CBSE

test Paper 01
Chapter 1 Physical World

1. Which of these was a major scientific achievement in ancient India?

a. silver and copper coin age

b. making different kinds of swords
c. Baudhayana Sulba Sutra
d. None of these

2. Reductionism is

a. reducing all phenomena to logical consequences of Newton’s laws

b. Deriving the properties of a bigger, more complex, system from the properties and
interactions of its constituent simpler parts.
c. reducing all phenomena to logical consequences of Einstein’s laws
d. Deriving the properties of a bigger, more complex, system from first principles

3. Technology strives

a. to perfect science
b. to invent better rat traps
c. to fulfill a human need such as faster cooking or sewing etc
d. to use science for application

4. Physics is a

a. Applied Science
b. Mathematical Science
c. Engineering Science
d. Natural Science

5. Which of these is not a fundamental force?

a. Strong Nuclear Force

b. Spring force

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 c. Weak Nuclear Force
d. Electromagnetic Force

6. Which experiment led to nuclear model of the atom?

7. What is the range of masses with which we may deal in physics?

8. What scale of length do we deal in physics?

9. Name the two most important contributions of Albert Einstein.

10. i. Which force is responsible for revolution of Earth around the Sun?
ii. Which force is responsible for revolution of an electron around the proton in a
hydrogen atom?
iii. Which force is responsible for binding large number of protons and neutrons
together in a small core at the centre of an atom?

11. In science sometimes we observe certain phenomenon experimentally but are unable
to give a logical equation or theory for that.
Sometimes it also happens that we have a scientific theory supported by
mathematical formulation yet are unable to test it immediately. Cite one such
example.

12. The physicists think at a level far higher than a normal individual. Explain.

13. Why do we express laws of physics in mathematical form?

14. Distinguish between classical physics and quantum mechanics.

15. "Politics is the art of the possible". Similarly, "science is the art of the soluble". Explain
this beautiful aphorism on the nature and practice of science.

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 CBSE test Paper 01
Chapter 1 Physical World

Answer

1. c. Baudhayana Sulba Sutra

Explanation: Baudhayana Sulba Sutra which contains examples of simple
Pythagorean triples, as well as a statement of the Pythagorean Theorem for the
sides of a square

2. b. Deriving the properties of a bigger, more complex, system from the properties
and interactions of its constituent simpler parts.
Explanation: Reductionism is breaking down of a complex system in to simple
constituent systems to so that laws of physics can be applied on these systems
and we can understand the working of the complex system.

3. c. to fulfill a human need such as faster cooking or sewing etc

Explanation: Science and technology will continue to generate all sorts of new
enhancers, and the quest for enhancement is not necessarily unfair or
unethical. We humans are inveterate enhancers, striving to increase our
intelligence and to improve our memory and powers of perception.

4. d. Natural Science
Explanation: The natural sciences seek to understand how the world and
universe around us works. There are five major branches (top left to bottom
right): Chemistry, astronomy, earth science, physics, and biology.

5. b. Spring force
Explanation: The fundamental forces (or fundamental interactions) of physics
are the ways that individual particles interact with each other. It turns out that
for every single interaction that we've observed take place in the universe, they
can be broken down to be described by only four (well, generally four - more on
that later) types of interactions:

Gravity
Electromagnetic

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 Weak Interaction (or Weak Nuclear Force)
Strong Interaction (or Strong Nuclear Force)

6. Rutherford's alpha particle scattering experiment is the experiment which led to the
nuclear model of the atom.

7. The range of masses goes from 10-30 kg (electron mass) to about 1055 kg (known
observable universe mass).

8. The scale of length goes from nuclear size (10-14 m or even less) to the size of galaxies

or entire universe of about (1026 m).

9. The two most important contributions of Albert Einstein are 'theory of relativity' and
'explanation of photoelectric effect

10. i. The gravitational force is responsible for revolution of Earth around the Sun.
ii. The electromagnetic force is responsible for revolution of an electron around the
proton in a hydrogen atom.
iii. Strong nuclear force is responsible for binding large number of protons and
neutrons together in a small core at the centre of an atom.

11. Einstein worked to establish a relation between the energy and mass of body. He was
of the view that these are the two sides of the same coin or two facets of the same
physical quantity. He succeeded when he gave his mass energy equation . But its
experimental verification came 40 years later in 1945 when atomic bomb was
exploded over Japan.

12. For progress every leader has to be a thinker at a higher level in his field than
ordinary man. This is more so in case of physicists as the technological development
meant for uplifting the living condition of mankind is dependent on the far sight of
the physicists in particular. The physicist must think at a level which is philosophical
and mathematically quantifying so that they can visualize the requirement of people
at least a quarter of century in advance.

13. Expressing laws of physics in the mathematical form helps in an easy formulation.
Moreover, development of theoretical physics depends solely on playing with these

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 mathematical formulae and see what pops out of its manipulation, then we could
predict many things without actually carrying out the experiments. The laws of
physics are generally expressed as mathematical equations which are then used to
make predictions about other phenomena. When a physics law is expressed in
mathematical form, it is preferable to the qualitative statement. Moreover,
mathematical form permits us to verify the various laws experimentally.

14. Classical physics (or classical mechanics) mainly deals with macroscopic phenomena
which may be at the laboratory, terrestrial and astronomical scales. Here the particle

size >10−8m and particle velocity << 108m/s. Here we need not consider strong or
weak nuclear forces. Gravitational and electromagnetic forces are sufficient to
explain these macroscopic phenomena. On the other hand, quantum mechanics (also
known as quantum physics or quantum theory) is a branch of physics dealing with
the physical phenomena at microscopic scales. It provides mathematical description
of dual nature of matter and radiation. Here the strong and weak nuclear forces
become dominant.

15. Science is a systematised study of observations. A scientist patiently analyses these

observations and comes out with certain laws. As an illustration, Tycho Brahe worked
for twenty long years to make observations on planetary motions. It is from this huge
reservoir of observations that Kepler formulated his three famous laws of planetary
motion. Thus, science is the art of the soluble just as politics is the art of the possible.

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 CBSE test Paper 02
Chapter 1 Physical World

1. Hypothesis

a. assumptions that cannot be tested

b. assumptions made to explain a phenomenon and can be tested
c. assumptions that cannot be verified
d. assumptions that are self evident

2. What is the correct sequence of events technology gives rise to new science or new
science gives rise to technology?

a. technology and science are independent

b. Both can happen. Science can give rise to technology and technology can give rise
to new science
c. Science can give rise to technology only
d. technology can give rise to new science only

3. Technology started with

a. invention of power loom

b. invention of printing press
c. The conversion of natural resources into simple tools
d. invention of steam engine

4. Albert Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize for his work on

a. Explanation of photoelectric effect

b. Theory of relativity
c. scattering of light

d. E = mc2

5. Scientists strategy in general is to

a. Focus first on the essential features of a phenomenon and remove its less

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 significant aspects.
b. Focus first on the complex features of a phenomenon and remove its less
significant aspects
c. Focus first on the complex features of a phenomenon and add its less significant
aspects from the start
d. keep building complicated theories

6. Name that branch of science which deals with the study of earth.

7. Name that branch of science which deals with the study of stars.

8. Name the forces found between two protons inside the nucleus of an atom.

9. How is the temperature of a gas which is its macroscopic property is related with a
microscopic property of its molecules?

10. Name three conservation laws from nature.

11. Name four fundamental forces in nature.

12. Name the contribution made by the following physicists:

(a) S. N. Bose (b) J.C. Maxwell
(c) Paul Dirac (d) Max Planck

13. No physicist has ever "seen" an electron. Yet, all physicists believe in the existence of
electrons.
An intelligent but superstitious man advances this analogy to argue that 'ghosts' exist
even though no one has 'seen' one. How will you refute his argument?

14. The industrial revolution in England and Western Europe more than two centuries
ago was triggered by some key scientific and technological advances. What were these
advances?

15. Name four important conservation laws which are always valid.

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 CBSE test Paper 02
Chapter 1 Physical World

Answer

1. b. assumptions made to explain a phenomenon and can be tested

Explanation: In science, a hypothesis is an idea or explanation that you then
test through study and experimentation.

2. b. Both can happen. Science can give rise to technology and technology can give
rise to new science
Explanation: Technology is often a consequence of science and engineering,
although technology as a human activity precedes the two fields. For example,
science might study the flow of electrons in electrical conductors by using
already-existing tools and knowledge. This new-found knowledge may then be
used by engineers to create new tools and machines such as semiconductors,
computers, and other forms of advanced technology.

3. c. The conversion of natural resources into simple tools

Explanation: The history of technology is the history of the invention of tools
and techniques and is similar to other sides of the history of humanity.
Technology can refer to methods ranging from as simple as language and stone
tools to the complex genetic engineering and information technology that has
emerged since the 1980s.

4. a. Explanation of photoelectric effect

Explanation: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1921 was awarded to Albert Einstein
"for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the
law of the photoelectric effect". Albert Einstein received his Nobel Prize one
year later, in 1922.

5. a. Focus first on the essential features of a phenomenon and remove its less
significant aspects.
Explanation: It is not practical to take into account all the complexities of a
phenomenon in one go.

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 A good and scientific strategy is to focus first on the essential features, discover
the basic principles and then introduce corrections to build a more refined
theory of the phenomenon by removing its less significant aspects.

6. Geology.

7. Astronomy.

8. The forces found between two protons inside the nucleus of an atom are:

i. Nuclear Force or Strong Force

ii. Electrostatic Force

9. The temperature is the average kinetic energy of all molecules in the gas. In fact, T
E where E is the average K.E. of all gas molecules at a temperature T.

10. Three important laws of conservation from nature are:

Law of conservation of energy.
Law of conservation of momentum.
Law of conservation of angular momentum.

11. Four fundamental forces present in nature are:

i. Gravitational force
ii. Electromagnetic force
iii. Weak nuclear force
iv. Strong nuclear force

12. (a) S.N. Bose - Quantum statistics

(b) J.C. Maxwell - Electromagnetic theory
(c) Paul Dirac - Relativistic theory of electron
(d) Max planck - Quantum theory

13. Many phenomena which depend upon the existence of electrons have been predicted
and actually observed in everyday life. There is no phenomenon which can be
explained on the basis that ghosts exist though they are not seen. So, obviously, the
comparison between two situations does not make any sense.

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14. Some of the key advances during that period in science and technology include the
application of heat and thermodynamics to form the steam engine. Discovery of
electricity helped in designing dynamos and motors. Study of gravitation led to the
study of motion and making guns and cannons. This gave power in the hands of
western countries and they ruled over rest of the world. The discovery of explosives
not only helped army but also mineral exploration. These are some examples of
scientific and technological advances which helped England and Europe to have their
prominent positions in the world. In fact, the progress in chemistry, physics and
natural sciences brought the industrial revolution in England and Western Europe.

15. The four important conservation laws which are always valid are:

i. The Conservation of law of energy.

ii. The Conservation of law of linear momentum.
iii. The Conservation law of angular momentum.
iv. The Conservation law of electric charge.

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 CBSE test Paper 03
Chapter 1 Physical World

1. The major contribution of Paul Dirac was in

a. relativity theory
b. Relativistic theory of electron
c. photoelectric effect
d. Measurement of electronic charge

2. Universal law of gravitation does not explain

a. motion of planets around the sun

b. pendulums
c. bodies falling towards the earth
d. origin of gravitational attraction

3. The major contribution of S.N. Bose was in

a. Quantum statistics
b. Measurement of electronic charge
c. relativity theory
d. photoelectric effect

4. Which of the following is not a synonym of axiom

a. model
b. assumptions
c. basis
d. postulate

5. Validity of the conservation of momentum is

a. in only cases involving billiard balls

b. in only those domains where Newton’s laws are valid
c. in all domains including domains where Newton’s laws may not be valid

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 d. in only those domains where quantum laws are valid

6. Name the scientific principle behind the technology, ‘nuclear reactor'.

7. Give an example of achievement in unification.

8. Who proposed the wave theory of light?

9. Name the scientist and the country of his origin whose field of work was 'elasticity'.

10. Name the phenomena / fields with which microscopic domain of physics deals. Which
theory explains these phenomena?

11. Briefly explain how physics is related to technology.

12. What do you mean by mass energy equivalence? Give example.

13. "Every great physical theory starts as a hearsay and ends as a dogma". Give some
examples from the history of science of the validity of this incisive remark.

14. Name five important discoveries of physics which have contributed a lot in the
development of biological sciences.

15. Name four fundamental forces in nature. Out of the four which one is

i. strongest?
ii. weakest?

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 CBSE test Paper 03
Chapter 1 Physical World

Answer

1. b. Relativistic theory of electron

Explanation: Paul Dirac was one of the greatest theoretical physicists in
history. He completely reshaped quantum mechanics with the astounding Dirac
Equation.
The Dirac Equation explained the behavior of electrons and foretold the
existence of antimatter. Dirac was also able to infer the existence of vacuum
polarization, revealing that what we once believed was empty space is actually
awash with short-lived particle-antiparticle pairs.

2. d. origin of gravitational attraction

Explanation: Universal law of Gravitational explain the force of attraction
between two bodies having mass and placed at a distance but it never explain
how this force generated and what is the origin of this.

3. a. Quantum statistics
Explanation: Satyendra Nath Bose was an Indian physicist from Bengal
specialising in theoretical physics. He is best known for his work on quantum
mechanics in the early 1920s, providing the foundation for Bose–Einstein
statistics and the theory of the Bose–Einstein condensate.

4. a. model
Explanation: An axiom or postulate is a statement/assumption that is taken to
be true, to serve as a premise or starting or base point for further reasoning and
arguments.

5. c. in all domains including domains where Newton’s laws may not be valid
Explanation: The total linear momentum and the total angular momentum
(both vectors) of an isolated system are also conserved quantities. These laws
can be derived from Newton’s laws of motion in mechanics. But their validity
goes beyond mechanics. They are the basic conservation laws of nature in all

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 domains, even in those where Newton’s laws may not be valid.

6. Nuclear reactors operate on the principle of controlled nuclear fission, the process in
which a heavy atomic nucleus splits into two smaller fragments.

7. Terrestrial mechanics and Unified celestial showed that the same laws of motion and
the law of gravitation apply to both domains.

8. Huygens

9. Robert Hooke, England

10. The microscopic domain of physics deals with the constitution and structure of matter
at atomic and nuclear scale.
The quantum theory is currently accepted as the proper framework for explaining
microscopic phenomena.

11. Progress in the field of science and technology is interrelated. Sometimes technology
gives rise to new physics and at other times physics generated new technology. The
discipline of thermodynamics arose mainly to understand and improve the working
of heat engines. Similarly discovery of basic laws of electricity and magnetism led to
development of wireless communication technology. Therefore, we can conclude that
physics and technology are closely related.

12. Mass energy equivalence was propounded by Albert Einstein. It states that energy and
mass are inter convertible.
Example: An (electron) collides with an (positron ) and the two annihilate

giving two photons. The total mass of and is converted into energy.

13. A common observation in our daily life is that light travels in straight line. When
Huygens
Propounded his wave theory, it was against the accepted belief. However, soon it
became a dogma as reflection, refraction etc., could be successfully explained on the
basis of wave theory. When photoelectric effect was discovered then it was found that
wave theory of light cannot explain the phenomena and we came to a conclusion that
light truly has dual characteristic. It may behave both as wave and a particle.

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 We may consider other similar examples from the history of science.

14. The five important discoveries of physics which have contributed a lot in the
development of biological sciences are:

i. X-rays and neutron diffraction technique.

ii. Electron microscope.
iii. Radioisotopes.
iv. Ultrasonic waves.
v. Magnetic resonance-based imaging technique etc.

15. The four fundamental forces present in nature are:

a. Electromagnetic Force
b. Gravitational Force
c. Strong Nuclear Force
d. Weak Nuclear Force

Out of the four fundamental types of forces,

i. The strong nuclear force is the strongest force

ii. Gravitational force is the weakest force

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 CBSE test Paper 04
Chapter 1 Physical World

1. “It is more important to have beauty in the equations of physics than to have them
agree with experiments.” The great British physicist P. A. M. Dirac held this view.
Which of the following goes against this view?

a. Beauty appeal emotionally

b. “Beauty lies in the eyes of the beholder” whereas science aims for objectivity
c. A thing of Beauty is a joy forever
d. A beauty appeals to the majority

2. Visible goods are recorded in this part of balance of payments account:

a. Official account
b. Current account
c. Govt. account
d. Capital account

3. The fundamental force with the shortest range is

a. Weak Nuclear Force

b. Electromagnetic Force
c. Strong Nuclear Force
d. Gravitational Force

4. Just as a new experiment may suggest an alternative theoretical model, a theoretical

advance may suggest what to look for in some for in some experiments. Which of the
following experiments can be considered to support this claim?

a. scattering of alpha particle or the gold foil experiment

b. Davisson and Germer Experiment
c. Michelson Morley experiment
d. experimental discovery of positron

5. The sun releases energy coming from

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 a. electromagnetic waves
b. gravitational forces
c. weak electrical forces
d. strong nuclear forces

6. Can gravitational force exist without any physical contact between acting bodies?

7. How much stronger nuclear force is compared to electromagnetic force?

8. In a macroscopic level of Physics, gravitational force is dominant as compared to the

electromagnetic force, why?

9. Name the scientist and the country of his origin whose field of work was 'cosmic rays'.

10. Name three important discoveries of physics, which have contributed a lot in
development of biological sciences.

11. Why do we call physics an exact science?

12. What do you understand by the term scientific method?

13. It is often said that the world is witnessing now a second industrial revolution, which
will transform the society as radically as did the first. List some key contemporary
areas of science and technology, which are responsible for this revolution.

14. Write in about 100 words a fiction piece based on your speculation on the science and
technology of the twenty-second century.

15. “Every great physical theory starts as a heresy and ends as a dogma”. Give some
examples from the history of science of the validity of this incisive remark.

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 CBSE test Paper 04
Chapter 1 Physical World

Answer

1. b. “Beauty lies in the eyes of the beholder” whereas science aims for objectivity
Explanation: Beauty is something that someone need to feel. If you think good
then your views about anything ll be good. So the beauty of something depend
on which type of eyes/views/thought he/she had. But science is understanding
the nature.

2. b. Current account
Explanation: Current account

3. a. Weak Nuclear Force

Explanation: There are four fundamental forces in nature which are
Gravitational force, Strong force, Weak force and Electromagnetic force.
Gravitational Force: This force is the weakest but has an infinite range.
Strong Nuclear force: This force holds the nucleus of an atom together. It is the

strongest of the forces. It acts over a range of about 10-15m.

Weak Nuclear Force: This force is weak compared to the strong force as the
name implies and has the shortest

range of 10-18m
Electromagnetic Force: This is the second strongest force after the strong force
and it acts on electrically charged particles. It has strength of 1/137 relative to
the strong force but has an infinite range.

4. d. experimental discovery of positron

Explanation: Yes, urgently Without an extended evolutionary framework, the
theory neglects key processes, say Kevin Laland and colleagues. Charles Darwin
conceived of evolution by natural selection without knowing that genes exist.
Now mainstream evolutionary theory has come to focus almost exclusively on
genetic inheritance and processes that change gene frequencies.
Carl David Anderson discovered the positron on August 2, 1932, for which he

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 won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1936. ... The positron was the first evidence
of antimatter and was discovered when Anderson allowed cosmic rays to pass
through a cloud chamber and a lead plate.

5. d. strong nuclear forces

Explanation: In addition to intense heat, there is an incredible amount of
pressure at the Sun's core. In fact, the vast amounts of hydrogen atoms in the
Sun's core are compressed and heated so much that they fuse together.
This reaction, known as nuclear fusion, converts hydrogen atoms into helium.
The by-product of nuclear fusion in the Sun's core is a massive volume of
energy that gets released and radiates outward toward the surface of the Sun
and then into the solar system beyond it.

6. Yes, a gravitational force exists without any physical contact between acting bodies
because, gravity is a fundamental force of the nature which works between any two
bodies in the universe without physical contact.

7. The strong nuclear force is 100 times (102 times) stronger than electromagnetic force.

8. Gravitational forces are dominant as compared to the electromagnetic force because

atoms of matter are electrically neutral because their nuclei contain the same number
of protons as there are electrons surrounding the nuclei.

9. Hess, Austria

10. The most important discoveries of physics, which have contributed in development of
biology are:

i. Ultrasonic waves.
ii. X-rays and neutron diffraction technique.
iii. Electron microscope
iv. Radio isotopes

11. The physics is called an exact science because it is based on measurement of

fundamental quantities.

12. The systematic observations, reasoning, mathematical modeling and theoretical

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 prediction form the scientific method.

13. Some key contemporary areas of science and technology, which are chiefly
responsible for
a new industrial revolution taking place now and likely to take place in near future
are:

i. Design of super-fast computers.

ii. Biotechnology.
iii. Developments in the field of space sciences.
iv. Development of super-conducting materials at room temperature.
v. Advancements in the field of electronics, information technology and
nanotechnology.
14. i. The development on the front of genetic engineering and biotechnology will
include:
a. Production of man, animals and plants with specific characteristics.
b. High yielding variety of plants and specific crops would be sown.
ii. Multiple use of laser in various fields or even more developed device which will
transform the world. Man would treat himself as the king of universe.
iii. Man may travel in space with unthinkable speeds and transportation would be
totally revolutionized.
iv. Man would travel deeper into the space and may settle on other planets, befriend
strange creatures from other worlds or may wage a war with them.

v. In the field of communication, 22 nd century has many surprises in store. Two

persons sitting on the globe or on moon would talk on phone face to face.
vi. Man may partially conquer diseases and slow down ageing.

15. The statement above is true. The validity of this incisive remark can be validated from
the example of the moment of inertia. It states that the moment of inertia of a body

depends on its energy. But according to Einstein's mass-energy relation (E = MC2),

energy depends on the speed of the body. Another example is that geocentric theory
of copernicus started as heresy but it ended as a dogma when his theory was
explained by Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler later on.

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 CBSE Test Paper 05
Chapter 1 Physical World

1. Newtonian mechanics could not explain

a. flight of rockets
b. fall of bodies on earth
c. Some of the most basic features of atomic phenomena.
d. movement of planets

2. Classical Physics deals mainly with

a. transport phenomena
b. macroscopic phenomena
c. microscopic phenomena
d. surface phenomena

3. The major contribution of C.V. Raman was

a. Measurement of electronic charge

b. Inelastic scattering of light by molecules
c. model of hydrogen atom
d. Nuclear model of atom

4. Which of the following is a possible first step in applying the scientific method

a. Formulation of a question
b. Formulating a hypothesis
c. Conducting tests
d. Building a theory

5. Which of the following vectors are conserved for an isolated system?

a. The total linear momentum

b. The linear momentum of a particle
c. The force on a particle

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 d. The angular momentum of a particle

6. Which scientist received Nobel prize for his work on Molecular spectra?

7. What is unified field theory?

8. What is the range of weak nuclear force?

9. Are laws of nature same everywhere in the universe or different in different parts?
Give an example.

10. Is physics more of a philosophy or more of a mathematical science?

11. Name three important discoveries of physics, which have revolutionized modern
chemistry.

12. Out of the four fundamental forces, which force is weakest and which is strongest?

13. Attempt to formulate your 'moral' views on the practice of science. Imagine yourself
stumbling upon a discovery, which has great academic interest but is certain to have
nothing but dangerous Consequences for the human society. How, if at all, will you
resolve your dilemma?

14. Usha and Ritu are two sisters. Usha wants to explain some technologies to Ritu.
Initially Ritu did not show any interest in knowing about the technologies. But Usha
explained about the uses and application of some important discoveries.

i. What values are displayed by Usha?

ii. Name some technologies and related principles.
A. U.S.A.
B. U.K
C. India
D. Pakistan

15. What are the main steps involved in a scientific method to understand a natural
phenomenon?

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 CBSE Test Paper 05
Chapter 1 Physical World

Answer

1. c. Some of the most basic features of atomic phenomena.

Explanation: When science progressed into the realm of the microscopic, of
dimensions the size of an atom, i.e. less than a nanometer, it was observed that
newtonian mechanics and classical electrodynamics were in contradiction with
experiments, could not explain them.
At the microscopic level, forces don't have a meaning, because nothing touches
directly anything else. There are intermediate force carriers of what is
perceived as "force" macroscopically.

2. b. macroscopic phenomena
Explanation: Classical physics is the study of motion, projectiles, pulleys, and
the planets. It mainly deals with the movement of large objects (macroscopic)
through space at a relatively low slow speeds.
Classical physics deals with the mechanics of an object’s motion in response to a
force. Because of this, classical physics is often referred to simply as mechanics
or kinematics.

3. b. Inelastic scattering of light by molecules

Explanation: The Indian physicist C.V. Raman helped the growth of science in
his country. He received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1930 for the discovery
that when light passes through a transparent material, some of the light
changes in wavelength. This phenomenon is now called Raman scattering.

4. a. Formulation of a question
Explanation: The scientific method starts when you ask a question about
something that you observe: How, What, When, Who, Which, Why, or Where?
For a science fair project some teachers require that the question be something
you can measure, preferably with a number. Add image of question 16686

5. a. The total linear momentum

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 Explanation: The rate of change of the total momentum of a system does not
change, meaning this quantity is constant, and proving the principle of the
conservation of linear momentum: When there is no net external force acting
on a system of particles the total momentum of the system is conserved.

6. C.V. Raman (the great Indian Scientist) received Nobel Prize for his work on
molecular spectra.

7. The theory with which scientists try to unify all forces is called unified field theory.

8. Weak nuclear force ( also known as weak interaction ) is of the order of 10-18 m.

9. Laws of nature are same everywhere in the whole universe. For example, the
Newton's law of universal gravitation is true in whole universe i.e. on our Earth, on
Moon, in our galaxy as well as also in other galaxies.

10. Physics is not a purely abstract science devoid of philosophy. Institution and
philosophy have provided back bone to physics. Physicists are natural philosophers
and Einstein is an example to quote.

11. Three important discoveries of physics, which have revolutionized modern chemistry,
are:
(i) study of radioactivity
(ii) quantum theory
(iii) study of isotopes and determination of their masses by mass spectrographs.

12. Weakest force - Gravitational force Strongest force - Strong nuclear force.

13. A scientist aims at truth. A scientific discovery reveals a truth of nature. So, any
discovery,
good or bad for mankind, must be made public. A discovery which appears dangerous
today may become useful to the mankind some time later. In order to prevent misuse
of scientific technology, we must build up a strong public opinion. Scientists should in
fact take up two roles - to discover truth and to prevent its misuse.

14. i. The values displayed by Usha are: dedicated, intelligence, helping nature and
awareness.

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 ii. Technology: Principle
A. Aeroplane: Bernoulli's theorem
B. Rocket propulsion: Newton's second and third law of motion
C. Nuclear reactor: Nuclear fission
D. Optical fibers: Total internal reflection of light

15. For understanding a natural phenomenon, the following interconnected steps are
involved in any scientific method:

i. Systematic observations
ii. Controlled experiments
iii. Qualitative and quantitative reasoning
iv. Mathematical modelling
v. Prediction
vi. Verification or falsification of theory

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