Nadeem, PG-GAS, ABB Ltd.

, Bangalore, May 11, 2017

Busbar Protection
Basic Concepts

© ABB Group
May 11, 2017 | Slide 1
Indian Reference…New publication no.328

© ABB Group
May 11, 2017 | Slide 2
International Reference

© ABB Group
May 11, 2017 | Slide 3
Task Force Document

© ABB Group
May 11, 2017 | Slide 4
BUS BAR PROTECTION

§ Introduction
§ Protection requirements
§ Busbar Faults
§ Working principle
§ External/Internal fault conditions
§ Brief discussion on various BB protection schemes
§ Overview of REB500

§ Discussion & Feedback

§ABB Group
§May 11, 2017 | Slide 5
BUS BAR PROTECTION..Types

§ High impedance Busbar differential protection

§ Low impedance/Biased Busbar differential protection
§ Centralized Busbar differential protection
§ Decentralized Busbar differential protection

§ Main zone of Busbar differential protection

§ Check zone of Busbar differential protection

§ABB Group
§May 11, 2017 | Slide 6
BUS BAR PROTECTION..Types

High impedance bus differential relay ….. REB650

§ABB Group
§May 11, 2017 | Slide 7
BUS BAR PROTECTION..Types

High impedance bus differential relay

Basic features
SETTING VR > IF ( RCT + 2 RL)
VK > 2 VR
RL

RCT
VR
A B

§ABB Group
§May 11, 2017 | Slide 8
BUS BAR PROTECTION..Types
REB500 - Numerical Busbar and Breaker ABB Network Partner AG REB 500

Failure Protection

C
E

Central Unit

Distributed installation
ABB Netw ork Partner AG REB 500 ABB Netw ork Partner AG REB 500 ABB Netw ork Partner AG REB 500 ABB Netw ork Partner AG REB 500

C C C C
E E E E

Bay Unit Bay Unit Bay Unit Bay Unit

E E

§ABB Group
§May 11, 2017 | Slide 9
BUS BAR PROTECTION..Types
REB500 - Numerical Busbar and Breaker Failure Protection

Central installation C

Network Control

Cubicle
Cubicle
SCS/SMS

ABB NETWORK CONTROL & PROTECTION

REB004aE

§ABB Group
§May 11, 2017 | Slide 10
BUS BAR PROTECTION..Types
REB670 - Numerical Busbar and Breaker Failure Protection

Centralized installation

§ABB Group
§May 11, 2017 | Slide 11
BUS BAR PROTECTION..Types
REB670 - Numerical Busbar and Breaker Failure Protection
Centralized installation

§ABB Group
§May 11, 2017 | Slide 12
BUS BAR PROTECTION..Types

Limitations of High impedance differential relay

§ Puts stringent requirements on CTs

§ Need for dedicated CTs
§ Identical CT ratios , magnetising impedances
§ Aux CTs not acceptable
§ Inability to cope with increasing fault levels

§ABB Group
§May 11, 2017 | Slide 13
BUS BAR PROTECTION..Types

Advantages of Low impedance relays

§ Free from any need for Identical CT ratios or matched CT s

§ Other relays can be included in the same CT core
§ Increasing fault levels have no impact

§ABB Group
§May 11, 2017 | Slide 14
Considerations…
§ Where Centralized Busbar is preferred and where Decentralized
§ Check zone where it is applicable
§ Busbar Differential pickup based on minimum Bus fault
§ What is minimum Bus fault and maximum bus fault?
§ High impedance Busbar is not good for complex bus arrangements
§ End fault and when it is required?
§ Open CT block or supervise mode?
§ Sipat case Busbar to be explained
§ CT saturation, how busbar can be stable with numerical technology
§ Open CT, how busbar can be stable with numerical technology
§ CT demands for different types of Busbar protections

§ABB Group
§May 11, 2017 | Slide 15
BUSBAR Protection
Bus bar have often been left without specific protection for one or
more of the following reasons

§ The bus bars and switchgear have a high degree of reliability,to the point of
being regarded as insitrinsically safe.
§ It was feared that the accidental operation of bus bar protection cause
widespread dislocation 0f the power system which if not quickly
cleared,would cause more loss than would very infrequent actual bus faults.
§ It was hoped that the system protection or the back up protection would
provide sufficient bus protection if needed.

§ABB Group
§May 11, 2017 | Slide 16
Possible faults on Busbar

§ Majority of bus faults are phase to ground faults

§ Majority of the faults are due to human errors rather than
failure of switchgear components

§ABB Group
§May 11, 2017 | Slide 17
Protection requirements

§ Even if distance protection is applied to all the

feeders, the bus bar will lie in the second zone of all
the distance protections so the bus fault will be
cleared relatively slowly and the serious damage to
or destruction of the installation would probably result
in wide spread and prolonged supply interruption,
which cause heavy damage to the connected
equipments and heavy loss to the boards.
§ To maintain the stability, high speed fault clearance
is necessary
§ With the sectionalisers we can clear only needed
section for fault clearance.

§ABB Group
§May 11, 2017 | Slide 18
Measuring Principle

Who knows
Mr. Kirchhoff ?

§ABB Group
§May 11, 2017 | Slide 19
Measuring Principle
Kirchhoffs 1st Law: Node Rule

The sum of all

currents must be zero

I1 + I2 + I3 = S I = 0

§ABB Group
§May 11, 2017 | Slide 20
Measuring Principle
Kirchhoffs 1st Law: Node Rule

If

I1 + I2 + I3 = S I

¹0

Þ Fault on the busbar

Þ Trip circuit breaker

ABB Group
May 11, 2017 | Slide 21
Measuring Principle
Differential current measurement

S I = I1 + I2 + I3
If

S I > differential current setting

Þ Trip Busbar Protection

ABB Group
May 11, 2017 | Slide 22
Measuring Principle
Stabilised differential current measurement
S I > Ikmin ; and Þ Trip Busbar
If
(S I / S ½ I ½) > k
Differential current Idiff= | S I |

Protection
k= 1
k= 0,85

Low impedance
measuring
principle !!!
no fault
Ikmin

0
Restraint current IRest = S | I|
ABB Group
May 11, 2017 | Slide 23
Measuring Principle
Stabilised differential current measurement

Advantage:
load depending tripping value
as more (load / fault) current is flowing on the
busbar
as more differential current is required to generate
a tripping signal
Þ system is very stable in case of
CT failure
CT saturation

ABB Group
May 11, 2017 | Slide 24
 §Measuring Principle §load depending tripping value

§ABB Group
§May 11, 2017 | Slide 25
 Measuring Principle load depending tripping value
Busbar fault condition single injection

I1 =
1000A

ABB Group
May 11, 2017 | Slide 26
 Measuring Principle load depending tripping value

What would be the

differential and
restrained current in that
situation
???
ABB Group
May 11, 2017 | Slide 27
 Measuring Principle load depending tripping value

Stabilised differential current measurement

DI = + I1
=+1
= 1 kA
Sl = + ½+ I1½
= + 1 kA
= 1 kA

ABB Group
May 11, 2017 | Slide 28
 Measuring Principle load depending tripping value

Differential current Idiff= | S I | k= 1

k= 0,85

no fault
Ikmin

0
Restraint current IRest = S | I |

Þ trip measurement system !!!

( if ID > Ikmin)
ABB Group
May 11, 2017 | Slide 29
 Measuring Principle load depending tripping value
Busbar fault condition multiple injection

I1 = I2 = I3 = I4 =
1000A 2500A 1500A 2000A

ABB Group
May 11, 2017 | Slide 30
 Measuring Principle load depending tripping value

What would be the

differential and
restrained current in that
situation
???
ABB Group
May 11, 2017 | Slide 31
 Measuring Principle load depending tripping value

Stabilised differential current measurement

DI = + I1 + I2 + I3 + I4
= + 1 kA + 2.5 kA + 1.5 kA + 2 kA
= 7 kA
Sl = + ½+ I1½+ ½+ I2½ + ½+ I3½ + ½+ I4½
= + 1 kA + 2.5 kA + 1.5 kA + 2 kA
= 7 kA

ABB Group
May 11, 2017 | Slide 32
 Measuring Principle load depending tripping value

Differential current Idiff= | S I | k= 1

k= 0,85

no fault
Ikmin

0
Restraint current IRest = S | I |

Þ trip measurement system !!!

ABB Group
May 11, 2017 | Slide 33
 Measuring Principle External fault condition
e.g. line fault

I1 =
6000A

I2 = I3 = I4 =
2500A 1500A 2000A

ABB Group
May 11, 2017 | Slide 34
 Measuring Principle External fault condition

What would be the

differential and
restrained current in that
situation
???
ABB Group
May 11, 2017 | Slide 35
 Measuring Principle External fault condition

Stabilised differential current measurement

DI = + I1 + I2 + I3 + I4
= - 6 kA + 2.5 kA + 1.5 kA + 2 kA
= 0 kA
Sl = + ½+ I1½+ ½+ I2½ + ½+ I3½ + ½+ I4½
= + 6 kA + 2.5 kA + 1.5 kA + 2 kA
= 12 kA

ABB Group
May 11, 2017 | Slide 36
 Measuring Principle External fault condition

Differential current Idiff= | S I | k= 1

k= 0,85

no fault
Ikmin

0
Restraint current IRest = S | I |

Þ measurement system stable !!!

ABB Group
May 11, 2017 | Slide 37
 Measuring Principle Current transformer failure
during fault condition (II)

CT shorted !!!

I1 =
6000A

I2 = I3 = I4 =
2500A 1500A 2000A

ABB Group
May 11, 2017 | Slide 38
 Measuring Principle Current transformer failure

What would be the

differential and
restrained current in that
situation
???
ABB Group
May 11, 2017 | Slide 39
 Measuring Principle Current transformer failure

Stabilised differential current measurement

DI = + I1 + I2 + I3 + I4
=
=
Sl = + ½+ I1½+ ½+ I2½ + ½+ I3½ + ½+ I4½
=
=

ABB Group
May 11, 2017 | Slide 40
 Measuring Principle Current transformer failure

Stabilised differential current measurement

DI = + I1 + I2 + I3 + I4
= + 0 kA + 2.5 kA + 1.5 kA + 2 kA
= 6 kA
Sl = + ½+ I1½+ ½+ I2½ + ½+ I3½ + ½+ I4½
= + 0 kA + 2.5 kA + 1.5 kA + 2 kA
= 6 kA

ABB Group
May 11, 2017 | Slide 41
 Measuring Principle Current transformer failure

Differential current Idiff= | S I | k= 1

k= 0,85

no fault
Ikmin

0
Restraint current IRest = S | I |

ABB Group
May 11, 2017 | Slide 42
 Measuring Principle Current transformer failure

Differential current Idiff= | S I | k= 1

k= 0,85

no fault
Ikmin

0
Restraint current IRest = S | I |
Þ trip measurement system !!!
(worst case condition)
ABB Group
May 11, 2017 | Slide 43
 Measuring Principle Current transformer failure
during load condition

CT shorted !!!

I1 =
600A

I2 = I3 = I4 =
250A 150A 200A
ABB Group
May 11, 2017 | Slide 44
 Measuring Principle Current transformer failure

What would be the

differential and
restrained current in that
situation
???
ABB Group
May 11, 2017 | Slide 45
 Measuring Principle Current transformer failure

Stabilised differential current measurement

DI = + I1 + I2 + I3 + I4
=
=
Sl = + ½+ I1½+ ½+ I2½ + ½+ I3½ + ½+ I4½
=
=
ABB Group
May 11, 2017 | Slide 46
 Measuring Principle Current transformer failure

Stabilised differential current measurement

DI = + I1 + I2 + I3 + I4
= + 0 kA + 250 A + 150 A + 200 A
= 600 A
Sl = + ½+ I1½+ ½+ I2½ + ½+ I3½ + ½+ I4½
= + 0 kA + 250 A + 150 A + 200 A
= 600 A
ABB Group
May 11, 2017 | Slide 47
 Measuring Principle Current transformer failure

Differential current Idiff= | S I | k= 1

k= 0,85

no fault
Ikmin

0
Restraint current IRest = S | I |

ABB Group
May 11, 2017 | Slide 48
 Measuring Principle Current transformer failure

Differential current Idiff= | S I |

k= 1
k= 0,85

no fault
Ikmin

0
Restraint current IRest = S | I |
Þ measurement system stable !!!
Þ differential current alarm !!!
ABB Group
May 11, 2017 | Slide 49
 How is it possible to detect
failures in the CT circuits
???

ABB Group
May 11, 2017 | Slide 50
Differential Current Supervision
Þ Differential Current Alarm

A differential current for a longer time is

the consequence of a failure in the
system (intern / extern)

Þ Differential current alarm

Þ Option to block the system

ABB Group
May 11, 2017 | Slide 51
Differential Current Supervision

Which failures in the CT circuits

can the Differential current
supervision detect
???
ABB Group
May 11, 2017 | Slide 52
Differential Current Supervision

The differential current

supervision can detect

Þ a missing CT input (e.g. CT circuit

not connected to the system)
Þ a wrong CT ratio
Þ a wrong current direction

ABB Group
May 11, 2017 | Slide 53
Differential Current Supervision

Þ the “differential current supervision” is able

to detect a missing / wrong CT input
Þ therefore the “differential current alarm” is
very important and must not be ignored by the
operating personal
If not, there is a risk of maloperation !!!

ABB Group
May 11, 2017 | Slide 54
Differential Current Supervision

SP = 400A
100A 300A
SN = 400A
Iin = Max ( SP & SN) = 400A
200A 200A
Iout = Min (SP & SN) = 400A
Id = 0A

ABB Group
May 11, 2017 | Slide 55
Differential Current Supervision

SP = 20kA
10kA 5kA
SN = 0A
Iin = Max ( SP & SN) = 20kA
5kA 0kA
Iout = Min (SP & SN) = 0A
Id = 20kA

ABB Group
May 11, 2017 | Slide 56
Differential Current Supervision

ABB Group
May 11, 2017 | Slide 57
Differential Current Supervision

SP = 15kA
10kA 5kA
SN = 0A

15kA
CT Iin = Max ( SP & SN) = 15kA
Saturated
0kA
Iout = Min (SP & SN) = 0A
Id = 15kA

ABB Group
May 11, 2017 | Slide 58
Differential Current Supervision

ABB Group
May 11, 2017 | Slide 59
Differential Current Supervision

SP = 400A
100A 300A
SN = 200A

200A
CT Iin = Max ( SP & SN) = 400A
Opened
200A
Iout = Min (SP & SN) = 200A
Iin will not change
Iout will reduce

ABB Group
May 11, 2017 | Slide 60
Differential Current Supervision

ABB Group
May 11, 2017 | Slide 61
Differential Current Supervision
Slow OCT Fast OCT
• Lasts for few seconds • Iin = Iout one cycle before
• No load current changes • Iin is unchanged
• Iin >> Iout • Iout drops more when OCT
level
• Wait till tslow OCT
• Id increases OCT level
• Iout + Id = Iin once cycle
before

§ How with Diff. CT ratios (even with 5A), we

can have B/B?
§ Zorans document
ABB Group
May 11, 2017 | Slide 62
Busbar differential blocking

Busbar Differential protection shall be blocked during open CT

if 87B is duplicated
If it is not duplicated, then it should be in supervise mode with check zone

ABB Group
May 11, 2017 | Slide 63
Intertripping
Tripping flow chart
Measurement Intertripping
system system
TRIP CB

TRIP BBP
trip all CBs TRIP CB

zone x
connected TRIP CB
to zone x

just the Intertripping system can send a tripping

signal to the CB because it “knows” which CB
to trip (the measurement systems are only
responsible for measuring !)
ABB Group
May 11, 2017 | Slide 64
Local breaker backup

• Why is it called as local breaker backup?

• Other name for this protection
• Retrip
• Retrip time
• Backup trip time
• Pickup for LBB 20% of lines, 5% for Generators and Trafos
• LBB Current and Contact mode, its application
• Should not depend on Busbar Differential protection

ABB Group
May 11, 2017 | Slide 65
Local breaker backup

21
LBB REB500

F
ABB Group
May 11, 2017 | Slide 66
 Nadeem, ABB Ltd., Bangalore, May 11, 2017

Busbar Differential protection blocked with wrong OCT

© ABB Group
May 11, 2017 | Slide 67
SLD.. Initial condition

ABB Group
May 11, 2017 | Slide 68
What happened…

§ DT came from remote end by mistake

§ Tie breaker got opened successfully
§ Main breaker one pole got strucked
§ Current through main CT > OCT
current
§ Reactor rated current > OCT current
§ 87B got blocked
ABB Group
May 11, 2017 | Slide 69
SLD.. After DT

ABB Group
May 11, 2017 | Slide 70
SLD.. After fault

ABB Group
May 11, 2017 | Slide 71
Solution-1

ABB Group
May 11, 2017 | Slide 72
Solution-2

ABB Group
May 11, 2017 | Slide 73
Solution-3

ABB Group
May 11, 2017 | Slide 74