Lecture Notes

(Plane and Solid Geometry)

Name: ____________________________________
Course: ___________________________________

Professor: Susan O. Parce, PhD

Course Description:
This course covers the study of points, lines and planes including angles that serve as a springboard for
understanding solid geometry and analytic geometry. It is intended to enhance students’ visualization
skills and creativity. This course will help strengthen and proofs. The use of graphing calculators and
computer system is highly encouraged.

Course Objectives:
By the end of the semester, the students must have: 1) applied the concepts collinearity,
betweeness, and the midpoint formula to determine the midpoint or lengths of segments 2).
Solved pair relationship angles form by two lines 3.) applied the properties of a parallelograms to
find the missing side or angle 4). Solved for perimeter, area, surface area and volume of a
polygons.

Grading System:
Examinations 50% (Prelim, Midterm, Pre-Final and Final)
Class Participation 10%
Assignment 10%
Quizzes 10%
Attendance 10%
Project 10%
Total 100%

References:
Sarmiento, F.M. Plane Geometry with Basic Trignometry: A simplified Approach (2016)
Fajardo, Spherical Geometry-Revised (2013)
Carpio. N. Solid Mensuration (2014)
Arthur, J. Understanding Geometric Algebra for Electronic Theory (2011)
Borro, R.M. Pre-Algebra: a transition to Algebra and Geometry(2002)
Sirug, W. ,Basic Probability & Statistics, Mindshapers Co. ,Inc. (2011)
Fernandez, M. Discrete Mathematics (2010)
Gibilisco, Trigonometry Demystified 2nd Ed. (2012)
Enriquez, J.P. Solid Mensuration (2007)
Borro, R.M. Connected Geometry (2000)

Definition of Terms:
1. Geometry- a branch of mathematics which deals with the properties, relation, and will
measurements of plane and solid figures. The word geometry was derived from two Greek
words, geo and metron, which mean earth and measure, respectively.
2. Point – is usually represented by a dot or a period.
 3. Line segment – is a part of a line which begins at a point and ends in another point. A line
has length, but no width and no thickness. A line in geometry will always mean a straight
line, which extends indefinitely in two opposite directions.

4. Ray- has just one end point and from that point, it extends indefinitely in one direction.

5. Segment – is a subset of a line. The length of the segment is the distance between its
endpoint.

6. Midpoint. A midpoint is the point exactly halfway between the two endpoints of a line segment.

7. Angle – is formed by two rays with a common end point.

8. Vertex - is the common end point.
9. Degree – is the commonly used unit of measure for an angle.
10. Collinear points – points are on the same line
11. Coplanar points- points are on the same plane.

Postulate – is a statement which is accepted as true without proof.

Theorem – a statement that needs to be proven.

Angle – is the union of two noncollinear rays with a common endpoint. The common endpoint is
called the vertex of the angle, and the two rays are called sides.
X
0
u
Kinds of angles:
1. acute angle - measures less than 900
2. Right angle – measures 900
3. Obtuse angle – measures more than 900 but less than 1800.

4.
5. Straight angle – measures 1800 right angle

Linear Measurement
The metric system has been establish as the international system ( IS) of measures. It is
more convenient to use than the English System since it use prefixes are related to the decimal
place value positions.
Changing metric units:
We have mentions in our discussions that the metric is the basic units of length that is all
units of length in the metric are defined kilometers (km), meters (m), centimeters (cm), and
millimeters (mm). Changing of units to another is made easier by the use of table of prefixes.

Larger Units to Smaller Units Multiply

x 10 x10 x10 x10 x10
x10
kilo Hecto Deca Meter deci centi
milli
÷10 ÷10 ÷10 ÷10 ÷10
÷10
Examples:
1. The diameter of a can is 0.25m , what is the diameter in cm?
Solutions:
1m = 100cm
0.25 mX 100cm = 25cm
1m
2. The distance between Malaybalay and Dalwagan is 3,500m. What is the
distance in kilometers?
Solutions:
1 kilometer = 1000m
3,500m x 1km = 3.5km
1000 m
Note: Changing Smaller to Larger Unit: Divide

COMPLEMENTARY AND SUPPLEMENTARY ANGLES

Special names are given to pairs of angles whose sums equal either 90º  or 180º.  Two angles whose
sum is 90º  are called complementary angles. If two angles add up to 180º , they are called
supplementary angles.

Angles ABC  and CBD  are complementary, whereas angles KHJ  and JHI  are supplementary.

It is important to remember that these terms are only relative. An angle is only supplementary or
complementary to another specific angle. A single angle, when considered alone, can be neither
supplementary nor complementary—it can only take on one of these properties when considered as
part of a pair of angles.

1
2

Angles 1 = 600 , angle 2 = 300

Examples:
1. Find the measure of an angle if its measure is 10 less than thrice the measure of its
complement?

Solution: Let x – measure of the angle

90-x – measure of the complement of the angle

X = 3(90-X) – 10
X + 3X = 270-10
4X = 260
X = 65 0
90- X = 25 0
2. I n figure shown below angle 1 = 1400. Find the measure of angle 2, its supplement.

1 2
S olution:
180- 140 = 400
2
EXERCISES:
 1. T he measure of an angle is 15 less than twice the measure of its complement. Find the
measure of each angle?
2. T he measure of an angle is five times the measure of its complement. Find the measure of
each angle?
3. T he measure of an angle is 30 more than twice the measure of its complement. Find the
measure of each angle?
4. T he measure of an angle is 15 less than haft its supplement. Find the measure of the angle?
5. T he measures of two angles are in the ratio 4:5. The larger of the two angles is 60 less than
twice the smaller angle, Find the measure of each angle. Are the angles complementary?
Supplementary?

VERTICAL ANGLES
When two lines (or segments) intersect, four angles are formed. There exists a relationship between
any two of these angles. Some of these pairs of angles are called vertical angles. Two angles are
vertical if and only are nonadjacent angles formed by intersecting lines. The angles that lie opposite
each other, called vertical angles, are always equal.

Angles  DAC  and BAE  are vertical angles and are therefore equal to each other. Angles
DAB  and CAE  are also vertical (and equal) angles.
R B
O
Example: Solve angle RON 3x 4x-23

Solution: N Y

Angle RON and angle BOY are vertical angles.

<RON = <BOY
3x = 4x – 23
3x – 4x = 23
X = 23
3x = 690
Exercises:
B H
E

L T

1. Name two pairs of adjacent supplementary angles.

2. Name two pairs of vertical angles.
3. If m<HET = 46, what is m<BEL?
4. If m<BEL = 1250 , what is m<LET?

Parallel Lines Cut by a Transversal

A transversal is a line that intersects two or more coplanar lines at two or more distinct
points.
Angles formed by lines and transversal
1. Alternate interior angles are two nonadjacent interior angles on opposite sides of the
transversal.
2. Alternate exterior angles are two nonadjacent exterior angles on opposite sides of a
transversal.
3. Corresponding angles are two nonadjacent angles, one interior, and one exterior on the
same side of the transversal.
Occasionally on the ACT, you will run into a problem in which two parallel lines are cut by a
third straight line, known as a transversal. The eight angles created by these two intersections have
special relationships with one another.

3
 Angles 1, 4, 5 , and 8  are all equal to each other. So are angles 2, 3, 6,  and 7.  Also, the sum of
any two adjacent angles, such as 1  and 2  or 7  and 8 , equals 180º . From these rules, you can make
justified claims about seemingly unrelated angles. For example, since angles 1  and 2  add up to 180º ,
and since angles 2  and 7  are equal, the sum of angles 1  and7  also equals 180º , based on the
substitution principle of addition.
In the figure < 4 and <5 are alternate interior angles, <1 and <8 are alternate exterior
angles, and <2 and <6 are corresponding angles.

Exercises:
1. Using the figure below name:
a. a pair of alternate interior angles.
b. A pair of corresponding angles.
c. A pair of angles on the same side of a transversal.

2
1 4
3 5
6 7
8 9
11 10

2. In the figure below l is parallel m and p is a transversal. If m<3 = 2x – 15 and m<2 = x +

17, find and the measures of <2 and <3.
L 1
2

m 4 3
5 6

3. Find the value of x

(5x-20)0

3(x+ 10)0

Polygon is a plane figure bounded by three or more line segments. These line segments are
called the sides of the polygons. A polygon is usually named according to the number of its
sides. Thus, we have the following:

1. Triangle – 3 sides
2. Quadrilateral – 4 sides
3. Pentagon – 5 sides
4. Hexagon – 6 sides
5. Heptagon- 7 sides
6. Octagon – 8 sides
7. Nonagon – 9 sides
8. Decagon – 10 sides
9. Hendecagon - 11 sides
10. Dodecagon – 12 sides
4
 Here are important facts about a polygon:
1. The number of angles in a polygon is the same as the number of sides.
2. The perimeter of a polygon is the sum of the length of its sides.
3. A line segment joining any two non-adjacent vertices is a diagonal of the polygon.
4. The angles inside of a polygon are called interior angles.
5. Two polygons are similar if their corresponding angles are equal and the ratios of their
corresponding sides are equal.
6. The ratio of the areas of two similar polygons is equal to the square of the ratio of a pair
of corresponding sides.
7. A regular polygon is one in which all its sides are equal length and all its interior angles
are equal.
In a regular polygon of n sides, each interior angle θ contains (n – 2) 1800
n
8. A line segment drawn from the center of a regular polygon to a vertex bisects an interior
angle of the polygon.
9. The perpendicular distance from the center of a regular polygon to a side is called the
apothem.

A D B
A polygon is convex if and only if the lines containing the sides of the polygons do not contain
points in its interior.
A polygon is nonconvex if and only if at least one of its sides is contained in a line, which
contains also points in the interior of the polygon,

Number of diagonals in a polygon

The number of diagonals that can be drawn in a polygon of n sides is given by the formula:

N = n(n – 3)
2
Example:
1. How many diagonals can be drawn in a polygon of 14 sides
Solution:
N = n(n – 3) = 14(14-3) = 77
2 2
Exercises:
1. How many diagonals can be drawn in a polygon with
a. 8 sides b. 10 sides
2. A polygon has 20 diagonals. How many sides does the polygon have?

The sum of the measures of the interior angles of a convex polygon, with n sides is
S = ( n-2) 1800.

Example:
Find the sum of the measures of the interior angles a convex pentagon ?
Solution:
S = ( n-2) 1800 = ( 5-2) 180 = 5400
Exercises:
1. Find the sum of the measures of the interior angles of the following:
a. a polygon with six sides B. a polygon with 13 sides
2. How many sides does a convex polygon have if the sum of the measures of its interior
angles is 2,340?

Regular polygon- is a polygon that is both equilateral and equiangular.

The sum of the measure of the interior angles of a regular polygon with n sides equal to
S = (n-2) 180
n
5
 Example:
Find the measure of each interior angle of a regular 15-sided polygon.

S = (n-2) 180 = (15 -2) 180 = 13( 180) = 156

n 15 15
Exercises:
1. Find the measure of each interior angle of a regular
a. with 12 sides b. with 9 sides
2. How many sides does a regular polygon have if each interior angle is
a. 1200 b. 1500 c. 1650
The measure of each exterior angle of a regular polygon with n sides is, E = 3600
N
Example:
1. How many degrees are there in each exterior angle of a regular pentagon?
Solution:
E = 3600 = 360 = 72
n 5
Exercises:
1. Find the measure of an exterior angle of each of the following regular polygon.
a. Nonagon b. dodecagon
2. If each exterior angle of a regular polygon is 450, how many sides does the polygon have?
Triangle
A triangle may be defined as a polygon with three sides. Triangles are also given special name.
Thus we have the following:
1. Scalene triangle – is one in which no equal sides.
2. Isosceles triangle – in one in which two sides are equal.
3. Equilateral triangle – in one in which the three sides are equal.
4. Equiangular triangle – is one in which the interior angles are equal (600 each). An equiangular
triangle are also equilateral.
5. Right triangle – is one in which two sides are perpendicular. It also defined as a triangle which
contains a right angle (900).
6. Acute triangle – is one whose three interior angles are each less than 900.
7. Obtuse triangle – one of whose interior angle is more than 900.

The altitude of a triangle is the perpendicular distance between the vertex of one of the angles
and opposite side ( or base )

h(height)

b(base)
Area of a triangle
A = ½ bh
Heron’s Formula:
A = s ( s−a )( s−b ) ( s−c ) ¿
√ ¿

S = ½ ( a + b+ c)
The six trigonometric functions of any acute angle A of a right triangle:
Sin A = opp side CSC A = hyp.
hypotenuse opp.
Cos A = adjacent side Sec A = hyp.
hyp. adj. side
Tan A = opp. side Cot A = adj. side
adj. side opp. Side

Triangle
Altitude of a Triangle - a perpendicular line segment drawn from a vertex to the line segment
opposite the vertex.
Base of a Triangle – The third side of an isosceles triangle which contains two congruent sides.
Hypotenuse – the side opposite the right angle in a right triangle.
Y

Congruent Triangle
B

X Z

A C
Name the corresponding angles and sides of the similar triangle.

A. Perimeter of a Triangle
The perimeter of a triangle is equal to the sum of the sides, whose sides are a, b, and c.

Formula:
P=a+b+c
a b

c
The perimeter of a triangle is equal to the sum of the lengths of the triangle’s three sides. If a
triangle has sides of length 4, 6 , and 9 , then its perimeter is 4 + 6 + 9 = 19.
Example:

What is the perimeter of a triangle shown below?

a = 28mm
b = 41mm

Solution:
P=A+B+C c =69mm
P = 20mm + 41mm + 69mm
P = 138mm

Exercises:
Solve the following problems:
1. If the perimeter of the triangle is 68 yards and the length of the two sides are 80ft and
48ft. What is the length of the other side in feet?
2. An equilateral triangle has a perimeter of 42cm. What is the length of one side?
3. If the perimeter of a triangle is 112ft. and the base is 33.5 in find the altitude in ft. if the
third side is 50ft.
4. Find the base of the right triangle which is one foot longer than the height and the third
side is 5 ft?
5. How high is a tower that cast a shadow 35 meters long at the same time of the day that a
4-meter stick casts a shadow 7 meters long?
6. Ronald built a triangular pen for his chicken. The three sides of the pen are 8, 10, 12m.
Find the cost of enclosing the pen if the wire fence costs 50 pesos per meter?
7. In the figure shown below, if CG = 183m, BH = 3.05m, AB = 7.32m, DF = 3.66m and
DE = 4.88m find BD?
G

H F
A E

B C D

7
 B. Perimeter of a Square
Perimeter of a square is equal to four times the measure of the side.

s
P = 4S s s

Example:
Find the perimeter of a square each side of which measures 5cms. ?

Given: s = 5cm
Solution:
Since the figure is square what is true of the side of the square? If one side is of a square
measure 5 cm or s = 5cm, then
P = 5cm + 5cm + 5cm + 5cm
P = 4 (5cm) P = 20cm ------ answer

Exercises:

1. Find the perimeter of the square if the length of a side is 3 ½ dm?

2. A square has a perimeter of 64cm. What is the length of one of its sides?

C. Perimeter of a Rectangle is equal to the sum of the measure of all sides.

Formula: P = 2L + 2W or P = 2 (L+ W)

Examples: Find the perimeter of a rectangle shown below:

W= 7

L = 10cm.
Solution:
P = 2L + 2W
P = 2 (L + W)
P = 2 (10 + 7)
P = 2 (17)
P = 34 cm----answer

Exercises:
1. How many meters of hog wire is needed to fence a rectangular lot which is 450 meters
long and 380 meters wide?
2. If the perimeter of a rectangle is 809 yards and the length is 10 yards, what is its
width?
3. At P150 a meter , how much will it cost to fence a rectangular field 30m by 35m?
4. Mang Jose wants to fence around her garden. The garden is 15m by 10m. If one meter
fencing material cost P150.75, how much will he spent?
5. How many cover paper will Jean needs to paste around 10 books , each measuring 28cm
by 20cm?
6. Gina wants to sew lace on the edges of her bed cover. If her bed cover is 3metres long
and 2metres wide, how many meters of lace will she need?
5?
7. A rectangular lot has a perimeter of 30cm. Its length is twice its width. What are its
dimensions
 8

D. Perimeter of any Polygon

The perimeter of any polygon is equal to the sum of the measure of all sides.
P = a = b + c + …… + n

Find the perimeter of an irregular figure shown below.

9m
8m 7m

12m
Solution: P = 12m + 9m + 8m + 7m
P = 36m-----answer

Exercises:
1. Each side of a regular hexagon is 3.5cm long. Find ist perimeter?

2. Solve for the perimeter of the figure shown below.

a. b. 3mm
2m
0.2mm
0.5 m
6mm
5m 4m

1m

15m

5mm
a. 2mm

8mm

2mm

E. Circumference
The Circle
The circle is a plane curve all points of which are equidistant from a fixed point in the
plane. The fixed point is called the center of the circle.
Other terms which are used in connection with the study of the geometry of the circle are
the following:
1. The line segment from the center of the circle to any point on the circle. In the figure, the
line segments CD, CE and CF are radii (plural radius) of the circle.
2. The distance around a circle is called the circumference of the circle. The circumference
of a circle of radius r is given by

C ¿ 2 πr
 Where π=3.1416 ( approximate value )
A
D B
E F
H
G
J
3. A line segment joining any two points on the circle is a chord ( line segment GH)
4. A chord through the center of a circle is called a diameter ( line segment EF). The
diameter is twice as long as the radius. Hence in terms of the diameter D of a circle, its
circumference is given by;
C = πD

9
5. A secant is a line that intersects the circle at two points (line through points A and B in
the figure).
6. A line segment is said to be tangent to a circle if it intersects the circle at only one point.
This line is called a point J in the figure. The point of contact is called the point of
tangency. Note that the tangent is perpendicular to the radius at the point of tangency.
7. Any portion of a circle is an arc. In figure above, arc AD is the part of the circumference
measured clockwise, from E to D.
Circumference is the distance around the circle, the diameter of a circle is twice the
measure of its radius. Radius is half of the measure of the diameter.

Formula: D
C = πD or C = 2π r

Example: Find the circumference of a circle with a diameter of 10cms.?

Solution:
C = ∏D or C = 2∏ r
Using the first formula, find the first the value of radius
r= D C = 2∏ r Using the second formula
2 C = 2(3.1416)5 C = ∏D
C = 31.416mm-------answer C = 3.1416(10m)
r = 10 = 5 C = 31.416mm
2
Exercises:
Solve the following problems:
1. What is a distance around a circular table which is 12metres across?
2. Find the circumference of a circle whose radius is 3.5ft?
3. The circumference of a giant acacia tree 1s 48ft. Find the diameter of the trunk at the
place were girth was measured using phi is 3.1416?
4. The circumference of a circle is 50.2656, find a). radius and b.) diameter
5. Find the length around the figure shown below:
b.

a.
20 dm
8cm

Area of a Regular Polygon

The area of a regular polygon is equal to one-half of the product of its apothem and its
perimeter. In symbol, we write

A = ½ aP

Where:
a= apothem
P = perimeter
Example:
Find the apothem and area of regular hexagon of side 4cm.?

A D B
Solution
θ = ( n -2) 1800 = (6-2) 1800 = 1200
N 6

Since it is given that AB = 4, Then AD = 2. Also since θ = 1200, then angle CAD or angle A is

10

equal to 600. The apothem a is the line segment DC. Finally, since ADC is a right triangle, then
by trigonometry,

Tan A = DC
AD
Tan 600 = a
2

a = 2 tan 600

a= 2√3 cm

The perimeter of a hexagon is

P = 6 (AB) = 6 (4) = 24 cm
The area is;
A = ½ aP = ½ (2√3 cm) (24cm) = 41. 57 cm2

Exercises:
1. Find the apothem and area of a regular octagon of side 10 cms.?

2. Find the area of pentagon?

Area of a Triangle

A = ½ bh or A = bh
2
Examples:
1. The base of the triangle is 2 in and its altitude is 7in , find the area?
Solution: A = bh = 2in (7in)
2 2
A = 7 sq. in.
2. Find the area of the figure shown below.

6m.

10m
Solution:
A = ½ bh = ½ (10m) (6m) = 30 sq. m.
Exercises:
 1. A triangle has base 24cm. and altitude 18 cm. Find the area of a similar triangle of base
12 cm.
2. Find the area of an equilateral triangle of side 12 cm.
3. Find the area of a triangle whose sides are 6cm., 8cm., and 10 cm.?
4. The altitude of a triangle is one-third the base. Find the base if the area of the triangle is
54 sq.cm.
5. Find the base of a triangle if its area is 666 sq m. and its altitude is 74 cm.?
6. Rex made a triangular lantern with a base of 320cm and a height of 280cm. How much he
will spent if it cost P50 per square meter ?
7. Mr. Cruz has a triangular lot with a base of 95.5m and altitude of 20.75 m. How much is
the cost of the lot if the cost per square meter is P2500?
8. Find the area of a triangular field whose sides are 9, 10 and 12 meters.
9. A two-meter pole is placed perpendicular to the ground so that the tip of its shadow
coincides with the tip of the shadow of the building is 40 meters and the length of the
shadow of the pole is 4 meters, how high is the building?
10

10. The area of a triangular region is 67.5 sq. m. Find the length of the base, if the length of
the altitude is 6.4 cm?

11. Below are the sides of a right triangle, find the missing sides
i. a= 4 , b = 3, find c
a = 5 , c = 13, find b = 7, c = 25 , find a

The Quadrilateral
A quadrilateral is a plane figure bounded by four line segments. In short, a quadrilateral
is a four-sided polygon. We have the following special kinds of quadrilateral:
1. Parallelogram – is a quadrilateral whose sides are parallel. The diagonals of a
parallelogram bisects each other. The altitude of a parallelogram is the perpendicular
distance between any pair of parallel sides and the base is any of the parallel sides. The
area (A) of a parallelogram is given by the following formula:
A = bh

Where: b = base , h = altitude

2. Rhombus – is a parallelogram whose four sides are equal and with no angle equal to a
right angle. The diagonals of a rhombus are perpendicular to each other. The area (A) of a
rhombus in terms of its diagonals d1 and d2 is given by
A = ½ d1d2

3. Rectangle - is a parallelogram whose angles are right angles. The diagonals of a

rectangle are equal. The longer side of a rectangle is called the length and the shorter side
is its width. Area of a rectangle is,
A = LW
4. A square is a rectangle whose four sides are equal. If s is the length of a side, then its area
A is A = s2
5. Trapezoid – is a quadrilateral with one only one pair of parallel sides. The parallel sides
are called bases and the distance between the bases is called altitude. The area is;
A = ½ (a + b) h or A = h/2 ( a + b)

Rectangle Square Trapezoid

a

s h
W s
b
L

Exercises:
1. What is the length of the side a square in millimeter if its perimeter is 2680cm?
2. Find the area of a square whose perimeter is 36cm.?
3. The perimeter of a rectangular lot is 90m and its length is 25 m. What is its area?
4. The perimeter of the rectangle is 80cm. If its width is 10 cm, what is its area?
5. The perimeter of a rectangular region is 400 inches. Find the area of this rectangle if its
width is 75 in.?
6. A garden is to contain 200 sq. ft. If its length is to be twice its width, what should be its
dimensions be?
7. Rex wants to use square tiles to cover his 3m by 4m bathroom. If each tile is 10cm in one
side, how many tiles will he need?
8. What is the length of the base of the rectangle in the figure? The area of the rectangle is
984 sq.cm?
3x + 2
2x-2

11

9. Find the area of the shaded portion of rectangle ABCD in the figure?
D C

8cm
A B
16 cm
10. A lot is in the shape of a trapezoid. Its parallel sides are 320m and 127m and its altitude
is 146m. Find its area?
11. A flower garden is in the shape of a parallelogram. If the length of one of the parallel side
is 8m and the perpendicular distance between them is 3m, find the area of the flower bed?
12. Find the area of a rhombus whose diagonals are 6 cm and 8cm?
13. Erni planted eggplant in a rectangular plot. It had an area of 350 square meters. Its
length was 25 meters. What is the perimeter of the garden?
14. Quadrilateral ABCD is a parallelogram. Angle A = 60 0 , AD =10 and AB = 24. What is
the area of
15. Find the height of a trapezoid whose area is 360 m2, lower base is 80 m and the upper
base is 20 m? ABCD?
A B

D C
16. What is the length of the lower base of a trapezoid if its area is 550 cm 2, upper base is 16
cm and its altitude is 11.5cm?
17. An isosceles trapezoid has base angles of 600 each and its bases are 4 and 8 cm. Find its
area?
18. Find the area of the shaded region. (All angles are right.) AB= 16, BC = 12, EH = 6,
HG = 8.
A B

E EE F
H G
D C
___ ___
Quadrilateral ABDC is a trapezoid with AB CD.
A B
h

C D
19. If AB = 4, CD = 8, and h =5, what is the area of quadrilateral ABDC?
20. If the area of quadrilateral ABDC = 63, h = 9, and AB =3, what is CD ?
21. If CD = 6, AB =10, and the area of quadrilateral ABDC = 56, what is h?
22. Isosceles trapezoid ABCD has bases of 12 and 20, AD = BC = 5. What is the area of the
trapezoid? A B

D C
Area of a circle:
The area of a circle is the region bounded by the circumference. The area of a circle of radius
r is given by,
A=π r 2

In terms of the diameter D, the formula is,

A = π D2
4
1. An angle is called a central angle of circle if its vertex is center of a circle and whose
sides are the radii of the circle ( angle ECD). The length s of an arc subtended by a
central angle θ ( in radians) of a circle of raduis r is given by;
S = rθ

12

Quiz: Solve the following problems show your solutions.

1. Rona planted mahogany in a rectangular plot. It had an area of 700 square meters. Its
length was 50 meters. What is the perimeter of the garden?
2. The perimeter of a rectangle is 34 meters. If the length is longer than the width by 3
meters, what is the area of the rectangle? What is the length of its diagonal? What is
the cost of the area if the cost is P1000/m2 ?
3. A rectangular lot has a perimeter of 78ft and a width of 16ft, find its area in
 sq.in?

4. Find the area of the shaded portion of rectangle ABCD in the figure?
D C

8cm
A B
16 m
5. Find the area of the shaded region. (All angles are right.) AB= 16, BC = 12, EH = 6,
HG = 8.
A B

E EE F
H G
D C
6. What is the length of the base of the rectangle in the figure? The area of the rectangle is
984 sq.cm?
3x + 2
2x-2

7. Joan wants to use square tiles to cover his 6ft by 10ft bathroom. If each tile is 12 in one
side, how many tiles will he need?
8. The circumference of a giant acacia tree 1s 157.08ft. Find a). the diameter of the trunk
at the
place were girth was measured using phi is 3.1416 and b.) area ?
9. Find the lower base of a trapezoid whose area is 800 sq.cm, altitude of 20 cms and
upper base of 30cms.?

Review

1. T he measure of an angle is 15 less than twice the measure of its complement. Find the
measure of each angle?
2. T he measure of an angle is five times the measure of its complement. Find the measure
of each angle?
 3. T he measure of an angle is 30 more than twice the measure of its complement. Find the
measure of each angle?
4. T he measure of an angle is 15 less than haft its supplement. Find the measure of the
angle?
5. T he measures of two angles are in the ratio 4:5. The larger of the two angles is 60 less
than twice the smaller angle, Find the measure of each angle. Are the angles
complementary? Supplementary?
6. Rona planted mahogany in a rectangular plot. It had an area of 700 square meters. Its
length was 50 meters. What is the perimeter of the garden?
7. The perimeter of a rectangle is 34 meters. If the length is longer than the width by 3
meters, what is the area of the rectangle? What is the length of its diagonal? What is
the cost of the area if the cost is P1000/m2 ?
8. A rectangular lot has a perimeter of 78ft and a width of 16ft, find its area in
sq.in?
9. What is the length of the base of the rectangle in the figure? The area of the rectangle
is 984 sq.cm?
3x + 2
2x-2

10. What is the length of the lower base of a trapezoid if its area is 550 cm 2, upper base is
16 cm and its altitude is 11.5cm?
11. What is a distance around a circular table which is 12metres across?
12. Find the circumference of a circle whose radius is 3.5ft?
13. The circumference of a giant acacia tree 1s 48ft. Find the diameter of the trunk at
the
place were girth was measured using phi is 3.1416?
14. The circumference of a circle is 50.2656, find a). radius and b.) diameter
15. A triangle has base 24cm. and altitude 18 cm. Find the area of a similar triangle of
base 12 cm.
16. Find the area of an equilateral triangle of side 12 cm.
17. Find the area of a triangle whose sides are 6cm., 8cm., and 10 cm.?
18. The altitude of a triangle is one-third the base. Find the base if the area of the triangle
is 54 sq.cm.
19. Find the base of a triangle if its area is 666 sq m. and its altitude is 74 cm.?
20. Rex made a triangular lantern with a base of 320cm and a height of 280cm. How
much he will spent if it cost P50 per square meter ?
21. How many diagonals can be drawn in a polygon of 14 sides
22. A polygon has 20 diagonals. How many sides does the polygon have?
23. Find the sum of the measures of the interior angles a convex pentagon ?
24. How many sides does a convex polygon have if the sum of the measures of its
interior angles is 2,340?
25. Find the sum of the measures of the interior angles of the following:
A. a polygon with six sides B. a polygon with 13 sides
26. How many sides does a convex polygon have if the sum of the measures of its interior
angles is 2,340?
27. Find the measure of each interior angle of a regular 15-sided polygon.
28. How many sides does a regular polygon have if each interior angle is 1200 ?
29. How many degrees are there in each exterior angle of a regular pentagon?
30. If each exterior angle of a regular polygon is 45 0, how many sides does the polygon
have?

2. How many diagonals can be drawn in a polygon of 14 sides

Solution:
N = n(n – 3) = 14(14-3) = 77
2 2
Exercises:
3. How many diagonals can be drawn in a polygon with
b. 8 sides b. 10 sides
4. A polygon has 20 diagonals. How many sides does the polygon have?

The sum of the measures of the interior angles of a convex polygon, with n sides is
S = ( n-2) 1800.

Example:
Find the sum of the measures of the interior angles a convex pentagon ?
Solution:
S = ( n-2) 1800 = ( 5-2) 180 = 5400
Exercises:
31. Find the sum of the measures of the interior angles of the following:
b. a polygon with six sides B. a polygon with 13 sides
32. How many sides does a convex polygon have if the sum of the measures of its interior
angles is 2,340?

Regular polygon- is a polygon that is both equilateral and equiangular.

The sum of the measure of the interior angles of a regular polygon with n sides equal to
S = (n-2) 180
n

S = ( n-2) 1800 = ( 5-2) 180 = 5400

Exercises:
33. Find the sum of the measures of the interior angles of the following:
c. a polygon with six sides B. a polygon with 13 sides
34. How many sides does a convex polygon have if the sum of the measures of its interior
angles is 2,340?
Example:
Find the measure of each interior angle of a regular 15-sided polygon.

S = (n-2) 180 = (15 -2) 180 = 13( 180) = 156

n 15 15
Exercises:
3. Find the measure of each interior angle of a regular
b. with 12 sides b. with 9 sides
4. How many sides does a regular polygon have if each interior angle is
b. 1200 b. 1500 c. 1650
The measure of each exterior angle of a regular polygon with n sides is, E = 3600
N
Example:
2. How many degrees are there in each exterior angle of a regular pentagon?
Solution:
E = 3600 = 360 = 72
n 5
Exercises:
3. Find the measure of an exterior angle of each of the following regular polygon.
b. Nonagon b. dodecagon
4. If each exterior angle of a regular polygon is 450, how many sides does the polygon have?

1. On a circle of radius 20 cm, the arc intercepts a central angle of 1/5 rad. What is the arc
length?
Solution: Given r = 20 cm, 0 = 1/5 rad.
S = r 0 = 20 cm ( 1/5 rad) = 4 cm
 2. What is the area of a sector of a circle with radius 10cm intercepted by a central angle of
450?
Solution:
A = ½ 0 r2 = ½ ( π/ 4) ( 10cm)2 = 39.27cm2

Example #1: Find the lateral and surface area of a cube if the length of one side is 3 cm

Solution: L.A. = 4s2 = 4 (3cm)2 = 4( 9cm2 )

= 36 cm2
Solution: SA = 6 × a2 
SA = 6 × 32 
SA = 54 cm2 
Example #1: Find the lateral area and surface area of a rectangular prism with a length
of 6 cm, a width of 4 cm, and a height of 2 cm ?
solution:
L.A. = 2[ l h + wh] = 2 [ 6cm(2cm) + 4cm (2cm) ] = 2[ 12cms2 + 8cms2 ] =
= 2[ 20cms2] = 40cms2 ---answer
SA = 2 [ l w  +  l h  +  w h ]
SA = 2 [ 6 × 4  +  6 × 2  +  4 × 2 ]
SA = 2[ 24 + 12 + 8]
SA = 88 cm2
Lateral Area : L. A. = 2 π r h
2
Surface Area : SA = 2 π r   +   2 π r h

Example: Find the lateral and surface area of a cylinder with a radius of 2 cm, and a height of 1 cm 
Solution:

L. A. = 2 π r h = 2 ( 3.1416) (2 ) 1
L . A = 12.5664 cm2
SA = 2 π r2  +   2 π r h
2
SA = 2 × 3.14 × 2   +   2 × 3.14 × 2 × 1
2
Surface area = 37.68 cm  
or L.A. = ½ ps ; where p = perimeter of the base pyramid’s base , s = slant height
Where: n = number of lateral faces, b = base of the triangular faces, s = slant height
Since there are 4 triangles, the area is 4 × (bxh)/2 = 2 × bxh
Therefore, the surface area, call it SA is:
SA = s2  +  2bh
Or SA = L.A + B
For any regular pyramid, lateral area (L.A) is equal to one half the perimeter (p) of its
base times its slant height(s), and surface area (S.A.) is equal to its lateral area plus the area
(B) of its base.
Example #1: Find the lateral and surface area of a square pyramid with a base length of 5 cm,
and a slant height of 10 cm ?
Solution:
L. A. = 2bs = 2 x 5cm x10cm)
L. A = 100cms.2

1. Find the surface area of a sphere with a radius of 6 cm ?

2
Solution: SA = 4 π r
2
SA = 4 ( 3.1416) ( 6cm)
2
Surface area = 452.39 cm  
L.A = area of the sector
= ½ (circumference of the cone base)s
= ½ (2πr)s
L.A = πrs
2
For a cone, the base is a circle, A = π r
P=2πr
To find the slant height, l, just use the Pythagorean Theorem
2 2
l = r  + h
2 2
l = √ (r  + h )
13

SA = A + 1/2 (P × l)
2 2 2
SA = π × r  + 1/2 ( 2 × π × r × √ (r  + h )
 The surface of the cone is the sum of its lateral area and the area of its base, which is πr 2. So,
2 2 2
Formula: SA = π r  + π r ( √ (r  + h )

Another formula:
The total surface of a cone is equal to phi times the square of the radius plus phi
times the radius times the slant height.
S.A = π r2 + π r s or SA = π r( r + s)
Where: r = radius, s= slant height

Examples:
1. Find the surface area of a cone with a radius of 4 cm, and a height of 8 cm 
Solution:
2 2 2
SA = π × r  + π × r × √ (r  + h )
2 2 2
SA = 3.14 × 4  + 3.14 × 4 × √ (4  + 8 )
SA = 3.14 × 16 + 12.56 × √ (16 + 64)
2
SA = 162.52 cm

2. Find the surface area of a cone with a radius of 6 cm. and a slant height of 10cm?
Solution:
SA = π r( r + s)
SA = 3.1416 (6cm) [ 6cm + 10cm]
= 301.59 cm2
Find the volume of a cone whose radius is 10cm, and an altitude of 6cm?
V = π r 2h
3
V = 1/3 (3.1416) (10cm)2(6cm) = 628cm3
Find the volume of the sphere with a diameter of 6cms?
R = 3cm
3
Solution: V = 4∏ r
3
V = 4(3.1416) (3cm)3 = 113 .0976cu. cm. or 113.10 cm3
3
Example #1:

A square pyramid has a height of 9 meters. If a side of the base measures 4 meters, what is the volume of the
pyramid?

2
Since the base is a square, area of the base = 4 × 4 = 16 m  

3
Volume of the pyramid = (B × h)/3 = (16 × 9)/3 = 144/3 = 48 m

Volume of a rectangular pyramid

Example #2:

A rectangular pyramid has a height of 10 meters. If the sides of the base measure 3 meters and 5 meters, what
is the volume of the pyramid?

2
Since the base is a rectangle, area of the base = 3 × 5 = 15 m  

3
Volume of the pyramid = (B × h)/3 = (15 × 10)/3 = 150/3 = 50 m
14
Volume of a triangular pyramid
 20

Example: #3

A triangular pyramid has a height of 8 meters. If the triangle has a base of 4 meters and a height of 3
meters, what is the volume of the pyramid?

Notice that here, you are dealing with two different heights. Avoid mixing the height of the pyramid with
the height of the triangle

Since the base is a triangle, area of the base = (b × h)/2 = (4 × 3)/2 = 12/2 = 6 m 2 

Volume of the pyramid = (B × h)/3 = (6 × 8)/3 = 48/3 = 16 m3

Quiz
 Solve the following problems.

1. T he measure of an angle is 20 less than thrice the measure of its supplement. Find the
measure of each angle?
2. T he measure of an angle is four times the measure of its supplement. Find the measure of
each angle?
3. T he measure of an angle is ten more than five the measure of its complement. Find the
measure of each angle?
4. T he measure of an angle is 8 less than one-third its supplement. Find the measure of the
angle?
5. T he measures of two angles are in the ratio 2:3. The larger of the two angles is 20 more than
twice the smaller angle, Find the measure of each angle. Are the angles complementary?
Supplementary?
5. Find the measure of each interior angle of a regular with 20 sides
6.

5. Find the measure of an exterior angle of each of the following regular polygon.
c. Nonagon b. dodecagon

Review
1. On a circle of radius 20 cm, the arc intercepts a central angle of 1/5 rad. What is the arc
length?
2. What is the area of a sector of a circle with radius 10cm intercepted by a central angle of
450?
3. Find the lateral and surface area of a cube if the length of one side is 3 cm?

4. Find the lateral area and surface area of a rectangular prism with a length of 6 cm, a
width of 4 cm, and a height of 2 cm ?
5. Find the lateral and surface area of a cylinder with a radius of 2 cm, and a height of 1 cm ?
6. Find the lateral and surface area of a square pyramid with a base length of 5 cm, and a
slant height of 10 cm ?
7. Find the surface area of a sphere with a radius of 6 cm ?
8. Find the surface area of a cone with a radius of 4 cm, and a height of 8 cm ?
9. Find the surface area of a cone with a radius of 6 cm. and a slant height of 10cm?
10. A jewelry box is 12cm long, 6cm wide and 10cm high. What is the volume of the jewelry
box?
11. The volume of a rectangular prism is 24m3. Its length is 4m and its width is 3m. What is
its length
12. Find the volume of a cone whose radius is 10cm, and an altitude of 6cm?
13. Find the volume of a sphere with a diameter of 6 cms.?
14. A square pyramid has a height of 9 meters. If a side of the base measures 4 meters, what is the
volume of the pyramid?
15. A rectangular pyramid has a height of 10 meters. If the sides of the base measure 3 meters and 5
meters, what is the volume of the pyramid?
16. A triangular pyramid has a height of 8 meters. If the triangle has a base of 4 meters and a height of 3
meters, what is the volume of the pyramid?
17. A cylindrical tank has a radius of 3.5m and a height of 9m. What is the volume of the
tank?
18. How much milk can be contained in a can whose radius is 3cm and 8cm high?
19. Find the volume of a sphere with surface area 100π square units?
20. The base of a pyramid is a square with sides of 8cm in length. The height of the pyramid
is 12cm, What is its volume?
21. Find the height of a right circular cone whose volume is 12.5π and whose base
circumference is 10π?
22. Find the circumference of the base of the right circular cone whose volume is 96π and
the height is 8?
23. A solid cylinder has a 6 dm diameter and a height of 6m. How many cubic dm of metal
are in the cylinder?
 Review

1. Find the distance between (-2,-1) and (3, 4)?

2. The distance between (-5, y) and (5, 3) is √ 109 . Find y ?

3. Find the midpoint of the line segment with endpoints (4,3) and (-2, 1).

4. The midpoint of a line segment is ( 2, -1) and one endpoint of the segment is ( -1, -3).
Find the coordinates of the other endpoint of the segment.

5. The point (0,1) is the midpoint of a line segment joining (x, 4) and (-3,y) , find x and
y?

6. Find the slope of the line that passes through the point (-1,3) and ( 2,1) ?

−3 5 −7 −9
7. Find the slope of the line joining( , ) and ( , )?
2 2 2 2
−4
8. If the line joining the two points (-4,4) and (x, -6) has the slope of - . Find x?
3

9. Find the equation of the line passing through the points (-2,1) and (3,4)?

1 2
10. Find the equation of the line passing through the points ( , -3) and (-2, )?
2 3

11. Find the equation of the line whose x-intercept is 4 and y-intercept is -6?

12. Find the slope of the line 2x – 5y = 10?

13. Determine whether the equation are parallel of perpendicular

a. 4x -3y = 24 and 8x -6y = 36

b. 7x -4y = 28 and 4x + 7y = 28

14. Determine the equation of the line parallel to 2x -3y = 15 that passes through the
point ( 6, 7).

15. Find the equation of the line perpendicular to 3x + 4y -12 = 0 passes through point
( 6,2)?

16. A line passing through P1( 3, -5) and P2 (7,-3) is perpendicular to the line through P3(
x,4 ) and P4 (9,8) solve x.
 B. A portion of a circle bounded by two radii and an arc is called a sector. The area A of
a sector is to the area π r 2 of the circle as the number of radians in the angle θ of the
sector is 2π radians. From this statement, the formula for the area A of a circular
sector is derived. Thus we have;
A = 1/2r 2 θ
It is also proved in elementary geometry that the area of a sector of a circle is equal to
one half of the product of the radius r and length s of the arc. That is;
A = ½ rs

θ
s
r

Examples:
24. On a circle of radius 20 cm, the arc intercepts a central angle of 1/5 rad. What is the arc
length?
Solution: Given r = 20 cm, 0 = 1/5 rad.
S = r 0 = 20 cm ( 1/5 rad) = 4 cm
25. What is the area of a sector of a circle with radius 10cm intercepted by a central angle of
450?
Solution:
A = ½ 0 r2 = ½ ( π/ 4) ( 10cm)2 = 39.27cm2
 Exercises:
1. What is the area of a circle with a radius of 16cm?
2. Find the area of a circle if the diameter is 20ft ?
3. The area of a circle is 625π sq.cm. Find a.) radius and b.) diameter ?
4. Find the area of a circular garden whose diameter is 20 ft?
C. What is the area of a circular table if the radius is 15 in?
D. Given a circle of radius 35cm, find the length of the arc subtended by the following
central angles:
a. 2 π rad b. 56o 20’ 10’
3
E. A central angle of 500 30’ intercepts a circular arc 100ft long. Find the diameter of the
circle.
F. A portion of a highway curve in the form of a circular arc subtends a central angle of
4o 35’. If the radius of the curve is 100 ft, find the length of the given portion.
G. A circle of radius 6 in. has a sector whose central angle has radian measure 1/3π
radian. Find the arc length and the area of the sector.
H. Find the central angle which intercepts a 300mm arc of a circle whose radius is
15cm?
I. Find the radius of a circle if a central angle of 1350 intercepts an arc whose length is 2
cm?
J. On a circle of radius 100cm, the arc intercepted a central angle of 3π/4. What is the
arc length?
K. Find the central angle which intercepts a 20-cm arc of a circle whose diameter is
20cm.?
L. Find the central angle necessary to form a sector of area 58.4 cm2 in a circle of radius
9.7 cm.
Lateral and Surface Area

Lateral Area of a prism or pyramid is the measure of the lateral faces of cylinder or
cone, it is the measure of the lateral faces.
Surface Area of a solid is the measure of its total surface-including the lateral area and
the base area.

Lateral Area of a Cube

The lateral area of a cube is 4 times the length of one side.
Formula: L.A = 4s

13
Surface area of a Cube
A cube has six sides and each side is a square. The area of one square is a × a = a2 . Since
there are six sides, the total surface area, call it SA is: SA = a2 + a2 + a2 + a2 + a2 + a2
Formula: SA = 6a2 

Example #1: Find the lateral and surface area of a cube if the length of one side is 3 cm

Solution: L.A. = 4s2 = 4 (3cm)2 = 4( 9cm2 )

= 36 cm2
Solution: SA = 6 × a2 
SA = 6 × 32 
SA = 54 cm2 

Exercises:
1. Find the surface area of a cube if the length of one side is 1/2 cm?
2. Find the lateral area of a cube whose one side measure 3.75 m?

Lateral and Surface area of a rectangular prism

To derive the formula of the surface area of a rectangular prism, start with a right rectangular prism as shown
below and call the length l, the width w, and the height h:
 Looking at the rectangular prism template, it is easy to see that the solid has six sides and each
side is a rectangle. The bottom side and the top side are equal and have l and w as dimensions
The area for the top and bottom side is l× w + l × w = 2 × l × w. The area for the front and the
back side is l× h + l × h = 2 × l × h. Then, the last two sides have h and w as its dimensions.
The area for the front and the back side is w× h + w × h = 2 × w × h
Formula:
L.A. = 2 x l x h + 2 x w x h = 2[ l h + wh]
SA = 2 [ l w  +  l h  +  w h ]

Example #1: Find the lateral area and surface area of a rectangular prism with a length of 6 cm,
a width of 4 cm, and a height of 2 cm ?
solution:
L.A. = 2[ l h + wh] = 2 [ 6cm(2cm) + 4cm (2cm) ] = 2[ 12cms2 + 8cms2 ] =
= 2[ 20cms2] = 40cms2 ---answer
SA = 2 [ l w  +  l h  +  w h ]
SA = 2 [ 6 × 4  +  6 × 2  +  4 × 2 ]
SA = 2[ 24 + 12 + 8]
SA = 88 cm2
Exercises:
1. Find the lateral and surface area of a rectangular prism with a length of 4 cm, a width of 5
cm, and a height of 10cm?
2. Find the surface area of a rectangular prism with a length of 1/2 cm, a width of 8 cm, and
a height of ¼ cm ?

Surface area of a cylinder

To derive the formula of the surface area of a cylinder, start with a rectangle and two circles. Then, fold the
rectangle until you make an open cylinder with it. An open cylinder is a cylinder that has no bases. A good real
life example of an open cylinder is a pipe used to flow water if you have seen one before

14

The area of the two circles is straightforward. The area of one circle is pi × r 2, so for two circles, you get 2 × pi ×
r2 .Thus, the longest side or folded side of the rectangle must be equal to 2 × pi × r, which is the circumference
of the circle. To get the area of the rectangle, multiply h by 2 × pi × r and that is equal to 2 × pi × r × h
Formula:
Lateral Area : L. A. = 2 π r h
Surface Area : SA = 2 π r2  +   2 π r h

Example: Find the lateral and surface area of a cylinder with a radius of 2 cm, and a height of 1 cm 
Solution:

L. A. = 2 π r h = 2 ( 3.1416) (2 ) 1
L . A = 12.5664 cm2
2
SA = 2 π r   +   2 π r h
SA = 2 × 3.14 × 22  +   2 × 3.14 × 2 × 1
Surface area = 37.68 cm2 
Exercises:
1. Find the lateral and surface area of a cylinder with a radius of 4 cm, and a height of 3 cm ?
 2. Find the lateral and surface area of a cylinder whose diameter is 40 cms. and an altitude of 50cms.?

Surface area of a square pyramid

It is not complicated to derive the formula of the surface area of a square pyramid. 
start with a square pyramid as shown below and call the length of the base s and the height of one triangle l

l is the slant height. It is not for no reason this height is called slant height!
The word slant refers also to something that is oblique or bent, or something that is not vertical
or straight up. Basically, anything that is not horizontal or vertical!
The area of the square is s2
The area of one triangle is (b × h)/2
Lateral Area = n [ ½ bs ] = 2bh
or L.A. = ½ ps ; where p = perimeter of the base pyramid’s base , s = slant height
Where: n = number of lateral faces, b = base of the triangular faces, s = slant height
Since there are 4 triangles, the area is 4 × (bxh)/2 = 2 × bxh
Therefore, the surface area, call it SA is:
SA = s2  +  2bh
Or SA = L.A + B
For any regular pyramid, lateral area (L.A) is equal to one half the perimeter (p) of its
base times its slant height(s), and surface area (S.A.) is equal to its lateral area plus the area
(B) of its base.
Example #1: Find the lateral and surface area of a square pyramid with a base length of 5 cm,
and a slant height of 10 cm ?
Solution:
L. A. = 2bs = 2 x 5cm x10cm)
L. A = 100cms.2
15
2
SA = s   +  2bh
SA = 52  +  2 × 5 × 10
SA = 125 cm2
Exercises:
1. Find the surface area with a base length of 3 cm, and a slant height of 2 cm  ?
2. Find the surface area with a base length of 1/2 cm, and a slant height of 1/4 cm  

Surface area of a sphere

To derive the formula of the surface area of a sphere, we imagine a sphere with many pyramids inside of it until
the base of all the pyramids cover the entire surface area of the sphere. In the figure below, only one of such
pyramid is shown below
Then, do a ratio of the area of the pyramid to the volume of the pyramid. The area of the pyramid is A
The volume of the pyramid is V = (1/3) × A × r = (A × r) / 3 . So, the ratio of area to volume is A / V = A ÷ (A ×
r) / 3 = (3 × A) / (A × r ) = 3 / r 
Therefore, ratio of total area to total volume is n × A / n × V = A / V and we already saw before that A / V = 3 / r

Formula: SA = 4 π r2

16

Example 1. Find the surface area of a sphere with a radius of 6 cm ?

2
Solution: SA = 4 π r
2
SA = 4 ( 3.1416) ( 6cm)
2
Surface area = 452.39 cm  

Exercises:
1. Find the surface area of a sphere with a radius of 2 centimeters  ?
2. Find the surface area of a sphere with a diameter of 60 inches?

Lateral and Surface area of a cone

Let us now use this fact to derive the formula of the surface area of a cone
 The slant height of a right circular cone is the length of any segment from the vertex to any point of a
circle bounding the base. If the lateral surface of the right circular cone in the figure is peeled off, it is a sector
of a circle with radius s( the slant height of the cone). The arc length of the sector is 2πr ( the circumference of
the base of the cone. The area of the sector is half the arc length times the radius.
L.A = area of the sector
= ½ (circumference of the cone base)s
= ½ (2πr)s
L.A = πrs
For a cone, the base is a circle, A = π r2
P=2πr
To find the slant height, l, just use the Pythagorean Theorem
l = r2 + h2
l = √ (r2 + h2)

Putting it all together, we get:

SA = A + 1/2 (P × l)
SA = π × r2 + 1/2 ( 2 × π × r × √ (r2 + h2)
The surface of the cone is the sum of its lateral area and the area of its base, which is πr 2. So,
Formula: SA = π r2 + π r ( √ (r2 + h2)

Another formula:
The total surface of a cone is equal to phi times the square of the radius plus phi
times the radius times the slant height.
S.A = π r2 + π r s or SA = π r( r + s)
Where: r = radius, s= slant height

Examples:
7. Find the surface area of a cone with a radius of 4 cm, and a height of 8 cm 
Solution:
SA = π × r2 + π × r × √ (r2 + h2)
SA = 3.14 × 42 + 3.14 × 4 × √ (42 + 82)
SA = 3.14 × 16 + 12.56 × √ (16 + 64)
SA = 162.52 cm2

8. Find the surface area of a cone with a radius of 6 cm. and a slant height of 10cm?
Solution:
SA = π r( r + s)
SA = 3.1416 (6cm) [ 6cm + 10cm]
= 301.59 cm2
Exercises:
1. Find the surface area of a cone with a radius of 9 cm, and a height of 12 cm ?
Find the surface area of a cone with a diameter of 60 cm. and a slant height of 18cm?
17

Volume
Volume is the number of cubic units needed to fill space and is expressed in cubic
denominations.
a. Volume of cube

The figure is cube the length, width and heights are equal. A cube is a
rectangular solid those edges are equal.

e
 e
3
Formula: V = e
Example: Find the volume of the figure shown below. e

6cm

Solution: V = e3 = (63) = 21 cubic cm, ------answer

B. Volume of a Cylinder
The volume of a cylinder is equal to the product of phi ,radius squared and the height.

Formula: V = ∏r2h
Example: Find the volume of cylinder whose radius is 6in. and altitude o f ½ in.
Solution: V = ∏r2h
V = 3. 1416in(6in)2 (1/2in) = 56.55cubic inches

C. Volume of rectangular solid

A rectangular solid is a figure of three dimensions having six rectangular faces meeting
each other at right angles. The three dimensions are length, width and height. The figure below
is a rectangular solid ‘’L’’ is the length, ‘’W’’ is the width and ‘’h’’ is the height.
The volume of a rectangular solid is the product of the length, width and height.

Formula: V=Lwh h
W
L
Example: Find the volume of a rectangular solid whose length is 7ft., Width is 3ft. and height
5ft.?
Solution: V = Lwh = 7ft (3ft) (5ft) = 105 cubic feet-----answer
Exercises:
1. A water tank 10m long, 8m wide and 4m high half full of water, what is the volume of
water in the tank?
2. A swimming pool is 120m by 40m by 3m. How many gallons of water can fill it if 1m 3 =
3.5 gallons ?
3. If each teachers needs 10cu. m of air space. Find the maximum numbers of teachers
who can occupy a faculty room measuring 12m by 10m by 4m ?
4. How many sq. m are there in 3.75sq.km.?
5. Find the volume of a cylinder steel bar 8cm in diameter and 12 cm long?
6. Find the volume of a cube of the one side is 12.6 dm.?
7. Find the volume of a box 15m long, 10m wide and 7m high?
8. A jewelry box is 12cm long, 6cm wide and 10cm high. What is the volume of the jewelry
box?
9. The volume of a rectangular prism is 24m3. Its length is 4m and its width is 3m. What is
its length
d. Volume of the Sphere
The volume of a sphere is equal to ¾ the product of phi and the radius cube.
Formula:
V = 4∏ r3
3

18

Example: Find the volume of the figure shown below.

R = 3cm
Solution: V = 4∏ r3
3
V = 4(3.1416) (3cm)3 = 113 .0976cu. cm. or 113.10 cm3
3

e. Volume of a Cone
The volume of a cone is given by the formula,
V = 1/3 ∏ r2h or V = π r 2h
3
Find the volume of a cone whose radius is 10cm, and an altitude of 6cm?
V = π r 2h
3
V = 1/3 (3.1416) (10cm)2(6cm) = 628cm3
Exercises:
Find the volume of the following figure shown below: 30mm

12mm
1. 2.

10mm
8mm

3. 4. R= 4.5in D = 10in


50in

D = 18m

Volume of a pyramid
Look carefully at the pyramid shown below. The volume of a pyramid can be computed as shown

Pyramid:

19
Volume = (B × h)/3
 B is the area of the base
h is the height

The base of the pyramid can be a rectangle, a triangle, or a square. Compute the area of the base accordingly

Volume of a square pyramid

Example #1:

A square pyramid has a height of 9 meters. If a side of the base measures 4 meters, what is the volume of the
pyramid?

Since the base is a square, area of the base = 4 × 4 = 16 m 2 

Volume of the pyramid = (B × h)/3 = (16 × 9)/3 = 144/3 = 48 m3

Volume of a rectangular pyramid

Example #2:

A rectangular pyramid has a height of 10 meters. If the sides of the base measure 3 meters and 5 meters, what
is the volume of the pyramid?

Since the base is a rectangle, area of the base = 3 × 5 = 15 m 2 

Volume of the pyramid = (B × h)/3 = (15 × 10)/3 = 150/3 = 50 m 3

Volume of a triangular pyramid

20
 Example: #3

A triangular pyramid has a height of 8 meters. If the triangle has a base of 4 meters and a height of 3
meters, what is the volume of the pyramid?

Notice that here, you are dealing with two different heights. Avoid mixing the height of the pyramid with
the height of the triangle

Since the base is a triangle, area of the base = (b × h)/2 = (4 × 3)/2 = 12/2 = 6 m 2 

Volume of the pyramid = (B × h)/3 = (6 × 8)/3 = 48/3 = 16 m3

Exercises:
1. A cylindrical tank has a radius of 3.5m and a height of 9m. What is the volume of the
tank?
2. How much milk can be contained in a can whose radius is 3cm and 8cm high?
3. Find the volume of a sphere with surface area 100π square units?
4. The base of a pyramid is a square with sides of 8cm in length. The height of the pyramid
is 12cm, What is its volume?
5. A container is cylindrical in shape with one hemispherical end. The radius of the
container is 20dm. Find the capacity of the container?
6. Find the height of a right circular cone whose volume is 12.5π and whose base
circumference is 10π?
7. Find the circumference of the base of the right circular cone whose volume is 96π and
the height is 8?
8. A solid cylinder has a 6 dm diameter and a height of 6m. How many cubic dm of metal
are in the cylinder?
9. Find the base area of a regular hexagonal pyramid whose volume is 4.5 and whose
height is 0.5?

21
 Volume of Pyramid
V = 1/3 bh
b is the area of the base
Surface Area: Add the area of the base to the sum of the areas of all of the
triangular faces. The areas of the triangular faces will have different formulas for
different shaped bases.
Examples:
1. A square pyramid has a height of 9 meters. If a side of the base measures 4 meters, what is the
volume of the pyramid?

2. A rectangular pyramid has a height of 10 meters. If the sides of the base measure 3 meters and 5
meters, what is the volume of the pyramid?

3. A triangular pyramid has a height of 8 meters. If the triangle has a base of 4 meters and a height of 3
meters, what is the volume of the pyramid?

Diagonal Length
The diagonal of a rectangular solid is the line segment whose endpoints are at opposite corners. Each
rectangular solid has four diagonals, all with the same length, which connect each pair of opposite
vertices.

The formula for the length of a diagonal is:

where l  is the length, w  is the width, and h  is the height.

You can think of this formula as the Pythagorean theorem in three dimensions. In fact, you can
derive this formula using the Pythagorean theorem. First, find the length of the diagonal along the
base. This is  . Then use the Pythagorean theorem again, incorporating height to find the
length of the diagonal from one corner to the other:   Thus   
and 

12

13

Formula

Rectangle:
Area = Length
X Width
A = lw
 Perimeter = 2
X Lengths + 2
X Widths
P = 2l + 2w
Parallelogra
m
Area = Base X
Height
a = bh
Triangle
Area = 1/2 of
the base X the
height
a = 1/2 bh
Perimeter = a
+b+c
(add the length
of the three
sides)
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Trapezoid

Perimeter = area + b1 + b2 + c
P = a + b1 + b2 + c

Circle Try the Online tool.

The distance around the circle is a
circumference. The distance across the
circle is the diameter (d). The radius
(r) is the distance from the center to a
point on the circle. (Pi = 3.14) More
aboutcircles.
d = 2r
c = d = 2 r
A = r2
=3.14)
Rectangular Solid
Volume = Length X Width X Height
V = lwh
Surface = 2lw + 2lh + 2wh

Prisms
Volume = Base X Height
v=bh
Surface = 2b + Ph (b is the area of the
base P is the perimeter of the base)

Cylinder
Volume = r2 x height
V = r2 h
Surface = 2 radius x height
S = 2rh + 2r2

Pyramid
V = 1/3 bh
b is the area of the base
Surface Area: Add the area of the base
to the sum of the areas of all of the
triangular faces. The areas of the
triangular faces will have different
formulas for different shaped bases.
 Cones
Volume = 1/3 r2 x height
V= 1/3 r2h
Surface = r2 + rs
S = r2 + rs
=r2+r

Sphere
Volume = 4/3 r3
V = 4/3 r3 
Surface = 4r2
S = 4r2 

Surface Area and Volume of a Sphere

Surface area of a cube

To derive the formula of the surface area of a cube, start with a cube as shown below and call the length of one
side a:

In order to make a cube like the one shown above, you basically use the following cube template:
Looking at the cube template, it is easy to see that the cube has six sides and each side is a square

2
The area of one square is a × a = a

Since there are six sides, the total surface area, call it SA is:

2 2 2 2 2 2
SA = a  + a  + a  + a  + a  + a

2
SA = 6 × a  

Example #1:

Find the surface area if the length of one side is 3 cm

2
Surface area = 6 × a  

2
Surface area = 6 × 3  

Surface area = 6 × 3 × 3 

2
Surface area = 54 cm  

Example #2:

Find the surface area if the length of one side is 5 cm

2
Surface area = 6 × a  

2
Surface area = 6 × 4  

Surface area = 6 × 4 × 4 

2
Surface area = 96 cm  

Example #3:

Find the surface area if the length of one side is 1/2 cm

2
Surface area = 6 × a  

2
Surface area = 6 × (1/2)  

Surface area = 6 × 1/2 × 1/2 

Surface area = 6 × 1/4 

2
Surface area = 6/4 cm  

2
Surface area = 3/2 cm  

2
Surface area = 1.5 cm  

Surface area of a rectangular prism

To derive the formula of the surface area of a rectangular prism, start with a right rectangular prism as shown
below and call the length l, the width w, and the height h:

In order to make a rectangular prism like the one shown above, you basically use the following rectangular
prism template:

Looking at the rectangular prism template, it is easy to see that the solid has six sides and each side is a
rectangle

The bottom side and the top side are equal and have l and w as dimensions

The area for the top and bottom side is l× w + l × w = 2 × l × w

The front side (shown in sky blue) and the back side (not shown) are equal and have h and l as dimensions

The area for the front and the back side is l× h + l × h = 2 × l × h

Then, the last two sides have h and w as its dimensions. One side is shown in purple

The area for the front and the back side is w× h + w × h = 2 × w × h

The total surface area, call it SA is:

SA = 2 × l × w  +  2 × l × h  +  2 × w × h 

Example #1:

Find the surface area of a rectangular prism with a length of 6 cm, a width of 4 cm, and a height of 2 cm 

SA = 2 × l × w  +  2 × l × h  +  2 × w × h 
SA = 2 × 6 × 4  +  2 × 6 × 2  +  2 × 4 × 2 

SA = 48 + 24 + 16 

2
SA = 88 cm

Example #2:

Find the surface area of a rectangular prism with a length of 4 cm, a width of 5 cm, and a height of 10 cm 

SA = 2 × l × w  +  2 × l × h  +  2 × w × h 

SA = 2 × 4 × 5  +  2 × 4 × 10  +  2 × 5 × 10 

SA = 40 + 80 + 100 

2
SA = 220 cm

Example #3:

Find the surface area with a length of 1/2 cm, a width of 8 cm, and a height of 1/4 cm 

SA = 2 × l × w  +  2 × l × h  +  2 × w × h 

SA = 2 × 1/2 × 8  +  2 × 1/2 × 1/4  +  2 × 8 × 1/4 

SA = 1 × 8  +  1 × 1/4  +  16 × 1/4 

SA = 8 + 1/4 + 4

SA = 12 + 1/4 

SA = 48/4 + 1/4 

2 2
SA = 49/4 cm  SA = 12.25 cm  

Surface area of a cylinder

To derive the formula of the surface area of a cylinder, we will start by showing you how you can make a
cylinder :

Start with a rectangle and two circles

Then, fold the rectangle until you make an open cylinder with it. An open cylinder is a cylinder that has no
bases. A good real life example of an open cylinder is a pipe used to flow water if you have seen one before

Next, using the two circles as bases for the cylinder, put one on top of the cylinder and put one beneath it. 

Of course, the two circles will have the exact same size or the same diameter as the circles obtained by folding
the rectangle

You Finally, you end up with your cylinder!

Now, what did we go through so much trouble? Well if you can make the cylinder with the rectangle and the
two circles, you can use them to derive the surface area of the cylinder. Does that make sense?
 2
The area of the two circles is straightforward. The area of one circle is pi × r , so for two circles, you get 2 × pi ×
2
r  

To find the area of the rectangle is a little bit tricky and subtle!

Let us take a closer look at our rectangle again.

Thus, the longest side or folded side of the rectangle must be equal to 2 × pi × r, which is the
circumference of the circle

To get the area of the rectangle, multiply h by 2 × pi × r and that is equal to 2 × pi × r × h

Therefore, the total surface area of the cylinder, call it SA is:

2
SA = 2 × pi × r   +   2 × pi × r × h

Example #1:

Find the surface area of a cylinder with a radius of 2 cm, and a height of 1 cm 

2
SA = 2 × pi × r   +   2 × pi × r × h

2
SA = 2 × 3.14 × 2   +   2 × 3.14 × 2 × 1

SA = 6.28 × 4  +   6.28 × 2

SA = 25.12 + 12.56

2
Surface area = 37.68 cm  

Example #2:

Find the surface area of a cylinder with a radius of 4 cm, and a height of 3 cm 

2
SA = 2 × pi × r   +   2 × pi × r × h

2
SA = 2 × 3.14 × 4   +   2 × 3.14 × 4 × 3

SA = 6.28 × 16  +   6.28 × 12

SA = 100.48 + 75.36

2
Surface area = 175.84 cm  

Surface area of a square pyramid

It is not complicated to derive the formula of the surface area of a square pyramid. 

start with a square pyramid as shown below and call the length of the base s and the height of one triangle l
l is the slant height. It is not for no reason this height is called slant height!

The word slant refers also to something that is oblique or bent, or something that is not vertical or straight up.
Basically, anything that is not horizontal or vertical!

The area of the square is s2

The area of one triangle is (s × l)/2

Since there are 4 triangles, the area is 4 × (s × l)/2 = 2 × s × l 

Therefore, the surface area, call it SA is:

SA = s2  +  2 × s × l :

Example #1:

Find the surface area of a square pyramid with a base length of 5 cm, and a slant height of 10 cm 

SA = s2  +  2 × s × l 

SA = 52  +  2 × 5 × 10

SA = 25  +  100

SA = 125 cm2

Example #2:

Find the surface area with a base length of 3 cm, and a slant height of 2 cm 

SA = s2  +  2 × s × l 

SA = 32  +  2 × 3 × 2

SA = 9  +  12

SA = 21 cm2

Example #3:

Find the surface area with a base length of 1/2 cm, and a slant height of 1/4 cm 

SA = s2  +  2 × s × l 

SA = (1/2)2  +  2 × 1/2 × 1/4

SA = 1/4  +  1 × 1/4

SA = 1/4 + 1/4

SA = 2/4

SA = 1/2 cm2
 Surface area of a sphere
To derive the formula of the surface area of a sphere, we imagine a sphere with many pyramids inside of it until
the base of all the pyramids cover the entire surface area of the sphere. In the figure below, only one of such
pyramid is shown
 Then, do a ratio of the area of the pyramid to the volume of the pyramid

The area of the pyramid is A

The volume of the pyramid is V = (1/3) × A × r = (A × r) / 3

So, the ratio of area to volume is A / V = A ÷ (A × r) / 3 = (3 × A) / (A × r ) = 3 / r 

Now pay careful attention to the following important stuff!

Observation # 1:

For a large number of pyramids, let say that n is such large number, the ratio of the surface area of the
sphere to the volume of the sphere is the same as 3 / r

Why is that? That cannot be true! Well, here is the reason:

For n pyramids, the total area is n × A 

Also for n pyramids, the total volume is n × V

Therefore, ratio of total area to total volume is n × A / n × V = A / V and we already saw before that A / V
=3/r

Observation # 2:

Furthermore, n × Apyramid = Asphere (The total area of the bases of all pyramids or n pyramids is
approximately equal to the surface area of the sphere)

n × Vpyramid = Vsphere ( The total volume of all pyramids or n pyramids is approximately equal to the
volume of the sphere

Putting observation # 1 and # 2 together, we get: 

Therefore, the total surface area of a sphere, call it SA is:

2
SA = 4 × pi × r

Example #1:

Find the surface area of a sphere with a radius of 6 cm 

2
SA = 4 × pi × r

2
SA = 4 × 3.14 × 6
 SA = 12.56 × 36

SA = 452.16

2
Surface area = 452.16 cm  

Example #2:

Find the surface area of a sphere with a radius of 2 cm 

2
SA = 4 × pi × r

2
SA = 4 × 3.14 × 2

SA = 12.56 × 4

SA = 50.24

2
Surface area = 50.24 cm  

Surface area of a cone

The surface area of a cone can be derived from the surface area of a square pyramid 

Start with a square pyramid and just keep increasing the number of sides of the base. After a very large
number of sides, you can see that the figure will eventually look like a cone.This is shown below:

This observation is important because we can use the formula of the surface area of a square pyramid to find
that of a cone
l is the slant height. 

2
The area of the square is s

The area of one triangle is (s × l)/2

Since there are 4 triangles, the area is 4 × (s × l)/2 = 2 × s × l 

Therefore, the surface area, call it SA is:

2
SA = s   +  2 × s × l :

Generally speaking, to find the surface area of any regular pyramid whose base is A, the perimeter is P, and
the slant height is l, we use the following formula:

S = A + 1/2 (P × l)

2
Again A is the area of the base. For a figure with 4 sides, A = s  with s = length of one side 

Where does the 1/2 (P × l) come from?

Let s be the length of the base of a regular pyramid. Then, the area of one triangle is 

(s × l)/2

For n triangles and this also means that the base of the pyramid has n sides, we get,

( n × s × l)/2

Now P = n × s. When n = 4, of course, P = 4 × s as already shown.

Therefore, after replaning n × s by P, we get S = A + 1/2 (P × l)

Let us now use this fact to derive the formula of the surface area of a cone

For a cone, the base is a circle, A = π × r2

P=2×π×r

To find the slant height, l, just use the Pythagorean Theorem

l = r2 + h2

l = √ (r2 + h2)

Putting it all together, we get:

S = A + 1/2 (P × l)

S = π × r2 + 1/2 ( 2 × π × r × √ (r2 + h2)

S = π × r2 + π × r × √ (r2 + h2)

Example #1:

Find the surface area of a cone with a radius of 4 cm, and a height of 8 cm 

S = π × r2 + π × r × √ (r2 + h2)

S = 3.14 × 42 + 3.14 × 4 × √ (42 + 82)

S = 3.14 × 16 + 12.56 × √ (16 + 64)

S = 50.24 + 12.56 × √ (80)

S = 50.24 + 12.56 × 8.94

S = 50.24 + 112.28

2
S = 162.52 cm

Example #2:

Find the surface area of a cone with a radius of 9 cm, and a height of 12 cm 

2 2 2
S = π × r  + π × r × √ (r  + h )

2 2 2
S = 3.14 × 9  + 3.14 × 9 × √ (9  + 12 )

S = 3.14 × 81 + 28.26 × √ (81 + 144)

S = 254.34 + 28.26 × √ (225)

S = 254.24 + 28.26 × 15 

S = 254.24 + 423.9

2
S = 678.14 cm