3: Drop structures on the main and secondary canals

No Name of Canal Chainage(m) Drop height(m) Discharge(m3/s

1 L.M.C1 344.03 1.00 0.202
2 1064.03 0.75 0.055
3 1144.03 0.75 0.055
4 1237.57 0.75 0.055
5 1384.03 1.00 0.05
6 1144.03 1.00 0.05
7 1538.94 0.75 0.04
8 1704.00 1.00 0.036
9 1784.40 0.75 0.036
10 1864.03 0.75 0.0307
11 2044.03 0.75 0.023
12 L.S.C1-1 20.00 1.50 0.128
13 40.00 1.50 0.128
14 60.00 1.50 0.128
15 80.00 1.50 0.128
16 100.00 1.50 0.128
17 120.00 1.50 0.128
18 177.512 1.50 0.128
19 220.00 1.50 0.061
20 280.00 1.50 0.061
21 320.00 1.50 0.061
22 340.00 2.00 0.061
23 380.00 2.00 0.061
24 420.00 2.00 0.061
25 458.503. 2.00 0.061
26 460.00 1.50 0.061
27 520.00 2.00 0.061

Hydraulic Calculation for the 0.75m drop on left main canal

Input Parameters:
Discharge, Q =0.055m3/s
Upstream water depth, h1, =0.30m
Upstream water velocity, V1 =0.37m/s
Downstream water depth h2, =0.20m
Downstream water velocity, V2= 0.55m/s
Drop height, h =0.75m
𝑄
Drop width = 𝑏𝑐 =0.734 * 3 = 0.062
ℎ1 2

Anuba Dam, its Appurtenance Structures & irrigation System Detailed Design Report 102
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources Engineering Corporation of Oromia (ECO)

𝑄
Unit discharge= q =𝑏 = 0.887
𝑐

𝑞2 1
Critical depth = 𝑦𝑐 = ( ) 3 = 0.026m
𝑔

Stilling basin:
𝑄0.5
Basin width, B=18.46* = 0.4m
(𝑄+9.91)
𝑦 𝑦
Basin length = L= [2.5+1.1*( 𝑍𝑐 ) + 0.70 ( 𝑍𝑐 )3 ]* √𝑧 ∗ 𝑦𝑐 = 3.0m
yc
Lip height a = = 0.013m
2

Upstream and downstream protection =1.2+1.5*√𝑄 = 1.55m

12.10 Division Boxes
Division structures or boxes regulate the flow from one canal to another, or to several other
canals. They usually consist of a box with vertical walls in which controllable openings are
provided. Metal or wooden slide gates or stop-logs are usually installed to regulate the division
of flow at all times and to shut off flow in any branch when desired.
The width of each outlet is generally proportional to the division of water to be made. In lined
canals, a full gate opening at the intake to the box is made covering approximately the same area
as the canal flow section since the canal is designed to carry water at relatively high velocities. In
earth canals, gate openings can be dimensioned by assuming a velocity of about 1.5 m/ s in the
opening section. Reinforced concrete transitions are provided below the gates on larger
structures. Hydraulic losses through gate openings are seldom controlling factors in designing
division boxes. When the gates are operated at full openings, entrance losses are simply
transition losses. When operated at partial openings, available heads are not fully utilized so that
increased losses due to gate contractions are not important.
The division box is constructed at the junction point where an irrigation sub-lateral branches into
two or three farm ditches. The division box is not used to divide water carried in by the sub-
lateral between farm ditches. It is used to turn the whole flow of water alternatively into one of
the ditches according to a preset irrigation schedule.
12.11 Turnouts
Turnouts are needed to provide a quick and easy means off taking water from the head ditch to
field ditches or border dikes. They can be made of wood, metal or concrete. For this specific

Anuba Dam, its Appurtenance Structures & irrigation System Detailed Design Report 103
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources Engineering Corporation of Oromia (ECO)

project 81 numbers of turnouts have been installed on secondary canal, tertiary canal & main
canals. Some of them are described in the following table below.

Table 4 off-take structures available on main and secondary canal

Area(ha
No Parental Canal Name of canal Chainage (m) Discharge(m3/s)
)
0 LMC1 Left Main Canal 0-626.95 0.202 101.03
1 LMC1 LFC1-0-0-1 626.95 0.195 97.00
2 LFC1-0-0-2 844.03 0.186 91.47
3 LSC1-1 936.60 0.061 30.16
4 LFC1-0-0-3 1044.03 0.054 26.74
5 LFC1-0-0-4 1237.57 0.050 23.51
6 LFC1-0-0-5 1444.03 0.041 20.56
7 LFC1-0-0-6 1634.97 0.035 17.89
8 LFC1-0-0-7 1831.02 0.030 14.90
9 LFC1-0-0-8 2021.09 0.022 10.86
10 LTC1-0-1 2443.06 0.022 10.86
RMC1 R. Main Canal 0-96.315 0.085 42.56
11 RMC1 RFC1-0-0-1 96.315 0.075 37.49
12 RSC1-1 197.08 0.026 13.03
13 RTC1-0-1 197.08 0.021 13.03
Left Secondary
LSC1-1 Canal 0-182.858 0.123 61.31
16 LSC1-1 LTC1-1-1 182.858 0.063 31.41
17 LTC1-1-2 1977.71 0.060 29.9
20 RSC1-1 RTC1-1-1 817.116 0.049 24.46

Design of turnout / field off takes

The flow in turnouts and field off takes is governed by orifice formula given below. It basically
depends on the pipe size and head creating flow.
Q=CdA(2gh)
h=y-(D/2) and A=D2/4
Where;
Cd = is the coefficient of discharge equals to 0.80 for submerged out flow and 0.6 for
free out flow
A = is the cross sectional area of pipe
g = acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m/s) and
h = is the head creating flow in meter.
Sample turnout design on right main canal at a distance of 295m from headwork
Anuba Dam, its Appurtenance Structures & irrigation System Detailed Design Report 104
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources Engineering Corporation of Oromia (ECO)

Design data
✓ FC-1-1-1
Design discharge = 0.0081m3/s
Parent canal full supply level =1516.797m
Off- taking canal full supply level =1516.647
Off-taking canal depth = 0.15m
Off-taking canal bed level =1516.497m
It is designed as submerged orifice flow.
Design of the intake pipe
Considering a pipe diameter of 0.15m the determined discharge using orifice weir formula
Q=CdA(2gh)
Where; Cd = 0.6, A = 0.018m2, hL= 0.15m the calculated discharge is = 0.019m3/s.>the design
discharge of 0.0081
hence the capacity of the calculated pipe diameter can supply the required flow, it is ok
Each field off take and turn out has to be controlled with simple shutters with chain to lift to
required level.

Anuba Dam, its Appurtenance Structures & irrigation System Detailed Design Report 105
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources Engineering Corporation of Oromia (ECO)

12.12 Access Road

An access road way is included in conservation plan to provide a safe, fixed route of travel for
moving equipment, products and supplies. The practice applies to roads that provide access for
proper management of the activities including operation and maintenance. The roads also
provide access to farms, ranches, specific fields and various kinds of structures.
For this specific project an access road of length 2.9km from the head works along the left main
canal and approximately 1000m along the right main canal to irrigated farms. It is critically
required to avail access to nearest all weather road to provide market access to get farm supplies
like seeds, fertilizers, herbicides and transport farm products to consumer areas. .

12.13 Conclusion and Recommendation

12.13.1Conclusion
The project command area is totally located in highly drainage area where farmers

growing grass for their cattle and market value (fodder) once per year.

The main canals run along the contours whereas the secondary canals run across the

contours. As a result the canals are decided to lined canals and a number drop structures

are included in the design to dissipate the energy of flow. .

Awareness about irrigation has been created in good manner for farmers.

Anuba Dam, its Appurtenance Structures & irrigation System Detailed Design Report 106
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources Engineering Corporation of Oromia (ECO)

12.13.2 Recommendation
To make the beneficiary farmers get higher yields and increase their annual and seasonal

income, all the irrigation area has to be constructed as per the design and follow the

development by DA’s and other agriculture sector agents is of prime importance.

The irrigation area is found on the sloping area and hence drainage networks included in

the design are minimized. So, it is necessary to carefully follow and protect the system

from sheet erosion.

In order to protect canal erosion and minimize maintenance costs the main and secondary

canals are designed as lined canals.

Anuba Dam, its Appurtenance Structures & irrigation System Detailed Design Report 92
Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources Engineering Corporation of Oromia (ECO)

REFERENCE
Irrigation Engineering and Hydraulic structures by S.K.Garg

Design of small canal structures

Open Channel Hydraulics VEN TE CHOW, Ph.D.

Hydraulic Structures by C.D. SMITH

OIDA irrigation design manuals

Different published irrigation engineering materials

Hydraulic design of barrages and weirs - guidelines

Anuba Dam, its Appurtenance Structures & irrigation System Detailed Design Report 93