Name : Danu Saputro

NPM : 1802050063

How the way to collecting data in quantitative and qualitative research :

 Qualitative Research
Individual interview:
It is one of the most trusted, widely used, and most familiar qualitative data collection
methods primarily because of its approach. An individual or a face-to-face interview
is a direct conversation between two people with a specific structure and purpose. The
interview questionnaire is designed in the manner to elicit the interviewee’s
knowledge or perspective related to a topic, program, or issue. .
The individual interview is an ideal qualitative data collection method, particularly
when the researchers want highly personalized information from the participants. The
individual interview is a notable method if the interviewer decides to probe further
and ask follow-up questions to gain more insights.

Qualitative surveys:
To develop an informed hypothesis, many researchers use qualitative surveys for data
collection or to collect a piece of detailed information about a product or an issue. If
you want to create questionnaires for collecting textual or qualitative data, then ask
more open-ended questions. To answer such questions, the respondent has to write
his/her opinion or perspective concerning a specific topic or issue. Unlike other
qualitative data collection methods, online surveys have a wider reach wherein many
people can provide you quality data that is highly credible and valuable.
Paper surveys
The paper questionnaires are frequently used for qualitative data collection from the
participants. The survey consists of short text questions, which are often open-ended.
These questions’ motive is to collect as much detailed information as possible in the
respondents’ own words. More often, the survey questionnaires are designed to
collect standardized data hence used to collect responses from a larger population or
large sample size.
Online surveys
An online survey or a web survey is prepared using a prominent online survey
software and either uploaded in a website or emailed to the selected sample size with
a motive to collect reliable online data. Instead of writing down responses, the
respondents use computers and keyboards to type their answers. With an online
survey questionnaire, it becomes easier and smoother to collect qualitative data. In
addition to that, online surveys have a wider reach, and the respondent is not
pressurized to answer each question under the interviewer’s supervision. One of the
significant benefits that online surveys offer is that they allow the respondents to take
the survey on any device, be it a desktop, tablet, or mobile.
Focus group discussions:
Focus group discussions can also be considered a type of interview, but it is
conducted in a group discussion setting. Usually, the focus group consists of 8 – 10
people (the size may vary depending on the researcher’s requirement). The
researchers ensure appropriate space is given to the participants to discuss a topic or
issue in a context. The participants are allowed to either agree or disagree with each
other’s comments.

With a focused group discussion, researchers know how a particular group of

participants perceives the topic. Researchers analyze what participants think of an
issue, the range of opinions expressed, and the ideas discussed. The data is collected
by noting down the variations or inconsistencies (if any exists) in the participants,
especially in terms of belief, experiences, and practice.

The participants of focused group discussions are selected based on the topic or issues
for which the researcher wants actionable insights. For example, is the research is
about the recovery of college students from drug addiction, the participants have to be
a college student, studying and recovering from the drug addiction. Other parameters
such as age, qualification, financial background, social presence, and demographics
are also considered but not primarily, as the group needs diverse participants.
Frequently, the qualitative data collected through focused group discussion is more
descriptive and highly detailed.
Observations:
 Observation is one of the traditional qualitative data collection methods used by
researchers to gather descriptive text data by observing people and their behavior at
events or in their natural settings. In this method, the researcher is completely
immersed in watching or seeing people by taking a participatory stance to take down
notes. Aside from taking notes, different techniques such as videos, photographs,
audio recordings, tangible items like artifacts, and souvenirs are also be used.
Conclusion
Qualitative research is one of the best methods for identifying the behavior and
patterns governing social conditions, issues, or topics. It spans a step ahead of
quantitative data as it fails to explain the reasons and rationale behind a phenomenon,
but qualitative data quickly does.The methods mentioned in the blog – interviews,
surveys, group discussions, and observations are the most widely and commonly used
qualitative data collection methods. Although there are few other data collection
methods, such as longitudinal studies, document revision, etc., they are rarely used.

 Quantitative Research
1. Introduction
The introduction to a quantitative study is usually written in the present tense and
from the third person point of view. It covers the following information:

Identifies the research problem -- as with any academic study, you must state
clearly and concisely the research problem being investigated.
Reviews the literature -- review scholarship on the topic, synthesizing key themes
and, if necessary, noting studies that have used similar methods of inquiry and
analysis. Note where key gaps exist and how your study helps to fill these gaps or
clarifies existing knowledge.
Describes the theoretical framework -- provide an outline of the theory or
hypothesis underpinning your study. If necessary, define unfamiliar or complex terms,
concepts, or ideas and provide the appropriate background information to place the
research problem in proper context [e.g., historical, cultural, economic, etc.].
2. Methodology
Study population and sampling -- where did the data come from; how robust is it;
note where gaps exist or what was excluded. Note the procedures used for their
selection;
Data collection – describe the tools and methods used to collect information and
identify the variables being measured; describe the methods used to obtain the data;
and, note if the data was pre-existing or you gathered it yourself. If you gathered it
yourself, describe what type of instrument you used and why. Note that no data set is
perfect--describe any limitations in methods of gathering data.
Data analysis -- describe the procedures for processing and analyzing the data. If
appropriate, describe the specific instruments of analysis used to study each research
objective, including mathematical techniques and the type of computer software used
to manipulate the data.

3. Results
Statistical analysis -- how did you analyze the data? What were the key findings
from the data? The findings should be present in a logical, sequential order. Describe
but do not interpret these trends or negative results; save that for the discussion
section. The results should be presented in the past tense.

4. Discussion
Interpretation of results -- reiterate the research problem being investigated and
compare and contrast the findings with the research questions underlying the study.
Did they affirm predicted outcomes or did the data refute it?
Description of trends, comparison of groups, or relationships among variables --
describe any trends that emerged from your analysis and explain all unanticipated and
statistical insignificant findings.
Discussion of implications – what is the meaning of your results? Highlight key
findings based on the overall results and note findings that you believe are important.
How have the results helped fill gaps in understanding the research problem?
Limitations -- describe any limitations or unavoidable bias in your study and, if
necessary, note why these limitations did not inhibit effective interpretation of the
results.
5. Conclusion
Summary of findings – synthesize the answers to your research questions. Do not
report any statistical data here; just provide a narrative summary of the key findings
and describe what was learned that you did not know before conducting the study.
Recommendations – if appropriate to the aim of the assignment, tie key findings with
policy recommendations or actions to be taken in practice.
Future research – note the need for future research linked to your study’s limitations
or to any remaining gaps in the literature that were not addressed in your study.