NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM

CIVIC WELFARE TRAINING SERVICE

LOLITA ‘LOY’ MAGUIGAD

Bachelor of Arts- Social Development and Community Organizing St.

Scholastica College Manila
Community Organizer - Urban Poor institute for Community Building UPICOB
1995-1996
Case Worker and National Coordinator - BALAY INC. 1996-1999
Program Officer - welfare and Rehabilitation of FIND INC 200-2004
Project Development Officer - TFDP (Task Force Detainees of the Philippines) 2005-
2009
Resident Consultant - Brainfood Publishers

NATIONAL TRAINING SEVICE PROGRAM - CIVIC WELFARE TRAINING SERVICE

FIRST EDITION - MAY2012

Philippine Copyright 2012 by LIBRO FILIINO

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

Any copy that does not bear the signature of the author will be considered as having come
from an unauthorized source. No part, portion or section of the book may be copied, used or
reproduced without the author’s authorization.

Authorized Signature Serial Number

Printed and Exclusively distributed by LIBRO FILIPINO - 910 S.H Loyola T.: Sampaloc
Manila Tel.No. 7359684 4708136

FOREWORD

This NSTP book (CWTS Part 1) is intended to provide in a convenient manner basic
concepts and other related information which will help tertiary and vocational students
acquire a background for a better understanding of civil service welfare, nationalism, and
patriotism particularly applied to the context of Philippine situation and realities, and
processes that, in the process, will develop in them national spirit, interest in awareness, and
civic consciousness.

The book does not only present the vital role of the youth in nation building but also of
the concepts of education, civic duty and the attendant obligations and responsibilities that
come with it. The students are also expected to set about the task of shaping for themselves
not only a pattern of correct set of values and attitude the part in people’s participation and
empowerment.

The inculcation of nationalistic and patriotic ideals and service oriented values in this
book may inspire the NSTP Students, as junior citizens, to resolute, even heroic action in
contributing to the solution of any social, economic and political maladies that will beset the
country.

It as also urgently premised that NSTP students must have adequate knowledge of their
constitutional and legal rights and may be needed to use as a guide for building national
character and breeding responsible citizenship in a democratic and republican society.

This book should provide the NSTP Students with the cornerstones from which they will
build the structures needed to strengthen the blueprint for national development.

The Authors

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

WE ARE GRATEFUL TO:

Prof Rogelio B. Maguigad, for allowing us the use of portions f his books cited in the
bibliography; UE/CAS Professor Dr. Rogelio Espiritu, and the social science staff of Libro
Filipino; for their moral and technical support

Atty. Joven Evangelsita and Atty Vanessa Maguigad, for consultation on legal matters Maria
Thea Q. Maguigad, Loy Maguigad and Beverly Rabino, for encoding and proofreading the
manuscripts.

The authors and publishers and sources cited and acknowledged in the bibliography and
references.

The Authors

TABLE OF CONTENTS
MODULE 1 - PRIMER ON NSTP

MODULE 2 -VALUES, MORALS AND RESPONSIBILTIES OF THE CITIZENRY

MODULE 3 - PATRIOTISM, NATIONALISM, AND GENERAL GOOD MODULE 4 - EDUCATION

OF THE YOUTH IN NSTP

MODULE 5 - HUMAN BEHAVIOUR (Freedom, Motivation, and Needs) MODULE 6 -

SOCIAL BEAVIOUR
MODULE 7- SOCIALIZATION, SOCIAL PROCESS, AND INTERACTION MODUE 8 - GROUP

DYNAMCS, LEADERSHIP ROLES AND QUALITIES MODULE 9 - COMMUNITY ORGANIZING

MODULE 10 - DRUG ABUSE AND JUVENILE DELINQUENCY

MODULE 11 - SOCIAL ISSUES AND OTHER CONCERNS MODULE 12

- WOMEN AND GENDER ISSUES

MODULE 13 - PROSTITUTION AND HUMAN TRAFFICKING MODULE 14 - FAMILY

AND POPULATION CONCERNS MODULE 15 - FAMILY PLANNING

MODULE 16 - DISASTER AWARENESS, PREPAREDNESS AND

MANAGEMENT
MODULE 17 - HUMAN SECURITY MODULE 18 -

ECOLOGICAL SECURITY

MODULE 19 - ECOLOGICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT

APPENDIX A- HUMAN SECURITY (As guaranteed by the Bill of ights of the 1987 Philippine
Constitution

MODULE 1

PRMER ON NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM (REPUBLIC ACT 9163)

The National Service Training Program (NSTP) was created by Republic Act 9163
(National Service Training Act). Enacted into law by the Philippine Legislature on December
19, 2001, it expands the ROTC program from military defense training and preparedness to
include literacy and civic welfare programs. It is also aimed at developing in the junior
citizen’s civic consciousness and their moral/ethical perspectives on national concerns while
undergoing any of its components namely: Reserve Officers’ Training Corps (ROTC); Civic
Welfare Training Service (CWTS); and Literary Training Service (LTS). Effective academic
year 2002-2003, all students enrolled in any baccalaureate (4 year course) or at least two-
year technical/vocational courses are required t complete six (6) units of any of the NSTP
program components.

OBJECTIVES

At the end of the session, each student should:

a) Understand the principles and objectives of Republic Act 9163, also known as the
National Service Training Act (NSTP)

b) Explain the basic concepts and principles of the NSTP and the requirements of the
NSTP course and grading systems.

c) Be well oriented on the requirements of the NSTP course and grading systems.
 d) Be well oriented on the requirements of the NSTP course and grading systems.

REPUBLIC ACT 9163

● It is an Act creating the National Service Training Program (NSTP) for use and
guidance of tertiary/collegiate level students.
●
● It amends R.A. 9163 is fully implemented effective Academic Year 2002- 2003

● It refers to the course/program aimed at developing and enhancing the civic

consciousness ad defense preparedness of the Filipino Youth.

● It develops ethics of service moral values, attitudes and patriotism in the youth while
they undergo training in any of the three (3) program components, thereby, in the
process making them the youth’s complementary and active contribution to the
general good.

● It was signed into law by then President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, in response to the
public clamor for reforms in relation to the Reserved Officers Training Corps
(ROTC) Program.

● Three (3) government agencies-Commission on Higher Education (CED), Technical

Education Skills Development Authority (TESDA), and Department of National
Defense (DND)-are mandated to strictly implement the Law.

● The CHED or TESDA regional offices shall oversee and closely monitor the
implementation of the NSTP in their respective jurisdictions.

THE THREE PROGRAM COMPONENTS OF NSTP

1. The Reserve Officers training Corps (ROTC) course provides military training to
collegiate/tertiary level students. The program is designed to motivate, train, organize and
mobilize them for military service and national defense preparedness.

2. The Literacy Training Service (LTS) is created to train the tertiary level students to
teach Literacy and numeracy skills to school children, out-of-school youth and other
sectors of society in need of these services.

3. The Civic Welfare Training Service (CWTS) refers to activities contributory to the
enhancement, safety, recreation and good moral conduct of the citizenry and to other
related social welfare services.
4.

PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION

Coverage:
 ⮚ All incoming freshmen students, male and female, starting School Year 2002-2003,
enrolled in any baccalaureate and in at least two (2) year technical-vocational or
associate courses, are required to complete one (1) NSTP component of their choice
as a graduation requirement.

⮚ All higher and technical-vocational education institutions must offer at least one (1) of
the NSTP components.

⮚ State Universities and Colleges shall offer the ROTC component and at least one (1)
other NSTP component.

⮚ The Philippine Military Academy (PMA), the Philippine Merchant Marine Academy
(PMMA), and Philippine National Police Academy (PNPA), in view of the special
character of these institutions are exempt from the NSTP.

⮚ Private higher and technical-vocational education institutions with at least

350 student cadets may offer the ROTC component and consequently establish/
maintain Department of Military Science and Tactics, subject to the existing rules and
regulations of the Armed Forces of the Philippines. (AFP)

⮚ Each of the NSTP components shall be undertaken for an academic duration of two
(2) semesters.

⮚ A component shall be credited for three (3) units per semester, with fifty- four (54) to
ninety (90) training hours per semester.

⮚ A one (1) summer program in lieu of the wo (2) semesters may be deigned,
formulated and adopted by the DND, CHED and TESDA, subject to the capability of
the school and the AFP to handle the same.
⮚
CLUSTERING

Clustering of students from different education institutions during semester or summer

periods may be done for any of the NSTP component, taking into account logistics, branch of
service and geographical location. The host school shall be responsible in managing the
program.

CROSS-ENROLLMENT

Schools that do not meet the required number of students to maintain the optional ROTC
and any of the NSTP components, or do not open a component chosen by the students, shall
allow their students to cross-enroll o other educational institutions irrespective of whether
such school is under CHED or TESDA. However, students intending to cross enroll shall be
subject to the existing rules and regulations of the school of origin and the accepting school.

⮚ The school authorities shall exercise academic and administrative supervision over
the design, formulation, adoption and implementation of the different NSTP
components in their respective schools.

⮚ Schools which have contracted CHED-accredited or TESDA-recognized NGOs to

formulate and administer training modules for any of the NSTP components shall jointly
 exercise such academic and administrative supervision with those NGOs.

⮚ CHED and TESDA shall issue the necessary guidelines for accreditation of NGOs and
training modules to be utilized by these NGOs.

⮚ CHED Regional Offices, TESDA Provincial /District Offices ad DND-AFP shall oversee
and monitor the implementation of the NSTP to determine if the trainings conducted are
in consonance with the NSTP Law.

⮚ These offices shall submit periodic/regular reports to the central offices of CHED,
TESDA and DND.

ORGANIZATION OF NSTP GRADUATES

● Graduates of the non-ROTC components of the NSTP shall belong to the National
Service Reserve COrps (NSRC) and could be tapped by he State for Literacy and civic
welfare activities through the joint efforts of DND, CHED,
●
TESDA, in coordination with DILG, DSWD and other concerned
agencies/organizations/associations.
● CHED, TESDA and DND in consultation with other concerned government and
NGOs, shall issue the necessary guidelines for the establishment, organization, maintenance
and utilization of the National Reserve Corps (NSRC)

SUSPENSION OF ROTC

The completion of ROTC training as requisite for graduation is set-aside for students
Who have completed all their academic requirements for their respective courses as certified
by the school on or before the effectivity of the NSTP Act of 2001 (Mach
23. 2002). They may apply for graduation with their respective school.

TRANSITORY PROVISIONS

⮚ Male students who are not covered by suspension for the ROTC requirement and are
currently enrolled but have not taken any of the Military Service (MS), Civic Welfare
Service (CWS) or Law Enforcement Services (LES) programs shall be covered by the
NSTP Law.

⮚ Male students who have completed two (2) semester of the Expanded ROTC (E- ROTC)/
National Service Program (NSP) are deemed too have complied with the STP
requirement.

⮚ Male students who are not covered by the ROTC suspension requirement and have taken
only one (1) semester of Basic ROTC shall take one more semester of any of the NSTP
components to qualify for graduation.

STUDENTS INCENTIVES PROVIDED FOR BY THE NSTP

✔ A program for assistance/incentives for ROTC students from DND which will be in
accordance with existing laws ad regulations and subject to the availability of funds.
✔ The school authorities concerned CHED and TESDA shall ensure that health and
accident group insurances are provided to students enrolled in any of the NSTP
components.
✔
✔ A special scholarship program for qualified NSTP shall be administered by CHED and
TESDA subject to the availability of funds.

What is the NATIONAL DEFENSE ACT?

⮚ Commonwealth Act No.1 (National Defense Act) was the first Law enacted by the
National Assembly on December 21, 1935 and was approved by Commonwealth
President Manuel L. Quezon.

⮚ The Law became the legal basis for the creation of the Philippine Army, the forerunner
of the AFP.

⮚ As provided by The National Defense Act, the Philippine Army consisted of a small
regulate force and backed up by a large reserve force. Quezon appointed General Doulas
MacArthur, as the Field Marshall of the Army of the Philippines proceeded to develop
and adopt a “Citizen Army.”

⮚ The defense plan of General MacArthur and his military colleagues envisioned and
annual draft of abe-bodied, twenty-year old males to undergo intensive military training
for 5 and a half months. ROTC (Reserve Officers Training Course) courses were also
introduced in colleges and universities. The planners estimated that by the time of the
grant of Philippine Independence on 1946, the country would have an army of citizens or
reserves about 400,000 strong.

RELATED ‘’NATIONAL/CIVIL SEVICE’’ PROVISIONS ON ARTICLE II OF THE 1987

CONSTITUTION

Section 3 Civilian Authority is, at all times,, supreme over the military. The Armed Forces of
the Philippines is the protector of the people and the state. Its goal is to secure the
sovereignty of the State and the integrity of the national territory.

Section 4 The prime duty of the Government is to serve and protect the people. The
Government may call upon the people to defend the state and, in the fulfilment thereof, all
citizens may be required, under conditions provided by law, to render personal, military or
civil service.

Compulsory Service to the State

For the defense of the State, all citizens of the republic may be compelled to render personal,
military or civil service. Any citizen may not refuse compulsory military or civil service on
the ground that it is against religious belief.

Section 5 The maintenance of peace and order, the protection of life, liberty and property,
and the promotion of the general welfare are essential for the enjoyment by all the people of
the blessing of democracy.
Section 14. The state recognizes the role of women in nation building, and shall ensure the
fundamental equality before the law of women and men.

LIST OF ACRONYMS

AFP- Armed Forces of the Philippines CHED-

Commission on Higher Education CWTS- Civic
Welfare Training Service
DILG- Department of Interior and Local Government
DND- Department of National Defense
E-ROTC- Extended-Reserved Officers Training Corps
LTS- Literacy Training Service
MS- Military Service
NGO- Non-Government organization NSRC-
National Service Reserve Corps NSTP- National
Service Training Program PMA- Philippine Military
Academy
MMA- Philippine Merchant Marine Academy
PNPA- Philippine National Police Academy
R. A.- Republic Act
ROTC- Reserve Officers Training Corps

TESDA- Technical Education and Skills Development Authority EXERCISES-

PRIMER ON NSTP

NAME COURSE//YEAR
DATE
INSTRUCTOR
SCORE

Fill in the blanks:

1. What does NSTP stand for?

2. NSTP is an expansion of what program?
3. Which Law created the NSTP?
4. When was the NSTP law enacted?
5. What are the three components of NSTP?
 6.
7.
8. For how many semesters are required to complete NSTP?
9. CHED stands for
10. TESDA stands for
11. NGO stands for
12. Commonwealth Act 1 is also known as (x)
13. PNPA stands for
14. (x) Authority is at all times superior over the military
15. Is the protector of the people and the State

I. Brief Explanation (2-5 sentences)

1. How do you define service? What is military and civil service?

2. Why was the ROTC Law repealed and replaced by NSTP LAW

As a Filipino Citizen:

1. How do you see yourself contributing to nation building thru NSTP?

2. What are your belief/concepts about Community and Social Responsibility?

MODULE 2

VALUES, MORALS, AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE CITIZENRY

The study would provide an idea in determining what would be the values and morals of
Filipino Citizens in relation to the greater interest of community and nation building. The
morality of the human acts would play importantly in selecting the correct and proper values
for every Filipino n his/her quest and aspiration for purposeful and better existence.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

At the end of the session, each students is expected to:

1. Understand and promote the Filipino values;

2. Develop and foster genuine love and devotion to one’s Motherland:

3. Support and contribute voluntarily to the patriotic and nationalistic advocacies of the
different sectors in society; and

4. Contribute to strengthen the values and moral development in the family; church; school
and in government.

CONCEPTS OF MORALS AND MORAL CONDUCT

Morality is the quality of conforming to or deriving from right ideals of human conduct

Moral conduct, thus is goodness or uprightness of behavior. What or which is good is

described as moral, that what or which is bad is immoral, and that what or which is
indifferent is amoral.

THE NEED FOR MORALS AND RIGHT CONDUCT OF THE CITIZENRY

The character, behavior, personality or way of life of the Filipino is rooted and
interrelated to his culture, tradition and social norms. However, taught and guided by a
greater value (for example, the attainment of the greatest good for all) such moral value will
help the Filipino in his role in social change.

It is imperative then, that correct moral values in us must not be only a product of one’s
intellect and free will but by being a responsible junior citizen who promotes, serves, and
protects the physical, moral spiritual, intellectual social well- being of the citizenry.

VIRTUE ETHICS
 Aristotle believes that the rational faculty of man achieves its excellence or perfection
through the exercise of virtue. Moral virtue is the result of a habit and ts developed by
constant training. As acts may either be good or bad, so we form virtue or voice b action.

Aristotle called judging actions in this manner of “equity”, is the foundation of modern
law and justice. Virtue is the mean, thus, for every virtue there are two corresponding vices:
the deficiency and the excess. William Shasakian enumerates the 12 Aristotelian moral
virtues with 24 vices.

VICE VIRTUE VICE

(deficiency) (mean) (excess)
1. Cowardice Courage Foolhardiness
2. Insensibility Temperance Licentiousness
3. Illiberality Liberality Prodigality
4. Meanness Magnificence Vulgarity
5. Humility Magnanimity Vanity
6. Lack of Ambition (unnamed) Ambitiousness
7. Unirascibility Gentleness Irascibility
8. Self-depreciation Truthfulness Boastfulness
9. Boorishness Wittiness Buffoonery
10. Contentiousness Friendliness Flattery
11. Shamelessness Modesty Bashfulness
12. Maliciousness Righteous Indignation Envy

VIRTUOUS BEHAVIOUR AS SOURCE OF HUMAN HAPPINESS

According to the ancient Greek philosophers, the way out of the unhappiness of
humanity is for man to actively seek happiness through leading a virtuous, moral life

governed by reason. This makes reason the master over the spirited and appetites elements of a
man.

Happiness was not viewed as a life of continuous physical pleasure, but resulting from a
life devoted to virtuous behavior. Virtue could be acquired through the pursuit of knowledge,
for, as Socrates declared, “To know the good, is to do the good.” However for Aristotle, for
happiness to endure, virtuous activity must be sustained over the individual’s lifetime and
necessitates that the person also must possessed such things as good health, family, friends
and adequate funds.

FILIPINO VALUES

Value is something, as principle, quality or entity intrinsically valuable or desirable.

More comprehensively, Values or “worth” are more lasting genuine merit resting on deeper
intrinsic and enduring qualities of human personality which have an abiding worth under the
test of civilized society. Thus, a value system refers to the system of established values,
norms and goals existing in a society.

Values according to DECS (now DEPed) “a thing has value when it is perceived as good
and desirable…Not only material goods but also ideals and concepts, such as truth, honesty,
and justice” have value. For instance, if truth is a value . . . it commands us an inner
commitment, which in turn translates itself into our daily speech and action. Truth is good
and desirable; it influences attitudes and behavior.” values of different societies are diverse
so that what is held as acceptable by one culture may be regarded as undesirable by others.

Four categories of values:

● Personal Values

Personal Values like honesty, reliability, promptness and rust, help determine how one
will empathize with people and have a socially and politically correct worldview.

● Cultural Values

Cultural Values, (arising from religious beliefs, and customs and traditions), are tenets
that maintain one’s link with his cultural roots. Cultural values bred by ethnicity, regional
commonalities and religion help one’s connection and social interaction to a larger
community of people with similar cultural background.

● Social Values

Social values are brought by social norms that indicate how one can relate meaningfully
to others in groups or in any social situations, including those involving family, friends,
associates and co-workers.

● Work Ethics and Values

Work values are behavioral guidelines in professional contexts and relationship. They
define work ethics and standard on how one work and relate to co-workers, superiors, and
clients/customers. They help one and all to maintain equilibrium and harmony in the
workplace.

Basic Filipino Values

When we speak of Filipino values, we generally give emphasis to the tradition and
culture that shaped Filipino identity. The ‘ugaling pinoy’ expression is a way of explaining
these basic Filipino values.

In the preamble of the 1987 Constitution, one finds explicit declaration of National
values. The phrase ‘the sovereign Filipino people ordain and promulgate” declares that we
are a free people and that sovereign power resides in us. The phrase “imploring the aid of
Almighty God” manifests our value of monotheistic belief- the Belief in One God of the
Filipinos- which is the first and most important value we must regard. From this basic value
of belief in one God and dependence on His Beneficence, are founded the values of Truth,
Justice, freedom, Love, Equality, or Justice, Integrity and Peace. They form into the national
identity.

Other Filipino Values are:

⮚ Religiosity and fear of the Lord (makadiyos)

 ⮚ Community Spirit (bayanihan)
⮚ Love and Concern for others (pakipagkapwa)
⮚ Love of Country (makabayan)
⮚ Faithfulness/Loyalty (Katapatan, walang iwanan)
⮚ Respectful for elders and authority (magalang)
⮚ Sense of Delicadeza
⮚ SOME FILIPINO CHARACTER TRAITS
⮚
Bahala na Attitude

Since the immemorial, the Bahala-na trait or the equivalent of the Spanish Que Sera
Sera, remained an inherent feature in Filipino character. Long and successive periods of
colonization with its attendant policy of oppression and repression produced a fatalistic
people who had accepted every misery with abject resignation. Bahala na bukas, later
became bahala na and Diyos with the introduction of Christianity. Throughout the years, this
coping attitude was not only a resignation to social equality but became a defense mechanism
for Filipinos, to preserve mental balance and mitigate the adverse effects of their failures.

Hospitable and Peaceful

Filipinos consider it a privilege to be able to offer help and friendship to all foreigners,
including their former colonial masters, the Americans and the Japanese who come to the
country. They tend to overdo their hospitality to a fault that some of these aliens often
misconstrue it as a sign of racial weakness.

In our history, the peaceful character of Filipinos was manifested in the blood
compacts among Filipino chieftains, ad between the Datus and the Spanish conquistadores.
The treaties of friendship with other peoples, and the several pledges of cooperation made by
Filipinos with their colonial masters also attested to the peaceful nature of the people.

Religiosity

Filipinos are deeply spiritual and religiously devoted. According to recent findings of
Social Weather Station (1991), it showed that “about eight out of ten Filipinos have strong
beliefs about their religion and these beliefs are stronger, the more urbanized area. The same
survey ?God that 86% of Filipinos have no doubts at all about the existence of God and that
78% of them believe that the courses of their lives is decided by God. Females pray more
frequently than males, and he older generation prays more frequently than the younger
generation.

The best indicator of Filipinos deep-seated religiosity can now be seen through the
regular attendance of the multitude of devotees in El Shaddai, (a Catholic charismaic group)
prayer meeting every Saturday. Millions of Filipinos are also members of the Iglesia ni
Cristo (INC), a homegrown religion, which is independent of the Vatican. The jesus is Lord
and the Jesus Miracle Crusade movements are non- Cathlic groups,, which have at present
more than a million members.

Loyalty and Gratitude

 Filipinos are loyal and grateful to friends who are good and ever reliable in both good
times and in adversity. The phrase mabuting kaibigan, masamang kaaway seems to be typical
Filipino in terms with ttheir relationship with others. Filipinos are ever grateful to their
benefactors and their utang na loob (debt of gratitude) would be subsequently expressed in
ways like- making the benefactor or a godfather or godmother to weddings or baptism of
their children.

Sociologists are baffled by the fact that decades had already passed, yet the Marcos
supporters remain true and loyal to their leader and benefactor and continued to support or
lobby any Marcos-oriented cause espoused by the late leader’s family. It seems that to some
elderly Ilocanos, the rationale of events behind Edsa 1 had never happened. The loyalists of
former President Estrada also displayed the same devotion. When people power (Edsa Dos)
deposed their idol and benefactor on January 2001, more than three months later, these
Estrada’s die-hard stormed Malacanang and attempted to return the former president to
power. Because of his misplaced loyalty, the renewed calls for unity to heal the nation from
succeeding leaders were always ignored.

Adaptability and Resiliency

Filipinos can integrate in any culture and can cope in any climate. International
shipping companies prefer Flipino seamen because of these qualities. Throughout history,
Filipinos experienced abuse, brutalities, calamities and other depredations but they endured
these sufferings. Perhaps of all people the Filipino is known to laugh off his miseries.

Filipinos, unlike the Chinese, Indians, Italians and the Jews, can easily be assimilated
by other cultural environments. The Chinese usually have their China Towns in countries
where they migrate; the indians, italians and the Jews have always their communities to
gravitate around.

The patience and resiliency of Filipinos, however, have limits and these could break
when they are subjected to unjust, illiegal or immoral pressures. The Edsa 1, which was
against the excesses of a dictator, and the Edsa II, which was against corruption and
immorality in government, were proofs of this.

Respect for Elders

A character trait that has remained a customary law among Filipinos is respect for
elders. Generally speaking, Filipino parents do not condone children talking back to them.
Respect for elders includes respect for the authority of elder brothers and sisters. It is the
obligation of the kuya and ate to perform the duties of parents of the younger members of the
family. The words po, ho, opo, oho, in our language definitely show respect for elders.

In the country-sides, the elders almost always demand that the younger members of
the family must obey them, right or wrong. They believe that because of their age and
experience, they should know better. These statements, “our parents know best”, Papunta ka
pa lang, pauwi na ako.” “marami ka pang kakaining bigas.” or “may gatas ka pa sa labi.”
are constant reminders that put a younger person in place. This kind of elderly attitude,
however, reinforces lack of initiative and creativity, and encourages blind obedience among
the young.
 The 1987 Philippine Constitution is probably the only organic law in the world that
specifically provides that the care of aged and elderly citizens should be the duty of the
family (Section 4, Article 15).

RESPONSIBLE CITIZENRY

MEANING OF CITIZEN, SUBJECT, ALIEN AND NATIONAL

A citizen is a member of a political community who enjoys full social, political

economic and cultural rights, and is accorded protection inside and outside the territorial
jurisdiction of the state. In a monarchy, he is often called a subject. An alien is a citizen of a
country who is residing in or passing through another country. He does not enjoy full rights
of a citizen, but is entitled to protection as to his person and property. A national is one who
owes allegiance to a state, without thereby becoming a citizen of the host country.

WHO ARE CITIZENS OF THE PHILIPPINES?

According to Sec 1, Art 4, of the Philippine Constitution, the following are citizens of
the Philippines”

1. Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the adoption of this
Constitution.
2. Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines.
3.
4. Those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect Philippines
citizenship upon reaching the age of majority; and
5. Those are neutralized in accordance with law.

CITIZENSHIP BY BLOOD RELATIONSHIP/PLACE OF BIRTH

1. Jus Sanguinis - blood relationship is the basis for acquiring citizenship. He child follow
the citizenship of the parents or one of them; and
2. Jus soli or jus loci - place of birth is the basis for acquiring citizenship. A person becomes
a citizen of the state where he is born regardless of the citizenship of the parents.

KINDS OF CITIZENS UNDER THE CONSTITUTION

Natural born citizens under the Constitution are those who at the moment of their
birth are already citizens of the Philippines, and do not have to perform any act to acquire or
perfect their Philippine citizenship. Those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers,
who elect Philippine citizenship upon reaching the age of majority, shall be deemed natural
born citizens.

Naturalized citizen is one who was originally a citizen of another state, but who, by a
intervening act, have acquired new citizenship in the country, which adopted him. A person
may be naturalized in two ways:

1. Judgment of the court - a foreigner with all the qualifications and none of the
disqualifications provided by law, and complied with all the procedures and conditions
prescribed by law, and complied with all the procedures and conditions prescribed thereunto,
may apply for naturalizations with the proper Regional Trial Court.

2. By direct act of Congress - the legislature simply enacts an act directly conferring
citizenship on a foreigner.

DUTIES AND OBLIGATIONS OF FILIPINO CITIZENS

Citizens should be aware that for every right, there must be a corresponding duty. Among the
obligations of citizens are:

1. The duty t be loyal to the state. The citizen must be proud of his country, its history,
customs, traditions and institutions. A citizen owes an absolute and
2.
permanent loyalty to his country and this consists of rendering fidelity of the State. Thus, it is
their primary duty to defend their country against and obedience to the democratic and
republican principles his duly constituted government.

3. To defend the state. The people receive benefits and protection as citizens any external
threat to its existence.

4. To uphold and obey the Constitution and laws of the land. It is the duty of every Filipino
citizen to respect and defend the Constitution an to be law-abiding citizens.

5. To engage in gainful work or occupation.

6. To register and vote.

Responsible citizenship carries not only civic consciousness but also one’s awareness of
his rights and the attendant obligations to society and fellowmen. Thus his/her nationalistic
spirit comes to fore before one can render genuine service to the community.

THE FILIPINO CITIZEN’S ROLE IN THE FAMILY, CHURCH, SCHOOL AND GOVERNMENT.

As a Filipino citizen, the individual person is a member of basic institutions (Family,

Crunch, School, and Government) in the country. As such; he/she is not only expected to
follow the moral standards, organization norms or ethics of these institutions but, he/she also
contributes in further developing and enhancing the ideas, aspirations and goals of its
members in order to be productive elements of society..

CITIZEN SOCIAL PARTICIPTION

1. Community Activists: work with others on local problems, form a group to work on local
problems, active membership in community organizations, contact officials on social issues.
2. Apathetic Inactive: no participatory activity, not even voting.
3. Passive Supporters: vote regularly, attend patriotic parades, pay all taxes but don’t
indulge in social projects.
4.
5. Protesters: join in public street demonstrations, protest vigorously if government does
something morally wrong, attend protest meeting, or refuse to obey unjust laws.
6. Communicators: keep informed about the state of the nation, engaged in discussions,
write letters to newspaper editors, send support or protest messages to national and local
leaders.
7. Volunteerism is an essence of democracy which refers to the principle or system of
supporting or doing something by voluntary efforts or actions. It comes from the word
voluntariness or the quality of being free of the exercise of one’s free will; and that such act
or deeds is performed without valuable/material consideration

SYNTHESIS

Being a moral/ethical person, at the same time, a citizen of the Philippines a Filipino
must not only adhere to accepted codes of conduct and norms of behavior whether one is in
religious, political, business organization or simply being a ordinary member of any
community but also practice such in his daily acts. Good moral values entail every
responsible Filipino citizen to know and be ready to make adequate and proper moral
decisions guide by Filipino values and standards and in the process be sensitive to the
attendant consequences of their decisions.

EXERCISES: RESPONSIBLE AND MORAL CITIZENRY

NAME SCORE
COURSE/YEAR DATE
INSTRUCTOR

ENUMERATION

Who are citizen of the Philippines according to Article IV. Sec. 1 of the Philippine
Constitution?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Name at least 5 Filipino values:
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

EXPLAIN.
1. Difference between Personal and Social Values. (10 pts.)

2. Difference between Citizen and Citizenship. (10 pts.)

3. How can one be a moral citizen?

4. What is volunteerism?
5.
MODULE 3
Patriotism and Religion
Religion. There were instances in Philippine history when the religion and patriotism
intertwined. There religious revolts (Tablot, Hermanp Pule. Etc) in our history were not only
caused by religion by intolerance and bigotry of the Spaniards but were motivated by the
Indios love of the native land.
Patriotism and Politics
…Politics. Patriotism can be invoked by both (anti and pro-government) forces of
faction in civil conflict within the nation. Supporters of the government may always claim
the legality and justification of their side and would convenience the people that it would be
patriotic to support them. They consider those who opposed them as a traitor to the
motherland. However, there were instances in history that anti-government revolution were
successful in gaining more mass support from patriotic citizen because they were fighting
against a despotic and corrupt government.
PATRIOTISM AND RELATED CONCEPTS
Ethnicity and Ethnocentrism
A differentiating cultural trait of a people is ethnicity. Ethnicity (from ethnos, meaning
“people” or “nation”) refers to the ancestry of particular group of people who have common
distinguishing traits associated with heritage. Recognition of ethnicity may be based on
language, religion, racial origin, distinct, customs, and tradition. Ethnic communities may
strive for the preservation of their shared ancestry and cultural heritage through the collective
retention of their language, religion, customs and traditions. The preservation of ethnic
values and tradition fosters ethnocentrism, the feeling that one’s own ethnic heritage is
superior.
⮚ Chauvinism denote excessive or blind and negative patriotism. It is generally defined
as Invidious or partially for a group of place to which one belong or has belonged.
⮚ Jingoism refers to clamorous chauvinism or arrogant nationalism marked by
belligerent foreign policy usually advocacy of war as a means to settle disputes. The
terms “warmonger”, “hawk”, “war freak” are synonymous to a “jingoist”
⮚ Fascism or extreme or belligerent nationalism. The ideology of Fascism is anchored
on the idea that what matters most in the nation itself; that citizens can prosper only when
the nation prospers, and it ends up placing the destiny of the nation above that of its
people. Fascists think that some human being are naturally
⮚
better than others; and that they belong to the superior race of nationality. Under Fascism
all human interaction, including economic activities, are necessarily subject to the absolute
disciple of the state and its leader. Fascism is also a system characterized by a rigid one-
party dictatorship, the forcible oppression of the opposition, the retention of private
ownership of the means of production under centralized government control. Fascists
promote the glorification of war.
NATION’S COHESIVENESS
 Political scientists refers to centripetal forces as those that bind together the police of a
state, which enable it to function and give it stability and strength. Centrifugal forces, on the
other hand, destabilize and weaken the state.
1. CENTRIPETAL FORCES – Examples of centripetal forces are nationalism; unifying
institution, effective organization, and administration of government.
a. Unifying institution such as schools (particularly elementary level) are expected to
inculcate goals, values, culture and traditions. The armed forces and police organization are
also unifying institutions. They fulfill their primary goal as protectors – giving both internal
and external security to the citizenry. In some countries. The state religion becomes the force
pf cohesion on helping to unify the population. This is experienced in theocratic Iran; Judaism
in Israel, and the Roman Catholic Church in the Republic of Ireland.
b. Effective Organization and Administration of Government – is the state responsive to
the needs of the people? Can it provide security from external and internal forces? Are the
rule of law and the judicial system firmly established? The affirmative answer to all of these
questions manifest some of the trademarks of effective governance in the state.
1. CENTRIFUGAL FORCES - Destabilizing centrifugal forces in state are ever present,
sowing disunity that challenge that state’s authority and stability. Ironically, nationalism, a
centripetal force, can also become a centrifugal force. A multinational state is susceptible to
nationalist challenges from within its borders if a minority ethnic group has an explicit
cultural and territorial identification. The Moros (Muslims) in southern Philippines are good
examples of ethnic and religious struggles. Ethnicity, religion, culture, and often times,
ideology therefore, can become centrifugal forces. Cultural and religious minorities do not
only fight for their ancestral or tradition lands, but also for their indigenous culture and
religion. Ideology can be used as a guide and weapon of countries are often based and
influenced by Marxist-Leninist ideology. These movements often aim for the ultimate
seizure of political power that in the process, they become threat to national stability and
security. In the Philippines, the Maoist/Marxist insurgency of the Communist and the NPA is
a form of centrifugal force.
2.
CONCEPTS OF COMMON GOOD, PUBLIC INTEREST, JUSTICE, AND POLITICAL WILL

1. Common Good are of those properties of the total social system, which must be maintained
if the system is to function, survive and develop and if the individual interests as such of
any member of the system are to be served.
2. Public Interest – Lippmann (1955) defines Public Interest as what people would choose if
they saw clearly, thought rationally, acted disinterestedly, and benevolently. All citizens’
interest, since the citizens can only survive and develop if the state survives or develops.
3. Justice is the administration of what is just or fair. The Roman law refers it to the phrase
“Render to each his due” Without justice, who will punish wrongdoers and criminal
offenders? Who will stop discrimination or oppression?
4. Political will – is the determination of the government to relate to what is perceived as
beneficial to public interests and acts to implements its decision on such in order to achieve
a better future of its citizens.

CONCEPTS IN PROMOTING QUALITY OF LIFE OF CITIZENS

1. EQUALITY
Man is “by nature free, and independent,” insists Locke. Jose Rizal re-asserted that
concept when he also declared: man is born equal, free, and naked and without chains.
“Harold Laski (1958) claims that equality is “one of the permanent passion of mankind” and
its achievement will lead to the “natural expansion of the human spirit.” Political equality
means the equal right of every citizen to participate in the political process and to be treated
equally by it, it includes equal protection of the laws of the state, the right to vote and to hold
office. Economic equality is obtained when every citizen has approximately the same amount
of material goods. In the Philippines where two thirds of the people are poor and ill-
educated. Ironically, this has been the objectives of every government administration since
Philippine independence in 1946.
CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISION ON THE FILIPINOS’ RIGHT EQUALITY
The congress shall give priority to the enactment of measures that protect and enhance
the right of all people to human dignity, reduce social, economic inequalities, remove
cultural by equitably diffusing wealth and political power for the common good,
(Section 1; Article 13)

2. FREEDOM
More than the concept of liberty, freedom means the absence constraints.
According to John Stuart Mill in his work on Liberty, freedom is achieved “only when
individual are free to explore or propound any idea they wish can there be hope of
discovering the truth…for only in the struggle against error can truth emerge.” Political
freedom is the freedom to acquire and dispose one’s wealth without restraint or hindrance.
These freedoms, however, are not absolute and their extent and protection vary from one
state to another depending upon the political and economic systems.
3. OLDER AND STABILITY
Order is defined as the condition of peace and stability, in which everything is
functioning property. The maintenance of peace and order in a country is an ever-imperative
governmental function because its breakdown leads to chaotic conditions, from which will
render governance almost impossible. Internal disorder brought by unresolved problems of
insurgency, whether ideological, religious, or ethnic in nature, surely impede social and
economic development. Anarchy or the state of lawlessness, the widespread incidences of
crime, the continuous disturbance of peace and order, in May historical instances, had always
threatened the very existence of the state.
4. DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESS

The ultimate objective of politics and governance is the attainment of satisfactory

quality of life for every citizen. The pursuit of happiness, an inalienable right of every citizen
should be the consequences of correct politics and effective governance. It is further noted
that the quality of life of citizens depends upon the quality of politics in a country. US
President John Adams correctly stated that the test of government was how much of a
contribution it made to the material prosperity of its citizens, and that the government which
“communicates ease, comfort, security, or, in one word, happiness to the greatest number of
persons in the greatest degree in the best.

EXERCISES: NATIONALISM, PATRIOTISM AND COMMON GOOD

NAME SCHOOL:
SUB/COMPONENT SCORE:

GUIDE/QUESTIONS:
 1. Cite one different between the concept of nationalism and patriotism

2. What are the reason why there are still Marcos and Estrada loyalists among us. Are
they considered nationalistic? Patriotic?

3. When your religious leader dictates unto you to cast your vote for the candidate
endorsed by your religion, are you correctly doing your civic duty?

ENUMERATION
1. The concepts of promoting the quality of life of the people. Explain two concepts.

MODULE 4
EDUCATION OF THE YOUTH IN THE NSTP

General Objectives

To let the student identity and appreciate the value of education of the youth in the
NSTP and its intrinsic worth in contemporary national development…

Specific Objectives

1. Know the notion of education and other related principles;

2. Be specially familiar with the mission statement of your school in relation to its
education objectives
 3. Know the adequate and proper means to attain qualities to be considered as a property-
education person.

DEFINITIONS OF EDUCATION

Educations is the act of process of providing with knowledge, skills, competence, at

the same time, gaining desirable qualities of behavior or character. Thus, broadly conceived,
education has the same meaning as socialization, the internalization of culture, and learning
human behavior.

FORMAL AND NON-FORMAL EDUCATION

Education takes place both in and outside schools. It function to preserve and transmit
the culture. Defined in the most general sense, education can occur anywhere, in any setting,
through any experience.
Whether it takes place in or outside of the school system, education is of two kinds,
formal and informal. Formal education is imparted by direct instruction. Informal education
comes about indirectly, the leaner often unaware that he is having a learning experience.

Function of Education

The primary function of education is the socialization if the new members of society.
The late president Ramon Magsaysay aptly observed that “education is the greatest equalizer
of opportunities “for everybody” The following are also the most important objectives of
education,

1. Teaching basic skills, such as reading, writing, and arithmetic.

2. Helping Children develop skills in abstract thinking and problem solving.
3. Transmitting the cultural heritage, from which individual may develop an
appreciating of their society.
4. Communicating to children the basic value of the society.
5. Teaching the special aspects of the culture, such as art, music, literature, drama,
science, technology, and sports.
6. Teaching vocational skills that help individual enter the job market.
7. Training citizens for life within the political system if their society.
8. Preparing children to live along and form meaningful relationship with other human
beings.

CONSTITUTIONAL MANDATES ON EDUCATION

The 1987 Philippines constitution (Article XIV, section 1,2) promotes quality
education.

Section 1. The state shall protect and promote a complete, adequate, and integrated system of
education at all levels and shall take appropriate steps to make such education accessible to
all.

Section 2. The state shall:

 a. Establish, maintain, and support a complete, adequate, and integrated system of
education relevant to the needs of the people and society.
b. Establish and maintain a system of free public education in elementary, and high
school levels. Without limiting the natural right of parents to rear their children,
elementary education is compulsory for all children of school age.
c. Establish and maintain a system of scholarship grants, student loan programs,
subsidies, and other incentives, which shall be available to deserving students in both
public and private schools especially to the underprivileged;
d. Encourage non-formal, informal, and indigenous learning system, as well as self-
learning, independent, and out-of-school study programs particularly those that
respond to community needs; and
e. Provide adult citizens, the disabled and out-of-school youth with training in civics,
vocational efficiency, and other skills.
f.
Section 3. (1) All educational institutions shall include the study of the constitutional as part
of the curricula.
(1) They shall inculcate patriotism and nationalism, foster of love humanity, respect for
human rights, appreciation of the role of national heroes in the historical development of the
country, teach the rights and duties of citizenship ,strengthen ethical and spiritual values,
develop moral character and personal discipline, encourage critical and creative thinking.
Broaden scientific and technological knowledge, and promote vocational efficiency.
(2) At the option expressed in writing by the parents or guardians, religion shall be allowed
to be taught to their children or wards in public elementary and high schools within the
regular class hours by instruction designated or approved by the religious authorities of the
religion to which the children or awards belong, without additional cost to the government.
Obligation of Education Institution to the Students:
1. Patriotism and nationalism,
2. Foster love of humanity,
3. Respect for human rights,
4. Appreciation of the role of national heroes in the historical development of the
country,
5. Teach the rights and duties of citizenship
6. Strengthen ethical and spiritual values,
7. Develop moral character personal discipline
8. Encourage the students to have critical and creative thinking and broaden their
scientific and technological knowledge,
9. Promote vocational efficiency
Philosophy of Education
As a social institution, education traditionally serves as a preservative to the prevailing
political and economic order. It also promotes the values, attitudes, and beliefs, which are
deemed supportive to the general welfare of society. Historical, however, the evolution of
formal education in the Philippine has always been lacking in its nationalistic philosophy.
The Spaniards had made religion as the matrix of their educational system producing a
culture of ignorance; and later, the Americans used it to justify their colonial aggression and
economic exploitation of our country. Both Spaniards and American educational systems
successfully damaged Filipino culture that is nearly obliterated his sense of identity and
national consciousness.

The primer of the National Agenda for Philippine Education (1987)

Suggests:
An alternative education must envision a Philippine society characterized by an
increasingly productive mixed economy, essentially nationalist and redistributive in
character, and by a democratic government based on the broadest sectoral representation at
the local, regional and national levels. For education to be an effective agent of social
change, it must be nationalist, scientific, relevant, pro- people and democratic.

SCHOOL
As institution of formal education, the schools refine human personality, his
capabilities and potentials. Before a highly developed economy can be achieved, “Such
education must be obtained before one can attain technological and economic progress.”
Third world countries like the Philippines, however, are being criticized of offering
“irrelevant,” inadequate, and traditional education “for student” the people are simply taught
to be led and not to lead, to comfort rather than assert their own rights. Their training aims to
prepare them in clerical, secretarian, and other positions of lower category.

✔ Some Qualities of an Educated Person:

✔ Truthfulness/Sincerity/Honest
✔ Hospitality/Generosity
✔ Tolerance/Forgiveness
✔ Patience/Self-control
✔ Resourcefulness/critical Thought
✔ Courage/Determination/Respon sibility
✔ Deference/Respectful
✔ Persuasiveness/Likeable
✔ Obedience/Compliant
✔ Sense of Gratitude
✔ Orderliness/Hygienic
✔ Punctuality/Decisiveness
✔ Dependability/Loyalty
✔ Sensitivity/Compassionate/Emp athy
✔ Flexibility/Open-mindedness
✔ Availability/Accommodating
✔
THE ROLE OF AN EDUCATED CITIZEN
With the quality of an educated youth in our country, there is a responsibility which
demands attention for service to be given to others. The youth today has a great favor in
accomplishing what is good for the nation.
The invitation for National Service Training Program would indicates us to view the
general objectives for the implementation of this program (revised) Rules and Regulations,
Oct 15, 2005):
1. The enable to citizens to render their obligatory national service towards self- help and
service to others;
2. To inoculate in the minds of our youth our long cherished traditional and cultural
Filipino values;
3. To enable the citizens to contribute to the country’s development and welfare and in
the attainment and preservation of a just and orderly society;
4. To enhance the respect for law and duty constituted authorities;
5. To promote and develop civic consciousness and citizens participation in the national
defense preparedness;
6. To motivate, train, and develop the citizens, particularly the youth, in regard to their
responsibilities as citizens;
7. To organize; mobilize and utilize youth manpower for community
development; and
8. To harness citizen manpower to the promotion of national development programs and
goals;

These, then, are the imperative challenges posed to the youth by the National Training
Service Program. The students are called not only to promote the attendant responsibilities of
every Filipino citizen but also to inculcate to them, the objectives of a nationalist and
relevant education.

EXERCISES: HUMAN SECURITY

NAME DATE:
COURSE/YEAR SCORE:
INSTRUCTOR:

Describe and explain your school’s mission statement about education.

1. What is education? (5pts)

2. Why do we need education? (5pts)

3. Enumerate five (5) of your qualities for being educated.

4.
MODULE 5
HUMAN BEHAVIOR:
FREEDOM, MOTIVATION AND NEEDS

THE NATURE OF MAN

The Biblical Psalmist asks this age-old question, “what is man thou art mindful of
him: and the son of man, that thou visit him?’ what is the nature of man? Is he by nature
“unnatural” among animals? How does he fit into the universe? Is man really the measures of
all things? Is he above the rest of nature? In what ways does he differ from other from other
creatures? What is his purpose and end in life?

The Book of Genesis describe man:

“Let us make man in our image, in the likeness of ourselves, and let them be masters if
the fish of the sea; the birds of heaven. The cattle, all the wild beasts and all the reptiles that
crawl upon the earth…….Be fruitful, multiply, fill the earth and subdue it.”
The bible, however, does not make man his own creator, nor does commit him to gods of
nature nor animal spirit. The Scriptures gives God the glory for his original creature (Adam),
in His divine likeness; and placed upon the man the blame for failure to maintain that
likeness after his commission of the original sin, that led to his fall from his Grace.
The early Greeks gave this classical definition of man: man is rational anima.” Man is
also define as an animal creature in which is vegetative, sensory, and rational elements are
integrated within his being; thus, man is a material (body) and spiritual being (soul, psyche.)
As a vegetative creature, man needs food, growth and reproduction; as a sentiment being, he
has sensory perception to gain knowledge; and as a rational animal, he has the power of
thought, reason, and cognition.
MAN AND OTHER ANIMALS
Notwithstanding Darwin’s theory of human evolution claiming that man and the
hominids have descended from a common ancestral from; man is a more special and rational
creatures than other living organisms on the following arguments:
1. Man has the power to invent or create things. Benjamin Franklin called man homo
haber or tool-making animal.
2. Man has discursive thinking which involves language – Man and man alone can
communicate his thought through speech and language.
3. Man has a historical development. Since the dawn of History, man transmitted ideas,
tradition, social and cultural, institutions from one generation to another.
4.
5. Man possesses a unique property called self-consciousness. Which differentiates them
from other animals. Man’s self-awareness is highest among all creatures.

SCIENTIFIC VIEWS ABOUT MAN

Anthropological View
According to anthropologies man is both biological and cultural creature. Man is an
animal species who underwent the process of biological evolution and shared some
characteristics with other living animals particularly the hominids. Anthropologists believe
that man evolved from apes some 33 million years ago. A product of the evolutionary
process, man traced his origin from the hominid species Homo sapiens. Man’s brain billion
neurons, however, is better developed than his primate cousins. Adaptation to the
environment is common to all biological creatures in order to survive and as man adapted to
environmental changes, he develop a culture with its resultant behavioral changes.

Sociological view
Man is the basis of social science. According to Vatican II, “the subject and the goal of
all social institutions is and must be the human person which for its part and by its very
nature stands completely in need of social life. Biology. Man has the longest period of infant
dependency of any animal and the most intensive and long lasting social interaction
compared to other creatures. Social psychologist such as Herbert Mead claim that man’s
“self” is essentially a social structure that arises in social experiences.

Psychological View of Man

Sigmund Freud emphasized on the role of libidinal desires and sex as the most
important driving. Man into “sexual animal.”
Freudian Psychology, however, theorizes that society existed to repress man’s libidinal
drives. Man has two basic insticts, biological determined: eros and thanatos, love and death.
According to the psychoanalysts, as long as man is satisfied or gratified, he can and does
lapse into passivity or inactivity. The only behavior: there is an external stimulus and a
response from within and equilibrium is restored. Abraham Maslow and the humanists
claimed that man must fulfill a progression of needs from the most basic physiological needs
to the “being” needs to attain his or her psychological balance.

Political View of Man

Aristotle’s famous declaration that “man is a political animal” emphasized the fact that
man could only achieve the good life through the state; man outside the

state was not man at all, but their god or a beast. Man, therefore, must constantly strive to
obtain politically correct ideas, decisions, and solution to problems thereby improving his
well and the state.

EASTERN RELIGIOUS VIEW OF MAN

Confucianism aims at making not simply “the man of virtue” but the man of learning
and of good manners. The perfect man must combine the qualities or saint, scholar, and
gentleman.” In which the concept of duty is extended beyond the sphere of morals and
human behavior.

CONCEPTS OF INDIVIDUAL FREEDOM

According to Motimer Adler (1963) there are three distinct meaning of freedom:
1. An individual is said to be free when external circumstances permit him/her to act as
he wishes for his own good.
2. An individual is said to be free when he/she has acquired enough virtue or wisdom to
be able willingly to do as he ought, to comply with the moral law, or to live in
accordance with an ideal befitting human nature. This kind of freedom resides in an
individual’s state of mind or character; and it is quite independent of all external
circumstances.
3. All men are said to free because they are endowed by the nature with the power of free
choice-the power to decide for themselves what they shall do or become.
 MOTIVATION
Both man and animals have the same fundamental needs like the need for air, water,
food, excursion, rest, etc. but man’s goal-driven behaviors and responses on his
motivational processes. Some believe that motivation is attributed to the process of
homeostasis or to hormonal and bloodstream changes caused by imbalance, and other to
the Freudian concept why people have motives.

THE MEANING AND NATURE OF MOIVATIONS.

Motivation refers to the hypothetical concept for driving force impelling behavior and
giving it direction (it is also an active, integrated and directed behavior). Motivation.
Therefore, is both the energy used up in goal seeking or to the internal factors which help
initiate and maintain the driving force.

Motives are conceived as inclination of predisposition toward certain types of

behavior, which may have developed within the person during his attempts at satisfying
his needs. Motivation, thus, could be a need, motive, drive, impulse, wish, desire, or id.
THEORIES OF MOTIVATION
1. INSTINCT THEORIES
This theory views motivation as the result of biological, genetic, and natural
selection programming. All organism are programmed to survive. This, our motivation
are instinctive.
2. SOCIO-BIOLOGICAL THEORY
According, this theory states that the primary motivating force for living
organisms (including man) is to pass on their genes from one generation to the next.
Through the process of natural selection (survival of the fittest, elimination of the week
and unfit), human being adapted social behaviors that would make them survive longer,
and at the same time, successfully passing their genes to future generation.
3. DRIVE AND INCENTIVE THEORIES
Almost all living organisms have to maintain homeostasis – the tendency of the
organs of the body and the circulatory system to maintain constancy or to try to restore
the equilibrium (state of rest or balance), if constancy is disturbed. Thus, this state of
tension motivates the organism to pursue actions that will result reduction, and to finally
restore equilibrium.
1. A need has been theoretically defined as a “bodily deficit” like lack of water, or a
“state of deprivation” such as lack of sleep.
2. Drives are states of tension which are also psychological representation of a need.
When a person needs something, he become tense and does something until an
objective or incentive is attained. His state of tension is also called his drive.
3. Goal or incentive is the objective (a condition or state) which the individual
strives to achieve in order to satisfy the need, in the process, diminishing his tension.
Thus, a person will quench his thirst by drinking water, which is the goal. Motivation,
therefore, simply refers to goal-directed behavior resulting from a drive or a state of
tension. \
4.
5. HUMAN NEEDS THEORY
 Abraham Maslow believed that all need vary in strength, thus, he arranged them in a
Pyramidal from to indicate which have more strength. The most basic needs (like shelter and
food) are vital to daily survival, and are the bottom, while needs that are less important to
existence are higher on the pyramidal structure. Maslow also specified cognitive needs which
include the need to know and understand, to explain, to organize, to be curious, to analyze
order, beauty, symmetry, or perfection and closure.
MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
Being Needs
Self - actualization
f
Esteem Needs

Belonging Needs
Safety Needs

Physiological Needs

Deficit Needs

MASLOW’S HIERARCHICAL LEVELS:

1. Physiological – these are the basic needs in life (food, water, clothing, protein, calcium,
minerals, vitamins, etc. they also include the things needed to maintain homeostasis and
equilibrium in the body and mind.
2. Safety and Security – refer to thing needed and peaceful existence and survival. This also
includes living in an atmosphere of law and order, free and secured from all kinds of
calamities, risks or danger, and living stable live. In a sense, pre-needed services such as life
and heath insurances, pensions, and other social security systems (SSS, GSIS, etc.) provide
the necessary safety and security nets for individuals’ needs.
3. Belongingness and Love – when physiological needs and safety needs are achieved, the need
to belong (relations, friendship, fellowship, etc.) and to love and have intimacy with others
would follow.
4.
5. Esteem – Maslow mentioned two versions of the esteem needs: a lower version and a higher
one. The lower version refers to the need for dignity, attention, recognition, appreciation,
respect or positive regard of others, fame, reputation, even superiority over others. The higher
version includes the need for self-respect, self-confidence, competence, mastery,
independence, and freedom.
6. Self-Actualization also called the being needs is the highest level in the hierarchy of needs.
Few people seldom attain level. Self-actualization is the need to maximize one’s own
potential for the fulfillment of higher self-concept or image of self. The need for self-
actualization is closely associated with the higher motivation: artistic and scientific creativity;
humanity and compassion; the appreciation of beauty, aesthetics and the arts; truth and
justice; and so on. Self-actualization needs differ from other needs in that become a part of
our being, part of who are, hence, they are also referred to as “being needs”.

OTHER CONCEPTS OF MOTIVATION

1. Freudian Concept of Motivation

 Freud believed that man inherited two basic motives: life and death instincts – libido and
thanatos. These two basic motives, however, should probably be considered as “drives” rather
than “instincts.” Man’s life instincts include those urges which have to do with his existence
and survival; whereas, the thanatos or death instinct leads toward death and self-destruction.

2. Alfred adler’s “Superiority and Compensation Theory”

Alfred Adler (1870 -1973), in contrast with Freud’s libidinal urge theory, believed
that: “accentuated feeling” of inferiority of an individual lead to compensatory activity and
a life-style characterized by active striving to overcome the “minus situation” of inferiority
by attaining a “plus situation” of superiority.” Adler suggested that inferiority feeling are
the stimulus for growth, but that inferiority complex (the exaggeration of feeling of
inadequate and insecurity resulting in defensive, neurotic behavior) prevents individual
from solving life’s problems.

FUNCTION OF MOTIVES
1. It activates the person. Once a motive is aroused, a state of restlessness and tension
is initially felt. They also impel the individual into a state of readiness which
otherwise would not happen if motives is absent.
2. It leads, guides and regulation behavior toward an incentive so that activity is
directed towards an objective. While an individual’s action may randomly takes
place on a trial-and-error process at first, and while one method may prove
unsuccessful, other attempts may be made. Motivates can serve a direction to attain
the goal.
3.
4. It determines what patterns or steps will satisfy the needs that will lead to the
incentive. Only those that will satisfy the need may be regulated or reinforced.
KINDS OF MOTIVES
Motives (also wants, needs, and drives that are interrelated) may be classified
into:

1. PHYSIOLOGICAL-BIOLOGICAL MOTIVES (Primary Motives)

Physiological motives are also classified as biological, organic, primary or basic motives.

a. Need for Food

A greater part of man’s activity is the need to exist and to maintain bodily needs such
as the need for food, water, air, etc. The need for foods has been traced to the individual’s
cultural background (examples, pinakbet for ilocanos; laing; for Bicolanos, etc. have their
regional origins); to one’s cultivated tastes; and to a particular body needs.

b. Need for a water

This is a life supporting need; without it, will result to dehydration. After a period of
time after drinking, a person must again satiate his thirst. Potable water is readily
available in all environment accepts in arid regions (dessert and dry wilderness). In these
places, the need for water becomes an imperative motive.
c. Need for Sleep and Rest
Rest is both a physical and mental need. People need rest to prevent fatigue or evade
boredom. Physical activity without recess or break may result in physical burnt-out
mental stress or fatigue may be caused by long over-burdened activity, while boredom
may occur not only because of lack of sustained interest but also because of long routine
work.
d. Need for Activity
Man’s adaptation, reactions, and responses to his environment are basic
activities. Driven by curiosity, person’s activity can take the form of investigation (to
gather information) or manipulation. Lack or limitation of activity may result in physical
or mental inertia, boredom, or even, indolence, deficiencies, which are hindrance to a
person’s development. Restriction or limitation of activity, moreover, may result to
rebellious behavior, that may force an individual to do drastic actions.

e. Need for shelter and conducive climate

Since the dawn of civilization man, as a basic need of his survival and
wellbeing, always provided himself with shelter (in caves, stone-house, in tree-

tops, houses built with indigenous materials, etc.) suited to his taste and comfort. Even
wandering nomads or gypsies have make-shift shelters.

f. Need for safety and security

The needs for safety and security had been manifested in man’s behavior since time
immemorial. Ancient and medieval peoples built stone houses and castles for these
purposes. They also banded together (communities, settlements, etc.) to provide collective
safety and security for themselves.
People today would naturally avoid disorder, conflicts, dangerous situation, hazardous
activities or war, for their safety’s sake. They are inclined to seek for a peaceful
atmosphere that will foster harmony and stability with his fellowmen.
g. Sex needs
Libido or sex drive is “more incentive-related than need-related.” Unlike hunger and
thirst, which are caused by as state of deprivation, a person can survive without satisfying
his sex drive (celibates actually abstain from sex; the eunuchs (castrated persons) of
ancient time did not have sex urges). Sex hormones largely influence sex drive. It was
also theorized that the sex drive of animal is aroused by the scent of odor (pheromones) of
partners during mating.

Some menopausal women experience decline in their sex drive; and some women,
whose ovaries were removed, manifest a diminution in their sex drive, but in some cases,
maintained it.

h. Pain Drives
Unreliable pressures or stimuli may arouse and force a person toward avoidance or
escape. Pain drive, unlike the other drives which are cyclical, is in a state of readiness and
lies dormant till it is aroused by over stimulation or extreme pressures. Masochism,
however, is the abnormal state of the pain drive masochists enjoy pressure from pain.

i. Maternal Drives
Almost all female animals on earth have material instinct and drives, with humans, the
maternal drive is associated with tendencies of the mother to engage in child bearing,
 nursing, caring, and rearing. The care of children however, is greatly by cultural practices
and, therefore, varies from culture to culture.

2. PSYCHOLOGICAL MOTIVES (Secondary Motives)

Need for achievement, self-esteem, Social-recognition (Mastery Motives)
A person needs to achieve some of his objectives (wishes, ambitions, missions,
goals, etc.) in life necessary for his self-esteem and satisfaction, and for

his group acceptance and recognition. An individual, consciously or unwittingly strives to

achieve the things, which he knows may make him happy, or may provide, honor or some
materials benefits ton his loved ones. Thus, he has that “innate” need to be involved, if not,
to initiate (if he has leadership qualities) things and to feel that his actions may make the
difference-his offer to the world. Overachievers can become role models or heroes.
Need for freedom and independence
Freedom of movement or choice is a basic in all organisms. Restriction or limitation to
this need create undesirable effect not only on the physical aspect but more on the mental or
psychological well-being of the individual. There were also cases of jail inmates who
committed suicide during the first days if their confinement because if their inability to cope
with the restriction of this need.
Habits
Habits are required responses, which through prolonged practice have become
relatively automatic. They are consistent patterns of thought or attitudes, which can also be
an acquired drive, such as alcohol or drug addiction. Habits are learned, with so little tension
or satisfaction, and that they are unconsciously done. Habits which are concerned with social
norms become rituals, e.g. festivals, ceremonies, or funerals. An individual is present is these
events because it is a “force” of (social or religious) habit.”
ACHIEMENT AND MOTIVATION
Some human behaviors are aroused and directed without satisfying any biological
need. As suggested by the Maslow’s Need theory, higher motivations, are attained by
achieving first the physiological and biological needs of an individual. Personal ambitions,
for example, may be motivated by an individual’s social needs for acceptance, recognition,
and the need for independence.
Why are these successful people and losers? Why are there achievers and non- achievers?
Why are there people with similar talents, abilities or skills who widely differ with each other
when it comes to the results of their achievement with positive emotion and has also
attributed these to the formation of correct mental perspectives and attitudes – this further
contributed to their successful?

EXERCISES: HUMAN BEHAVIOR: Freedom, Motivation and Needs

NAME PROF
SEC/TIME _SCORE:

1. IDENTIFICATION:
 1. Are conceived as inclination or predisposition toward certain types of
behavior in satisfying needs.
2. It deals with the genetic and evolutionary bases of behavior in all
living creatures, including man.
3. Is the tendency of the organs of the body to maintain constancy?
4. It refers to a state of rest or balance.
5. Are states of tension which are also a psychological representation
of a need?
6.He proposed the hierarchy of needs theory.
7. Is the highest level in the hierarchy of needs?
8. The evolutionists have theorized that human desires are just rooted on
the need to exist and survive.
9. Theory which states that motivation is the result of biological, genetic
and natural selection programming.
10. Theory which state the primary motivating force of living organism
is to pass on their genes from one generation to the next.
19. The most basic needs in Maslows hierarchy.
20. Is the most important motive according to Adler.

MODULE 6

SOCIAL BEHAVIOR
SOCIAL BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL INTERACTION

From behavior refers to the behavioral interactions of individual within groups. From
the time of birth, individuals are “social animals” without primary social interactions (with
parents and caregivers), no infant would exist. Even when a person become capable of
surviving independently, he would not opt to live in isolation or seclusion. Even in prisons,
rehabilitation centers, or monasteries, there are always venues for social interaction; it always
part and parcel of human exercise. Study of human behavior, therefore, would be impossible
without considering social interaction.

NATURE OF SOCIAL BEHAVIOR

Social Psychology or the study of human in relation to society is not solely undertaken
by psychologists but also by both sociologists and anthropologists, especially when their
focus is on how persons are affected by others (social influence). In some cases, social
psychologists focus on the cognitive processes (e.g. stereo-typing and attitude change) that
individual use in understanding themselves and others.

GENETIC AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR

Later researchers suggest that there are genetic links for certain personality traits such
as criminality and other anti-social behavior. Males with XYY chromosomes, as surveys
would indicate, are likely to become inmates of prisons and mental hospitals. There are
recent studies, however, which have questioned the link between the extra chromosomes and
aggressive tendencies.

CULTURE AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR

The state and perception of a person’s personality and behavior, mental wellness, and
illness are determined by physiological, psycho-social and cultural factors. Bell (1994)
defined culture as the representation of a person, group or community’s internal and external
daily expression of the beliefs, values, and norms. It also refers to any way in which an
individual, group, or community defines itself or is defined by others.
Culture around the world vary in value and belief system. Culture now includes, not
only the traditional idea of race, ethnicity, and religion but it also extends to age, class, socio
economic status, sexual orientation, gender, professional,

etc. it is important, therefore, for an individual to develop a worldwide perspective to help

him in his adaptation process. According to warren (1987), worldwide evolve from racial
groups’ cultural beliefs and values. Worldwide perspective, therefore, refers to the
individual’s beliefs regarding what he or she considers to be true, and of value. It also
represents the individual’s thoughts about values, knowledge development interaction with
others, and role in the universe.

FAMILY AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR

Family is a dynamic system of people living together who are united by meaningful
emotional bonds. The family has two principal functions. It ensures the survival of the
species, and transmits culture. Family structure refers to the forms a family takes in adapting
and maintaining itself (Minuchin, 1974). Family structure help the family integrate
biological, psychosocial, spiritual, and cultural factors in its adaptive and survival processes.
It also determines how family members interact and carry out their roles in the family.
Family roles, thus, are specific behaviors or patterns that are expected of individual within
the family structure.

Epstein and Bishop (1981) classified family roles into two: necessary family function
and other family functions. Necessary family functions are critical to the health and well-
being of the family members, which include:
1. Allocation of resources(food, water, shelter, and finances)
2. Nurturance and emotional support (validation, reassurance, and comfort)
3. Sexual gratification of marital partners or couples (initiating and responding to each
other’s sexual needs)
4. Development of like skills (academic and personal development )
5. Maintenance and management of family systems (problem solving skills, managing
finances)

Those roles that are not essential for adaptive functioning, but are parts of the family
development process are called other family functions.

Primary Socialization
This initial process of socialization by members of the family (primary socialization)
transforms the child into a social being. The infant is a completely helpless organism that
needs support from older members of the family. Children are also actively trained to be
responsible individual through a system or rewards and punishments.

SOCIAL RELATIONS

Prejudice
Prejudice or bias is an opinion often unfavorable. Formed without adequate reasons.
Prejudices are attitude, either positive or negative, which have been developed by the person
in advance and held with emotional tenacity, but often without sufficient evidences or just
and moral bases. Biases or prejudice may also stem from a person’s profound religious
beliefs, his staunch political and ideological affiliations and his class or ethnocentric
background.

Aggression
Is aggressive behavior a product of nature and nurture? Is aggression an innate
characteristic of human beings, deriving from genetically controlled drives? Or is it social in
origin? Most social psychologists believe that it is both. However, neurobiologists today
contend that “there are certain areas of the brain when stimulated activate or inhibit
aggression and these neural areas are bio-chemically influenced. “Margaret mead in her
work, war the anthology of armed conflict and aggression (1968) observed that if children
are taught to engage in stimulated acts of violence, exposed to stories in which violence plays
an important part (whether they are told by grandmother or broadcast on TV), and encourage
to emulate the bellicose acts of their elders, the society will tend to settle conflicts by means
of war. “She also believes that aggression or war is a cultural habit that once learned, is
passed on from generation to generation.
Rape is also a form of sexual aggression; the rapist is using sex as a weapon in an
aggressive act. Sadomasochism is another form of aggressive sexuality practiced by
individuals.

Conflict
From the psychologist standpoint, conflict is the simultaneous occurrence of two or
more mutually antagonistic impulse or motives. Conflicts between and among individuals
often originate from social antagonisms. (i.e. clash of vested interest groups) and distorted
psychological mirror images. The three basic reactions to the problem of conflict are
avoidance, confrontation, and conflict resolution. On a social scale, the resolution of
conflicts may be achieved by arbitration or mediation (a third party is always needed in the
process) or by a compromise, in which the conflicting individual agree to settle for less than
what they originally demanded.

Attraction
Attraction between or among human, particularly, the physical, emotional, romantic or
sexual forms, however, is one of the most importance aspects of social relations; it may lead
to the reproduction process and assures the perpetuation of the

human species. From initial attraction, love may grow and develop intimacy within them.
Then, they unite and raise a family.
Altruism and Peacemaking
As part of social behavior, individuals are always directly or indirectly expected to
share, material, and non-material help and resources to their society’s well-being. Even in
religion, the act of sharing to fellowmen who are persecuted, is always a norm and a
correctly social behavior.

SOCIAL CONTROL AND SANCTIONS

Social control refers to methods and strategies exercised to ensure that individuals
conform to accepted patterns of behavior. Violation of society’s norms usually elicits
negative responses such as rebuke, ridicule, or even in extreme cases, banishment
(deportation or exile), and physical violence. If a person does not know how to play the role
expected of him, and culpably violates the social norms, he may be labeled anti-Social,
deviant or worst, threat to society or insane. Adhering to the norms of society and playing
roles correctly could be rewarded.
SOCIAL INFLUENCE
Types of Social Influence
1. Conformity is the adjusting one’s thinking and behavior to coincide with a group
norm or to a greater social standard. Conformity is often the product of peer, group or
social pressure. Usually, the individual adopt the new behavior or attitude as his or her
own.
According to Solomon Asch, individual, in certain conditions, will conform to a
group’s decision, even if it is clearly incorrect or impractical; people conform to a
group a judgment either to gain social approval (normative social influence) or
because they welcome the information that others provide (informational social
influence).
2. Compliance is acceding to an instruction or even a request or agreeing to follow a
group or social norms and conventional. Behaviorally speaking, there are instances,
however, when an individual may comply openly, but privately disapprove of the
subject of the compliance.
3. Obedience is the compliance with the command or order from higher authority in a
hierarchal structure or organization. However, individuals who are strictly complying
with orders (e.g. “obey first before you complain” norm in the military) that are illegal,
if not immoral can be deemed to act in blind obedience, and this is particularly the rule
in some secret societies and terrorist organization, which cannot be accepted by
individuals of civilized societies.
4.
SOCIAL BEHAVIORAL PROBLEMS
Terms such as gregarious, extrovert, sociopath, antisocial, social outcast, pariah,
persona non grata, segregation, ethnocentricity, separatism, fanaticism, and bigotry are often
to describe pernicious interpersonal and social relationships.

DEVIANT BEHAVIOR
Turner (1978) defines deviance as behavior that violates significant and widely held
social and are reacted to negatively by member of a society. Howard and Hattis (1992) define
deviancy as behavior that goes certain of what is considered normal and is always radically
different from the norms, especially if done consistently.
All social systems have norms and values for judging normal behavior. However,
deviance is relative. What is abnormal in one culture may not be necessarily unacceptable in
others. The Philippine Constitution prohibits abortion, polygamy and divorce, and in silent
about the same sex-marriages. The Catholic Church regards all of those as immoral acts. In
the many countries, however, these are now acceptable as legal and moral act. In Muslim
State, polygamy is the norm in their family relations.
Deviant behavior may be caused by mental illness or psychological disorder, or
temporary deviance caused by alcohol, drugs and other mind-altering substances. Deviant
behavior may also be attributed to those who violate standard rules of our civil or political
society where punishment is applied to the offender. There were times, however, when
society’s rules were repeatedly broken with the support and approval of the members of our
society, first during Edsa 1 in 1986, restoring democracy to the Philippines and Edsa Dos in
2001, where Filipinos deposed to the Philippines whom they charged of corruption and
immorality.

SOCIAL BEHAVIORAL DISORDER

1. Social Phobia – persons with this disorder have persistent fears and avoidance of
situation that expose them to humiliation or embarrassing (public speaking, use of
public comfort rooms, speaking to authority figures).
2. Paranoid – persons with this disorder have pervasive distrust of others and suspect
that they are exploiting, harming, or deceiving them. Paranoid individuals persistently
bear grudges, and are unforgiving of insults, injuries, or slights.
3. Schizoid – persons with disorder demonstrate a pattern of detachment from social
relationships. They neither desire nor enjoy close relationships, including being part of
a family. They do not have close friends or confidants
4.
other than first degree relatives. They always choose solitary activities. (Antai-Otong,
2003)
5. Bipolar or Manic-depressive is characteristic by cyclic or recurrent swings of
depression and elation. In the manic phase, the person displays hyper- excitability,
excessive motor activity, and fight of ideas. In the depressive phase, there is under
activity, unresponsiveness, retardation of thought, sadness, anxiety, and in some cases,
suicidal impulses.
6.
EXERCISE: SOCIAL BEHAVIOR

NAME:
PROF:
SEC/TIME: SCORE:

TEST -1 – FILL IN THE BLANKS

1. Is the science that studies human behavior in relation to society?

2. It encourages the desirable behavior and discourages
objectionable acts.
3. It refers to the methods and strategies exercised to ensure
that individuals conform to accept the patterns of behaviors.
4. Is an opinion often unfavorable, formed without adequate
reasons?
 5. Is the simultaneous occurrences of two or more mutually
antagonistic impulses or motives?
6. Is adjusting one’s thinking and behavior to coincide with a
group norm or to a greater social standard?
7. People conform to gain social approval is called (x).
8. People conform to get information others may provide is
called(x).
9. The cognitive processes that individuals use in
understanding themselves and others.
10. She believes that aggression and war is a cultural habit that
once learned, is passed from one generation to another.
11. Refers to methods and strategies exercised to ensure that
individuals conform to accepted patterns of behavior.
12. As behavior that goes beyond certain limits of what is
considered normal and is always radically different from the norms, especially if done
consistently.
13. Is a dynamic system of people living together who are united
by meaningful emotional bonds?

II. DISCUSSIONS:

1. Relate family and social behavior

2. What is deviant behavior?

3. Explain two types of social influence

MODULE 7

SOCIALIZATION, SOCIAL PROCESS, INTERACTION AND SOCIAL CHANGE

Sociologists define socialization as the process when a person has learned to develop
his potentials and adapted to his society and culture in order to exist, and thereby shaping his
self-image in relation with society. Socialization also encourages desirable behavior and
discourages objectionable acts. Social process is any mutual interaction between an
individual and his group for the purpose of solving problems and to attain desired objectives.
Social Interaction can be considered as part of social process. It is the form of action and
reaction through which people and organizations relate to one another. It is considered with
the dynamic aspect of society.

Forms of Social Process

1. Conjunctive process – this is the group’s effort to practice cooperation,

accommodation, amalgamation, assimilation, and acculturation for the purpose of
maintaining its viability and usefulness. Cooperation to the group is classified as
Informal (voluntary and spontaneous), formal (set by rules, rights and obligations of
membership), and symbolic (for mutual interests and benefits of members)
cooperation.
2. Disjunctive process is when members of the group direct their efforts towards
opposition, disunity, disorganization, and the disintegration of the group. An integral
part of the disjunctive is conflict, which according to Coser (1968) is the “struggle
over value or claims to status, power, and scarce resources in which the claims of the
 conflicting parties are not only to give the desired values but also neutralize, injure and
eliminate rivals. “Conflict is classified into war, feud or factional struggle,, litigation
or legal battle, and conflict impersonal ideas.

Conflict Resolutions

1. Arbitration or mediation – conflicts are resolved out of court by the decision a third
party, of which the conflicting parties must agree.
2. Compromise – it is achieved when the conflicting parties agree to settle for less than
what they originally demanded.
3.
TYPES OF SOCIAL INTERACTION

1. Structural Interaction – as described in earlier chapters, sociology is a structure

consisting of interrelated parts or institutions. The nature of individual interaction,
thus, is based on the established structure of the institution. An individual employee
interacts as a bureaucrat once he/she joins a government agency or bureaucracy.
2. Cultural Interaction – the cultural aspects (common traditions, beliefs, ideas,
practices and common patterns of behavior) are usually one of the main concerns in
the study of social relationship. How does an Ilocano interact with a Bicolano in
matters of food preferences?
3. Geographical Interaction – means that social interaction is influenced and affected
by geographical factors. Geographical consideration such as location (coastal, near
coastal, highland, lowland, hinterland, etc.) produces certain beliefs and practices for
some people that these must be taken into account by any individual in the process of
social interaction. How do the lowlanders of Cagayan interact with the highlanders of
the Cordilleras? Knowledge of both the geography and culture of the Cagayanos and
the Cordilleras tribe would facilitate social interaction.
4. Geographical Interaction – means that social interaction is influenced and affected
by geographical factors. Geographical considerations such as location (Coastal, near
coastal, highland, lowland, hinterland, etc.) produce certain beliefs and practices for
some people that these must be taken into account by any individual in the process of
social interaction. How do the lowlanders of Cagayan interact with the highlanders of
the cordilleras? Knowledge of both the geography and culture of the Cagayanos and
the Coldillera tribes would facilitate social interaction.

AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION

1. FAMILY – as the primary unit of society, the family is the first teacher of the basic
values (love, morality, justice, freedom, civic consciousness, etc.) in every individual’s life.
2. SCHOOL – the school as the second home of children perpetuates the correct values,
norms and other social standards that are beneficial to both the individual and society during
the teaching-learning process.
3. WORK PLACE – every job or employment has its attendant rules and regulations on
harmonious socialization and interaction among employer and employees.
4.
5. CHURCH – all religions promote not only the spiritual welfare of its members but also
foster their harmonious relations with their fellowmen, or what they call “fellowship” for the
brotherhood men.
6. MASS MEDIA – Print and broadcast media help in the socialization process as a link or
conduit for people of even diverse creed, ethnicity, ideology, etc. to understand better their
individual and respective aspirations and differences.
7. GOVERNMENT/POLITICS – Aristotle once said that man is a political animal.
Political socialization helps individuals to develop public awareness of social issues and
concerns, which will make them responsible and civic-minded citizens of our republic.
8. PEER GROUPS – members of peer groups have common interests and persuasions,
social position and age. Peer group arises from the individual’s need to belong. Peer
pressure, however, produces nonconformity that may be prejudicial to an individual member
in relation to society.

SOCIAL CHANGE

The only permanent thing in this world is change. Heraclitus, the Greek philosopher
considered change as the only constant concept. Panopio (1994) defines change as a means
of process or an end. It can be an ideology or a doctrine. It maybe the adoption of new
objects and materials to attain certain goals.

SOURCES OF SOCIAL CHANGE

1. The physical environment – changes in the physical environment (climate, terrain,
depletion of physical and natural resources, and other environmental degradation)
definitely will alter the peoples’ lifestyles and patterns. Drastic natural calamities
brought by volcanic eruptions, typhoons and floods result in peoples’ deaths,
diseases, and displacement that severely affect the economic and social wellbeing of
families in the ravaged area.
2. Population – Malthusians believe that overpopulation will deplete the
earth’s natural resources and naturally this will lead to scarcity of resources,
especially food.
3. Technology – The level of the development of science and technology in a country
reflects on the standard of living of the people.
4. Conflict – popularized by Marx, conflict produces a new order from the struggle
between exploited and the exploiting class.
5. Ideology – Ideologies are always used by social movements as their
theoretical guides and weapons to achieve social change.
6.
7. Collective behavior – This type of behavior can be harnessed when people had a
common perception or perspectives of issues, events or other public concerns that
needed immediate resolve. The EDSA 1 EDSA2 are examples of spontaneous display
of an indignant collective behavior.

CAUSES OF SOCIAL CHANGE

1. Physical, psychological and sociological needs of man – the continuous struggle of

man for his existence centers on the satisfaction of these basic needs. Man, since the
beginning, strived to improve the quality of his life and in order to achieve this he
made new discoveries, inventions and diffusion that had brought radical social
changes affecting him.
 2. Conflict and Social Inequality – the Law of contradiction or conflict theory as
produced by the early sociologist writers particularly Marx states that from the
abolition or destruction of the old order emerge new changes or order – the inevitable
result of every conflict.
3. Ideas – An idea cannot be killed by anything but a better idea. Man’s continued
struggle for perfection was influenced first, by ideas of Greek philosophers and later
by modern thinkers. The Ideas of Hippocrates revolutionized medicine, the scientific
ideas of Copernicus and Galileo did not only radically change European concept of
Astronomy but also reoriented Church doctrine about the Universe.

SOCIAL MOVEMEMENTS

Social movements emerged when competition developed among organized groups.

Social disorganization and discontent also encourages the rise of social movements. Counter-
Movements seek to resist the change advocated by a social movement like the Counter-
Reformation in Europe. Thus, Social movements are those organized, collective and
persistent efforts of groups to resist or oppose existing structures. They could be engines for
change.

Authorities may consider some social movements as threatening to the status quo. The
government in some circumstances would limit their mobilization and reduce their solidarity
by restricting and giving some sanctions. At present in the Philippines, the militant Left and
the secessionist movements fall under this category.

TYPES OF SOCIAL MOVEMENTS

1. Redemptive or “Messianic” Movements – these are usually religious in character

and do not attempt to change society, but are engaged primarily in attracting people to
their religious causes and beliefs such ad God’s deliverance and the salvation of their
souls.
2. Revolutionary Movements – making their ideological beliefs as a guide and weapon,
revolutionary movements seek radical change; abolish the existing order. The
Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP), the National Democratic Front (NDF), the
New People’s Army (NPA), and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) are
examples of these movements.
3. Reform Movements – these movements seek only to improve, reform or revise and
existing order, but do not attempt to abolish it. The Propaganda movement was a
reform movement as manifested in one of its objectives – the assimilation of the
Philippines as a regular province of Spain. The Katipunan was a revolutionary
movement because it fought for the separation of the Philippines form Spain.
4. Reactionary Movements – seek to restore the status quo after social changes. Their
aim to revert back to the old practices in the system. Usually, the conservative
elements of society are inclined to join reactionary movements.
5. Utopian Movements – (Thomas More invented the term utopia). They are movements
promising an ideal if not perfect and harmonious existence in society for its member.
Utopians convince their members that they can live in justice, freedom, equality,
wisdom, beauty and plenty.
6.
NAME: SCHOOL:
SUBJECTCOMPONENT: SCORE:
INSTRUCTOR:

STUDY – GUIDE QUESTIONS

1. What is socialization?

2. What is social process?

3. Explain two forms of social interaction.

ENUMERATION:
1. (5) Agents of Socialization
2. (5) Sources of social change
3. (5) Types of social movements
4.
MODULE 8

GROUP DYNAMICS, LEADERSHIP ROLES AND QUALITIES

THE NATURE AND CONCEPT OF GROUPS

When two or more persons interact together within an identifiable social structure that
establishes boundaries, membership and activities, a group is already formed. Group
influence is vital in determining behavior, perception and values. Cole (1963) defines group
as “a unit of interacting personalities with an interdependence of roles and statuses existing
members.”

Social group refers to any system of social relationship in which members have a
culture that defines the roles and statuses for which members are differentiated from non-
members (Persell, 1984). Group theory postulates that individuals belong to different
groups because they have different interests arising from different functions and different
roles in society.

The good or welfare of individuals or groups is subordinate to common good because

according to Dewey (1946) “man exists as member of the public, a public which is a product
of the total pattern of interaction among human beings in all their particular functions and
roles in society.”

Importance of Groups

Interaction is more likely influenced by several factors. As the size of the group
increases, time available for participation decreases and the distribution of skills to solve
problems also increases. However, sometimes, the bigger the group the greater problems
occur. Social cohesion is the process or forces that attract members to the group. Groups are
important in the social process due to the basic reasons as cited by Salcedo et al. (2002):

1. The groups is a transmitter of culture

2. The group is a means of social control
3. The group socializes the individual
4. The group is the source of ideas
5. The group trains the individual in communications
6.

CLASSIFICATIONS OF GROUPS

A. According to Interaction and Relationship

1. Primary Groups – is characterized by intimate face-to-face association and

cooperation. It includes the family neighborhood and play-groups. Cooley describe it
as the nursery of human nature because it is where the child is first socialized, acquires
and experience love, affection, tolerance, kindness, loyalty, fairness and sense of
justice.
2. Secondary Groups – are formal, large, impersonal groups, which are formed to
accomplish some specific tasks. The social interactions in secondary groups are
usually impersonal, formal, specialized, and business-like.

B. According to Nature, Form, Objectives and Interaction

1. Informal Group – when two or more individual interact each other on issues and
concerns affecting their interests and welfare. Cooperatives, Faculty association, the
Parent-Teacher Association are examples of informal groups.
2. Formal Group – is a formal organization with an established philosophy of vision and
mission in achieving its specific goals and objectives. A formal group could be civic,
ethnic, political, and economic in its nature. The Liberal Party is a formal political
group. The Volunteers against Crime and Corruption (VACC) is a formal group.

THE INDIVIDUAL AND HIS GROUP

 A person’s behavior is greatly influenced by the group in which he belongs. However,
before identifying its influences, it may be prudent to begin by examining groups that are
relatively small, unorganized, and artificial. The behavior of individual members has to be
assessed and the information about them may provide significant preliminary insight on the
kind of influence a member or members had experienced in the group. It must be noted that
there are individual members within the group who shares wholly or partially its mode of
thinking and stand on important issues. (Sources: Aguirre, et al. Foundations of Psychology,
2006).

The Process of Group Dynamics

Groups have characteristics, both in terms of formation and as state of being:

1. A group has a definable membership of two or more people.

2. Members of a group share a sense of identity, aspirations, collective
consciousness, psychological or spiritual awareness and belongingness and a
common purpose.

A group’s formation depends on factors, such as location, common objectives, values,

and interest. There must be the first factor of group interaction. Fewer people have a much
better chance of interacting than do a vast number of people. Second factor is sentiment and
consensus. If sentiments are negative, and no consensus is arrived, then interaction will not
occur and no group will form. Third factor is process of regulation. Positive sentiments lead
to consensus thereby resulting to process of regulation affecting behavior. In matters of the
group’s conduct, dress code, speaking patters, values, or whatever, a group will form a
consensus on certain standards or rules (norms) for the group to follow. Norms insure
conformity, obedience or compliance of each member of the group. Failure to abide by the
norms of the group can be met by sanctions, disciplinary actions even form of fines and
penalties by the group.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Informal Groups

1. Resistance to change – What has been perfectly good and shall be maintained.
2. Role conflict – What is good to many members may not be accepted by others. This
can be avoided by carefully promoting mutual understanding and respect (between
superiors and members) and collective interests (among members).
3. Strong pressure toward conformity – Group requirements call for a uniform life
style. These may result to either rewards or punishment.

OTHER GROUP FORMATIONS

1. Bureaucracy – Weber described it as a special type of complex organization, which is

characterized by the rational operation of hierarchal authority structure and explicit
procedures and rules. The government is a bureaucracy.
2.
3. Crowd – is relatively a large number of people drawn to a common location by some non-
routine event. Some of the more common types of crowds are the following:
 1. pickets
2. throng
3. mobs
4. demonstrations
5. people in riots and stampedes

SUB MODULE

LEADERSHIP ROLES AND QUALITIES

Through the different theories on leadership, NSTP students could identify what is the
meaning of true and effective leadership. Some theories claim that leadership traits were
inborn. However, this theory has been long discarded by majority of behavior aspects who
claim that leadership can be learned.

GENERAL OBJECTIVE

To let NSTP students learn how to become an effective leader with all the
responsibilities attendant to it. The students must also acquire the leadership skills that are
service-related. Good leadership of members in the group facilitate in the implementation of
projects and undertakings of the NSTP.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

At the end of the course, the student is expected to:

1. Define the leadership and be aware of how one can become a leader;
2. Know and understand the different theories and styles of leadership;
3. Identify the different and various roles of a leader;
4. Enumerate the characteristics and qualities of a good leader, and
5. Respond to the needs of the local community as a leader.

DEFINITIONS OF LEADERSHIP

⮚ Leadership is the quality of a leader, the capacity to lead. It is the ingredient of

personality which causes others to follow the leader in directing the activities of a
group toward a shared goal.
⮚ A leader is a person who by force of example, talents or qualities of leadership, plays
a directing role, wield commanding influence or has a
⮚
following in any sphere of activity or thought. He creates or envisions an idea of what is
to be or can be done, why it is necessary, and how it can be achieved.

QUALITIES OF A LEADER

⮚ Talent and technical/specific/specialized skills

⮚ Charisma and likeability
 ⮚ Dedication and determination to the service or cause
⮚ Decisiveness and results-oriented directing every acting towards a well envisioned
objective
⮚ Optimism (never say die attitude)-in contradiction to a pessimist;
These qualities or character traits of a leader must be effectively communicated to
members/followers in such a way that they adopt his visions/objectives as their own.
Leaders must also lead by example. Groups generally divide into leaders and followers.
One type of leader can propel the followers toward the group’s objectives by using such
task-oriented functions as:
- Initiating (introducing new ideas)
- Information giving (providing relevant data/facts)
- Opinion giving (presenting strong personal beliefs
- Clarifying (clarifying statements about some issues)
- Summarizing (summary of the content of the discussion).

Another type of leader, the socio-emotional leader, who performs the task of group building
and maintenance of functions as:
- Encouraging and motivating (being friendly, warm, responsive)
- Mediating (harmonizing, bridging differences, resolving conflicts)
- Gate-keeping (marshalling other members to make a contribution)
- Norms setting (expressing the group standards for moral and ethical conduct)
- Relieving or diffusing tension (cracking jokes to ease off inter member hostility or
negative feelings)
-
SERVICE OR LEADERSHIP

To lead to serve or to serve to lead? Some religions and NGOs are propagating the
concept of servant leadership. They follow the footsteps of Christ. (“Surely I am with you
always, to the very end of the age.” “If you do it to the least of my brethren, you do it unto
me.” A servant leader regards people’s development as an equal end goal even when he/she
is no longer round.

Delegation and Participation

Delegation is the process by which a superior gives a subordinate the authority to do a

job. Generally, a leader can delegate anything that the leader has a right to do, except, those
functions related to planning, organizing, motivating, communicating, and controlling.

LEADING AND MANAGING CHANGE

Some blindly light change, they resist only those changes that affect them personally
and negatively. If a one hopes to introduce change, he or she must understand why people
resist change and how to reduce that resistance.

WHY PEOPLE RESIST CHANGE

It is not change itself that individuals resist, it is their attitudes, sentiments, and
perspective about change that determine why they resist it.
 Because change strikes at basic security needs, most of us resist change, it may put
one’s job security and career on the line. People wok had to earn to attain decent living and
generally will defend changes that may undermine their current position or lifestyle. Another
reason for one’s resistance to change is what perceived as inconvenience to oneself. It is
easier to accept a simpler and accustomed status quo than a complex, untested and untried
alternative. Change, if full of uncertainty, even if it represents better improvements over the
old way, will not be embrace immediately by some individuals.

PARTICIPATION FOR CREATIVE CHANGE

How to restore and maintain the group and its social equilibrium is always taken into
consideration before change can be attained. Group participation therefore is an effective
way to build support for change. It helps to understand the situation and increases their
commitment to change.
However, the motivation of a group to induce and accept change in its member
depends partly upon the strength of their attachment and commitment to the group. The more
attractive and useful the group is to each member, the greater its influence on an individual.
Resistance to change can be avoided if the members making changes understand and
consider the social relationships within the work group.

EXERCISES: GROUP DYNAMICS, LEADERSHIP ROLES AND

QUALITIES

NAME: PROF:
SCHOOL: SCORE:

BUB/COMPONENT:

STUDY-GUIDE QUESTIONS
1. Discuss the nature and concepts of groups

2. Why is the group important in the social process?

3. What is a servant leader?

ENUMERATE

WHAT ARE THE QUALITIES OF GOOD AND EFFECTIVE

LEADERSHIP? EXPLAIN? QUALITIES

MODULE 9

COMMUNITY ORGANIZING
Objectives:

1. Learn and appreciate the process and definition of community organizing.

2. Be trained in effectively implementing, monitoring and evaluating community
projects/program towards development of poor communities.
3. Become catalyst of change by providing service to underprivileged
communities.

WHAT IS COMMUNITY?

A community is defined as families and individuals living together in a specific area

showing commonality in traditions or way of life. Sometimes, community organizing will
not only be done on targeted specific geographical area or community but also by sectorial
classification such as sector of farmers, fisher folk, women, indigenous people etc.

COMMUNITY ORGANIZERS

Community organizers help the people in the local community to meet their needs, to
articulate their concerns and to voice their hopes and fears.

Community organizers work to unite poor people around their common concerns and lead
them into collective action in addressing their issues and problems

Community organizers are catalysts for social change. They initiate the process of
transforming the poor community into an empowered community.

Students who aspire to become community organizer and assist community in their
development process must also possess the following personality and character:

✔ Flexible
✔ Down to earth or humble
 ✔ Critical or analytic
✔ Sincere
✔
ROLE OF A COMMUNITY ORGANIZER

The multi tasks and roles of a community organizer may be classified as:

1. Facilitator – through he/she leadership, he/she facilitates all group

endeavors/projects to its successful attainment.
2. Motivator/Animator – he/she enlivens the group members by giving them proper
motivation to contribute to the completion of any plan or project
3. Enabler – he/she does not only provide enabling suggestions or instructions to group
members but also empowers them to act on their own advocacies.
4. Catalyst – he/she is an agent that provokes or precipitates catalysis or change in the
community

CHARACTER TRAITS/PERSONAL QUALITIES OF A COMMUNITY ORGANIZER

1. INTEGRITY
2. OBJECTIVITY
3. FLEXIBILITY
4. COURAGE AND INITIATIVE
5. SENSITIVITY AND ADAPTABILITY
6. SELF-CONTROL AND DISCIPLINE
7. WIT AND SENSE OF HUMOR
8. VISIOM AND IMAGINATION

CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES IN COMMUNITY ORGANIZING

When people in a community are organized to work together in pursuing a shared

interest and common solutions to their problem, this process is called community organizing.
It aims to bring changes in the community by transforming helpless community into an
empowered entity. It facilitates community collective action and participation to attain social
change and community development.
Community Organizing (CO) is a continuous and dynamic process of:
∙ Building the awareness of people about their issues and the context of their condition
and problem.
∙ Empowering people to organize themselves and collectively work together to solve
their problem

STEPS IN ORGANIZING
1. Integration – this is where the organizer immerses himself/herself with the local
community to know the real situation. This can be done by living with
2.
families for couple of days, interviewing and conversing with people to know their
 problems and issues.
3. Social Investigation or Community Study – this is where community organizers
immerses himself/herself in the community live with the people to determine the
issues/concerns and real situation of the people interviews and dialogues are the
methods utilized to understand the dynamics in the community.
4. Issues Identification and Analysis – here the main problem of the community is
defined and analyzed whether this problem is the common or heartfelt need of the
local community that needs to be addressed. Issues are ranked and addressed
depending on their urgency.
5. Core Group Formation – since community organizing is in fact empowering the
people in the community, it is necessary that organizers identify local leaders who can
be formed as core group who will help the process of organizing and mobilizing the
community.
6. Ground Work and Community Meeting – this is usually done by conducting one to
one meeting with individual members of the community that will lead later to group
discussions and then to community meeting. During these interactions, organizers help
the community identify the issues and problems of the community. After identifying
the problem, solutions are planned and implemented through collective action.
7. Role Playing – through this process, local leaders practiced how they will conduct
dialogue and negotiation with their targeted local officials regarding their issues or
problem. The organizer and the local leader imagine the possible situation they will be
confronted in order to plan out their action and ensure attainment of their goal.
8. Mobilization and Action – this is the actual implementation of planned action by the
community. It is where the community may either conduct a dialogue or protest rally
to achieve their goal.
9. Evaluation or Reflection – this is where members of the community sit together to
discuss what are the lessons learned, weaknesses and things to improve after particular
action has been done. This is very important process because it teaches the community
on how to improve their ways and learn from their mistakes.
10.Building Community Based Organization – building a community structure or
community based organization is a strategic action in empowering the community.
The community based organization must ensure that there is collective and democratic
leadership.
11.Phase Out – when the organizer phases out from the community. This shows signs of
empowerment and success because the structure in place which is the community
organization will now continue and lead in developing the community.
12.
Sample of Short Term Community Project
a) Medical/dental missions
b) Tree Planting
c) Sports/ Game Festivals
d) Feeding Program
e) Community Clean Up Drive

Sample of Long Term Community Project

a) Community Livelihood Projects
b) Building Cooperative in the Community
 c) Continuous Trainings on Waste Management
d) Continuous Trainings on Disaster Preparedness and Management
e) Lobbying for Community Relocation Site
f) Building Facilitates in the Community ex. Day Care Center
g) Community Gardening
h) Campaign to Raise Damayan Funds
i)
EXERCISES: Community Organizing

NAME: SCHOOL: PROF:

SCORE:
BUB/COMPONENT:

EXPLAIN:

1. Community Organizing

2. Project Development

3. The Community Organizer as a catalyst

4. The Community organizer as an Enabler

MODULE 10
DRUG ABUSE AND JUVENILE DELINQUENCY

GENERAL OBJECTIVE

To give the students a proper understanding on drugs and substance abuse, and on how
to organize constructive activities as alternatives to drug abuse.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

At the end of the course, the students are expected to:

1. Identify the types and effects of drugs to humans.
2. Have knowledge on the action taken by our government in solving problems of
drug abuse.
3. Suggest ways in solving drug abuse, and
4. Develop strong and moral foundation by being professional in dealing with this
problem.

DRUG ABUSE AND DEPENDENCE

Drug abuse or addiction is the overuse of substance or drugs other than for medical
purpose. Drug addiction or dependence is a state of compulsive use of psychoactive
substances (drugs, narcotics and chemicals) in which use continues despite negative
consequences (social, emotional, or physical harm they may cause the user.)

The addictive nature of drugs varies from substance to substance and form individual
to individual. Drugs such as codeine or alcohol. For instance, typically require many more
exposures to addict their users than drugs such as heroin or cocaine. Likewise, a person who
is psychologically or genetically predisposed to addiction is much more likely to become
dependent.

Drug addiction has two forms: physical dependency and psychological dependency.
Physical dependency occurs when a drug or substance has been used habitually and the
body has become accustomed to its effects. The addict must than continue to use the drug in
order to feel normal, or its absence will trigger the symptoms of withdrawal. Psychological
dependency happens when a drug has been used habitually and the mind has become
emotionally reliant to its effects, either to experience pleasure or relieve pain, and does not
feel capable of functioning without it. Its absence produces intense cravings, which we often
brought on or magnified by stress. A dependent person may have either aspects of
dependency, but often has both.

COMMON SIGNES OF ABUSES:

1.) Changes (tardiness, absences, inattentiveness,) at work or in school.
2.) Change from normal capabilities, inputs, quotes, etc. (work, habits, efficiency). 3.) Poor
physical appearance ( shabbiness, and personal hygiene).
4.) Wearing sunglasses or “shades” constantly at in appropriate times. 5.)
Presence of needle marks in his/her arms.
6.) Association with known drug abuse/dealers.
7.) Pilfering/stealing items/valuables that can be readily sold for cash to maintain addiction.
8.) Mood swings such as being depressed or become elated and euphoric.

PREVENTION OF DRUG ABUSE (INDIVIDUAL, FAMILY COMMUNITY, AND

SCHOOL AND GOVERNMENT)
A person can prevent drug abuse by his ability to cope with negative feelings such as
depression or stress by engaging in sports, hobbies, music, the use of his special talents
and skills, and other forms of wholesome activities.
 The family, as every individual’s original social group, must maintain a close and
harmonious relationship among its members. The parents must provide good role-models
for their children and talk openly about the pervasive effects of drug addiction.
Communities must provide recreational and other collective endeavors for the constituents.
The community authorities must set up information centers informing and educational the
citizens about the evils of dangerous drugs and must help the government in the apprehension
of both uses and traffickers of illegal drugs. Every community must also have a program for
the treatment and rehabilitation of drug dependents.
All educational institutions must have a clear- cut policy against drug abuse and they
must always disseminate anti- drug programs to all members of the academic community.
Teachers and guidance counselors also play a crucial role in the anti-drug campaign of any
school. The dangerous Drugs act mandates random drug testing for all students in any
school.
To encourage community and other local groups to organize more functions or
contributions to their anti-drug campaign, the government adopts a comprehensive approach
which covers law enforcement, preventive education and publicity, treatment and
rehabilitation, research and international co-operation. Effective law enforcement cut illicit
drug supply and induces drug abusers/addicts to seek treatment to those who are convicted.
There are now treatment and rehabilitation

service offered by both public and private sectors to meet the needs of drug abusers. We
are, therefore, called voluntarily and actively in:
1.) Conducting anti-drug campaigns, cooperating with authorities in the arrest of drug
pushers and dealers.
2.) Helping drug users get treatment from drug rehabilitation centers and dismantling the
drug base network existing in the community through police action.
3.) Planning a community action program involving the youth, civic welfare advocates, and
religious organizations in addressing the drug problem.
4.) Organizing worthwhile and constructive endeavors such as recreational, social and
economic projects, while will serve as positive alternative to drug misuse and abuse.

THE GOVERNMENT’S CAMPAIGN AGAINST ILLEGAL AND DANGEROUS DRUGS

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9165.
Section 2. Declaration of policy. – it is policy of the state to safeguard the integrity of
its territory and the well-being of its citizenry particularly the youth, from the harmful
effects of dangerous drugs on their physical and mental well- being, and to defend the same
against acts or omissions detrimental to their development preservation. In view of the
foregoing, the state needs to enhance further the efficacy of the law against dangerous drugs,
it being one of today’s more serious social ills.
It is further declared the policy of the state to provide effective mechanism or
measures to re-integrate into society individuals who have fallen victims to drug abuse or
dangerous drug dependence through sustainable programs of treatment and rehabilitation.
DRUG LAW ENFORMENT AGENCIES 1.) THE
DANGEROUS DRUGS BOARD
This body was created by Republic Act No. 6925 to exercise administrative control and
supervision over all agencies and establishments dealing on drugs. As such, it issues
implementing rules and regulation well as administrative policies and programs for
implementation by all operating drug law enforcement bodies. Apart from this it conducts
scientific researchers on drugs including strategic studies on the perpetration of illegal drug
activities. It is also the sole repository of all confiscated drugs when no longer needed as
evidence in court.

2.) PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE – DRUG ENFORCEMENT AGENCY

This is originally, the Philippine Constabulary Anti-Narcotics Unit (CANU) activated in
1972 to enforce all laws on drugs and to harmonize, supervise and coordinate anti-narcotic
activities. It became the primary operating arm of the PNP in the illegal drug campaign
Today, the PDEA Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency continues to spearhead the
campaigns against illegal dealers and users.
3.) NATIONAL DRUG LAW ENFORCEMENT AND PREVENTION COORDINATING CENTER
(NDLEPCC)
This was created under the office of the President by virtue of Executive Order No. 61
signed on January 15, 1999. It is tasked to conduct extensive strategic researchers and
studies on illegal drugs, the perpetrators, the victims, and the areas affected and monitors
development in these areas. As such, it provides direction and coordination between and
among the different government agencies dealing with illegal drugs. Since its creation, it has
launched the project “MAD” or mamamayan Ayaw sa Droga (Citizens against Drugs), a
multi-sectoral antai-drug movement that calls on people from all walks of life to be aware of
the ill-effects of drugs.
4.) PHILIPPINE CENTER ON TRANSNATIONAL CRIME (PCTC)
The Philippine Center on Transactional Crime (PCTC) is an institution under the office of
President created by virtue of executive Order No. 62 on January 15, 1999. It is a center for a
strategic researchers and studies on transnational crime, transnational criminals and
syndicates. Drug trafficking is included in its mandate but the extent of its jurisdiction is
limited only on the exportation: foreign nationals involved in the illegal drugs trade to and
from the Philippines and their mode of operation.
5.) NATIONAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGTION (NBI)
The national Bureau of Investigation (NBI) is the investigative arm of the Department of
Justice. It has investigate jurisdiction over violation of national laws and statutes. It is also
provides other laws enforcement agencies with cooperative service such as fingerprint and
other laboratory examination as well as the apprehension of criminals and the filling of cases
in court.

COMPREHENSIVE DANGEROUS DRUGS ACT OF 2002 (RA 9165)

Penalties
Under this law, the death penalty would be imposed on a person found possessing 50
grams of any of the following: opium, morphine, cocaine, LSD,

GHV, Ecstasy pills, and other drugs consider as dangerous by law. If possession of drugs is
less than what is stipulated by law for death penalty, the punishment is life imprisonment.
When the quantity of drug found is less than 5 grams, the penalty is 12 years imprisonment.

KINDS OF DRUGS
SHABU or methamphetamine hydrochloride
Also known as the “poor man’s” cocaine, this dangerous drug is available with or
without prescription. Almost all the supply of this potent drug is homemade. It is taken
orally, injected or inhaled. Its euphoric effect on the user last longer than cocaine and the
effects may continue for 2 to 20 hours. Dangerous effects on the user are feeling of
irritability, fear and anxiety, loss of appetite leading to loss of weight, schizophrenia, split
personality resulting to violent behavior, hallucination leading to paranoid psychosis which
may result to violent aggression.
ECSTASY
(Also known as E, Adam XTC, LOVE DRUG, MDMA, MDEA,MDA)
Ecstasy was the name given to methylenedioxy methamphetamine (MDMA), a
synthetic and psychoactive drug chemically similar to stimulants and some hallucinogens. It
was used occasionally in the United States in the mid-1970s in therapy classes to enhance
communication. Street ecstasy is often mixed with a variety of different drugs, including
MDEA, PMA, MDA, ephedrine and LSD.
Effects:
Positive effects described by users including an overwhelming feeling of well-being,
increased confident and the desire to be next to and in physical contract with other people.
It’s also known to produce insomnia, depression and paranoia after the high has worn off.
Users are usually sensation-seeking and sexually aggressive. The long-term deleterious effect
of Ecstasy, according to the government agency is that it harms serotonin neurons in the
brain.
MARIJUANA (a.k.a.; pot, dope, grass, ganja, hash, weed, puff, herb, Mary Jane, grass,
widow) from the hemp plant cannabis sativa, Marijuana is usually smoked a cigarette (joint,
roll) and acts as a relaxant and mild hallucinogen.
Effects:
Users describe the feeling from smoking marijuana as relaxed, happy, and generally
having a gay mood. Some say it enhances tense feelings in tense situations and others say
it makes them fall asleep. Studies suggest that there is a

risk of developing throat or lung cancer from smoking cannabis resin by itself. There has
been some indication that people smoking the plant regular basis become dependent and
show symptoms of impaired judgment, memory and comprehension when they try to quit.
COCAINE (snow, below, coke, powder, cola)
Is a powerful central nervous system stimulant that heightens alertness and
inhibits appetite and the need to sleep? It is prepared from the leaf of the Erythroxylon
coca bush, which grows primarily in South America (Pero and Bolivia). It was the first
extracted and identified by the German chemist Albert Niemann in the mid-19th century
and was eventually used as a tonic or elixir in patent medicines to treat a wide variety of
real or imagined diseases. It was also used as an anesthetic. It continues to have limited
employment in surgery today, but has been largely replaced by synthetic, local anesthetics
such as lidocaine.
Effects:
The drug reportedly intense feelings of pleasure, making the user feel euphoric,
energetic, talkative, and mentally alert – especially to the sensations of sight, sound and
touch –followed by a “down” period of depression and sometimes sleeplessness, physical
symptoms include accelerated heartbeat pulse rate and breathing, and higher blood pressure
and body temperature Large amounts (Several hundred milligrams or more) intensity the
user’s “high” but may also lead to erratic, aggressive and violent behavior. It is known to be
addictive, and death
from a cocaine overdose can occur from convulsive, heart failure or the depression of vital
brain centers controlling respiration. Hollywood celebrities and western rock stars commonly
use this drug.
AMPHETAMINES (Dextroamphetamin Benzedrine, and Ritalin) or with street names
speed, crystal meth, uppers, bennies, football, and co-pilots, are taken orally, injected or
inhaled. They were originally developed to treat sleep disorders, hyperactivity, and asthma.
Effects:
They cause increased alertness and somewhat a false sense of well-being.
The short-term negative effects include paranoia, hallucinations, aggressive behavior,
insomnia, acne and sores. Long-term effects include dependence, resulting to fatai kidney
and lung disorders, possible brain damage and possible heart stroke.

ALCOHOLISM
Alcoholism is a maladaptive disorder characterized by compulsive drinking.
An alcohol is basically a person who takes alcoholic drinks or other intoxicating beverages
as a means of coping with his problems. Alcoholics Anonymous is an international self-
help organization helping alcoholics achieve and maintain sobriety.

JUVENILE DELENQUENCY
Juvenile delinquency refers to the status in a Juvenile, characterized by anti-social behavior
(example: truancy, waywardness, incorrigibility) that is beyond parental control and
therefore subject to legal control.

The Causes of juvenile in society

a. Poverty/uncertainly of a better future life
b. Family/domestic problem/broken homes/neglect of the children
c. Urban decadence/lifestyle
d. Lack or inadequate formal education
e. Drug abuse
f. Peer influence/bad environment
g. Developing loose morals and negative values which are influenced by
pornography and obscene movies, immorality and social and political
corruption.
 a. Social inequalities that discriminate and discourage the youth to aspire for a
better social status.
b. Non-access or limited access to social service.

Prevention and Control Measures of Juvenile Delinquency

a. The generation of more jobs for every needing but deserving Filipino.
b. Strengthen the home and the sanctity of marriage and family. After all it is forms the
earliest correct attitude l, values and habits that endure and needed to be a productive
law-abiding citizen.
c. Creation of more opportunities for quality and relevant education. As the second
home, every school has the authority over every child under its ward, and has the
proper excellent venue to influence and mould his attitudes and behavior.
d.
e. Spiritual and moral development from the religious sector. Religion’s emphasis on
moral and spiritual values, the worth and dignity of the others, generates powerful
antidote in prevention of crime and juvenile delinquency.
f. Regulation and maintenance of a wholesome mass print media TV and radio
broadcasting. Mass media play an educative and informative role in the prevention
and control of crime and juvenile delinquency.
g.
EXERCISES: DRUG ABUSE AND JUVENILE DELINQUENCY NAME
PROF SUB/COMPONENT
SCORE SCHOOL

STUDY-GUIDE QUESTIONS

1.) What are dangerous drugs? What are personal and social problem caused by drugs?

2.) What are the provisions of the Dangerous Drugs Law

3.) What is juvenile delinquency? Explain 1 cause

MODULE 11
SOCIAL ISSUES AND OTHERS CONCERNS
POVERTY ISSUES
Poverty blights the lives of 30 million Filipinos or two fifths of the
population. What cause this poverty? A very basic injustice in our society is the un-equitable
distribution of wealth of the country with the privileged elite enjoying most of the country’s
wealth while the vast majority in poverty and misery. Latest findings show that, from the
usual staple food of rice and fish, instant noodles now are the national staple food of
Filipinos.

This is why the fight against poverty is among the top priorities of the
government. The most important task in the years ahead is to raise incomes of as many
Filipinos as possible and increase the poor share in the country’s resources and their access
to public services. Started by President Arroyo, are five Major strategies of the government
to address poverty.
1.) Asset reform redistributing physical and resource assets to the poor, especially land
credit. Government Programs for this must include agrarian reform, protection of the
small fisher-folks’ rights to aquatic resources, social housing for the urban poor, and
recognizing the rights of indigenous people to their ancestral lands.
2.) Human Development Service- strengthening the capacities of the poor by increasing
public spending on and raising the poor people’s access to basic education, health,
nutrition, shelter, potable water, sanitation, and electrification.
3.) Employment and livelihood Opportunities Creating jobs by boosting the agriculture
and fisheries sector and providing seed capital to micro and small business of the poor.
4.) Participation of Governance in the Basic Sector. Strengthening political
participation and cultural expression of basic sectors and communities. The
administration will work to fully carry out existing laws such as Women in Nation
Building Act Law (RA 7192) the accessibility law for persons with disabilities (BP
344) and the senior citizen act (RA 7432). The administration also will put it full
support to the following:
5.) Social protection and security against violence Reducing the risk and vulnerability of
the poor to the immediate effects of economic crisis, and

natural and human caused calamities. Social welfare and assistance programs will
respond basic service. Social safety nets will help bridge the vulnerable groups
through this times of crisis and adjustments whereareas, social security and insurance
for them to access service.
HUMAN RIGHTS ISSUES
Section 11 The state values the dignity of every human person and guaranteed full
respect for human rights.
One of the serious problems that beset government that affects civil society is the
issue of human rights violations. During times of political instability.
When there is a continuing communities insurgency, aggravated by a relative breakdown
of peace and order in areas in the south where there is a secessionist movement, violations
of human rights becomes seriously rampant and are taken as a matter of exigency by the
government. But as a signatory to the UN Protocol 2 of the Geneva Convention on the
protection of human rights, the Philippines as a civilized state, must respect rights.
Human rights are simply defined as those rights which men have simply
 because they are human beings. Human rights have a broader concept for they include
Civil and political rights, which are basically guaranteed by the Bill of Rights, and the
Social, economic and cultural rights. Human rights are universal and are inherent and
inborn with man. Respect for human dignity is the very core of these rights.
Social l, economic, and cultural rights are claims on society and state and are
enforceable through legislation. They are reactions against exploitation, inequalities
arising from poverty and injustices rooted in underdevelopment.
Basic rights are the rights to life, liberty and property. Human rights violations are those
acts of the state, which run counter to its obligations with regard to the rights of as
citizens.

Classes of Rights
1.) Natural rights- They are those rights possessed by every citizen without being
granted by the state, they are given to man from God. Example are the right to exist
and the right to love.
2.) Constitutional rights- They are those rights which are conferred and protected by
the constitution.
3.) Statutory rights- They are those rights, which are provided by laws promulgated by
the law making body, and consequently, may be abolished by the same body.

President Corazon Aquino, conscious of this covenant with the UN issued Administrative
Order no. 101, in which she created and institutionalized the Human Rights Commission to
monitor human rights situation in the country and advise the government on the proper
measures to be taken. This commission was also mandate to assist relatives were missing.

The powers of the Commission of Human Rights

1.) To investigate on its own or through complain by any party, all forms of human rights
violations.
2.) To adopt its operational guidelines and rules of procedure and cite for contempt
anybody for violation thereof in accordance with the rules of court.
3.) To provide appropriate legal measures for the protection of human rights of all
persons within the Philippines, as well as Filipinos residing abroad, and provide for
the preventive measures and legal aid services to the underprivileged whose human
rights have been violated or need protection.
4.) To exercise visitorial powers over jails, prisons, or detention facilities.
5.) To recommend to the congress effective measures to promote human rights and provide
for compensation to victim of violation of human rights, or their families.
6.) To grant immunity from prosecution to any person whose testimony or whose
possession of documents or other evidence is necessary or convenient to determine the
truth in any investigation conducted by it or under its authority.

HOUSING ISSUE
One of the basic dreams of every Filipino in the urban centers to have a house of his
own. The 1987 Constitution provides a provision for the fulfilment of this aspiration. In
later years, many government programs had been implemented to satisfy the housing
needs, especially of those marginalized and under privilege segment of our society.
 The primary problem confronting developing nations revolves around the poor
sanitation, congestion, low standard of living, unemployment and underemployment,
protein deficiency, and modes of transportation of the people. Unavailability and
limited land space for urban poor dwellers aggravate these problems in the cities thus
alternative solutions must be found.

Historical Dimension

In 1970’s the Ministry of Human Settlement created a national framework for

social development plan related to urban housing. It was the Task Force on Human
Settlements created by the Executive Order No. 419 which pioneered the formulation of a
national plan, a Metro Manila development plan, and a national housing program in
September 19, 1973.

Constitutional Provision on Urban Land Reform and Housing

“The State shall by law, and for the common good, undertake, in cooperation with the
private sector, a continuing program of urban and land reform and housing which will make
available the affordable cost decent housing and basic services to underprivileged and
homeless citizen in urban centers and resettlement areas. It shall also promote adequate
employment opportunities to such citizens. In implementation of such program the State
shall respect the rights of small property owners.” (1987 Philippine Constitution)
SQUATTING/IN FORMAL SETTLERS
Like in the other parts of the country sizes of the Filipino family are quite large in
averaging about six members. The great extent of dependency may be seen in the fact that
70.6% of all family members listed were below school age and out of school.
MAJOR CAUSES OF SQUATTERS’ MIGRATION IN THE CITIES
a. There is a wide gap between the haves and the have- nots. the affluent usually have
their own enclaves (subdivisions, townhouses, etc.) and resist the entry of people of
lower income:
b. The high and prohibitive costs of building houses limited and expensive land and
further public improvements also contribute to informal settling.
c. Lack of gainful employment in the countryside. People from the rural communities
have the distorted perception that they have better chance of attaining better material
opportunities in the cities.
d.
WHO ARE CATEGORIZED AS “SQUATTERS”?
Under the presidential Decree No. 772 titled “Penalizing Squatting and other Similar
Acts.” Squatters or informal settlers can be categorized into the following:
a. Those living in esteros, by the river banks, and railroad tracks;
b. Those living on public land which would be utilized for a government program such as
main highway, national or local roads, parks and government lots for public buildings;
c. Squatter on private property who built their homes without building permits or court
 decisions; have no sanitary facilities, pose as hazards to the community and serve as
breeding places of criminality.

GRAFT AND CORRUPTION ISSUE

Is corruption in the Philippines endemic? As reported by the Philippine Daily Inquirer
(Jan 20 2005) “Corruption is already perceived to be systemic and widespread across all
levels of the bureaucracy.” A study conducted by the Asian Development Bank showed that
“the Philippines ranked second to Bangladesh among 102 countries in terms of the
magnitude of irregular payments, including bribery, in public contracts.” In terms of business
cost of corruption, the ADB report placed the Philippines at 82 nd, ranking better only than
Bangladesh among selected Asian countries.
One of the reasons for the successful overthrow of the Marcos regime was popular
indignation against widespread corruption, which was institutionalized by Marcos and his
cronies. Later, Filipinos had also the experience of ousting another president for alleged
corrupt practices.
What is corruption? What are it’s causes? Ironically Renato Constantino wrote on the
issue in the Sunday Times Magazine (Aug 10, 1958), exactly 47 years ago. Below are
selected portions of the sad article:

WHAT IS CORRUPTION?
Corruption is not merely a disease of our government. Corruption is chronic malady of
our society. There is a tendency today to view corruption as a phenomenon only in
government function. Are we backward because we re corrupt? Or is there a more basic
reason for our economic poverty? Is corruption the cause or is it merely an affect? The
attempt to make corruption the primary problem of our national seeks to make us forget the
real cause of our degradation and of our apparently inherent propensity for corrupt activities.
Closely related to wrong doing in government is the correspondingly corrupt attitude
of our people towards official morality........ In our attitude towards government, we exhibit a
distorted sense of values. We regard law lightly, ad instinctively think of the ways and means
of circumventing it. We even suspect that sometimes the makers of laws and their enforcers,
before the enactment of these laws, have already put in or found convenient loopholes. Does
this disgust us? No. instead, many among us fall admiration for the clever rascals.
Our acceptance of corruption extends even to the petty government employee, for we
accept as standards procedure the necessity of greasing palms whenever we do business with
our government..... Our own attitude towards government I curiosity similar to that of the
outlaw. Anything goes as long don’t get caught. A little larceny never hurts anyone. If I don’t
do it, someone else will. If I don’t help myself, no one else will.
We point proudly to the thousands of educational institutions that abound in this
country, as a matter of facts, education is one of our primary forms of business enterprise.
We mass produce graduates by the thousands but this does not worry
us nor the students themselves, because by and large we view education merely as
acquisition of a diploma. Many of those who graduate from college do not practice their
professions anyway ...... herein is the corruption ..... the crux of the whole matter our corrupt
view of education, not as a desirable end in itself , but merely as a means for securing our
material goals.
But corruption in education goes even deeper. It reaches into the daily life of students
and teachers. For isn’t not a student starting to be corrupt when in his effort to graduate with
honors or merely to pass, he seeks the good graces of authoritarian teachers, kowtowing to
them, hypocritically agreeing with them, bartering his independence of mind for the teachers
approval? And if from these students come
some of our future educators, shall we not be perpetuating standards of value peculiar to a
corrupt society?

Corruption in government is not limited to acts of malversation of public funds.

Policies, too, may be manifestations of the corrupt spirit when show more
concern for the interest of foreign investor, when exhibit an eagerness to barter away our
natural resources in exchange for aid of dubious value, we demonstrate corruption of the
national spirit.

ACCOUNTABILITY OF PUBLIC OFFICERS

Section 1 Article XI of the 1987 Constitution states that “Public office is a public trust.
Pubic officers and employees must at all times accountable to the people, serve them with
utmost responsibility, integrity, loyalty, and efficiency, act with patriotism, and lead modest
lies.
A public office is a public trust. This means that any government office is a trust for it is
created for the sole objective of achieving the common good and not for the profit, honor, or
private interest of one man, family, or class of men.
A public office is the right, authority, and duty created and conferred by law by
which, for a given period of time (either fixed by law or at the pleasure of appointing power),
a person is invested with specified functions government to be exercised by him for the
benefit of the people. The person so invested with such is a public officer. A public officer is
any person who, by direct provision of the law, popular election or appointment by
competent authority, shall take part in the performance of public functions I the Philippine
government or shall perform in said government or in any of its branches public duties as an
employee, agent or subordinate official, of any rank or class.
IMPEACHMENT
To impeach means to accuse; to charge a liability upon; to sue. To proceed against a
public officer for crime or misfeasance, before a proper court, by the presentation of a
written accusation called “articles of impeachment”. Impeachment is meant to bring a
public officer before the tribunal on change of a crime or other wrongdoing. It is a criminal
proceeding against a public officer, before a quasi-political court, instituted by a written
accusation called “articles of impeachment”.
The House of Representatives have the sole power to impeach and the Senate the sole
power to judge and decide in impeachment cases. The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of
the Philippines shall preside when the President is being tried – the penalty for conviction is
removal from office. The accused official can also be indicted, tried, convicted and punished
according to law by the regular courts.
Articles of Impeachment
An “Article of impeachment” is a formal written allegation of the cases for
impeachment answering the same offices an indictment in an ordinary criminal proceeding.
Officers Removable By Impeachment
a. President;
b. Vice president;
c. Chief justice of the Supreme Court;
d. Associate Justices of the Supreme Court;
e. Chairman and members of the Constitutional Commissions
f. The Ombudsman

Grounds of Impeachment:
a. Culpable Violation of the Constitution
b. Treason
c. Bribery
d. Graft and Corruption
e. Other high crimes
f. Betrayal of public trust
g.
EXERCISES: SOCIAL ISSUES AND OTHER CONCERNS

NAME PROF
SUBJ/COMPONENT SCORE SCHOOL
STUDY-
GUIDE QUESTIONS

1. Enumerate and explain the causes of poverty.

2. What are human rights violations? Give examples.

3. What is corruption? Give 2 examples of corruption in schools

MODULE 12
WOMEN AND GENDER ISSUES

GENDER, ORIENTATION AND SENSITIVITY

Gender is defined as a psychosocial construct that changes overtime and is distinct
from sex, which is an individual’s biological state of maleness or femaleness. Sexual
orientation, on the other hand, refers to sexual preference for erotic partners of the same,
opposite, either sex. A person may be heterosexual, homosexual, lesbian, bisexual, or
asexual. A transsexual is a person who is profoundly unhappy in the sex assignment made at
birth, and who seeks to change or has changed the body to be as much as possible like that of
the opposite sex. Sexuality is a basic human right. Man is a sexual being. Sex is learned from
five basic sources: family, friends, school, spiritual organizations, and the media. (Antai-
Otong, 2003).
GENDER SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES
1. Physical and biological- except for the organs of their reproductive systems, both
male and female have the same organs and systems (respiratory, digestive, circulatory,
nervous, etc.) within their physical structures. Both male and female use the same style
of locomotion and the same facial movements in expression of happiness or despair.
Both use speech and language in communicating with others. Both sexes can love, be
angry, hate and can kill anybody. Most women, however, have the capacity to bear
children, whereas the males do not. Men’s capacity for reproduction (unless sterile) is
not limited by virtue of his old age, whereas women’s capacity for childbearing stops
after menopause.
2. Psychological and emotional- Buss (1995) noted that men and women differ
psychologically in situations where they may have previously encountered different
(negative or difficult) problems. Some social psychologists (notably Darwin) believe
women tend to have keener intuition and perception than men.as earlier stated,
William James observed that a women mentally matures earlier than men as she is
completely formed mentally at the age of 20.

SOCIAL AND CULTURAL COMPARISONS OF GENDER

Women today represent more than half of the world’s population, yet no country in the
world do they share the same status as men. According to the Unites Nation’s repot (1980):
Women constitute half of the world’s population, receive one-

tenth of the word’s income, and own less than one hundredth of the world’s property.”
Women tend to work longer hours than men, and still have the exclusive and primary
responsibility having and rearing children. In most Third world countries, they also have the
primary responsibility for sick and the aged and all aspects of domestic work, even when
they have already outside jobs. Even in prosperous countries like the US and Great Britain,
women have less economic and social power. There is still a wide gap of imbalance within
professional jobs and positions of authority favoring men over the women. Women are more
likely than men to be in unskilled, underpaid employment, with much less economic and
political power.
Women throughout the world are still victims of sexual abuse and harassment,
domestic violence, rape, pornographic exploitation, sex trafficking, and white slavery.
GENDER STEREOTYPES
Gender stereotypes refer to perceptions, impressions, images and beliefs about
masculinity and femininity. They are generally negative in nature and may discriminate or
prejudice any of the sexes. An example of the stereotype on rape of women I that “women
could be raped by leading or provoking men through their appearance and behavior” or the
stereotype of believing that “men’s uncontrollable urges cause them to rape.” A Boston
Hospital study (1998, cited by the Diagram Group) showed that of the 225 rape causes they
had analyzed, three elements were constant: power, anger and sexuality. Power and anger
were always present; sexuality played a secondary role. The study concluded that in rape, sex
is simply a way of expressing power and anger, and that rape itself is not an expression of
sexual desire.
SEXISM
Is God a male or female? Carol Gilligan wittingly declared, the Adam and Eve story
“shows among other things, that if you make a woman out of a man, you are bound to get in
trouble.”
Sexism is the biased endorsement of traditional gender roles. It is the prejudiced
treatment of men and women particularly using the stereotype thinking that women is
physically psychologically, and therefore, are naturally inferior to men.. Male chauvinism
characterized by a male’s excessive and blindly prejudiced sexism. Gender- sensitive persons
usually call such men “male chauvinist pigs”
According psychiatrist Jan Miller woman should recognize their traditional womanly
strengths (vulnerability, emotionality, cooperation, creativity, valuing

participation in the development of others, as I raising children, teaching and caring for the
elderly) are valuable.
EXPLOITATION OF WOMEN
Spanish Period The principal place of the Filipino woman during the Spanish regime was
the home, where she was prepared for the job of caring and rearing the children. The friars
taught Filipino women the virtues of patience, forbearance, and the promise of eternal reward
in God’s kingdom.
Aida Santos Maranan in her article, Do Women Really Hold up Half the Sky?
In Essays on Women (1987) described Filipino Women during the Spanish Period:
‘When the Spanish masters brought in their institutions and transplanted them on native
soil..... The new Filipina (or female Indio) was now the father’s meek daughter, her
husband’s faithful subject, the Church’s obedient servant, and before her marriage, a chaste
virgin who would yield only to her husband (and occasionally to the friar). But of course,
like her peasant husband, she was also a slave-like toiler who worked the rich man’s and is
descendants’ land of pittance.”
WOMEN’S ISSUES TODAY
1. Sexual harassment- It happens when the woman is unable to perform her work due to
unwanted sexual advances (or even insinuations of sex remarks) from superiors or co-
workers of the opposite sex. However, the position, authority, power or influence of
employers and superiors provide opportunities for them to make sexual advances on
their female subordinates. Sexual harassment may take the form of vulgar sexual
innuendoes, sexist remarks or the covert or deliberate touching of the sensitive parts of
the woman’s body. There are many of unreported cases of sexual harassment because
the victims feared the loss or termination from their jobs. Teachers who promise high
or passing grades to female students in exchange for sexual favors are also guilty of
sexual harassment.
2. Equal work opportunities and wages- There are still many business establishments
practicing discrimination against women in terms of salaries and opportunities up the
business ladder. Certain positions are still reserved for the men, while the women are
just posted in secretarial and other clerical tasks.
3. Domestic violence- Women are sometimes beaten by sons or brothers or often by
male partners. Battered wives are victims and the receiving end (“punching bag”) of
the distorted sense of machismo of some Filipino husbands. Yet those
4.
who seem to sympathize with the victims would patronizingly say: “Ang babae
mamahalin, hindi binubugbog,” instead the gender sensitive: Ang babae igagalang
ang karapatan, di binubugbog.” This form of violence is closely related to the
oppression of women and the make views of women as possessions. Women often do
not report such abusive treatment because of the prospect of leaving the children and
fear and insecurity of having no money for subsistence. Marital rape or rape of the
wife by the husband is nt allowed now in the Philippines; the Anti-Rape Law had
elevated rape as a crime against person from a crime against chastity.
5. Adolescent Mothers and Single Parents- he concept of female single parents,
whether they are adolescents or adults are still not popularly accepted by Filipinos
especially in the rural areas even in these modern times.
6. Sexism in media and other social institutions- Media is often accused of projecting
women and even female adolescents as sex objects.

Remember the liquor ad “Nakatikim ka na ba ng kinsi anyos? There are also

practitioners in the music industry who continue to produce music with sexual
meanings. The recent song hits Bulaklak, Spaghetti, Oh ang Babae, etc., are examples
of sexism directed against women. Thus, the better qualities and attributes of Filipino
women get lost in such presentation of women as objects of male sexual desires.
7. Discriminatory Laws against women- There are still laws in our jurisprudence
wherein the women receive harsher punishment for similar crimes than the men.
Different punishment faces the adulterous wife than what the husband is meted when
found guilty of concubinage The Family Code I some of its provisions is still a sexist
 Code. The husband for instance, may travel without the knowledge and consent of the
wife. The wife, however, cannot get passport without presentation of the marriage
contract and the consent of the husband.
8. Child Pornography and Prostitution- Through the proliferation of Cybersex outlets,
the country may become one of the largest sources of child pornography in the world.
In her column in the Philippine Daily Inquirer (Nov 12, 2004) Rina David wrote about
a raid conducted on a facility offering cybersex with children in Angeles Pampanga,
where the raiding team with Senator Jamby Madrigal found boys and girls, in “various
stages of dress and undress”. In cubicles with computers and video camera. Sex toys,
including
9.
didoes, which the children were being asked to use by their customers were also
confiscated.

According to David “young women, sometimes accompanied by their parents,

regularly dropped by Internet cafes and spend hours engaging in Cybersex with customers
for a free.” “Sometimes, the mothers are even the ones encouraging their daughters to show
more flesh” a local leader in Cebu told David. “The more daring one is, apparently, the
higher the payment. And the mothers tell David “they see no harm in it since their daughters
are not touched away.”
SEXISM AND SEXUAL HARASSMENT
It is a biased endorsement of traditional gender roles. It is the prejudiced treatment of
men and women particularly using the stereotype thinking that women is physically,
psychologically, and therefore, are naturally inferior to men. Male chauvinism is
characterized by a male’s excessive and blindly prejudiced sexism. Gender- sensitive persons
usually call such men “male chauvinist pigs”.
LESBIANISM OR FEMALE HOMOSEXUALITY
Female homosexuality is used to refer to a woman who is attracted, emotionally and
physically to members of her own sex. Women homosexuals or Lesbians, a name derived
from Greek island of lesbos, which more than 2,000 years ago, was the home of the poetess
Sappho whose beautiful poems were addressed to women. The term “Sapphic love” is now
used to describe love between women. In the Philippines, especially coming from
conservative Catholic and other fundamentalist religious groups, the conventional
interpretation of lesbianism has been one of deviation and sexual perversion.
Gay movements (male and female homosexuals are still wagging two battles: a) for
recognition of their basic rights, and b) for acceptance in a male oriented society. Society’s
lack of understanding about lesbians and discrimination against them will bring negative
psychological and social implication – a woman who feel attracted to other women may fear
the opinion of others, both within her family and society and may even have difficulty in
admitting her sexual preference to herself, which is disastrous to her well-being.

POLICIES AND ENACTMENTS ON WOMEN’S RIGHTS

The 1987 constitution asserts, “The state recognizes the role of women in nation-
building and shall ensure the fundamental equality before the law of women and men
(Article II, Section 14). Furthermore, “the State shall protect working women by providing
safe and healthful working conditions taking into account their

mental function, and such facilities and opportunities that will enhance their welfare and
enable them to realize their full potential in the service of the nation.” Congress enacted laws
that respond to the protection and advancement of the welfare of women. These laws are as
follows:

∙ Women in Nation-Building Law – decrees the right of allocation for women from
development funds foreign governments and multilateral institutions;
∙ Gender and Development Law – provides the allotment of 5% of government
agencies’ budget for gender programs and concerns;
∙ Party-List Law – allows all marginalized sectors and recognizes women as a
particular sector for representation in Congress through party-list system of election;
∙ Non-Discrimination Law in Labor Code – guarantee the protection of women in
hiring and corresponding salaries and wages;
∙ Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law – mandates equal rights for women to be
recipients of land;
∙ Barangay Day Care Center Law – mandates the creation of a day care center for
every barangay in the whole country;
∙ Anti-Sexual Harassment Law – effectively define sexual harassment as a crime;
∙ Anti-Rape Law – elevation of rape as crime against person from previously a crime
against chastity;
∙ Anti-mail-Order-Bride Law – criminalizing the practice and providing the legal
mechanism for the protection of Filipinas;
∙ Repatriation Law – mandates the repatriation of Filipinas who lost citizenship by
marriage in case of need;
∙ Military Training equality – paved the way for women to enter the military and
police academies (PMA and PNPA) which was then solely for men.

SEXUAL RIGHTS
An Individual does not only enjoy social, political, economic, and cultural rights,
but as part of his natural rights, he or she has sexual rights. Sexual rights are also
universal human rights based on the inherent freedom, dignity, and equality of all human
beings. In August 26, 1999, the World Association of Sexology adapted the Declaration
of Sexual Rights, of which some provisions are enumerated as follows:
1. The right to sexual freedom. This connotes the expression of one’s full sexual
potentials, but excludes all forms of sexual coercion, exploitation, an abuse at
anytime and situations in life.
2. The right to sexual autonomy, sexual integrity, and safety of the sexual
body. This is the ability to make independent decisions and
3.
social one’s sexual life within the context of one’s own personal and social
ethics. It also includes control and enjoyment of one’s body free from torture,
mutilation and violence of any sort.
4. The right to sexual privacy. This involves the right for individual decisions
and behaviors about intimacy as long as it does not intrude on the sexual rights
of others.
5. The right to sexual equity. This is the freedom from all forms of
discrimination regardless of sex, gender, sexual orientation, age, race, social
class, religion, or physical and emotional disability.
 6. The right to sexual pleasure. This recognizes sexual pleasure is a source of
physical, psychological, intellectual and spiritual well-being.
7. The right to emotional sexual expression. Sexual expression is more than
erotic pleasure or sexual acts. Individuals have the right to express their
sexuality through communication, touch, emotional expression and love.
8. The right to sexually associate freely. This means the possibility to marry or
not, to divorce, and to establish other types of responsible sexual relationships.
9. The right to make free and responsible reproductive choices. This involves
the right to decide whether or not to have children, the number and spacing of
children, and the right to full access to the means of fertility regulation.
10.The right to comprehensive sexuality education. This is a lifelong process
from birth throughout the lifespan and should involve all social institutions.
11.The right to sexual health care. Sexual health care should be available for
prevention and treatment of all sexual concerns, problems and disorders. (Antai-
Otong, Psychiatric Nursing, 2003).
12.
EXERCISES: WOMEN AND GENDER ISSUES

NAME
SCHOOL
SUBJECT/COMPONENT SCORE
INSTRUCTOR

A. DISCUSSION

1. What is sexism?

2. What is sexual harassment?

3. What is gender sensitivity?

4. What is lesbianism?
 B. Enumerate and explain (5) five women issues today
C.
MODULE 13

PROSTITUTION AND HUMAN TRAFFICKING NATURE AND DEFINITION

OF PROSTITUTION

Prostitution referred to as the “oldest profession,” is the act or practice in

promiscuous sexual relations especially for a fee or payment. As a means of livelihood, a
female sex worker or prostitute (also called “harlot,” “whore” “sex escort”) conducts her
trade in brothels or houses in red light district or in even in posh hotels. Prostitutions,
although commonly conducted by females for males, is now used as ground for the
recruitment of children. They are also recruited to do white slavery to cater to pedophiles.

TYPES OF PROSTITUTION

1. Female prostitutes and Call girls – those kept in whorehouses or brothels or the
pick-up or roaming type commonly called “street walker” or “hookers.” Organized
prostitution in red light areas is generally operated by a maintainer and a “madam”
who supervises the sex service transaction which is usually consummated in hotels or
moles. Some sex workers are engaged as sauna bath attendants (all the way message
and sex service providers), night clubs Videoke bars as GRO’ (Guest relations officer)
hostesses, entertainers, escorts and models.
2. Male prostitutes – usually provide services to customers such as homosexual and
women. They hang around places- the lobbies of hotels, or gay bars.
3. Child prostitution – with the advent of sex tourism, children became the target of
foreign pedophiles. Pedophilia refers to the innate desire of an adult (usually male) to
engage in sexual act with a child. According to news reports, “most recruiters initially
told the children they would be getting jobs as domestics’ helpers, factory workers or
entertainers. But they later pressured the children into prostitution, sometimes forcing
them to take drugs and often denying them adequate food, sleep and leisure time.”
Many of the children entered prostitution willingly because of the “perceived
obligation to support the family.” The children, majority of them female were also
found to come from “dysfunctional, poverty, stricken, rural families” with some of
them “having been abused by parents or siblings in the past.

Sex trafficking is transporting, recruiting and forcing victims to perform sex acts. Sex
trafficking happens within a country or across international borders. Thus, trafficking is
actually a form of global prostitution.

Victims experienced many forms of violations to their human dignity. They

experience physical violence, rape/sexual assault, captivity, verbal abuse, threat, deprivation
of food etc.
Poverty is the root cause of prostitutions and human trafficking. Poor young
teenagers become victims because of the following:
∙ Promise of more money
∙ Promise of good job in another country
 ∙ A false marriage proposal turned into a bondage situation
∙ Being sold into the sex trade by parents, husbands, boyfriends
∙ Being kidnapped by sex syndicates and human traffickers

REPUBLIC ACT 3208

The Anti-Trafficking in Persons act of 2003 (Republic Act No. 3208) makes
illegal the “recruitment, transportation, transfer or harbouring, or receipt of a person, with
or without the person’s or victim’s consent, within or across national borders for the
purpose of exploitation such as sexual exploitation, forced labor services, slavery or practice
similar to slavery, and removal or sale of organs or others similar acts.” Also, it makes
illegal the threatening of people or using force or other forms of coercion, abduction, fraud,
deception, abuse of power or position. Interestingly, introducing for money or other
consideration, any Filipina to a foreigner as a possible spouse or offering any Filipina to a
foreigner as a prostitute is considered “trafficking in persons.” Also “maintaining or hiring a
person to engage in prostitution or pornography” is also considered “trafficking in persons.”

The Penalties Imposed For Violation of R.A. 9208:

∙ Qualified Trafficking in Persons (denoting trafficking of persons under the age of 18):
life imprisonment and a fine of P2 million to 5 million.
∙ Trafficking in Persons: 20 years imprisonment and a fine of P1 million to 2 million.
∙ Promoting Trafficking in Persons: 15 years imprisonment and a fine of P500, 000 to 1
million.
∙ Use of Trafficked Persons for Prostitution – first offense: 6 months community service
and a fine of P50,000
∙ Subsequent offenses: 1 year imprisonment and a fine of P100, 000.

Article 4 of RA 7610 on Child trafficking provides that “any person who shall engage in
trading and dealing with children including but not limited to the act of buying and selling of
a child for money, or for any other consideration or barter

shall suffer the penalty of reclusion temporal to reclusion perpetua. The maximum imposed
when the victim is under twelve 12 years old.

EFFECTS OF PROSTITUTION:

SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES (STDs) AND VENEREAL DISEASES (VD)

A sexually transmitted disease (STD) is a disease caused by a “pathogen” (virus, bacterium,
parasite, fungus) that is spread from person to person primarily through sexual contact. STDs
can be painful, irritating, debilitating, and life threatening.
∙ Women suffer more frequent and more serious complications from STDs than men.
∙ Some STDs cause no symptoms, but can still be passed from person to person even if
there are no symptoms.
∙ STDs occur most commonly in sexual active teenagers and young adults, especially
those with multiple sex partners.
The only sure ways to avoid being infected with an STD are abstinence (no sex) or
monogamy with an uninfected partner. It is important for partners to discuss their sexual and
STD history before having sex.
1. AIDS (Acquired Deficiency Syndrome) is a deadly disease with AIDS is vulnerable
 to infections and certain kinds of cancer that take directly. Rather, the AIDS virus
makes its victims defenceless against other infections that kill them. HIV (Human
Immunodeficiency Virus) is a term for the virus that causes AIDS. HIV is a type of
virus that causes a number of health problems ranging from symptom less infection, to
changes in the immune system and the development of life-threatening diseases
because of lower immunity.
2. Chlamydia as a sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by infection from a germ
called “chlamydia trachomatis.” It can infect males and females and is a major cause
of cervicitis (infection of the cervix). If left untreated, chlamydial infections can cause
health problems for both males and females, including painful infection, permanent
damage to the reproductive organs, infertility and sterility. Pregnant females also may
suffer birth complications.
3. Herpes is the name given to a group of viruses that cause a number of human
illnesses. Herpes is a Greek word that means – “to creep.” The Herpes virus can hide
inside the body for a long time without causing harm. Then, all of a sudden, it can
creep out of hiding and cause problems. Almost gets at least one herpes infection at
some time in their life.
4. Genital Warts. Human papilloma virus (HPV) as a group has more than 60 viruses.
Certain types of HPV cause warts on the hands or feet; others cause visible genital
warts. Sometimes, however, HPV infection causes no warts, and many people with
genital HPV do not know they have it. A contagious virus spread primarily through
genital-genital, genital-anal and oral-genital
5.
interaction causes genital warts. HPV spreads faster than Herpes, Chlamydia, Syphilis
or Gonorrhea.
6. Gonorrhea is one of the most common and dangerous sexually transmitted diseases
(STDs). The oldest STD known to man, historical evidence shows that gonorrhoea
goes back to at least 2637 BC. Also called “the clap,” gonorrhoea is an infection
caused by small coffee-bean-shaped germs called “gonococci” that always grow
together in pairs. Gonorrhea spreads mainly from the infected person to his/her sexual
partner through vaginal or anal sex. However, a growing form of transmission is
through oral-genital contact. In fact, about 5% of all gonorrhoea patients have throat
infections. The germ that causes gonorrhoea does not last long outside the human
body. Therefore, there are no external sores or lesions. Generally, initial symptoms
develop between two and ten days after being infected, but can take longer.
7. Crabs “garapata” is another name for public lice. Public lice are one of three types of
lice that infect humans. The other two types are “body lice” and “head lice.” Public
lice cause a disease called “Pidiculosis pedis,” enough to see without a microscope.
They live and breed where there is coarse hair. Public lice are tiny parasites with a
crab-shaped body. They live off the blood of the host. The lice look like dark specks.
The nits look like white specks. They are both visible on and around the infected hairs.
The most common way transmit public lice is by intimate physical contact. That is
why public lice are classified a Sexually-Transmitted Disease (STD). Unlike many
other STDs, however, one can get public lice by sharing toilet seats, clothing, sheets or
towels with an infected person. Infected loose hair can drop on shared objects and pass
along the disease.
8. Syphilis is an infection caused by a “spirochete” (tiny spiral germ) called “treponema
pallidum.” Entering the body through any tiny break in the skin, the germ burrows into
the bloodstream and grows quickly in the warm, moist membranes of the genital tract.
Within a week or so, a sore appears at the point of infection. The first symptom of
syphilis is usually a small pain less sore. The sore usually appears exactly where the
 germ entered the body: mouth, throat, vagina, rectum or penis. The incubation period
before it appears ranges from 10 to 90 days (three to four weeks being the average).
Without treatment, the primary sore heals in about four to 10 weeks. The surface
warning sign vanishes but danger of internal damage remains. Syphilis is a “tricky”
STD because the initial symptoms can go away in a few days by themselves.
Unfortunately, the syphilis infection does not go away when the first sore heals and
disappears. Rather, it continues growing inside the body and, if left untreated, goes
through four stages of development: 1) primary syphilis, 2)secondary syphilis, 3)
latent syphilis and 4) late syphilis.(Brown)
9.
WHAT TO DO IF YOU HAVE AIDS,

ANYONE who has sexual contact with someone else can get a STD. Tests and
examinations by a doctor are the only way to tell for sure if you have a STD. Tests may be
free, but there are may be a charge for the visit. The doctor will ask questions about your
medical history, general health and sexual activity. The doctor will examine your genital
area. Women will have an internal pelvic exam. Samples of blood and body fluids may be
tested. Medicines may be prescribed. The exam will also include education about STDs,
counselling about how to use the medicines correctly and how to help tour sex partner(s)
who also may be infected.

HOW CAN THESE INFECTIONS PREVENTED?

It would be misleading to say that there are ways an individual who is HIV positive
can be sure of avoiding these sexually transmitted diseases; no such promise can be made.
But if you are HIV positive, there are steps you can take that may help, namely:
1. Eat a well-balanced diet: good nutrition plays an important part in resisting disease.
2. Exercise in moderation, to the extent that you can.
3. Be vaccinated against pneumococcal pneumonia, as well as against viral influenza,
which can sometimes lead to pneumonia. (Public-health authorities recommend that
children with AIDS or positive HIV tests should receive all the standard childhood
vaccines, except that they should be given injected polio vaccine instead of the oral
type.)
4. Faithfully follow any medical advice you have received, whether for treatment or for
disease prevention. If you have questions and medications or other matters, ask your
doctor.
5. Avoid anything that may damage your lungs or your health generally and thus weaken
your body’s defences against infection. Most substances known as “recreational
drugs,” including alcohol and cigarettes as well as illegal drugs, can and do cause
some damage.
6. Let your doctor know if you have been tested and are HIV positive.

OTHER EFFECTS OF HUMAN TRAFICKING

1. Victims face numerous physical and health risks. Physical risks include drug and
alcohol addiction; physical injuries (broken bones, concussions, burns, vaginal/anal
tear); traumatic brain injury (TBI) resulting in memory loss, dizziness, headaches,
numbness; sexually transmitted diseases (e.g., HIV/AIDS, gonorrhea, syphilis, UTIs,
public lice); sterility, miscarriages,
2.
 menstrual problems; other diseases (e.g., TB, hepatitis, malaria, pneumonia); and
forces or coerced abortions.
3. Psychological harms include mind/body separation/disassociated ego states, shame,
grief, fear, distrust, hatred of men, self-hatred, suicide, and suicidal thought. Victims
are at risk for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PSTD) – acute anxiety, depression,
insomnia, and physical hyper alertness, self-loathing that is long-lasting and resistant
to change (complex PSTD). Victims may also suffer from traumatic bonding – a form
of coercive control in which the Sex trafficking operations can be found in highly-
visible venues such as street prostitution, as well as more underground systems such as
closed brothels that operate out of residential homes. Sex trafficking also takes place in
a variety of public and private locations such as massage parlors, spas, strip clubs and
other fronts for prostitution. Victims may start off dancing or stripping in clubs and
then be coerced into situations of prostitution and pornography.
4. Prostitued children remain prisoners of their damaged psyche despite rehabilitation
efforts. The longer a child stays in the sex industry, the harder it is to overcome the
trauma. There is “no evidence” that children in prostitution can ever rehabilitate.
Genorrhea is the most common STD among children in prostitution. Many victims of
foreign pedophiles say they regret reporting the offense, because they often see the
pedophile post bail or flee the country.

SEX TOURISM

The Philippines is one of the favoured destinations of pedophile sex tourists from
Europe and the United States. A Philippine Adventure Tour costs $1, 645, including round
trip airfare, hotel accommodations and guided tours to the bars where men purchase sex from
prostitutes for a little as US $24.
Men from Australia and Great Britain are primary suspects as perpetrators of child
prostitution in the Philippines. Two of the three pedophlia cases recently decided by
Philippine courts involved British national, although there are reportedly more Australian
suspects.
The existence of sex tours catering to Japanese, European and other Caucasian
tourists help to keep child prostitutions alive in the Philippines. Whether or not by choice,
men on sex tours inevitably buy underage girls.

GOVERNMENT POLICY

The tourism program of the government which aims to project the Philippines as a
major tourist destination has increased the number of prostituted women. As more and more
areas of the country are targeted for tourism, more and more women are driven to
prostitution in desperation to ensure their family survival.

(“Women Evaluate the State of the Nation,” GBRIELA, 24 July 1997). Government policies
favour the export of entertainers and domestic helpers that put women also at risk.

HISTORY OF TRAFFICKING WOMEN AND PROSTITUTION

Comfort Women

Historians estimate there were between 80, 000 and 200, 000 comfort women
driving World War II. Of these many were from the Korean peninsula, China, Indonesia,
Malaysia, the Netherlands, and the Philippines. (“Comfort women protest texts,” UPI, 2 May
1997).
More than half of the 169 comfort women survivors in the Philippines were below
age 20 when kidnapped by the now-defunct Japanese Imperial Army Troops. Australian and
American men have taken “temporary wives” during their stay in the Philippines, to abandon
the women and any children afterwards, (CATW – Asia Pacific, Trafficking in women and
Prostitution in the Asia Pacific).

POST VIETNAM ERA. The presence of US bases in the country provided an

enormous infrastructure of prostitution for the ‘rest and recreation’ system for US
servicemen especially during and even after the end of the Vietnam War. The US bases and
the subsequent ratification of the Visiting Forces Agreement between the Philippines and the
United States exacerbated sexual exploitation, particularly of poor women and children. The
presence of US forces in the past led to: thousands of neglected Amerasian children, women
and children sold to purveyors of sexual exploitation, and the Philippines being referred to as
the “sex paradise” of Asia. There are about 50, 000 Filipino Amerasians in the Philippines,
fathered by American service men. They have remained underprivileged and targets of the
flesh trade because of their looks.
Today, entertainment is the main channel of trafficking women and girls, but a range
of establishments from dirt-floor beer houses to karaoke clubs to beach resorts to expensive
health clubs provide prostitution for men of every social class.

EXERCISES-FAMILY PLANNING

NAME: PROF:
SUBJ/COMPONENT: _ SCORE:
INSTRUCTOR:

DISCUSSION
1. What is prostitution? Explain two causes

2. What is Human Trafficking?

3. Who is considered a human trafficker? Cite one instances

MODULE 14
FAMILY AND THE FAMILY
Marriage is a sacred sacrament and legal union of male and female to establish family
life. The family code of the Philippines states that “Marriage is a special contract permanent
union between a man and a woman entered in accordance with a law for the establishment of
conjugal and family life.” (Article I, Marriage, August 2, 1988)

MARRIAGE PATTERNS
Although individuals have greater roles and freedom today in selecting their spouses,
parents, however, still exert strong indirect effort to influence the choice of their children
mates through their choices of the neighborhood and the schools for their children.
Monogamy (one union marriage) and polygamy (multi-union marriage, in Muslim
areas) are common marriage pattern among Filipinos families. The form of the polygamy are
polygyny ( a man having many wives) and polyandry western communities are egalitarian
where couples shares decision – making control of family resources and childrearing, in
many Asian societies, the male control the authority within the family. In the Philippines,
this arrangement varies from one family to another. Patriarchal and Matriarchal patterns are
some of the arrangement of Filipinos within their family.
MARRIAGE, FAMILY AND KINDSHIP: Basic institution of the society What is a family?
According to religious group, Family is a group of persons (female and male) bonded by
love, united under the sacrament of marriage, and protected by the law, consisting parents
and their children. However for Jocano and Mende, the Filipino Family is deadly composed
of the father, the mother and unmarried child or children who are either biological offspring
or adopted ones, and who are either living with them or not. In its basic form, the Filipino
family excludes all persons outside the conjugal, parental and filial relationship but it’s
extended from encompasses a wide range of bilateral relatives who may either live with the
family or occupy the next apartment in a family compound or in a separate abode in the
neighborhood.

Population education aims at:

∙ Making individuals aware of the interrelationships between population and sustainable

development;
∙ Developing in them an understanding that proper population stabilization leads to
better quality of life of the present and future generations;
∙ Making them understand the aspects of adolescent life and their reproductive health,
and the implications HIV/AIDS and drug and drug and substance abuse;
∙ Empowering them to take informed decisions on issues of population and
development including those on reproductive health and care;

SUMMARY: WHY POPULATION MATTERS

1. Water scarcity. Water scarcity stems in large part from increases in human demand
aggravated by rapid population growth. Water sources a dropping worldwide.
2. Pollution is collateral effect of overpopulation. The number one killer of young children
in urban areas is respiratory diseases because of congestion..
3. Malnourishment. 800 million people are malnourished worldwide due to food scarcity.
4. Scarcity of Resources. Rapid population growth makes the poor getting poorer due to
competition for scarce resources, and become a problem for the economy while
government’s resources/revenues are strained to address poverty.
5. Climate change. Man-made factors contribute to the change in earth atmosphere leading
to change in climate itself
6. Depletion of Natural resources. The world's oceans are overfished and the coral reefs are
dying. Wild habitats that shelter endangered flora and fauna are giving way human activities
and needs.
7. Disease and Epidemics. Congestion helps spread disease; epidemics and even pandemics
in wide geographical areas due to population overgrowth. Lack of education and information
in reproductive health and sexual habits results in the recent upsurge of deadly diseases.
8. Migration and the influx of informal settlers (squatters) further is aggravated by rapid
population growth.
9 Civil conflict or racial strife often occurs in societies as the rapid population growth
aggravated by environmental degradation and resources Scarcity, usually undermine the
government.

EXERCISES: FAMILY AND POPULATION CONCERNS

NAME: PROF:
SUBJ/COMPONENT: SCORE:
SCHOOL:

GUIDE QUESTIONS

1. Describe your own family (5 sentences)

2. Identify (3) weaknesses and (2) strengths of your family.

3. Identify some government agencies promoting family welfare and health. What are
their specific programs available for the Filipino Family?
MODULE 15 FAMILY PLANNING

The Roman Catholic Church in the Philippines is known to be lukewarm in the

promotion of the government’s birth control programs, particularly of those that are based on
contraceptives other than the natural methods. The Biblical injunction of "Go forth and
multiply and subjugate the ends of the earth seems to still an unbreakable doctrine for
fundamentalist Christianity.

Also, Section 12 of Article 1 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution clearly declares that:
The State recognizes the sanctity of family Life and shall equally protect the life of the
mother and the life of the unborn from conception. And to further strengthen such explicit
constitutional guideline, Sub-Section 1, Section 3 of Article 15 provides" the right of
spouses to found a family in accordance with their religious convictions and the demands
of responsible parenthood. Now the questions to be resolved are: How do spouses reconcile
religious convictions from the demands responsible parenthood? Responsible parenthood
includes the rights of children to proper care and nutrition, protection from all forms of
neglect, abuse, cruelty, exploitation, and other conditions prejudicial to their development.
What premises should poverty stricken couples now base their choice: more children the
better? Or the quality of life of their children is more imperative than quantity of life or
number of their children?

A very important part of social development is population education.

Family planning an integral part of population education is generally defined as the
regulation or control of childbirth so as to limit the number of children. Top achieve this, a
couple must first understand the merits and disadvantages of any method of family planning
before selecting which one would suit them best
Contraceptive methods are classified as: a) oral contraceptives or the pill, b) surgical
methods like sterilization: vasectomy, and tubal ligation, c) mechanical devices such as
condom, UD, Diaphragm, cervical cap. etc. d) chemical contraceptives like spermicide,
sponge, and (e) natural and traditional methods, such as withdrawal, rhythm, douching, and
prolonged lactation.

CLASSIFICATION OF FAMILY PLANNING METHODS

1. Folk and traditional methods

a. Douching
Douching is washing out of sperms in the womb with medicated solution immediately after
sexual intercourse. This method, however, relatively ineffective

as the sperm cells may have entered the cervical canal and can be hardly douched and
washed away.

b. Prolonged Lactation

Prolonged lactation, a traditional method of preventing pregnancy. is prolonged

breastfeeding, which delays ovulation. This practice is safe and free but it may not be
 effective to some women whose Ovulation period returns from two to four months after
childbirth.

2. Natural Methods

a. Natural Method or Rhythm Method

The natural method of contraception does not require the use of any drug, chemicals or
mechanical devices. It is also known as the rhythm method because it depends upon the
woman's monthly menstrual cycle. The husband simply abstains from having sexual
intercourse with his wife during the latter's fertile period.

b. Woman's Ovulation

A woman's fertile period could be determined through the calendar method, the use of a
thermometer or appearance of cervical mucus or discharge in the vaginal canal. For women
with regular menstrual cycles, the body temperature usually drops a day or two before
ovulation and rises sharply after ovulation. The appearance of mucus or vaginal discharge in
the vaginal canal that usually occurs three days after menstruation is a sure sign of ovulation
that would soon happen. This is a peak symptom" of a woman's fertility so sexual intercourse
should be avoided.

D. Withdrawal Method

The withdrawal method or coitus interrupts refers to the method of withdrawing the penis
before ejaculation. 1This, however requires maximum self-control and precise timing on the
part of the male but at the same time causes tremendous frustration on the part of his partner.
This method could be ineffective due to the fact that the penis usually secretes pre-
ejaculatory fluid that contains sperm is enough to cause pregnancy.

3. Contraceptives devices

a. The Condom
A condom is a thin synthetic rubber sheath worn over the penis during sexual
intercourse. The sheath contains the male sperm cells and prevents it from entering the
female womb. This method is cheap because condoms are now available cheaply even in
sari-sari stores. The only risk in this method, although it seldom happens, is the production of
low quality condoms, which readily break during the sexual intercourse. One advantage of
using one advantage of using condoms is the user's protection from contracting sexually from
contracting transmitted disease (STD) such as AIDS, syphilis, herpes syphilis, herpes
gonorrhea, etc.

b. The Diaphragm

The Diaphragm is a soft rubber cap that is compressed and inserted into the vagina to
cover the womb opening it is usually covered with spermicides to prevent the entry of sperm
into the uterus. When not used correctly and properly, diaphragms in some cases could be
dislodged during copulation.

C. The Cervical Capp

 The cervical cap is made of rubber or plastic with a dome- shape appearance designed
to fit the cervix. Usually fitted by doctors, the cervical cap has the advantage of staying in
place (about 20 days) longer than the diaphragm. They are also used with spermicides.

4. Chemical Contraceptives

a. Spermicide Tablets
They are bullet-shaped chemical contraceptives that kill or Immobilize sperms. A
vaginal spermicide is inserted into the vagina 10-15 minutes prior to intercourse. Although
they require no Doctor’s prescription, these suppositories and tablets are not yet readily
available in the rural areas.

b. Jellies, Creams and Vaginal Foams

Spermicides are also sold in drugstores in the form of jellies, creams and vaginal
foams. As in contraceptive tablets and suppositories, they are inserted into the vagina just
before sexual union. These spermicides, however, last for at feast an hour.

5. Intrauterine Device

Intrauterine device (IUD) is a stainless or plastic device inserted into the uterus to
prevent pregnancy. With the IUD properly fitted by a doctor, it is safe to perform copulation.
However, in some women, the lUD may cause bleeding. In some cases, it is easily expelled
even if the pressure of pushing is minimum during the sexual act. To avoid inconvenience to
both sexual partners, the 1UD should be properly inserted and regularly checked by a doctor.

6. Oral Contraceptive: The Pill

The pill or oral contraceptive is made up of synthetic estrogen and progesterone

hormones that prevent conception by inhibiting the ovaries from the releasing egg cells. The
pills have to be ingested regularly for 21 days based on the woman's menstrual cycle. The
pill, however, is known to have caused some side effects on some women (particularly those
over 40). Such as blood clotting.

7. The injectable

One of the latest contraceptive methods is the injectable drug known as DepProvera
(DMPA). The contraceptive effect of one injection lasts for three months. This drug.
However, was observed to have some Effects on some women. Some users were reported to
have felt dizziness, nausea, recurrent headaches, bloating of the abdomen and breasts.

8. Surgical Methods of Sterilization

Sterilization is a form of surgical contraception, which involves the permanent trying

or cutting of the fallopian tube (for women) or vas deferens (rOr males) to prevent the
meeting of the sperm cell and the egg cell. Unlike Castration, sterilization does not remove
any part of the sexual organ, and does not diminish sexual desire.

a. Tubal Ligation for Women

Tubal ligation refers to the act of tying or cutting the fallopian tubes to prevent the
entry of the egg from the ovary to the uterus Thus. When the egg cell is prevented from
meeting the sperm ceil, no conception can occur. Tubal ligation is usually performed after
childbirth. Before a female submits herself to tubal ligation she must be very sure that she
does not want to have children anymore.

b. Vasectomy for Men

Vasectomy is a form of sterilization that ties or cuts the male vas deferens to prevent
the passage of the sperm to the urethra once the vas deferens is cut or tied; the sperm cells
cannot mix with the semen thus preventing conception on a woman. However, after surgery
the male body will still continue to produce semen which at times contains sperm cells, thus,
the male is advised to use other forms of contraceptives as it takes 2-3 months before the
semen will be completely rid of sperm cells.

ABORTION

Abortion is to stop pregnancy by doing away (dilating, scrapping, extracting, killing, etc.)
the embryo or fetus out in its mother's womb with the intention of not giving it life. Filipino
Catholics strongly considers abortion as Against God's laws and therefore an abomination or
mortal sin. The constitution and our criminal justice system regard it as illegal and, its
practice is punishable by law. Catholics do not accept it as a birth control method because
according to them abortion deprives the unborn child of its right to life. In many Western
Cultures, however, abortion is a right of women "on what to do with their bodies"

Section 12 Article 1 prohibits abortion as it states: The state recognizes the sanctity of
family life and shall equally protect the life of the mother and the life of the unborn from
conception. Any interruption of pregnancy prior to the 28th week is also considered as
abortion. Spontaneous abortion, or miscarriage, is used to signify delivery as nonviable
embryo or fetus due to fetal or maternal factors, as distinguished to that as purposely-
induced abortion. Therapeutic abortion is an induced abortion performed to preserve the
health or life of the mother.

Spontaneous Abortion (Miscarriage)

Early spontaneous abortion is usually caused to fetal malformations or chromosomal

abnormalities. Spontaneous abortion during the last two thirds of pregnancy is more likely to
be attributed to maternal factors, such as sexually abnormalities of the cervix or uterus,
insufficient progesterone transmitted diseases (STD) that affect the genital tract, endocrine
dysfunction (as in hypothyroidism and diabetes mellitus), or severe emotional trauma.
Immunological reactions, in which maternal antibodies mistake the fetus for foreign tissue.

Induced Abortion
Abortion can be induced for medical reasons or because of an elective decision to end
the pregnancy. Procedures for inducing abortion include vacuum suction (the most common,
used in the early stages of pregnancy), dilatation and evacuation, induction (injection of
abortifacients such as prostaglandins into the uterus), and hysterectomy (a surgical procedure
similar to a cesarean section used later in pregnancy, especially when the woman's life is in
danger).

EFFECT OF ABORTION ON WOMEN, CHILDREN, FAMILIES AND NATION

Child Abuse
 Legalizing abortion was supposed to help reduce child abuse, since it was assumed
most abused children were unwanted at birth. But this theory has been disproved by
scientific studies as well as by the evidence that child abuse has sharply increased since
abortion became legal. In 1973, when abortion became legal in the United States, there were
167,000 cases of child abuse and neglect reported. Rather than helping stop child abuse, legal
abortion has actually esteem and the ability to deal with stress. Dr. Philip Ney in a widely
read study on the connection between abortion and child abuse notes: "Recent evidence
indicates many women harbor strong guilt feelings long after their abortions. Guilt is one
important cause of child battering and infanticide. Abortion lowers women's self-esteem.

Damaged Families

Researcher Emily Milling studied over 400 couples with women who had made a
decision to have an abortion. Her research confirmed that 70% of their relationships ended
within one month of the abortion. Sociologist Arthur Shostak found that three out of four
male respondents had persistent day and night dreams about "the child that never was"

Stress for Women

Researchers discovered long-term manifestations of abortion (5-10 Years), and found

out that 81% of mothers reported preoccupation with their aborted child, 54% had
nightmares, 35% had perceived visitations with their child, and 96% felt their abortion had
taken a human life.

EXERCISES-FAMILY PLANNING

NAME: PROF:
SUBJ/COMPONENT: _ SCORE:
SCHOOL
GUIDE QUESTIONS
1. How does religious conviction affect family planning of spouses?

2. What is Family Planning?

3. Enumerate and explain 2 methods of Family Planning

4. What are the contraceptive mechanical devices?

5. Discuss the effects of abortion on women. What are its effect on children and the family?

Cauldron with steam, gas, lava, and ash billowing out often materials can either flow
smoothly out of the crater or explode into the air with great force.

Volcanoes can create as well as destroy. The Hawaiian Islands are now the mountain Peaks
that were produced by volcanic activity millions of years ago. The Philippine archipelago is
also theorized by geologist as the product of volcanic eruption.

Mt. Pinatubo
On 15, 1991 the 5,770-foot volcano erupted with devastating fury that was felt the
world. Sulfur dioxide was blasted into the stratosphere creating the aerosol cloud that would
girdle the earth within 21 days. The clouds as estimated by scientist deflected 2 percent of
incoming sunlight to earth. The eruption destroyed 42, 000 houses, 100, 000 acres of
agricultural lands buried with lahar, and about 900 dead. Some 200,000 Filipinos evacuated
to safer places and became instant refugees in their own country. Mt. Pinatubo’s eruption left
some 600, 000 Filipinos without income, and disrupted the lives of about 1.2 people.

FAULTS
The Philippines is within what is called the fiery circle or the seismic belt, that is, it
lies in the path of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. There are more than 50 volcanoes in
the country with about 10 of them considered active. There are over 100 seismic faults
running along the country. Faults are breaks in the earth surface or zone of weakness in rocks
along it which displacement occur, causing earthquakes. The main Philippines fault runs
northeast to southeast from Lingayen Gulf across North Central Luzon. It crosses the Bicol
provinces, continuous through the eastern part of Masbate then to Central Leyte before
continuing southward through eastern Mindanao. A belt, which parallels the main Philippine
Fault is marked by mountains and active volcanoes.
The other active faults in the Philippines are Digdig in Aurora; Lupao; which runs
from Nueva Ecija to Pangasinan; San Manuel in Pangasinan; Aglubang River in Mindoro;
Tablas off Panay and Marinduque islands; and Casiguran, which runs parallel to the East
Luzon through Leyte and continuing through eastern Mindanao.

Earthquake generator are plate interactions, displacement along the Philippine Fault
zone and movements along other active faults. The country’s other earthquake generator
include the Philippines Trench, East Luzon Trough, Manila trench, Negros Trench, Sulu
Trench, Cotabato Trench and the collision zones between Palawan and Mindoro, the
Zamboanga Peninsula and Western Mindanao.

EARTHQUAKE
Scientist believe that the sudden breaks made by faulting are the cause of earthquakes.
Whenever movement focus along the fault, or at some other point of weakness, an
earthquakes happens, and that the greater movement, the greater the magnitude of the
earthquake. In 1935, C. F. Richter devised a scale (now known as a Richter scale) of
earthquake is estimated by the measurement of the ground motion that occurs as it gradually
dissipates the energy at increasing distances from the epicenter (the point above the
earthquake’s focus). Seismographers can record earthquake waves, and by comparison of
the wave heights, the relative strength of the earthquake can be determined. Earthquakes are
most frequent in areas along the edges of the tectonics plate.
TSUMAMI
Earthquakes can also occur on the ocean floor. They make cause gigantic waves,
called tsunamis, such waves can travel thousands of miles from the earthquakes site and
may become 9 or more meters up to 30 ft. high as it approaches land, and can sweep up far
from the shore, causing mush destruction to lives and properties. 85 percent of tsunamis
occurs in the Pacific Ocean.
Tsunami of 2004
On December 26, 2004 a magnitude-9 earthquakes off the Indonesian island of
Sumatra lifted the ocean floor 15 feet and displaced trillions of gallons of water, causing the
tsunami that swamped coastlines as far as Somalia, Africa. The tsunami occurred in Indian
Ocean and killed and left missing nearly 300, 00 people of eleven Indian nations:
Indonesian (243, 503), Sri Lanka (30, 957), Indian (16, 389),
Thailand (5, 393), Maldives (82) Malaysian (68) Burma (61) Bangladesh (2),
Somalia (298), Tanzania (110) and Kenya (1) with a total of 296, 791. These figure include
127, 774 listed a missing in Indonesian and 5, 640 in India (Reuter Report, (February 10,
2005).
CLIMATE CHANGE
The rise in average ocean levels caused by global warming and the effects of iceberg
and glacier meltdown continue to grow as a consequences, the world is constantly
experiencing Climate Change. One culprit responsible to the climate changes in abnormal
concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. These gases are higher today than in
any time in the millennia.

DISASTER CONTROL AND RISK MANAGEMENT

Government must use public funds for the relief and amelioration of the poor victims
of man-made or natural calamities and other disastrous events that may befall the country.
DISASTER CONTROL means minimizing the effects and impact of disaster by teaching
people ways how to prepare before, during and after a disaster.
DISADTER RISK MANAGEMENT – refers to a comprehensive strategy of mitigating the
impact/effects of then disaster or calamity through the efficient use and proper handling of
resources and by using methods/systems to reduce the risk and hazards brought by a disaster
to the lives of the people.
While it is true disaster/calamity causes tremendous impact (suffering, damage, loss)
in the lives of the people, it is a goal of disaster management to mitigate or lessen the effects
of every disaster/calamity by helping the people increase their ability to prepare and cope
with the disaster, thereby resulting to lesser damage. It also increases the resiliency and
resistance of the community to disaster.
Disaster Risk Management is both a guideline and strategy that includes a range of
legislative policies and mechanisms to reduce risk of disasters to the community and this can
only the effective through the advance preparation and planning of those concerned.
Disaster risk management involves:
⮚ Prevention
⮚ Mitigation
⮚ Preparedness
⮚ Response
⮚ Recovery
HOW PEOPLE PREPARE AND MINIMIZE RISK OF DISASTERS.
Typhoons and Flooding;
✔ Be aware of such typhoon (and signal number) coming in your area and be prepared
for any warming/advice from local government authorities about possible evacuations
for safer areas and about their level of preparation.
✔ Prepare personal supply disaster kit such as flashlights, batteries, water, radio,
rainwear, medicines and other necessary supplies.
✔
For earthquakes:
✔ Have a calm composure (don’t panic) during earthquake. Don’t stand near glass
windows. Don’t use the elevator. Situate yourself under the table. Calmly vacate your
area for the safer ground.
✔ Be ready with your emergency personal kit and supply
✔ Encourage the community to have earthquake preparedness plan
✔ Make periodic earthquake simulation or drills
Volcanic Eruption:
✔ Be aware of community emergency plan. Be alert on bulletins and updates about the
eruption. Vacate your area as advised by the local authority
✔ Be ready with your emergency supplies
GOVERMENET AGENCIES/INSTRUMENENT ALITIEA INVOLVED IN DISASTER RISK
MANAGEMENT
The NATIONAL DISATER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT
COUNCIL (NDDRMC) is the government body responsible in implementing the disaster
preparedness program and disaster and rehabilitation program at the national level.
The members and department secretaries under the NDRRMC have then following tasks:
1 .Executive Director (NDRRMC) – convince the council and calls on all the other
departments/bureaus/agencies, other instrumentalities of the government and the private
sector for the assistance when the need arises. The executive Director also serves as the
administrator of the OCD (Office of Civil Defense)
2 .Administrator, Office of Civil Defense – coordination within the various agencies and
instrumentalities of the government, private institution and civic organization Vis a Vis
implementation of the policies and program of the NDRRMC, disseminates materials relative
to disaster prevention, control and mitigation. 3.Secretary of DILG (Interior
and Local Government) – oversees the establishment of
Disaster Operation Centers of all local of government, and the training of DDC (Disaster
Coordinating Council) members in coordination with OCD, DSWD, PNRC, and other
appropriate agencies.
1. Secretary of Social Welfare and Development – extends relief assistance, rehabilitation
and other social services to the victims as necessary.
2. Secretary of Health – extend reliefs assistance, rehabilitation and other social services to
the victim of necessary, organize quick and ready section teams in hospital, clinic and to
other health institutions.
3. Director-General, NEDA – determines and analyses the effect of disasters and calamities
and its aftermath on the socio economic plans and programs of the
4.
governments, thereby develops and creates a damage assessment schemes or program.
5. Secretary of DOLE (Department of Labor employment) – prepared emergency
employment opportunities to disaster/calamity victims and continuously implements the
industrial civil defense programs and measures. It also organizes and trains (with the periodic
drills) Disaster Control Group in all factories and industrial complex in the country.
6. Secretary of DEP ED (Department of Education) – provides assistance in the public
education and campaign regarding disaster preparedness, prevention and organizes and trains
disaster control groups and reaction teams in all school and education al institutions.
7. Secretary of Trade and Industry – maintains normal and level prices of basic
commodities during emergencies, and also helps organize disaster control groups and
reaction teams in large building commercial and recreational purpose.
8. Secretary of Agriculture – undertakes surveys in disaster areas to determine and
analyze the extent of damage of agricultural crops, livestock and fisheries. It render technical
assistance to disaster/calamity victims whose crops or livestock have been damage or
destroyed.
9. Secretary of Budget and Management – release funds required by the concerned
departments for disaster and rehabilitation.
10. Secretary of DENR (Environment and Natural Resources) – responsible for
reforestation, control and rehabilitation of areas which are prone flooding landslide, mudflow
and ground erosion. It provides seeds, seedlings and sapling and technical assistance
regarding mines, forests and lands, and it formulates rules and regulations for the control of
water and land pollution.\
11. Secretary of Finance – issues rules and regulation with the concerned used for
organizing, equipping, and training of their own disaster coordinating council and reaction
teams.
12. Secretary of Public Works and Highways – repairs or restores destroyed public
structures (flood control, waterworks, roads, bridges, and other vertical and horizontal
facilities/structures) and provides heavy and light equipment for relief, rescue, and recovery
operations.
13. Secretary of Tourism – Organizes and trains disaster control groups and reaction teams
in hotels, inns, pension houses and other tourist facilities.

OTHER AGENCIES INVOLVE:

Philippine Weather Bureau (PAGASA) conducts tropical cyclone (typhoon) research on
movement and prediction, typhoon surface, structure research, hydrological hazards
assessment.

PAGASA
1. Special Tropical Cyclone Reconnaissance Information Dissemination and Damage
Evaluation (STRIFE) a quick response team (QRT) to conduct in spot of investigation
in areas affected by landfilling TC’s, tornadoes, storm surges etc.
2. Provision of Farm-weather Forecast and Warming Services –provides Weather
Information related to plant growth/development and farming operation including
livestock and crop production.
3. Information and Education Campaign (IEC) Program for natural Disaster Reduction.
Include the level of awareness/preparedness of the people of natural hazards and
disasters through the development of hi-tech audio-visual and multi-media technology,
conducts seminars/workshops, lectures and training’s throughout the country.

1. The Philippine Institute of Vocal and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) is also conducting

studies on the seismicity of Luzon and Visayas Island as well as the volcanic hazards
of Mindanao Island.

PHIVOLCS
1. Volcanic Hazards Identification and Mapping-it identifies, catalogues and
characterizes the activities of potentially hazardous active volcanoes.
2. Hazardous Volcanic Production and Process: to map extent pf emplacement, thickness
of deposition, stratum and source vents to these hazardous volcanic product which
may give an overview of the anticipated hazards and risk from future eruptive eruption
3. National Lahar Mapping Program. This involves mapping out the positive extent of
emplacement and distribution of lahar deposits from explosive eruption. This is done
to generate lahar hazard maps for selected active volcanoes which shall identify
possible routes and areas that can be affected during a particular lahar flow from a
volcanic eruption.
4.

ACRONYMS:
1. NDDRMC
2. OCCD
3. DCC
4. PHILVOLCS
5. DENR
6.
EXERCISE: DISASTER AWARNESS AND PREPAREDNESS

NAME SCHOOL:
SUB/COMPONENT SCORE:
INSTRUCTOR:

EXPLAIN BRIEFLY:
1. What is disaster control?

2. What is disaster risk management?

3. What caused climate change?

4. WHAT THE ACRONYSM STAND FOR?

1. NDRRMC
2. PHILVOLS
3. OCS
4. DSWD
5. DENR
6.
MODULE 17

HUMAN SECURITY
This module will provide students a blueprint of the framework for human and
ecological security and its importance in achieving total and sustainable human development.
GENERAL LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of this study, the student would be able to:
1. Gain basic knowledge about human and ecological security;
2. Grasp and understand the relation between human and ecological solid security and
sustainable development.
CONCEPT OF SICURITY
Security is defined as the quality of being secure; as freedom from danger (safety);
against physical aggression (everyone has the right, to life. Liberty and of our person).
Security means freedom from fear, anxiety, and care; and it serves as protection against
economic vicissitudes (Example-pension and heath care for old age person, day care, etc.)
Security refers also to freedom from uncertainly or doubt, it is a harmony between internal
need and the social availability of the means of their satisfaction

Therefore, security now includes the promotion of economic, political and social
development in Third World countries as a means of preventing armed conflicts, and
preserving a global order of peace and stability.

Economic development
SECURITY Political development Social
Development
Environment Protection/ Ecological balance
Land/Forest resources Marine
resources
Eco system other natural resources

CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISION ON NATIONAL SERVICES

Section 3……… The Armed Forces of the Philippines is the Protector of the people and the
state. It’s goal is to secure the sovereignty of the state and the
Section 4 the prime duty of the government is to serve and protect the people. The
government may call upon the people to defend the state and, in the fulfillment thereof, all
citizen may be required, under condition provide by law, to render personal, military or civil
service.

Compulsory services to the state

For the defense of the state, all citizen of the republic may be compelled to render
personal, military or civil service on the ground that it is against the religious belief.
Section 5 The maintenance peace and order, the protection of life, liberty and property, and
the promotional of the general welfare are essential for the enjoyment by all the people of the
blessing of democracy.
THREATS ON HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL SECURITY include:
--Climate change
--Soil erosion
--food shortages
--deforestation
--calamities/disasters
○ Typhoon
○ Floods
○ Earthquakes
○ Volcanic eruption
-Endemic disease (malaria, dengue, etc.)
-Epidemics/pandemic (cholera, AIDS, etc.)
-Crime against person and Terrorism

UNDP Human development report advocates that:

∙ Security of people, not just state of territory but must be ensured.

∙ Security through sustainable development, not through proliferation
∙ There must be security of all people everywhere and elsewhere – on their homes, in
their workplaces. In the streets, in their communities, and in the environment.
∙
Essential Requirements for Human and Ecological security
∙ Developing and managing integral ecosystems
∙ Prioritizing basic human survival needs
∙ Respecting basic human rights, participation and social empowerment and equity in
access to resources and development services education health care. Etc.
∙ Managing population growth, production, and the people’s consumption
∙ Affirming cultural pride and spiritual identity
∙ Ultimately ensuring the nation’s sustainable development

WHAT IS HUMAN SECURITY

∙ It is a fundamental and imperative requirement for lasting if not permanent peace
∙ Freedom from want and deprivation of basic needs. Food security ensures foods in
every body’s table
∙ A condition where people can exercise and enjoy their rights, privileges and benefits,
freely, safely and productively.
Built on intentionally accepted Human right concepts, it is concerned with protecting
and expanding people’s basic freedoms.
It is focused on community and people empowerment…
It is concerned with domestic Human Rights violations and its repercussion to the
international community.
Security of the basic sectors from violence means upholding the legal and social right
of the poor. This will sometimes need new laws such as one against the abuse and
trafficking of women and children, or stricter enforcement of existing laws as that
against that illegal demolitions of informal settlers. For workers in both formal and
informal, sectors subcontracting laws will need to be reviewed and revised. A
comprehensive program for displaces sectors such as victims of crop failure and urban
poor relocation will need to be planned and set will local.

HUMAN RIGHTS

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights of the United Nations, which was
approved by those nation on Decembern10, 1948, provides that:

“All human being are born free and equal in dignity and right. They are endowed with
reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
 Everyone is entitled to all the right and freedoms set forth in this declaration without
distinction of any kind, such as race. Color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion,
national or social origin, property, birth or other status.” (Art. 1 and 2)

NATURE AND SCOPE OF HUMAN RIGHTS

Human right have a broader concept as they include (1) Civil and Political Rights
Which are basically guaranteed by the Bill of Right and (2) Social, Economic, amd cultural
rights. Human rights are universal and are inherent and inborn with man. Respect for human
dignity in the very core of these rights.
Civil and Political Right are actionable rights, enforceable in the courts of law. They
are defenses against despotism and repression of the government. Social, economic and
cultural right are claim on society and state and are enforceable through legislation. They are
reaction against exploitation, rights are the rights to life, liberty and property. Human rights
violation are those who acts of the state. Which run counter to its obligation with regard to
the right of its constituents.

DIGNITY OF MAN
Is human dignity just a matter or political right? Can human dignity be
quantified or qualified? Can be equal dignity to all men?
Human dignity id very core of human rights. Dictionaries define dignity as the quality
or state of being worthy or honored; the objectives excellence of a being. As a man
extraordinary creature is endowed with soul and body. He is also gifted with intelligence and
free will and is not subordinate to any terrestrial creatures. Man alone among all creatures is
matter of the universe fot this creator.
A hall mark of human dignity is the enjoyment of freedom through the exercise of
political, economic and cultural rights. Such as human right were restricted to the few in the
past because only few privilege individuals had the economic independence and security
without which political freedom cannot be can still achieve dignity of if he does not take
advantage of all opportunities and the productive and virtuous activities in pursuit of
happiness and meaningful existence.
EQUALITY OF MAN
Why is it that people do not have the same physical characteristics, mental abilities
and mental possessions? Do we really have a common origin and share a common destiny?
Or are we just equal in terms of our natural inalienable rights- that

is, equal to life, liberty and pursuit of happiness? In this work. Animal farm George Orwell
said: All pigs are equal, but some pig are more equal than others.” And Adler had also
pointed out: “should we then treat equals equally and un-equally in proportion to their
inequality?
Social inequality and exploration had been a pattern in our civilization for many millennia.
For it part, the Catholic Church made on discrimination or violation of fundamental rights or
human being through the Vatican II ], which declared: “With respect to the fundamental
rights of the person, every type of discrimination, whether social or cultural whether based
on sex, race, color, social condition. Language, or religion, is to be overcome and eradicated
as contrary to God’s intent.”
Constitutional Provision on Filipinos Right to Equality:
The congress shall give priority to the enactment of measures that protect and enhance the
right of all people to human dignity, reduce social, economic inequalities, remove cultural
inequalities by equitably diffusing wealth and political power for the common good. (Section
1, Article 13)

PHILIPPINE COMMITMENT TO HUMAN RIGHTS: INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS OF

HUMAN RIGHTS
a. Protocol 2 of the Geneva Convention of August 12, 1949
Ratified by the president Aquino in 1986, it lays down to the foundation of respect to
human persons in cases of armed conflicts not of an international character and provides for
the protection of victims of those armed conflicts.
b. International covenant of Social, Economic and Cultural Rights

The Philippines is a signatory (ratified by the Aquino Administration in 1986) to the

international covenant of Social, Economic and Cultural Rights (adopted by the UN General
Assembly in 1966) and the international covenant on civil and Political Rights (also adopted
In UN 1966).

CONSTITUTIONAL BASES ON HUMAN RIGHTS

The 1987 Constitutional Provision on Human Rights
As declared principle and a state policy, “the state values the dignity of every human
person and guaranteed full respect for human rights. (Section 2, Article 2)
Section 17 article 13 of the 1987 constitution – created an independent office called
the Commission on Human Rights (CHR), a constitutional body

Mandated to “investigate on its own or on complaint or any party all forms of human right
violations involving civil and political rights. It also monitors the Philippines government’s
compliance with the international treaty obligation on Human Rights”.
GOVERNMENTS DECREES ON HUMAN RIGHTS
A. Executive Order No. 8 (Aquino Administration) created the presidential committee on
Human Right (PCHR), on March 1986.
B. Executive Order No. 27 (July 4, 1986) – it requires the department of National, the AFP,
and the PNP, to include the study of human rights as an integral and indispensable part of the
education and training of all police military and other arresting and investigating personnel.
Basic knowledge of human rights will be included in the qualifying examinations for police
work.
C. Administrative Order No. 101. Signed Dec. 13, 1988 by president Aquino created the
Human Rights Committee which is mandated to monitor human rights situation in the
country and to advise the government of the proper measures to be taken. This committee is
 also mandated to assist the relatives in locating person who have disappeared and are
believed to be detained illegally.
UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHT AND AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL
An urgent issue is contemporary international politics is the violation of human rights
by governments who imprison, torture and execute its own citizens. Often the only offense of
these individual is political dissent. When fascist government are ruthless in implementing
policies designed to eliminate opposition or protest, the only hope of the oppressed is to
appeal to eliminate opposition or to protest, the only hope of the oppressed is to appeal to
external forces-the international community and to world opinion.
The 1975 Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted in Helsinki, Finland states that
everyone has the right life liberty and security of person. One of the most influential and
powerful international agencies in the struggle to protect human right is private group-tine
Amnesty International founded in 1961 and awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1977.

Human security concept can cover these areas:

Human Rights Conflict Resolution

Rule of Law Peace and Stability
Democracy Tenure and Income Security
Accountability Food Security
Participation Health
Empowerment Sustainability
Cultural Diversity Gross national Happiness

Threats to Human Security

1. HUMAN SECURITY is threatened by poverty and lack of development;
Poverty Absolute poverty in some parts of the world, it is the most famous and persistent
threat to humanity. It is widely claimed that the reduction of global poverty by half by year
2015 can very effectively improve the human security situation universally.
2. HUMAN SECURITY undermined by drug trafficking and trafficking of women and
children: and
The trafficking of women and children has been increasing worldwide and has assumed a
lucrative (global Industry) dimension which seriously undermines the moral fabric of every
society, particularly of those in Third world countries. The violence again women and
children (Rape, Wife battery, girl circumcision, prostitution, child prostate, boy soldiers) it is
estimated that more than 1/3 of wives in developing countries are physically abused or
battered.
3. HUMAN SECURITY seriously jeopardized through human violation.
A threat to human security comes from violation of human right. Unless each country has its
own monitoring mechanism of human right violation and process for redress, not much
progress would be possible. The recently established International Criminal Court (ICC) was
created for the protection and respect of human security.

Direct and Indirect Threats to Human Security Direct Violence

 ∙ Violence/Disablement: Victims of violent crime, sexual assault,
terrorism/purges/genocide, killing and torture of political dissident, extra –
judicial killings.
Indirect Violence
∙ Deprivation: Subhuman Levels of basic needs and entitlements (foods, safe drinking
water, primarily education)
∙ Disease
Incidence of life-threatening illness (infectious cardo- vascular, cancer)
∙ Natural and man-made
Disasters

Casualties in calamities and disasters, floods, fires etc.

∙ Dehumanization: white slavery and trafficking in women and children;
recruitment of child soldiers; physical abuse of women and children (in household);
kidnapping abduction, unlawful opposition + rigged trials.
∙ Drugs: drug addiction other substance abuse.

∙ Discrimination
Domination:

Discriminatory laws/ practices against indigenous minorities and women; banning/rigging

elections, subversion of political institution subversion of the media
∙ Most destructive weapons: th proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD)
conventional, small arms, landmines.
∙ Underdeveloped: low levels of GNP
/capita, low GNP growth, inflation, unemployed, inequality, population growth/decline,
poverty, at the national level;
∙ Population Displacement:
(National, regional, Global): Refugees and migration
∙ Environmental Degradation: (local, national, regional, global)
∙

POINT OF REFERENCE NATIONAL SECURITY HUMAN SECURITY

Security for whom Primarily for the state or Primarily, the
Republic of the Philippines individual citizens of
the nation
Security of what values For the nation’s territorial Personal safety and
integrity, sovereignty and individual freedoms
 independence
Security from what threats Direct threats and armed Direct threats from the
conflicts (war) against other state and non-state
states actors + indirect threats
Security by what means The use of organized force ∙ Organized force is
(AFP) as the primarily used for maintenance
instrument for the state’s of peace and order and
security and safety collectively; sanctions;
human development,
Strategic alliances with other and effective
state are important to maintain governance
balance of power in the region. ∙ Cooperation between
Norms and institution are of and among the states
limited value, particularly and NGOs can be
effective and
security/military sphere
sustained
∙ Norms
Democratic institution
are important are
important in the sphere

CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM AND SOCIAL DEFENSE IN THE PHILIPPINES

The Criminal Justice System refers to the orderly progression of events from the time a
person is arrested or taken out of the community, investigated, prosecuted, sentenced,
punished, and eventually returned to the community,” The scope of the criminal justice
system, on one hand, covers the laws and rules made to carry out police, prosecutorial,
judicial and correctional activities, and on the other hand, the physical and personnel
structured or task to implement the said laws and rules.
The four pillars of criminal justice system:
1. Law enforcement
2. Prosecution
3. Courts
4. Corrections
CONTRIBUTOTY CAUSES OF CRIMES IN THE PHILIPPINES
1. Injustices
2. Illegal drug use and abuse, Illegal Drug Trafficking
3. Poverty
4.
5. Broken Families
6. Unemployed
7. Inability of the Police to solve crimes
8. Poor crime Prevention Measures
9. Lack of education especially among the poor
 10.Uncontrolled migration of people to the cities
11.Abuses committed by officials and employees of the
government 11.Abuse of the rich and influential
1. Involvement of government in crime such as from PNP, DPWH, etc.
2. Graft and corruption
Injustices
There must be equal application and protection of the law. “Compartmentalized justice”
occurs when there is one justice for the rich and another for the poor.

Poverty
With the ten percent (10%) elite or upper class in society controlling the economy and
thereby influencing government decisions and policies; there must be equitable
distribution of the wealth and resources among the people to arrest the problem of
poverty.

Broken Families
The break-up of the home by the separation of the husband and wife or the death of the
loved one is traumatic to the children that often lead to problematic development of the
children eventually juvenile delinquency and crime. When the family becomes
integrates as a result of the father and mother parting ways, the children are the victims
of a social disintegration of the basic unit of the society.

Unemployed
Economic deprivation due to unemployed may led to dissatisfaction, frustration and
breach of harmony and at times, increased discord, dispute and distrust among
members of the family often occurs. In some cases, the head of the family had resorted
on unfairness and had to surrender the noble principle to meet minimum requirements
of economic or basic needs of his family.
Deprivation pf economic needs lead to crimes to satisfy such needs.
One’s inability to have a regular work many forces a man, to commit a crime he never
wanted to. Criminal’s records work many force a man, to commit by the unemployed
specially the crimes of robbery or theft, and they come mostly from the great mass of
the poor.
HEINOUS CRIMES

The term “heinous” simply means “wicked or evil.” Heinous crimes are those
crimes punishable by death for being brutal, odious and hateful offenses and which by
reason of their inherent or manifest evil, viciousness, atrocity, barbarity, and perversity
are repugnant and outrageous in the common norms of decency and morality in any
civilized and humane society. Heinous crimes are also considered capital offenses and
are punishable by capital punishment.

(a) Murder
(b) Rape
(c)
(d) Parricide
(e) Arson
 (f) Kidnapping and serious illegal detention
(g) Robbery with homicide, rape intention mutilation, or ason;
(h) Rape committed by two or more persons or with deadly weapons or with
homicide;
(i) Plunder (Misappropriation or public funds amounting to 50 million or
more);
(j) Piracy in general and mutiny in the high seas or in Philippines waters;
(k) Important or prohibited drugs;
(l) Sale, administration, delivery, distribution, and transportation
of prohibited drugs;
(m)Maintenance of den, or resort for prohibited drugs users;
(n) Possession or use of prohibited drugs;
(o) Cultivation of plants which are sources of prohibited
drugs; (o)
THE ROLE OF THE BUREAU OF FIRE PROTECTION
The implementation of the Fire Code of the Philippines (PD 1185) rests
upon the Bureau of Fire Protection. It is responsible for fire prevention and
suppression of fires of all types. The Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP) in
implementing provision of the fire code such as inspections of buildings, and
insuring public safety. Prevention and suppression of fires from adversely affecting
the environment, and causing damage to property and loss of lives is the Bureau of
Fire Protection. The prevention and investigation of arson cases is part of their
functions. Their problems consists of mainly of inadequate budget, equipment,
materials and supplies.
TERRORISM
Robertson (1987) defines terrorism as the use of violence against civilian
targets of the purpose of intimidation to achieve political ends. International
Terrorism Organization is an organization that attempts to change the operation of
government by using to introduce fear of consequences of not changing and/ or
provoking the authorities to respond so oppressively as to lose legitimacy in the
eyes of the general public (Lawson, 1989). Al Qaeda and Hezbollah are example
of international terrorist organization.
Types of Terrorism
1. State of terrorism – usually applied as a method of repression by
authoritarian and totalitarian government to maintain power and secure and
political control. The state apparatus is used to spread terror against its
people, particularly those suspected dissidents and political opposition
groups. This was the common practice in Fascist Italy during Mussolini’s
time and Hitler’s Nazi Germany.
2. Revolutionary terrorism – occurs when terrorism is resorted by legitimate
revolutionary group to achieve their strategic objective topping the state. The
Iris Republican Army (IRA) fighting a revolutionary war in Northern Island
is a good example. The NPA and the MILF refused to be labeled “terrorist”
by both US and Philippine authorities for the reason according to both
groups, they are waging a legitimate revolution.
 3.
EXERCISES: HUMAN SECURITY

NAME SCHOOL:
SUB/COMPONENT SCORE:
INSTRUCTOR:

DISCUSSION:
1. What is human security?

2. Human dignity

3. Human right violation

4. Enumerate 5 heinous crimes

MODULE 18 ECOLOGICAL
SECURITY

INTRODUCTION
Earth is humanity’s only home; is one people in relationship to the earth.
The capacity of the earth to sustain human life is finite and the relationship
between human numbers, human technology and the earth’s resources is the most
basic factor in maintaining the total system of the world and humanity in
equilibrium “(Victor Ferkiss).
WHAT IS ECOLOGY
Ecology is a branch of science concerned with the interrelationship organism and
their environment especially as manifested by natural cycles and rhythms,
community development and structure, geographic distribution and population
alterations.
WHAT IS ECOLOGICAL SECURITY?
Ecological security is recognition of the limits to growth. It is a process
ensuring condition necessary for maintaining the ecosystem’s ability to support
life. PERTINENT CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISION ON ECOLOGICAL
SECURITY
Section 16. Art 2. The state shall protect and advance the right of the people to a
balance and hateful ecology in accord with the rhythm and harmony of nature.
Section 9. The state shall promote adjust and dynamic social order that will ensure
the prosperity and independence of the nation and free the people from poverty
through policies that provide adequate social service, promote full employment, a
rising standard of living and an improve quality for life for all.

INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL PROVISION ON THE PROTECTION OF THE

ENVIRONMENT
THE 1987 PHILIPPINE Constitution declares the policy of the state to protect the
environment. “The state shall protect and advance the right of the people to a
balanced a healthful ecology in accord with the rhythm and harmony of the
nature.” WRIT OF KALIKASAN
The Writ of Kalikasan refers to the Philippine legal remedy available to any natural
juridical person, entity authorized by law, people’s organization, non-governmental
organization or any public interest group accredited by or registered with any
government agency, on behalf person whose constitutional right to a balanced and
faithful ecology is violated, or threatened with violation by an unlawful act or
omission

Of a public official or employee or private individual or entity, involving

environment damage of such magnitude as to prejudice the life, health or property
of inhabitant in two or more cities or provinces. In short, the writ of kalikasan is a
legal remedy designed for the protection of one’s constitutional right to healthy
environment.
The writ (from “kalikasan” a Filipino word means “nature” is an innovation
of the Philippine Supreme Court) is one of the legal means to combat the
distruction of the environment. This writ is one of the kind, available only within
the Philippines

jurisdiction. It is extraordinary in nature, that is, it can be restored to only when

other ordinary legal remedies such as injunction or damage suit are unavailing. The
underlying condition for the writ to be issued is that, the magnitude requirement
with regards to the destruct on or imminent destruction of the environment which
is sough to be prevented must be present. As to the entities to whom the writ can be
directed against, the writ provides that it could by anybody. They could be public
officials, employees or even private persons, or as long as it could be proven that
they violated or threated with violations the constitutional right to a healthy
environment of other people. Its rules likewise provides for various reliefs that
could be granted by the courts under the writ which includes, among others, the
issuance of order against the respondents to ceases or refrain from committing act
violative of the rights of the petitioners asking for the writ can also be an order
commanding the respondents to perform positive acts to preserve or protect the
environment as well as to make reports of their compliance with these
responsibilities.
At present, there are at least two (2) instances wherein the writ of kalikasan
were availed of. The first one was directed against an electric power distribution
company and the second one was against an oil pipeline operator.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

It refers to addressing the needs of the present generation without

compromising the ability of the future generation to meet their needs. Sustainable
is a process of ensuring human and ecological security across communities, within
and among nations, and across generations.

Formula for Sustainable Development

Social Equity (Equitable Distribution of Country’s wealth and resources)

+ Ecological Integrity and Balance
+Ecological Development

Sustainable Development
What Endangers the Environment Most?
When there is moderate or excessive exploitation and consumption of
natural resources by wealthy individuals and business firms.
When there is intolerable level of poverty and misery among the masses,
who constantly contribute to the depletion of natural resources in times
of economic scarcity.
When there is constancy in the breakdown of peace and or order as a
result of war insurgency and other armed conflicts.

What are “Ecological Footprints” and “carrying Capacity?”

Ecological footprint is the amount of and one needs to support one’s lifestyle.
Carrying capacity is the maximum number of species that can be supported
indefinitely by the particular habit, allowing for seasonal and random changes,
without degradation of the environment and without diminishing the carrying
capacity in the future.

ECOSYSTEM
Man has an environment, with living and involving things. all environments
are connected; one shares his world with others, they share their world with
him. All living things depend on the world around them. The land, air, water
and energy composed the physical environment. They physical and biological
 environment together form a unit or system. The ecosystem is the relationship
between the physical and biological environments in a certain place.

RESOUCES OF THE EARTH

A resources is a natural material or element in the environment that makes it
possible for animal life to exist. Thing that form an ecosystem are also resources.
The resources can be divided in three groups – water and soil, plants and animals,
and minerals. Plant and animals called biotic resources are part of biological
environment. A type of biotic resource is produced by living things but is not alive
itself. These are called raw materials – any natural resource that can be made into
a product such an animal products like wool, hide and fur). Minerals are nonliving
materials around on the earth crust. All these resources put together are called the
resources base at the people use for living.
Certain resources, like water are more plentiful and are readily available than
others. However much wastage of water can cause problems, in any country or at
any, there may be too much or too little water. Water, therefore, is recyclable
resource. Soil and biotic resources can be used up, but they are also renewable
resources – they provide a continuous supply as long as they are wisely used.
Resources that cannot replace themselves and that have a definite limit to their
supply are called nonrenewable resource. Most mineral and energy resources
belong to this group.
Mineral resources are found both on the land’s surface and under it. Some
may be found under oceans. There are three kind of non-living resources. The first
kind is metallic resources such as copper, iron, lead and aluminum. The second
group, the nonmetallic minerals include stone, gravel, sand, salt, potash and
asbestos. The third group of nonliving materials is the fossil fuels or energy
minerals such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Coal was formed thousands of
year ago from the dead plant life. Petroleum and natural gas were formed from
ancient remains of fish, plants, and animals that contained energy from the sun.
Good management of the country’s helps to preserve the resource base, it
encourages the renewing of resources and prevents the disastrous effects of misuse.
Conservation, recycling, and finding alternative ways of resources of resources can
help offset uneven distribution and the growth of population in countries.

CHANGES IN THE ENVIRONMENT

An ecosystem represent equilibrium in nature. Sun, soil, water, plants,

animals and man all shape that environment. Natural disasters like earthquake,
floods, drought, volcanic eruption, etc. can drastically bring changes in the
ecosystem. For example lava and ash coming from a volcanic eruption may
temporarily change the weather in parts of the earth. Abuse and misuse of the
environment by men may change the balance within the among the ecosystem. For
example, the wanton destruction of the forest covers, can lead to erosion and floods
and even deaths.

Land and water use

Most food comes from the land, either from crops or indirectly from
animals. As population increases, people are always seeking ways to get more
food. This will bear a heavy burden on the soil. Also, the abuse and misuse of non-
renewable resources can lead to environment degradation and imbalance of the
ecosystem. Unregulated quarrying, malpractices and chemicals in farming are all
contributing severely to the damage of whatever resources of the land.
Water wastage through domestic consumption can deplete water resources in
dams. Unregulated irrigation of agricultural crops can reduce the supply of
groundwater this may lead to shortage of potable water.

Problems in the atmosphere

Air, like and water is an essential element in human existence. But human
activities may bring pollution such as coming from the smoke belched from motor
vehicle, industries, or outdoor burning. Carried by the wind, the polluted air and
may fall to the earth as acid rain. Acid rain can pollute the oceans, seas, lakes, and
rivers poison fish and damage vegetation. Industrial greenhouse gas emissions
can produce pollution that cause global warming and can shrink polar ice caps and
melt alpine glaciers

Global Warming
According to the UN intergovernmental panel on climate change (2005
Report) the world’s average temperature rose by 0.6 C from 1900-1990 alone and
could increase by another 5.8 by 2100, depending on how much carbon dioxide is
in the air an can be aggravated by greenhouse gas emissions.
The Kyoto Protocol (2005) signed by 141 nations is a treaty which is
required cuts in gas emissions which caused global warming. The 34 industrialized
countries which have ratified the treaty on February 16, 2005 are bound to lash
output of greenhouse gases by 5.2 percent before 2012, with targets set for each
nation based on their 1999 levels. However, the United States and Australian,
which account for 30 percent of their world’s greenhouse gas emission, rejected
the treaty, claiming it would hurt their economies.

ECONOMIC RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT

Countries differ on the level of their economic development. A country that

uses industry and technology for making goods is an industrialized nation (First
World) countries with little or no industry are called undeveloped nations (Third
World). Those that are developing their industries are the developing nations. The
three main types of industry are heavy, light, and processing.
Countries measure their economy conditions in terms of their gross nation
product, or GNP. The GNP is the total value of all good and services produced in
a country during one year. The total value of goods and services produced in a
country in one year excluding income earned on investment abroad is called the
gross

domestic product, or GNP. To measure of how a country’s economy is faring is

the per capita GNP. To measure this, you divide the GNP by the total population
and the average value, per person, of the goods and services a country produced in
a year is the per capita GNP.
THE CHANGING EARTH:
Erosion
The land is altered or reshaped by forces outside the earth as well as within
it. They are wind, running water, ice, and ocean waves. They changed the land by
erosion. Erosion is the process by which soil and rock are washed or worn away
from the earth’s surface and moved to another site. The greatest cause of erosion is
running water. When rain hits the earth, it loosens the soil. Rainwater always seeks
its downhill trek to lake, river or ocean. As the fast moving water becomes
floodwaters, it slices into mountainsides and lower areas then empties into the sea.
Waves, currents, and tides erode the shorelines and land under the ocean. As they
wear or wash away the shore in on place, they build it up in another. Ocean
currents, like winds, distribute heat and moisture in certain patterns throughout the
earth. Their patterns are generally the same as those of the winds.

EL NINO and EL NINA

This warm southward ocean current moderates the low surface temperature
of the cold waters of the southeastern pacific of the coast of Peru during the early
months of the year. The current was named El Nino (the child Jesus) because it
appears around Christmas. Every few years, the current is more intense, is
exceptionally warm and is accompanied by heavy rainfall. Not until the 1960’s did
scientist realize that the warm surface water along the coastal zone of Peru during
the appearance of El Nino extend thousands of miles offshore is but one aspect of a
phenomenon throughout the tropical pacific ocean. This phenomenon arises from
changes in the circulation if the entire ocean basin, in response to the changes in
the surface winds that drive the ocean.
El Nino is now associated with economic and ecological disasters, which
includes severe droughts over the western tropical Pacific, torrential floods over
eastern tropical pacific and unusual weather condition over various parts of the
world. La Nina is a condition when the surface temperatures in the central and
eastern Pacific are unusually low and the trade winds are very strong. The Pacific
Ocean during 1988 may have contributed to the devastating drought over North
America the summer of the same near. During cold La Nina incidents, the area of
warm surface waters contracts toward the western tropical pacific, so that heavy
rains and low surface pressure are confirmed that area. The trade winds are also
intense during such period.

POPULATION GROWTH AND DISTRIBUTION

Today the population of the earth is more or less 6 billion. Data about
population changes is very important to all countries, because they do not only

inform about the population but also about economic growth. Population
geography focuses on the number, composition and distribution of people in
relation to variation in the condition of the earth surface. It differ from
demography, the statistical study of human population, in its concern with spatial
analysis, that is, the relationship of numbers to the area. In population geography,
the type of the economic development of, the level of living, food supply, the
regional circumstance of the resource base and the condition of health are those
basic concerns.
Demographers measures population’s composition and trends through one
count events: of individual in population, of birth, death, marriage, etc. one way of
measuring population growth is by getting the difference between the birth rate
(the number of birth each year for every 1,000 people) and the death rate (the
number of death for every 1,000 people in given year. If there are more births than
death each year, the country has a high growth rate. A country that has more
deaths, and death each year has a zero population growth. A country that has
more deaths than births each year has a negative birth rate. Countries, which are
constantly at war, experience such conditions.
Population is not distributed evenly around the world. It is so uneven that almost
half of its lives on only five percent of the total earth’s area. Climate and land are
important factor to the distribution of population. The natural resources of the land
are also important factors to the population distribution and density. A dense
population is one with many people living in a small area, while a sparse
population is one with a few people living in a large area.

MIGRATION
People migrate to improve their lives; find better jobs and opportunities,
better living condition, or to enjoy greater freedom. Migration is the moving of
people from one country of place to another. Moving out of a country is
emigration, and moving into a country place within a country. Migration
decreases the population in one country, and it increases it in another.
Today, the overseas Filipino workers (OFWs) are the single block of
migrant to other countries whose remittances to their families boost the Gross
National Product of the Philippines; their dollar earnings help the sagging economy
of the country. Preferred destination of professional Filipino domestic helpers are
concentrated in Hong Kong, Singapore, and Malaysia. Filipino caregivers are
found in Canada, the US, Australian and in some western European counties.

EXERCISES: ECOLOGICAL SECURITY

NAME SCHOOL:
SUB/COMPONENT SCORE:
INSTRUCTOR:

DISCUSSION:
1. What is ecological security?
 _

2. Sustainable development

3. Ecosystem

4. What is the difference between migration and emigration?

MODULE 19
ECOLOGICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT

Learning Objectives
At the end of the topic, students should be able to:
1. Have an operational awareness and knowledge of the methods and
programs for ecological management.
2. Have knowledge how they can contribute for the preservation of
environment or natural resources.
INTRODUCTION
Disasters and emergencies such as floodwaters are often brought about by,
problems on garbage and waste disposal. Thus, it is imperative that students must
have knowledge and operational skills or waste management and on the protection
and preservation of natural resources needed to teach and impart on communities
they intend to serve.
REPUBLIC ACT 9003
RA 9003 or Ecological Waste Management Act of 2000 is a legislative
enactment created to protect the environment and ensure protection of public
health and environment.
SALIENT FEATURES OF RA 9003
a. Creation of the National Waste Management Commission (NSWMC), the
National Ecology Center (NEC) and the solid Waste Management Board in every
province, city and municipality in the country. The NSWMC shall be responsible
in the formulation of National Solid Waste Management Framework and other
policies on solid waste, in overseeing the implementation of solid waste
management plans and they management of the solid waste management fund. The
NEC, on the other hand, shall be responsible for consulting, information, training
and networking services relative to the implementation of R.A No. 9003. The Solid
Waste Management Board of provinces, cities and municipalities shall be
responsible for the development of their respective solid waste management plans.
b. Formulation of the National Solid Waste Management Framework; 10 year solid
management by local governments units consistent with the National Solid Waste
Management Framework;
c. Mandatory segregation of solid waste to be conducted primarily at the source
such as household, institutional, industrial, commercial and agricultural sources;
d. setting of minimum requirement to ensure systematic collection and transport of
wastes and the proper protection of the health of garbage collectors;
e. Establish of reclamation program and buy-back centers for recyclable and toxic
materials:
f. Promotion of eco-labeling in local products and services;
g. Prohibition of non-environmentally acceptable products and packaging;
h. Establishment of Materials Recovery Facility in every barangay or cluster of
baranagys;
i.
j. setting of guidelines/criteria for the establishment of controlled dumps and
sanitary landfills;
k. Provision of rewards, incentives both fiscal and non-fiscal, financial assistance,
grants waste management, and
l. Promotion of research on solid waste management and environmental education
in the formal and non-formal sectors.

WHAT IS WASTE MANAGEMENT?

Waste management is the proper handling and disposal of waste materials.

The management of waste threats all materials as a single class, whether solid,
liquid, gaseous or radioactive substance, and tries to reduce the harmful
environmental effects/impact of each through different methods or processes.

A. Solid wastes management

Solid materials that are distracted (garbage, leftovers, plastics, metal, etc.) or
considered waste arising from various human and animal activities. Solid waste
management is actually means garbage collection/management it provides for
systematic segregation of waste at source, proper transport, processing and
disposal of solid waste that is harmful to the environment to the environment and
its ecosystems.
Classification of Solid Waste
Biodegradable/Compostable Waste Non-Biodegradable Wasted
Leftover food Plastics
Plant parts – leaves, branches, twigs, Styrofoam
barks, roots, seeds, etc.
Fruits and vegetable peeling paring, Metal
seeds
Animal manure Rubber

The Three Rs in Solid Waste Management

REDUCE

REUSE
RECYCLING

Reduce: Avoid wasteful or unnecessary consumption of goods or produce. Begins

by asking the question: “Do I really need it?” In many ways, reduction leads to
conservation of resources.

Recycling is reusing waste for something or benefit. There are non-biodegradable

wastes such as glass, rubber, plastics containers, bags, cases or other solid
materials that actually recyclable or reusable.
Waste materials that are organic in nature, such as plants, food scraps, orts,
and paper products, can be recycled using biological composting and digestion
processes to decompose such organic matter.
Biodegradable wastes comprise approximately 60% of all household wastes.
Composting refers to the controlled decomposition of organic matter by
microorganisms, mainly bacteria and fungi, into humus – like product.

Ways to help solid waste problems:

1. Segregate your garbage/waste properly. Separate biodegradable, recyclable

no-biodegradable waste into different containers.
2. Minimize generation of garbage by consuming wisely. Buy or consume
what are needed only
3. Buy products that are biodegradable. Avoid use of plastic if necessary
4. Reuse/ recycle plastic and glass containers
5. Do not throw garbage everywhere, anywhere or elsewhere
6. Composting can be done to reduce garbage and at the same time helpful to
plants
7. Support the efficient collection or garbage in your area or community

Guiding Principles in Solid Waste Management

1. Waste is a resource
2. Waste prevention is better than waste regulation and control.
3. There is no single management and technological approach to solid waste.
 4. An integrated solid waste management system will be best achieve solid
waste management goals.
5. All elements of society are fundamental responsible for solid waste
6. Those who generate waste must bear the cost of its management and disposal.
7. Integrated solid waste management should be approached within the context
of resource conservation, environmental protection and health, and
sustainable development.
8. Integrated solid waste management program should take into consideration
the physical and social-economic condition of the concerned communities,
and be designed according to the specific needs.
Approaches to Ecological Solid Waste Management
1. Segregation of wastes at source. All the members of the household must be
informed how to segregate wastes into:
✔ Compostable
✔ Non-recyclable
✔ Recyclable; and
✔ Special or hazardous waste.
2. There must be a separate container for each type of waste. Segregated recycle
must be properly cleaned before storing them in their respective containers.
3.
4. The use of special scheduled and/or separate trucks or haulers must be
required for specific types of wastes.
5. Recyclable waste materials should be taken to the materials recovery facility
(MRF) in every barangay or cluster of barangay where they are received,
sorted, processed and stored efficiently and in an environment manner, either
in the backyard or the community composing site.
6. Hazardous wastes are further screened and sent to appropriate hazardous
waste treatment or disposal plants.
7. The residual wastes or the non-recyclable and non-compostable waste shall be
transferred to a long-term storage or disposal facility or sanitary landfill; or
processed into new and usable materials (e/g. hollow blocks, culverts, flower
pots, etc.)
Other Type of Ecological Waste Management
A. Toxic and Hazardous Waste Management – Toxics and hazardous wastes are
materials that are harmful to our health and wellness and cause disease and
sickness depending on the level of one’s exposure and concentration to
them. Some industrial, hospital and household toxic wastes are toxic and
hazardous, that people should be aware of.

Ways to solve the problem:

∙ Promote awareness the effect of toxic and hazardous waste to health

in order to protect people from exposure
∙ Property handle, store and dispose these waste. Use protective device
such as gloves, masks and clothing in handling the wastes.
∙ Separate them from other types of waste
TEN COMMANDMENTS OF GARBOLOGY (RA 9003)
I. Do not mix your waste.
II. Compost biodegradable waste
III. Recycle the reusable
IV. Set up physical centers for composting recycling in every Barangay
V. Total segregation
✔ No Segregation
✔ No collection
VI. Two destination
✔ Back to mother earth
✔ Back to Factory
VII. Decentralization
VIII. An ecology Officer. A point person.
IX. Sue those who defy the law esp. Public officials. Sec 53
X. Take care of L A H A T (Lupa, Araw, Hangin, Ako, Tubig)

WATER WASTE MANAGEMENT

Water Waste Management – Water conservation is generally taken for granted
by some people. Wastage of water is done like excessive use of water in taking a
bath,

unregulated running water while washing the dishes or when one forgets to shut off
the faucet even though a container is already full. Unrepaired leaks in your water
system also contribute to water wastage..
Water can also be contaminated by improper waste/garbage disposal.
Ways to solve the problem:
∙ Conserve water by using what is only needed. Close faucets if not being
used. Reused water if possible for other purpose like watering plants and
cleaning. Check leaks in your water connections.
∙ Prevent contamination of water by proper waste/garbage disposal
∙ Help protect and conserve water sheds, rivers and lakes

MARINE RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

The survival of marine life is threatened by pollution, over consumption
destruction of coral reefs, and loss of habitat of needed for marine life. This may
lead to ecological imbalance and effect to human life.

Ways to solve the problem:

∙ Helps in the protection and conservation of marine life.
 ∙ Properly dispose garbage so that they will not be contaminated and may
reached the lakes, rivers, into the sea.
AIR POLUTION
Rapid population growth and unsustainable development activities are the
main source of air pollution. Polluted air is hazardous to life and health of the
people and can cause various disease and illness.
Ways to solve the problem:
1. Support environmental policies/programs of the governmental.
2. Companies and industries must be required compliance certificate before
they can operate.
3. Comply or support with the Clean Air Act. Regular maintenance and
monitoring of smoke of your vehicle to ensure standard and safe emission.
4. Do not use private cars/vehicle if not really needed. Share a car ride if
possible with your friends or neighbors. Make use of mass transport like
MRT or LRT and other public transport.
5.
EXERCISES: ECOLOGICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT

NAME SCHOOL:
SUB/COMPONENT SCORE:
INSTRUCTOR:

DISCUSSION:
1. What is RA 9003? Cite two salient features

2. What is recycling?

3. What is water waste management?

 4. Cites two ways to solve the problem of the pollution

APPENDIX A –HUMAN SECURITY AS GURRANTEED BY THE BILL OF RIGHT

CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL RIGHT OF CITIZENS

SECTION 1 No person shall deprived of life, liberty or property without due

process of law, nor shall any person be defined the equal protection of the laws.
Who are persons protected?
The term “person” instead of “citizen” is used to convey the concept that all
persons whether a citizen or a foreigner within the jurisdiction of the Philippines is
entitled the protection of the basic right. Hence, equal protection and due process
extend to corporation or entities whether owned by Filipino or foreigners.
LIFE, LIBERTY, PROPERTY
Life is something more than animal existence. The protection against its
deprivation without due process extends to all the limbs and faculties, by which life
is enjoyed. It prohibits whether owned by Filipinos of foreigners.
Liberty connotes absence of restraint from state interference. It also
embrace the right of man the to use faculties to the fullest and achieve to perfection
his personality and be master of his own destiny. Liberty, however, is not sense or
unlimited freedom to act according to one’s will, as there maybe acts that right
violate the law or the right of others.
Property refers to a thing or the right over a thing tangible or intangible
intellectual property right). It includes the right own, transmit even destroy the
property, subject to the right of the state and other persons.
LEARNING OF DUE PROCESS
Due process hears before it condemns, proceed upon enquiry and renders
judgment only after trial. “A person is presumed innocent until proven guilty” is
a guiding statement of due process. It is an orderly proceeding wherein a person is
served with notice, actual or constructive, and has an opportunity to be heard and
to enforce and protect his right before a court having a power to hear and
determine the case. The essential elements of due process of law are notice and
opportunity to be heard and to defend in orderly proceeding adapted to the nature
of case. The guarantee due process requires that every man have equal protection
of day in court and benefit general law.
Section 2. The right of the people to be secure in their person, houses,
papers, and effect against unreasonable research and seizure of whatever nature
 and for any purpose shall be inviolable and no search warrant of warrant of arrest
shall issue except on probable cause to be determined personally by the judge after
examination under oath or affirming of the complaint and the witnesses he may
produce, and particularly describing the place to be searched and the persons or
things to be seized.

NOTES: MEANING OF PROBABLE CAUSE

Probable Cause are fact and circumstances that are bases to the insurances
of a warrant and sufficient in themselves to justify a person to rely upon them and
act in pursuance thereof. It is competent proof that the party against whom a
warrant is sought and to be issued had performed such particularly act, or
committed specific omission in violation of the provision of the Penal Code.
MEANING OF SEARCH OF WARRANT AND WARRANT OF ARREST
A Search Warrant is an order in writing, issued in the of the people of the
Philippines. Signed by a judge and directed to a peace officer, commanding him to
search certain personal property and bring it before the court. If the command is to
arrest a person designated to take into custody in order that he may be bound to
answer for the commission of an offense, the written order is called Warrant of
Arrest.
When Search and Seizure is Unreasonable
In general, all illegal searches and seizures are unreasonable while awful
ones are reasonable. A search or seizure made without a search warrant is not
necessarily illegal, and one made under a search warrant is not necessarily legal.
Requisites for Valid Search Warrant or Warrant of Arrest
1. It must be issued upon probable cause
2. The judge must personally determine the probable cause
3. Such determination of the existence of probable cause must be made after
examination by the judge of the complaint and the witness he may produce;
4. The warrant must particularly describe the place to be searched, and the persons or
things to be seized.

When Search and Seizure May be Made without Warrant

1. Where there in consent of waiver;

2. Where search is an incident to a lawful arrest;
3. In the case of contraband or forfeited goods being transported by the ship
automobile, or other vehicle, where the officer making it has reasonable cause of
believing that the latter contains view of the difficulty attendant to securing a
search warrant;
4. Where, without search warrant, the possession of articles prohibited by law is
disclosed to plain view or is open to eye and hand;
5. A s an incident of inspection, supervision and regulation in the exercise of police
power such as inspection of restaurant by health officers, of factories by labor
inspector, etc.
6. Routinely searches usually made at the border or at ports of entry in the interest of
national security and for proper enforcement of customs and immigrations laws.
When Arrest May Be Made Without Warrant
A peace officer or private person (Citizen’s arrest) may, without a warrant, arrest a
person:
1. When, in his presence, the person to be arrested has committed, is actually
committing, or is attempting to commit an office;
2.
3. When an offense has an in fact just been committed and he has personal
knowledge of fact indicating the person to be arrested has committed it;
4. When the person to be arrested is a prisoner who has escaped from a penal
establishment or place where he is serving final judgment of temporarily
confirmed while his case is pending, or has escaped while being transferred from
confinement to another.

Other Instances of Warrant-less Search or Arrest

1. In case of national emergency;
2. If it is done in the valid exercise of police power of the state;
3. “tap and frisk” search on suspicious individuals;
4. Search on automobile, a boat, an airplane, or other vehicle if they have a good
reason to believe that they contain evidence of commission of a crime or are being
used to commit one.
Personal Property Subject for Search
A search warrant may be issued for the search and seizure of personal property:
(a) Subject of the offense
(b) Stolen or embezzled items and other proceeds, or fruits of the offense; or
(c) Used or intended to be used as the means of committing an offense.

NOTES:
On Checkpoint/saturation drives, zonings, etc.:
In ordinary circumstances, the police actions such as zoning or saturation
drives to flush out lawless elements/criminals would be illegal and blatant violation
of the expressed constitutional guarantees. If the AFP and the PNP must conducted
concerted campaigns or mission to flush out and catch the rebel, subversive or
criminal elements, such move must be consistent with the institutional and
statutory right of all the people affected by such an actions. However, the president
of the Philippine has the authority to order police actions to stop widespread
criminality, lawlessness, and the constitution grants to government the power to
seek and destroy subversive movement and violent activities which would
undermine and overthrow the duty- constituted authority in the name of national
security.

Section 4 No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech, or expression,

or of the right of the people peaceably to assemble and petition the government for
redress of grievances.
NOTES:
Freedom of Speech and the Press
Freedom of speech, of expression and, of the press implies the right to freely
utter, express and publish whatever one pleases without prior restraint so long as I
does not violate the law or harm somebody’s character, reputation or business.
There are laws on oral defamation, libel, slander and obscenity.
The uttering of obscene or profane words, or damaging another’s character
or reputation or exposing another to public contempt, ridicule, the printing and

distribution or obscene or libelous materials, or the sending of such materials

through the mails, is prohibited by law.
Section 5 No law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion on
prohibiting the free exercise thereof. The free exercise and enjoyment of religious
profession and worship, without discrimination of preference shall forever be
allowed. No religious test shall be require for the exercise of civil political rights.
NOTES:
Religious Freedom
Religious freedom is the right of the individual to worship God, to entertain
or embrace such religious views or practices according to his conscience without
dictation or interference by any person or power, civil or ecclesiastical. This
provision enshrines the democratic principle of the separation of church and state
for it prohibits the establishment of a state religion and forever allows the free
exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship, without
discrimination or preference.
Free Exercise of Religion, Not an Absolute Right
One may believe as one chooses in matters of religion. But no one has an
absolute right to act he or she chooses on the basis of his or her religious beliefs on
cannot invoke religious freedom as defense for his action which violate criminal
laws, offense the public morals, or threaten the health, welfare, or safety of society.
Section 7 The right of the people to information on matters of public
concern shall be recognized. Access to official records, and to documents, and
papers pertaining to official acts, transactions, or decisions, as well as to
government research data used as basis for policy development, shall be afforded
the citizen, subject to limitations as may be provided by the law.

NOTES:
RIGHT TO INFORMATION
The right to information embraces all public records. It is exercise by
citizens but without prejudice to the rights of aliens to have access to records of
cases where they are litigants. This right is however subject to such limitations
(classified information national security, etc.) as provide by law.
Writ of Habeas Date
From the Latin “you should have the data” the Writ of Habeas Data is a
judicial remedy that could be used by any party to compel the release of
information, or to update, rectify, suppress or destroy data (if the original files are
inaccurate), or to concerned party. In issuing the writ, a court compels public
organization to release information about certain persons. It could be invoked by
those who’s the right to privacy, liberty and security is violated or threatened.
Section 8 The right of the people, including those employed in the public and
private sectors, to form unions, association, or societies for purpose not contrary to
the law shall not be abridged.

RIGHT TO ORGANIZATION
Private and government employees have the right to form unions,
association or societies for purpose not contrary to law.
Section 11. Free access to the court and quasi-judicial bodies and adequate
legal assistance shall not be denied to any person by reason poverty.
Section 12. (1) Any person under investigation for the commission of an
offense shall have the right to be informed of this right remain silent and to have
competent and independent counsel preferably of his own choice. If the person
cannot afford the services of counsel, he must provide with one. These right cannot
be waived except in writing and in the presence of counsel.
(1) No torture, force, violence, threat, intimidation or any other means which is
vitate the free well, shall be used against him. Secret detention places, solitary,
incommunicado, or their similar form of detention are prohibited.
(2) Any confession or admission obtained in violation of this or section 17 hereof,
shall he inadmissible as evidence against him.
(3) The law shall provide for penal and civil sanctions and violation of this section
as well as compensation to and rehabilitation of victims of torture of similar
practices, and their families:
NOTES:
Rights of the Persons under Investigation
The right of a person under investigation for the commission of an offense
include: the right to be informed of his right to remain silent and have competent
and independent counsel, preferably his own choice, if the person cannot afford the
services of legal counsel, he must be provided with one. Torture force, violence,
threat, intimidation or any other means , which is vitiate the free will in obtaining
his confession or admission, shall be used against him, as these will be
inadmissible as evidence in court.
MIRANDA DOCTRINE
In the case of Miranda vs. Arizona, 1966, the court had laid down several
guidelines in the process of arresting suspects and this is now referred to as the
Miranda doctrine. Henceforth, said the Court, no convictions will be upheld unless,
prior to any police questioning, suspects have been:
(1) Informed of their right to remain silent;
(2) Must be warmed that any statements they make may be used against them;
(3) Must be informed than they have the right to have a lawyer present during
questioning;
(4) Must be told that if they cannot afford to hire a lawyer, one will be provide; and
(5) Must be notified that they may terminate the questioning at any time.
 .
Section 13. all persons, except those charged with offenses punishable
reclusion perpetua (life imprisonment) or when evidence of guilt is strong, shall
before conviction, be believable by sufficient sureties, or he released on

recognizance as may take provide by the law. The right to bail not impaired even
when the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus is suspended. Excessive bail shall
not be required.
BAIL
Bail is a security required by a court and given for the provisional or
temporary release of a person who is in the custody of the law, the types of bail are:
(1) Corporate surety
(2) Property bond
(3) Cash bond
(4) Recognizance

Section 14. (1) No person shall be held to answer for a criminal offense without
due process of law.
(2) In all criminal prosecution, the right accused shall be presumed innocent
until the contrary is provoked, and shall enjoy the right to be heard by himself and
counsel, to be a informed of the nature and cause of the accusation against him, to
have a speed impartial, and public trial, to meet the witnesses face to face, and to
have compulsory process to secure the attendance of witnesses and the production
of evidence in his behalf. However, after arrangement, trial may proceed
notwithstanding, the absence the of the accused provided that he has been notified
and his failure to appear is unjustifiable.
RIGHT OF THE ACCUSED IN ALL CRIMINAL PROSECUTIONM
1. Presumption of innocence
2. Right to due process
3. Right to be heard by himself and legal counsel
4. Right to be informed of the nature and the cause of accusation against him
5. Right to have speedy, impartial and public trial
6. Right to meet the witness face to face
7. Right to have compulsory process to secure the attendance of witness, and
the production of evidence.
Section 15. the privilege of the writ of Habeas corpus shall not be suspended
except in cases of invasion of rebellion when the public safety requires it.
The Privilege of the WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS
The Writ of Habeas Corpus is an order issued by a court a court of
competent jurisdiction, directed to the person detaining another, commanding him
to produce the body of the prisoner at a designated time and place, and to show
sufficient cause for holding is custody the individual so detained. If sufficient
cause cannot be shown, the court will then order the person freed.
The right of the writ of Habeas Corpus cannot be suspended, states the 1987
Constitution, “unless in cases of rebellion or invasion when public safety requires
it”. But the charter is not clear whether the right may be suspended in those areas
immediately involved in the rebellion invasion.

WRIT OF AMPARO
Derived from the Spanish term “ amparar,” or “to protect” the petition for a
writ of amparo is a remedy available to any person whose right to life, liberty and
security is violated or threatened with violation by an unlawful act or omission of a
public officer or employee, or if a private individual or entity. The writ covers
enforced disappearances and extra-judicial killings.
Section 16. all persons shall have the right to a speedy disposition of their cases
before all judicial, quasi-judicial , or administrative bodies.
RIGHT TO SPEEDY AND PUBLIC TRIAL
The guarantee of a “speedy trial” is meant to ensure that the accused will be
tried a reasonable time, as it is said in the dictum is “justice delayed is justice
denied.” It his seeks to protect the accused from languishing in jail while awaiting
trial. A speedy trial must also mean a “public trial” this guarantee ensures against
any manipulation as to tone outcome of the case.
Section 17. No person shall be compelled to be a witness against himself.
RIGTH AGAINST SELF-INCRIMINATION
Self-incrimination refers to act or declaration either as testimony at trial or
prior to trial by which a person implicates himself in a crime. In a criminal case,
the burden of proof is always on the prosecution. A defendant needs not prove his
or her innocence. Rather, it is job of prosecution to show, that the charge it has
brought against the defendant is true. The right against the self-incrimination,
however, covers only evidence as testimony-it does not prohibit the requirements
needed initially for crime processing such as: the suspect being finger-printed, and
photographed, or submitting his handwriting sample, or giving his blood test or
DNA samples.
Section 18. (1) No person shall be detained solely by reason of his political beliefs
and aspirations.
(2) No involuntary servitude in any form shall exist except as punishment for a
crime whereof the party have been duly convicted.
INVOLUNTARY SERVITUDE
Involuntary servitude means of condition of enforced, compulsory
service of one to another, against the will of the former. It includes slavery or state
of total subjection of a person to the will of another, and peonage or voluntary
submission of a person to the will of another because of debt.
Section 21. No person shall be twice pit in jeopardize of punishment for the same
offense, if an act is punished by a law and an ordinance, conviction or acquittal
unclear either, shall constitute a bar to another prosecution for the same act.
DOUBLE JEOPARDY
Double jeopardy means that when person is charged with an offense and the
case is terminated either by a acquittal or conviction, he cannot be charged again
with same or identical offense. Double jeopardy is also the prohibition against a
second prosecution after a first trial for the same offense.