Earth and Life Science

Quarter 1 – Module 9:
Igneous Rocks:
How Are They Formed?

CO_Q1_ELS SHS
Module 9
Earth and Life Science
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 9: Igneous Rocks: How Are They Formed?
First Edition, 2021

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Earth and Life Science
Quarter 1 – Module 9:
Igneous Rocks:
How Are They Formed?
Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners,
can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions,
exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.

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Thank you.
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master
the nature of Earth and Life Science. The scope of this module permits it to be used
in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse
vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to
correspond with the textbook you are now using.

The module covers:

• Lesson 1 – Igneous Rocks: How Are They Formed?

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. compare the formation of different types of igneous rocks;
2. distinguish intrusive from extrusive igneous rocks;
3. differentiate igneous rocks based on silica content; and
4. describe the different textures of igneous rocks.

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 What I Know

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.

1. What classification of rocks is formed from solidification and crystallization of

molten rocks?
A. igneous rocks
B. metamorphic rocks
C. sedimentary rocks
D. all of the above

2. What Latin word was the term “igneous” derived from?

A. ignus
B. lithos
C. meta
D. sedere

3. Which of the following is/are the process/es to igneous rocks?

A. recrystallization
B. sedimentation
C. solidification and crystallization
D. solidification and recrystallization

4. Which type of igneous rocks based on composition has the highest amount of
silica content?
A. felsic
B. intermediate
C. mafic
D. ultramafic

5. What happens to the molten rocks when they reach the Earth’s surface?
A. They flow continuously.
B. They cool down and solidify.
C. Their temperature remains the same.
D. They remain semi-liquid molten rocks.

6. Which of the following is NOT an extrusive igneous rock?

A. basalt
B. granite
C. obsidian
D. rhyolite

7. Which type of igneous rock forms from lava on Earth's surface?

A. clastic
B. extrusive
C. intrusive
D. non-clastic
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8. Which type of igneous rock forms when magma hardens beneath Earth's
surface?
A. clastic
B. extrusive
C. intrusive
D. non-clastic

9. What is the size of the crystals if the rock cools slowly and forms below the
Earth’s surface?
A. large
B. no crystal
C. small
D. none of the above

10. Which of the following is NOT an intrusive igneous rock?

A. diorite
B. gabbro
C. granite
D. obsidian

11. Which of the following is NOT true about extrusive rocks?

A. They cool down quickly.
B. They have small crystals.
C. These are formed beneath the Earth.
D. Basalt and scoria are examples of these rocks.

12. Which of the following is TRUE about intrusive rocks?

A. They have fine grains.
B. They are usually dark.
C. They are formed from lava.
D. They have usually low density.

13. What type of igneous rock texture has large minerals?

A. aphanitic
B. glassy
C. phaneritic
D. vesicular

14. How are igneous rocks classified based on their origin?

A. from magma or lava
B. coarse or fine grains
C. large or small crystals
D. plutonic and volcanic

15. How does the amount silica affect the color of igneous rock?
A. It has no effect at all.
B. It doesn’t matter what the color is.
C. The lesser the silica has, the lighter the color is.
D. The more the silica it has, the lighter the color is.

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 Lesson
Igneous Rocks:
1 How Are They Formed?
Have you tried mountain climbing? Did you notice different rocks in the mountain
trail? Are they the same? Do they have different colors? Are there crystals? Do they
undergo the same process of formation? Some of you might think that all rocks are
just the same, however if we study it thoroughly, you will be surprised that they are
different in terms of their formation, physical and chemical characteristics.

In your previous lesson, you already learned that rocks can be classified as igneous,
sedimentary, and metamorphic. For this module, we will be focusing on igneous
rocks and how they are formed.

What’s In

Activity 1. Crossword Puzzle

In the previous lesson, you have learned about metamorphism of rocks. Let us take
a review before we proceed to the next topic.
Fill-in the crossword puzzle with the words being described. Match the number of
the sentences with the boxes placed across or down the grid.

ACROSS
1. It is the change that takes
place within a body of
rock as a result of being
subjected to conditions.
3. It is a type of metamorphic
rock which is formed due
to pressure.

DOWN
2. It is the main factor of
regional metamorphism.
4. It is a type of metamorphic
rock which is formed due
to heat.
5. It is the main factor of
contact metamorphism.

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 Notes to the Teacher
This module will help you to understand the concepts about the
formation of igneous rocks. All parts consist of activities. Be guided
with the instruction on how you will answer each. Expectedly, you
will meet the target at the end of the module.

What’s New

Activity 2. Comic Strip Analysis

This comic presented below is about a short conversation of a grandmother and her
granddaughter. Read the comics and answer the given questions.

Guide Questions:
1. Who are the characters in the comic?
2. Where do you think is the location of the characters?
3. What is the topic of their conversation?
4. According to the grandmother, Taal Volcano is composed of what kind of rock?
5. What specific rock is mentioned in the conversation?
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 What is It

What are igneous rocks?

Igneous rocks are one of the three major categories of rocks. The word igneous is
derived from the Latin word for fire, ignis or ignus.

These rocks are commonly found in the surface and beneath the Earth, specifically
in divergent boundaries, convergent boundaries, subduction zones and hotspots. Not
all igneous rocks have the same physical and chemical characteristics. They differ in
the origin, process of formation, color, density, size of grains, crystals and many
more.

How are igneous rocks formed?

Igneous rocks are formed through the process of solidification and crystallization
of molten rocks; magma and lava. When hot, molten rocks reach the surface of the
earth, they undergo changes in temperature and pressure, causing them to cool,
solidify and crystallize. Moreover, there are also solidification and crystallization
magma beneath the earth.

What are the types of igneous rocks based on their formation?

In terms of formation, igneous rocks can be classified into two: intrusive and
extrusive rocks. Below is the comparison of these two types.

Table 1. Differences Between Intrusive and Extrusive Rocks

Point of
Intrusive Rocks Extrusive Rocks
Comparison
Other terminology plutonic rocks volcanic rocks
Location beneath the Earth surface of the Earth
Process of
plutonic volcanic
Formation
Origin formed from magma formed from lava
Color usually dark usually light colored
Density usually dense usually low density (light)
Composition mafic: magnesium and iron felsic: feldspar (aluminum)
cools quickly
Rate of Cooling cools slowly
(with voids/holes)
fine/small or no grains
Size of Grains large/coarse grains
(fine/glassy)
Size of Crystals large crystals small or no crystals

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These are some examples of intrusive and extrusive rocks.

Gabbro Diorite Granite

Figure 1. Examples of Intrusive Rocks

Basalt Obsidian

Rhyolite Scoria
Figure 2. Examples of Extrusive Rocks

Igneous rocks can also be classified according to their composition. They are
composed of SiO2 or silica. Not all igneous rocks have the same silica content. If
there is oversaturation of silica in the magma, its minerals will precipitate. On the
other hand, if there is undersaturation of silica in the magma, its minerals will not
precipitate and will not be present in the igneous rocks. The viscosity of magma is
also affected because of silica content.

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There are four classifications of igneous rocks based on silica content: ultramafic,
mafic, intermediate, and felsic.

1. Ultramafic Igneous Rocks

● They have a very low silica content; less than 45% of SiO2.
● Before forming into igneous rocks, its magma has very low viscosity.
● Its color is ranged too black (peridotite) to olive green (dunite).
● Their density is very high.
● They are rich in pyroxene and olivine minerals.
● Examples of these rocks are peridotite and dunite.

2. Mafic Igneous Rocks

● They have a low silica content; 45-52% of SiO2.
● Before forming into igneous rocks, its magma has low viscosity; more
viscous than ultramafic magma.
● They have black color.
● Their density is high.
● They are composed of pyroxene, calcium-rich plagioclase feldspar
● Examples of these rocks are gabbro and basalt.

3. Intermediate Igneous Rocks

● They have a high silica content; 53-65% of SiO2.
● Before forming into igneous rocks, its magma has intermediate
viscosity; more viscous than the mafic magma.
● Their color is gray.
● Their density is intermediate.
● They are composed of biotite, alkali feldspar and quartz.
● Examples of these rocks are diorite and andesite.
4. Felsic Igneous Rocks
● They have a very high silica content; more than 65% of SiO2
● Before forming into igneous rocks, its magma has high viscosity; more
viscous than the intermediate magma.
● They have light color.
● Their density is very low.
● They are composed of quartz and alkali feldspar.
● Examples of these rocks are granite and rhyolite.

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 Granite Diorite Gabbro Peridotite

Rock Types

Composition FELSIC INTERMEDIATE MAFIC ULTRAMAFIC

Light Dark
Color

SiO2 70% 60% 50% 40%

MgO 0.95% 2.5% 15% 48%
Biotite Pyroxene
Major mineral Quartz Pyroxene
Alkali Feldspar Plagioclase
content Alkali Feldspar Olivine
Quartz Feldspar

Figure 3. Differences of Igneous Rocks based on Composition

Based on the illustration, you will notice the differences of these four classifications
of igneous rocks in terms of their color. Ultramafic has the darkest color and felsic
has the lightest color. To sum, the higher the silica content is, the lighter its color
while the lower the silica content is, the darker its color. Thus, the amount of silica
affects the color of the rocks.

Composition FELSIC INTERMEDIATE MAFIC ULTRAMAFIC

Granite Diorite Gabbro
Rock Types Peridotite
Rhyolite Andesite Basalt
Mineral by Volume
Percentage of

70% Silica content 40%

Sodium and potassium content

Iron, magnesium, and calcium content

700°C Temperature at which melting starts 1200°C

Figure 4. Differences of Igneous Rocks based on Composition in

Relation to Silica Content and Temperature
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This is another illustration showing the differences of ultramafic, mafic,
intermediate, and felsic igneous rocks; rock types, kind, and percentage of minerals;
percentage of silica content; and ranges of temperature.

Felsic has the highest silica content while ultramafic has the lowest silica content.
On the other hand, felsic is exposed to 700 degree Celsius and ultramafic is exposed
to 1200 degree Celsius. It means when igneous rock is exposed to extreme high
temperature, its color is darker, while if it is exposed to lower temperature, its color
is light.

What are the types of igneous rocks based on texture?

Igneous rocks have different textures. The texture of a rock is the size and
arrangement of the minerals it contains.

● Phaneritic texture. Rocks have large minerals (example: granite)

● Aphanitic texture. The mineral grains are too small to see with the unaided
eye (example: basalt)
● Vesicular texture. Rocks have many pits from gas escape (example: basalt)
● Porphyritic texture. Rocks have two (2) distinct grain sizes, large and small
(example: andesite porphyry)
● Glassy texture. Rocks do have obvious minerals (example: obsidian)

What’s More

Activity 3. Types of Igneous Rocks, Described!

Different examples of igneous rocks are given below. Supply the missing information
to complete the table below.

Type of
Formed Crystal
Igneous Cooling
from size (small,
Rock Rock rate (fast or
(magma or large or no
(intrusive or slow)
lava) crystal)
extrusive)

Rhyolite extrusive 1. 2. small

Gabbro 3. 4. slow large

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 Type of
Formed Crystal
Igneous Cooling
from size (small,
Rock Rock rate (fast or
(magma or large or no
(intrusive or slow)
lava) crystal)
extrusive)

Granite intrusive 5. slow 6.

Scoria 7. lava 8. No crystals

Obsidian 9. lava fast 10.

Activity 4. Concept Map

Complete the blank concept map by supplying the needed information using the
given terms and phrases related to igneous rocks.

Igneous Rock

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

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 composed of
Extrusive magma cools slowly
magnesium and iron

Intrusive lava cools quickly small or no crystal form

form from cooling and

composed of
large crystal form solidification of lava
aluminum
and magma

Activity 5. Venn Diagram

Compare the four classifications of igneous rocks based on composition.

Ultramafic

Felsic Mafic

Intermediate

Activity 6. Apply It!

Go outside and collect 3 pieces of rock. Observe their color, shape, texture, and other
physical characteristics. You may crack or scratch the rock to observe them clearly.
Then, record your data in the table on the next page.

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 Type of Igneous Rock and its
Rocks (Drawing)
Characteristics
1.

2.

3.

What I Have Learned

Activity 7. Complete Me!

Read the following statements and fill-in the blanks with the correct term or phrase.
1. The word igneous is derived from the Latin word for _________, ignis or ignus.
2. Igneous rocks are commonly found in the _________and _________ the Earth,
specifically in divergent boundaries, convergent boundaries, subduction zones
and hotspots.
3. Igneous rocks are formed through the process of _________ and _________ of
molten rocks; magma and lava.
4. When hot, molten rocks reach the surface of the earth, they undergo changes
in _________and _________ causing them to _________, _________and _________.
5. In terms of formation, igneous rocks can be classified into two; _________ and
_________ rocks.
6. Intrusive rocks are formed solidified _________ while extrusive rocks are
formed from solidified _________.
7. Intrusive rocks cool _________ while extrusive rocks cool _________.
8. Intrusive rocks have _________ grains and crystals while extrusive rocks have
_________ grains and crystals.
9. Examples of intrusive rocks are _________, _________, and _________.

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 10. Examples of extrusive rocks are _________, _________, _________, and _________.
11. Igneous rocks can also be classified according to their composition. They are
composed of ________.
12. If there is ________ of silica in the magma, its minerals will precipitate.
13. If there is ________ of silica in the magma, its minerals will not precipitate and
will not be present in the igneous rocks.
14. There are four classifications of igneous rocks based on silica content;
________, ________, ________ and ________.
15. ________ has the highest amount of silica while ________ has the lowest.
16. ________ is the most viscous while ________ is the least.
17. ________ has the darkest color while ________ has the lightest
18. ________ is the densest while ________ is the lightest.
19. ________ is exposed to the highest temperature while ________ is exposed to
the lowest temperature.
20. The higher the silica content is, the ________ the color is and the ________ the
silica content is, the darker the color is.

What I Can Do

Activity 8. Apply It!

Read the given statement and justify your answer.

Quarrying is the process of removal of rocks, sand, gravel, or other

minerals from the ground to produce materials for construction and
others. Last December 2020, the Department of Environment and Natural
Resources (DENR) launched an investigation into quarry operations in
Rizal after heavy flooding hit the province and Marikina City. Torrential
rains due to Ulysses pushed the water level in the Marikina River to swell
over 22 meters –higher than what it reached in 2009 because of Typhoon
Ondoy, inundating Marikina City.

Based on this event, what is your stand about this? Justify your answers.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

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 Assessment

Multiple Choice. Read the following questions and choose the letter of the best
answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which type of igneous rock forms when magma hardens beneath Earth's
surface?
A. clastic
B. extrusive
C. intrusive
D. non-clastic

2. What type of igneous rock texture has large minerals?

A. aphanitic
B. glassy
C. phaneritic
D. vesicular

3. What classification of rocks is formed from solidification and crystallization of

molten rocks?
A. igneous rocks
B. metamorphic rocks
C. sedimentary rocks
D. all of the above

4. Which type of igneous rocks based on composition has the highest amount of
silica content?
A. felsic
B. intermediate
C. mafic
D. ultramafic

5. Which of the following is/are the process/es of igneous rocks?

A. recrystallization
B. sedimentation
C. solidification and crystallization
D. solidification and recrystallization

6. Which of the following is NOT an extrusive igneous rock?

A. basalt
B. granite
C. obsidian
D. rhyolite

7. What happens to the molten rocks when they reach the Earth’s surface?
A. They flow continuously.
B. They cool down and solidify.
C. Their temperature remains the same.
D. They remain semi-liquid molten rocks.

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8. Which type of igneous rock forms from lava on Earth's surface?
A. clastic
B. extrusive
C. intrusive
D. non-clastic

9. What Latin word was the term “igneous” derived from?

A. ignus
B. lithos
C. meta
D. sedere

10. Which of the following is NOT an intrusive igneous rock?

A. diorite
B. gabbro
C. granite
D. obsidian

11. What is the size of the crystals if the rock cools slowly and forms below the
Earth’s surface?
A. large
B. no crystal
C. small
D. none of the above

12. Which of the following is TRUE about intrusive rocks?

A. They have fine grains.
B. They are usually dark.
C. They are formed from lava.
D. They have usually low density.

13. Which of the following is NOT true about extrusive rocks?

A. They cool down quickly.
B. They have small crystals.
C. These are formed beneath the Earth.
D. Basalt and scoria are examples of these rocks.

14. How are igneous rocks classified based on their origin?

A. from magma or lava
B. coarse or fine grains
C. large or small crystals
D. plutonic and volcanic

15. How does the amount silica affect the color of igneous rock?
A. It has no effect at all.
B. It doesn’t matter what the color is.
C. The lesser the silica has, the lighter the color is.
D. The more the silica it has, the lighter the color is.

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 Additional Activities

Take some pictures of igneous rocks available in your barangay and make a collage.
Write a short paragraph or description about your output.

Criteria 4 3 2 1

All of the Only a few

Most of the
pictures used pictures reflect
pictures used None of the
in the collage student
in the collage pictures reflects
Creativity reflect a degree creativity, but
reflect student student
of student the ideas were
creativity in creativity.
creativity in typical rather
their display.
their display. than creative.
3-4 Pictures are
lacking in
1-2 Pictures are
Pictures are cut design or
lacking in
to an placement. Too
design or Pictures are not
appropriate much
Design placement. an appropriate
size, shape and background is
There may be a size shape.
are arranged showing. There
few smudges or
neatly. are noticeable
glue marks.
smudges or
glue marks.
The student's
The student The student The student
explanations
gives a gives a gives a fairly
are weak and
reasonable reasonable reasonable
illustrate
explanation of explanation of explanation of
difficulty
Theme how every item how most items how most items
understanding
in the collage is in the collage in the collage
how to relate
related to the are related to are related to
items to the
assigned the assigned the assigned
assigned
theme. theme. theme.
theme.

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 Module 9
CO_Q1_ELS SHS 18
Activity 6 16. felsic, ultramafic Assessment
Answers may vary. 17. ultramafic, felsic 1. C
Their color, density, 18. ultramafic, felsic 2. C
grains, crystals, and 3. A
19. ultramafic, felsic
location of the rocks 4. C
20. lighter, lower
5. C
What's in What's More 6. B
Activity 1 7. B
Activity 3
Across 8. B
1. metamorphism 9. A
1. lava
10. D
3. regional 2. fast
11. A
3. intrusive
12. B
Down 4. magma
13. C
2. pressure 5. magma
14. A
4. contact 6. large
15. D
5. heat 7. extrusive
8. fast
What I Know 9. extrusive What I Can Do
1. A 10. no crystals Activity 8
2. A Answers may vary
3. C Activity 4
4. A Activity 7
5. B 1. form from cooling 1. fire
6. B and solidification of 2. surface, beneath
7. B lava and magma 3. solidification,
8. C crystallization
9. A 2. intrusive
4. temperature,
10.B 3. large crystal form
11.C pressure, cool,
12.B 4. magma cools slowly solidify, crystallize
13.C 5. intrusive, extrusive
5. composed of
14.A 6. magma, lava
magnesium and iron
15.D 7. slowly, quickly
6. extrusive 8. large, small or no
What's New 7. small or no crystal 9. gabbro, diorite,
Activity 2 form granite
1. grandmother and
10. basalt, obsidian,
her granddaughter 8. lava cools quickly
rhyolite, scoria
2. place where Taal
9. composed of 11. silica
volcano can be seen
aluminum 12. oversaturation
3. They are talking
about rocks found 13. undersaturation
in Taal volcano. 14. ultramafic, mafic,
Activity 5
4. igneous rocks intermediate, felsic
5. granite Answers may vary
15. felsic, ultramafic
Answer Key
References
“An Introduction to Geology”, University of Hawai’i at Manoa, accessed May 31, 2020,
http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/lecture/gg101/powerpoints/Minerals_Igneous.pdf

“How to Classify Igneous Rocks Into (Ultramafic, Mafic, Intermediate and Felsic)?”, Geology
In, accessed May 31, 2020, http://www.geologyin.com/2014/12/how-to-classify-
igneous-rocks-into.html

“Igneous Rocks Worksheet”, Study Resource, accessed May 28, 2020,

https://studyres.com/doc/959258/igneous-rocks-worksheet

“Igneous Rocks”, Columbia Education, accessed May 31, 2020,

http://www.columbia.edu/~vjd1/igneous.htm

“Introduction to the Rock Cycle”, OHMAA+, accessed May 25, 2020,

https://ops.instructure.com/courses/10087/pages/introduction-to-the-rock-cycle

“Intrusive Igneous Rocks”, Minerals4Kids, accessed May 27, 2020,

http://www.mineralogy4kids.org/?q=rock-cycle/intrusive-igneous-rocks

“Lesson 3: “The Big Rock” Lesson: Introduction to Rocks

”, Lehigh University, accessed May 28, 2020,
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https://www.quarrying.org/about-quarrying/quarrying-explained

19 CO_Q1_ELS SHS
Module 9
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