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03 Input Process Output

The document discusses Input, Process, Output (IPO) charts which are used to formalize key aspects of a problem in terms of information flow. An IPO chart contains input items, output items, processing items, and an algorithm. Input items are required to achieve the output goals. Processing items appear during program execution. The algorithm provides step-by-step instructions. The document provides examples of creating an IPO chart and desk-checking an algorithm using sample input values to verify it works correctly. Desk-checking is an informal process to find bugs before programming.

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72 views

03 Input Process Output

The document discusses Input, Process, Output (IPO) charts which are used to formalize key aspects of a problem in terms of information flow. An IPO chart contains input items, output items, processing items, and an algorithm. Input items are required to achieve the output goals. Processing items appear during program execution. The algorithm provides step-by-step instructions. The document provides examples of creating an IPO chart and desk-checking an algorithm using sample input values to verify it works correctly. Desk-checking is an informal process to find bugs before programming.

Uploaded by

Ai
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Input, Process, and Output (IPO)

Chapter 3

Student Learning Outcomes Outline


At the end of the lesson, the students should be able  IPO Chart
to: o Output Items
 Create an IPO chart o Input Items
 Desk-check the algorithm o Algorithm
o Processing Items
 Desk-check

IPO Chart
One of the first things we need to do in software development is understand the problem. We
cannot begin to plan the most effective solution until we properly understand what it is we are
trying to solve. Input Process Output tables, or IPO tables for short, are a valuable tool in helping
us formalize key aspects of the problem with respect to information. [1]

Let us consider the three parts of the table:

Output items
These are items of which we want to achieve. It is the goal in the problem.

Example 3-1:
The Philippine Pacific airplane has both business-class and economy seats. The business-class
tickets cost more than the economy tickets. The airline wants a program that calculates and
displays the total amount of money the passengers paid for a specific flight.

The output item in the problem is:


 total amount of money the passengers paid for a specific flight

Input items
These are items required in order to achieve the goals or output items.

Example 3-2:
The Philippine Pacific airplane has both business-class and economy seats. The business-class
tickets cost more than the economy tickets. The airline wants a program that calculates and
displays the total amount of money the passengers paid for a specific flight.
Programming Logic and Design

The input items in the problem are:


 the number of business-class tickets
 the number of economy-class tickets
 the price of the business-class tickets
 the price of the economy-class tickets

Processing items
These are items that appear during the processing of the program.

Algorithm
It is a process or set of rules to be followed in calculations or other problem-solving operations,
especially by a computer.

Example 3-3:
The Philippine Pacific airplane has both business-class and economy seats. The business-class
tickets cost more than the economy tickets. The airline wants a program that calculates and
displays the total amount of money the passengers paid for a specific flight.

The algorithm or instructions to accomplish the output items or goals is presented below:
1. Enter the number of business-class tickets
2. Enter the number of economy-class tickets
3. Enter the price of the business-class tickets
4. Enter the price of the economy-class tickets
5. Calculate the total amount of business-class tickets by multiplying the number of
business-class tickets to the price of a business-class tickets
6. Calculate the total amount of the economy-class tickets by multiplying the number of the
economy-class tickets to the price of an economy-class tickets
7. Calculate the total amount of money the passengers paid for a specific flight by adding
the total amount of business-class tickets and the total amount of the economy-class
tickets
8. Display the total amount of money the passengers paid for a specific flight

The processing items during a process are:


 the total amount of business-class tickets
 the total amount of the economy-class tickets

Example 3-4:
Create an IPO chart for the problem.
Input Items
 the number of business-class tickets
 the number of economy-class tickets
 the price of the business-class tickets
 the price of the economy-class tickets

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03 Input, Process, and Output (IPO)

Output Item
total amount of money the passengers paid for a specific flight

Processing Items
 the total amount of business-class tickets
 the total amount of the economy-class tickets

Algorithm
1. Enter the number of business-class tickets
2. Enter the number of economy-class tickets
3. Enter the price of the business-class tickets
4. Enter the price of the economy-class tickets
5. Calculate the total amount of business-class tickets by multiplying the number of
business-class tickets to the price of a business-class tickets
6. Calculate the total amount of the economy-class tickets by multiplying the number of
the economy-class tickets to the price of an economy-class tickets
7. Calculate the total amount of money the passengers paid for a specific flight by adding
the total amount of business-class tickets and the total amount of the economy-class
tickets
8. Display the total amount of money the passengers paid for a specific flight

Table 3-1. IPO chart.

Desk-check
A desk check is an informal non-computerized or manual process for verifying the programming
and logic of an algorithm before the program is launched. A desk check helps programmers to find
bugs and errors which would prevent the application from functioning properly. Although a useful
technique for spotting errors, modern debugging applications and tools have made desk checks
less relevant and not as essential as they previously were. [2]

Example 3.5
Desk-check the algorithm using 9, 52, ₱ 6,700, and ₱ 4,850 as the number of business-class tickets
sold, the number of economy tickets sold, the price of a business-class ticket, and the price of an
economy ticket, respectively.

Input Items Processing item


the number of the number of the price of the the price of the the total
business-class economy-class business-class economy-class amount of
tickets tickets tickets tickets business-class
tickets
9 52 ₱ 6,700.00 ₱ 4,850.00 ₱ 60,300.00

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Programming Logic and Design

Processing item Output Item


the total total amount of
amount of the money the
economy-class passengers paid
tickets for a specific
flight
₱ 252,200.00 ₱ 312, 500.00
Table 3-2. Desk-check table

References:
[1] R. Chadwick, "Input Process Output!," 2018. [Online]. Available: https://ryanstutorials.net/software-design-and-
development/input-process-output.php. [Accessed 2 July 2018].
[2] Techopedia, "What does Desk Check mean?," Techopedia, 2018. [Online]. Available:
https://www.techopedia.com/definition/18825/desk-check. [Accessed 3 July 2018].

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