CPP Project Report

E-voting using blockchain

At
Katghara Polytechnic College, Bordi

Submitted To:
Rinkal Maam

Prepared By: Guided By:

 Ranjit narlya Rinkal Maam
 Certificate

This is to certify that

Student:
 RANJIT NARLYA
From Katghara Polytechnic College have
completed Capstone Project Report having title E-
voting using blockchain by me under the guidance
of Rinkal Maam.

Guided By: Principal:

Rinkal Maam Ganesh Mali Sir
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Having endured the experience, there were many who helped us in our
project and we very much like to thank them all.

System deeply indebted to our beloved Principal Dr. M. Z. Shaikh and Our
Head of Department (HOD) D.R.S.P.Shingare, for giving us this valuable opportunity to do
this project and we express our hearty thanks to them for their assistance without which it
would have been difficult in finishing this report synopsis successfully.

We thank our guide Prof. Sandip Patil sir for kindly helping and advising
during the work and also for his guidance and valuable suggestions, which helped us to
come out successfully.

It is great pleasure to acknowledge the help and suggestion, which we

received from the department of computer engineering. We wish to express our profound
thanks to all those who helped us in finding information about report. Much moral support
and encouragement has provided on numerous occasions by our whole family.
 TABLE OF CONTENT
SR.NO TOPIC PG.NO
1 COVER PAGE Ⅱ
2 CERTIFICATE Ⅲ
3 ACKOWLEDGEMENT Ⅳ
4 INTRODUCTION 1
5 MOTIVATION 2
6 NEED OF BLOCKCHAIN IN E-VOTING 3
7 OBJECTIVE OF E-VOTING 3
8 E-VOTING CONDITION 4
9 METHOD 5
10 SECURITY ISSUES 8
11 LEGAL ISSUES 9
12 FUTURE OF BLOCKCHAIN 10
13 ADVANTGE 11
14 DISADVANTAGE 12
15 COUNTRY USING BLOCKCHAIN 12
16 CONCLUSION 13
17 REFERENCE
 1] INTRODUCTION

According to the today’s social environment a fair and Transparent election has
become an intense need for today’s society. The current ballot system does not
offer transparency in counting of votes. There are several threats of voting
frauds, like fake voters, frauds in the polling booths etc. So, an intense need for
establishment of secure decentralized fraud less, voting system came into
existence. Electronic decentralized voting system using blockchain can
overcome all the issues in traditional voting systems. Blockchain provides
various properties due to its decentralized ledger technology. Blockchain is a
decentralized computational & information sharing platform which enables
multiple authority domain who do not trust on each other but they cooperate
and collaborate in certain decision making process. Blockchain was firstly
introduced in 2008 by Satoshi Nakamoto & implemented in 2009. The basic
property of blockchain is that it uses add and append only strategy. In
Blockchain we cannot delete the existing data. Blockchain uses peer to peer
network systems. Blockchain is a chain of blocks that includes all the
information of user through distributed ledger technology. The concept of block
interconnection was evaluated from Merkle tree by Ralph Merkle. Every node is
labeled with a cryptographic hash of a block data. Thereby a non-leaf node is
labeled with a cryptographic hash of labels of child nodes. Hence all the blocks
are interconnected any change in blockchain can be easily detected.
 2]MOTIVATION
E-voting is an efficient and cost-effective way for conducting a voting procedure,
which has characteristic of being magnanimous data and real time and
requesting high safety However, concerns on security of Internet and privacy of
communication have been grown. Anonymity needed by e-voting cannot meet
by encryption alone. For example, a vote should not be traceable back to the
voter in e-voting. E-voting uses computers, mobile devices, and internet to
accomplish the whole vote procedure, which is a research field of cryptography
with the basic of encryption and signature algorithms . How to design a more
secure and practical e-voting system has becoming a popular topic in the area of
industry and information security . In order to improve the security and
anonymity of the e-voting, we present techniques to exploit blockchain to build
new e-voting
 3]NEED OF BLOCKCHAIN IN E-VOTING
To carry out a national election certain e voting system should ensure many of
the security requirements. They can be listed as

 Voting system should not be traceable

 The voting system should ensure whether the voter’s vote was counted &
proof of vote should be provided.

 Election system should not enable single entity to control systems.

 Election system should allow only eligible individuals to participate in voting.

 The Election system should not be expensive.

 The election system should provide limited access to participants

depending on their roles.

The use of blockchain Technology in E-Voting system can meet all the above
needs as a blockchain is tamperproof and non-alterable

4]OBJECTIVE OF E-VOTING
● The secure and safe organization of the elections without voting to grumble.

● Decentralizing the system for eradicating system tailbacks.

● Reduce election time and cost.

● Organize isolated location elections.

 5]E-VOTING CONDITION
Privacy: This approach functions with Blockchain's cryptographic characteristics
to protect voters' anonymity. More specifically, with the voter identification on
the scheme, Blockchain is the only identity of an elector on the Blockchain and
defends himself against malpractice because the cryptographic hash is a dispute
problem [4]. As a consequence, the traceability of a vote often protects the
electorate from compulsion.

Eligibility: Registered electors are expected to register for announcing their

eligibility utilizing extraordinary identification markers such as government
proof of identity. Also, it helps the system to avoid the repetition of votes by
using biometrics.

Receipt Free voting: The suggested method requires an elector to vote

according to his/her interests and includes a hash for each event (transaction).
This is necessary to verify that an individual vote in the count has been taken.
However, the possession of this hash does not cause details to be accessed on
the voting approach.

Convenience: A user-friendly network-based interface for the voting process has

been executed, including the minimum voters' feedback. E.g., the fingerprint is
used to prevent user I.D./passwords from being saved in authentication
methods. Besides, the overall process is standardized, allowing the voting
citizen to communicate fluently.

Verifiability: The recipient gets the unique transaction I.D. as a cryptographic

hash after the elector has voted successfully. If the voting were included in the
tallying process, the voter would use this transaction I.D. to track it
[5].However, this form does not permit an elector to see if they voted to
minimize risks under pressure. The above review highlights the application of
the suggested framework in respect of such e-voting constraints.
 6]METHOD
While implementing a blockchain enabled electronic voting system we consider
existing and previous e voting systems. Various processes of defining roles
evaluating frameworks, security and legal issues should be considered.

5.1] Electron as smart contract:

In our election system we have defined an election as a smart

contract. So in our network the election is the agreement between the
participating nodes. Once the smart contract is defined it includes defining the
roles of each participant, process of election and terms & conditions within the
election process.

This election smart contract can be deployed on the Geth (Go-Ethereum)

framework. It supports smooth running of smart contract without any fraud or
any third party involvement. The transaction rate is also desirable. Hence we
consider this platform in our case.

5.2] Definning roles:

Every participant must be defined a certain role. Multiple individuals

can be assigned the same role or different role.

a]Administrators:

The administrators will manage all the execution of the election.

They can be assigned the tasks of creation of election its activation,
observe the votes decide the time to close the election and tallying &
displaying of the results.

b]Voters:

Voter is a basic participant who casts a vote in the election. Voter

can verify their eligibility & authenticate themselves and load election
ballots They can cast their vote and verify the vote that they had casted.
 C]constituency nodes:

Administrators create the election process the smart contracts deploy

the respective constituency nodes representing each constituency. These nodes
verify the voters by means of accessing smart contracts. If the voter is verified
by all the constituency nodes then and then the voter’s vote will be considered
and appended into the blockchain.

d]Boot nodes:

A boot node will help the constituency nodes reach each other and
communicate with each other. Boot nodes play a vital role in establishing
network between the constituency nodes. Below figure 2 displays a clear idea of
the roles and the respective tasks to be performed.
ADMIN CONSTITUENCY NODES B00T NODE VOTER

CREATE AND ACTIVATE ELECTION ACESS SMART CONTRACT ESTABLISH NETWORK OPEN BALLOT

OBSERVE VOTER VERIFY VOTER CAST VOTE

CLOSE ELECTION VERIFY VOTES

OBSERVE RESULT

DISPLAY RESULT OBSERVE RESULT

5.3]Election process:

The election process is carried out by the set of smart contracts that are
enabled into the blockchain .The smart contracts are defined accordingly with
respect to roles defined to the participants in the network. The election process
consists of multiple procedures in it. The administrators can create the election
ballots by means of DApps. An admin can define the candidates and voting
constituencies. The smart contract creates the ballot and deploys into the
blockchain. The voter registration is also an important factor in the election
process. The administrators carry out the registration process. As only eligible
voters should be able to cast a vote so the admins have to display the list of
eligible voter before conducting election process. For verification of voter every
voter can be assigned certain voter ID and a code with his respective
information that is which constituency he belongs voter can cast his vote by re-
entering the Voter ID and Voter code. When an individual voter votes he
interacts with the ballot. The smart contract interacts with blockchain and if the
consensus is reached only then the vote is added to the blockchain by means of
constituency nodes. The consensus is reached between the majorities of the
constituency district nodes. If corresponding constituency nodes agree only then
the vote is to be casted. Every voter will be designed with a certain wallet. Once
the vote is casted then weight will decrease by 1. Hence this will easily ensure
that either a voter casts his vote only once. Voter can use any computer in any
voting constituency for casting vote. This is because for successful
authentication a valid voter ID and voting code are to be presented by the
voter. It doesn’t matter with the actual physical location of the voter.

Once the election is done the displaying of the result is very important
task to be performed. Every ballot smart contract counts their vote at their own
level. Every participant in the blockchain should update their ledger copy for
ease in counting of the votes. The smart contracts publish the final count after
the election is over & thereby it’s displayed by the administrators.

The verification of vote is also an important factor. When an individual

voter casts his vote he gets a transaction ID of the vote he casted. Hence the
voter can get verify his vote by submitting their transaction ID after
authenticating himself to the system. The transaction provide to the voter can
be given in the form of a QR code for security purposes. Hence a voter can verify
that whether his vote was counted correctly.

7]SECURITY ISSUES
In any voting system security is the basic requirement. The blockchain
enabled E-voting system will ensure maximum security than the traditional
voting systems.

 The DoS attacks are not possible as we use Proof of authority consensus
algorithm. If such attack occurs an individual would be easily caught. We can
also ensure Byzantine fault tolerance algorithm to locate failed nodes if such
condition occurs.

 Every node is authenticated by the constituency nodes whether the vote

is eligible or not. Also if a certain voter tries to cast a vote multiple times his
wallet value will reduce by 1 once he casts a vote hence automatically the
individual cannot cast a vote multiple times and the system shows that the
voter that the voter had already casted his vote

 Limited access to ledger provided to the participants depending upon

their roles in the network can ensure high security.
 The Proof of Authority consensus is against the Sybil attack hence there are no
chances of Sybil attack

Private blockchains solve many of today’s security problems using strong

cryptography features and the limited access to the ledger, without negating
the transparency aspect the blockchain technology offers.

8]LEGAL ISSUES
1) Remote voting:

Remote elections provide no coercion resistance because of the non

supervised factor in a remote election. Remote elections can therefore not
guarantee the privacy that people have when they cast their vote in a voting
booth. Family members or a coercer can watch over your shoulder while you’re
voting, which could lead to a misconfigured results. If elections are hosted on a
website for example it could easily be taken down by people with good hacking
skills and the mindset to do so. People could identify themselves as another
person and therefore vote for another person and even multiple people.

2) Transparency:

In the today’s election scheme, no method of transparency can be

offered to participants of the election. When an individual places his ballot in
the box at his voting district, there is no guarantee from the scheme that his
vote was counted and counted correctly. Any individual vote can be misplaced,
counted incorrectly because of human error or simply because the party which
the voter voted for could be disliked by the individual which counted the vote.
This transparency is non-existent because no ballot has information on who
casted aforementioned vote. To introduce transparency in the process of an
election would require a new law which would allow government officials to
provide the services which allow such method of transparency

3) Voter privacy:

In every pen and paper election scheme, voters privacy is a key

element. The law forbids any individual or entity to be able to know from a
single vote, who gave aforementioned vote. If such information could be
gathered for each vote, such information could then leak to the public which
would allow for listing every single individual who voted for a single
party/candidate. To satisfy the privacy of each voter, no individual vote should
be traceable back to the voter.

9]THE FUTURE OF BLOCKCHAIN

Blockchain is currently trying to pave the way for more direct democracy where
people can decide the course of policy themselves rather than relying on
representatives to do it for them. The raging issue of election can be to a great
extent reduced with the blockchain technology if it is properly installed and
implemented.

Currently, realistically speaking, blockchain technology is still in its infancy and

many vulnerabilities and challenges need to be overcome, but it will mature,
eventually end along with the young voters so that it potentially can become an
integral part of a truly democratic future.
 10]ADVANTAGE
This decentralized E-voting system provides many advantages over the
traditional E-voting system

 This E-Voting system is cost efficient than the traditional voting system.

 Maximum security is provided by the network to all the participants in

the election

 In the Blockchain enabled E- voting system no single authority can control the
network.

 This E-voting provides proof to voter and provides transparency to the

voter. In traditional voting system there was no guarantee that whether the
vote casted by the voter is counted correctly. But in this voting system a voter
can verify whether his vote was counted correctly to the right candidate.

 In the traditional voting system directly the results are displayed. There was
no transparency whether the vote was counted and no related information
related to it was provided to the voter. But in our voting system voter can verify
his vote and there is clear transparency regarding the election process.

 In the traditional voting system malpractices can be performed on the polling

booth. Coerced voting can be carried out. But in this voting system voter can
cast his vote with total privacy. There is no need for the voter to go to the
polling booth to cast his vote.
 11]DISADVANTAGE

 As elections grant fortune and power, decisions may be altered by altering

the blocks and investing heavily

 When E-voting relies on technologies in contrast to conventional

methods, most voters do not know the technology

 We should not rely on technology to administer the elections currently;

no technology is 100 percent precise.

 The elector cannot change the decision until the ballot is cast.

 The concept of blockchain involves the anonymity of individual participants on

the network. However, since the government is involved in setting up this
voting system, it requires that the identities of every participant must be
confirmed. In this process that needs to be a guarantee that the votes can't be
linked to individual identities, implementing this technology also presents
another challenge. It will take a lot of time, effort and money to educate the
masses as well as create robust policies that can accommodate this technology
within the continents.

12]COUNTRY USING BLOCKCHAIN

Sierra Leone was the first country to conduct an election using a blockchain
based system. The blockchain technology was used to record anonymous votes
and election results.

The Japanese city of Tsukuba also integrated blockchain technology into a

voting system to produce a fully transparent and reliable voting system.
The authorities of Moscow also initiated a blockchain-based voting system in
the country which enhance transparency and eliminated intermediaries in the
process.

13]conclusion
The main motive of initiating the decentralized electronic voting system is to
make election process cheaper, secured, faster and easier for the society. In this
paper we have focused on the blockchain based E-voting system that
guarantees cost efficiency, privacy and security to the election process. We have
outlined the utilization of election process as a smart contract. We have
assigned specific role to every participant in the network. We have also focused
in the security issues in the E-voting system. This election system will provide a
verification and transparency to voter about his vote. Blockchain based
Electronic voting system proves to be a boon to the modern society of a nation.