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Taylor's Series, Convexity and Concavity, Asymptotes, Curvature, Curve Tracing

The document is a tutorial sheet covering topics including Taylor series, convexity/concavity, asymptotes, and curve tracing. It contains 10 problems: 1) Finding Taylor series for various functions. 2) Finding Maclaurin series for functions. 3) Approximating functions and estimating errors in approximations. 4) Finding points of inflection and intervals of concavity for curves. 5) Finding curvature and radius of curvature for curves at given points. 6) Finding curvature of a parabola at various points. 7) Finding envelopes of families of curves. 8) Finding the envelope of a family of ellipses with a

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Prasann Katiyar
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49 views

Taylor's Series, Convexity and Concavity, Asymptotes, Curvature, Curve Tracing

The document is a tutorial sheet covering topics including Taylor series, convexity/concavity, asymptotes, and curve tracing. It contains 10 problems: 1) Finding Taylor series for various functions. 2) Finding Maclaurin series for functions. 3) Approximating functions and estimating errors in approximations. 4) Finding points of inflection and intervals of concavity for curves. 5) Finding curvature and radius of curvature for curves at given points. 6) Finding curvature of a parabola at various points. 7) Finding envelopes of families of curves. 8) Finding the envelope of a family of ellipses with a

Uploaded by

Prasann Katiyar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Department of Mathematics and Computing

Mathematics I
Tutorial Sheet-I
(Taylor’s Series, Convexity and Concavity, Asymptotes, Curvature, Curve tracing)

1. Find the first four non-zero terms of the Taylor series generated by function f (x) .
√ 1 1
(i) f (x) = 3 + x2 at x = −1 (ii) f (x) = 1−x at x = 2 (iii) f (x) = at x = 3
1+x
1 1
(iv) f (x) = at x = a > 0 (v) f (x) = at x = −2 (vi) f (x) = sin x2 at x = 1
x 1 + x2
1
(vii) f (x) = log(1 − x2 ) at x = 2 (viii) f (x) = e−2x at x = (ix) f (x) = cosh x at x = 1
2
(x) f (x) = tan x at x = 1.

2. Find the Maclaurin series for the following functions


1 1 2x
(i) f (x) = (ii) f (x) = (iii) f (x) = sin πx (iv) f (x) = sin
1 − 2x 1 + x√3 3
2
5/2
(v) f (x) = cos(x ) (vi) f (x) = cos 5x (vii) f (x) = e(πx/2) (viii) f (x) = e−x .
1
(ix) f (x) = log(1 + x) (x) f (x) = (xi) f (x) = sinh x
1 + x2
3. (i) Calculate e with an error of 10−6 .  3
(ii) For what values of x can we replace sin x by x − x3! with an error of magnitude no greater than
3 × 10−4 ?  3
(iii) For approximately what values of x can you replace sin x by x − x6 with an error of magnitude no
greater than 5 × 10−4 ? Give reasons for your answer.
(iv) How close is the approximation sin x = x when |x| < 10−3 ? For which of these values of x is x < sin x?
√
(v) The estimate 1 + x = 1 + x2 is used

 when x is small. Estimate the error when |x| < 0.01.
x2
(vi) The approximation ex = 1 + x + 2 when x is small. Use the Remainder Estimation Theorem to
estimate the error when |x| < 0.1.  
x3
(vii) Estimate the error in the approximation sinh x = x + 3! when |x| < 0.5. (Hint: R4 not R3 ).
(viii) When 0 ≤ h ≤ 0.01, show that eh may be replaced by 1 + h with an error of magnitude no greater
than 0.6% of h. Use e0.01 = 1.01.
(ix) For what values of x can you replace ln(1 + x) by x with an error of magnitude no greater than 1%
of the value of x?

4. Find the point of inflection and the intervals in which the given curves are concave upward and concave
downward.
1
(i) y = x3 − 3x2 + 6x + 5 (ii) y = (iii) y = x4 − x3
x−3
(iv) y = cot−1 x + x (v) y = x3 ln(x), x 0 (vi) y = (1 + x2 )ex .

5. Find the curvature and radius of curvature of the following curves at the indicated points. The constant
a is positive.
(i) x = a (t − sin t), y√
= a (1 − cos t) at t = π (ii) y = a cosh(x/a) at (0, a)
(iii) y = x2 + ln (x + 1 + x2 ) at (0, 0) (iv) x = a ln (sec t + tan t), y = a sec t at t = 0.

6. Determine the curvature of the parabola y 2 = 2px:


(a) at an arbitrary point M (x, y);
(b) at the point M1 (0, 0);
(c) at the point M2 ( p2 , p).

7. Find the equation of the envelope of the given family of the curves (p is a parameter).
(i) y = px + 3/(2p) (ii) (x − p)2 + (y − p)2 = p2 (iii) x tan p + y sec p = 5.

x2 y2
8. Find the envelope of all the ellipses a2 + b2 = 1, which have a constant area A = πab.
9. Find all the asymptotes to the given curves.
(i) y = e2/x − 1 (ii) y = √x+1
x2 −4
(iii) (y − 2)(x2 − 1) = 5 (iv) The hyperbolic spiral r = a/θ
x−4
(v) y = 2 (vi) x5 + y 5 = 5ax2 y 2 .
x + 4x + 3
10. Sketch the graph of the following curves.
(i) y = x/(1 + x2 ) (ii) y 2 x = a2 (a − y) (iii) y = (x−1)(x−3)
x2
(iv) r = a (1 + cos θ), a > 0 (v) y = x4 − 6x2 (vi) y 2 = (x − 1)(x − 2)2 , (vii) y = x5 − 5x4 .
(viii) x = a (t + sin t), y = a (1 − cos t) as t varies from −π to π
5(x−2)(x+1)
(ix) r = aeθ cot α (x) r = a sin 3θ, a > 0 (xi) y = x2 +2x+4 .

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