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Concrete international / MAY 2003

63 Strut-and-Tie Model for Deep
Beam Design
Jonas Mariano

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Adolfo Mat amoros

Evaluat ion of t he shear st rengt h of four pile cap using st rut and t ie model (ST M)
Dr.At t aullah Shah
 Strut-and-Tie
Model for Deep
Beam Design
A practical exercise using Appendix A of the 2002 ACI Building Code

BY JAMES K. WIGHT AND GUSTAVO J. PARRA-MONTESINOS

ltho ugh the Strut-and-Tie used here fo r the analysis and

A Metho d ( STM) has b een used
fo r several years in Euro pe 1,2 and
design o f a deep beam is no t unique.
It sho uld be no ted that the STM
has b een inc luded in the Canadian pro c edure in Appendix A o f the ACI
Standard fo r the Design o f Co nc rete Building Co de ( referred to as the
Struc tures 3 sinc e 1984 and the Co de) is a strength limit-state design
AASHTO LRFD Bridge Spec ific a- appro ac h. Servic eability limit-states
tio ns 4 sinc e 1994, it is a new c o nc ept ( fo r example, deflec tio ns and
fo r many struc tural engineers in the reinfo rc ement distributio n) defined
U.S. Pro c edures and rec o mmenda- in the main bo dy o f the Co de must
tio ns fo r the use o f STM to design also be c hec ked.
reinfo rc ed c o nc rete memb ers were
disc ussed in a State-o f-the-Art THE PROBLEM
Repo rt fro m Jo int ACI-ASCE Co mmit- Figure 1 sho ws the beam to be
tee 445, Shear and To rsio n,5 b ut analyzed and designed. The Co de
spec ific c o de req uirements were no t c lassifies the beam in Fig. 1 as a “deep
inc o rpo rated into the ACI Building beam” bec ause the c lear-span-to -to tal-
Co de until the 2002 editio n, 6 as depth ratio fo r this beam is less than
Appendix A. To help U.S. engineers 4.0. The member dimensio ns and
impro ve their ab ility to use STM fo r lo ads are the same as tho se used
analysis and design o f c o nc rete fo r an example in the PCA No tes.8
memb ers, Jo int ACI-ASCE Co mmit- Fo r this p ro b lem, ho wever, the
tee 445 and ACI Co mmittee 318-E, c o nc entrated lo ad is applied
Shear and To rsio n, rec ently c o mpleted appro ximately at a third-po int o f the
a pub lic atio n that c o ntains a variety span, instead o f at midspan. The
o f STM examples.7 The STM mo del c o nc entrated lo ad fo r this example

Concrete international / MAY 2 0 0 3 63

was fac to red using the lo ad fac to rs spec ified in Chapter 9 wo uld o ffer so me resistanc e to b eam end ro tatio ns and
o f the Co de. Thus, the appro priate strength reduc tio n ho rizo ntal displac ements. To be c o nsistent with the
fac to r φ is 0.75 fo r the STM so lutio n. The beam dead lo ad, examp le p resented in the PCA No tes, ho wever, we d o
multiplied by the appro priate lo ad fac to r, is assumed to be no t assume the c o lumn sup p o rts resist these d efo rma-
inc luded in the c o nc entrated lo ad applied at the to p o f the tio ns; instead , we assume they ac t as a
beam. In prac tic e, the c o lumns suppo rting the b eam c o mb inatio n o f p in- and ro ller-typ e sup p o rts. The
sp ec ified c o nc rete c o mp ressive strength ƒ′c is
4000 p si ( 28 MPa) and the reinfo rc ing steel is assumed
to have a yield strength ƒ y o f 60 ksi ( 410 MPa) . The
transverse d imensio n o f the c o lumns and d eep b eam
is 20 in. ( 510 mm) .

INITIAL STRUT-AND-TIE MODEL

Figure 1 sho ws the initial strut-and -tie mo d el
( o r truss) assumed fo r analysis and d esign o f this
d eep b eam. The b ro ken lines rep resent c o mp ressio n
memb ers ( struts) and the so lid lines rep resent
tensio n memb ers ( ties) . Fo r simp lic ity, the no d es
( no d al zo nes, o r intersec tio n o f the struts and ties)
are sho wn as d imensio nless p o ints. A trial value must
Fig . 1: The de e p be am dime ns io ns and g e ne ral trus s mo de l b e selec ted fo r the d ep th o f the truss dv to so lve fo r
as s ume d fo r the analys is and de s ig n in this article (1 in. =
2 5.4 mm, 1 k = 4 .45 kN) the truss memb er fo rc es. With these fo rc es, the
d imensio ns o f the struts, ties, and no d al zo nes c an
b e estab lished , and the value fo r dv c an b e verified o r
mo d ified with a sec o nd iteratio n. Bec ause o f the small
sp an-to -d ep th ratio ( ap p ro ximately 1) fo r the left
p o rtio n o f the b eam, o nly a single strut is used
b etween the c o nc entrated lo ad and the sup p o rt.
The right p o rtio n o f the b eam req uires mo re truss
memb ers b ec ause a single strut ac ting at a shallo w
angle wo uld no t b e safe o r p rac tic al. To c o ntro l the
use o f shallo w angle struts, the Co d e req uires a
minimum angle o f 25 d egrees b etween struts and ties.

SOLUTION OF LEFT PORTION OF BEAM

It is c o nvenient fo r the analysis o f No de 2 to b reak
Fig . 2 : Trus s g e o me try and me mbe r fo rce s afte r the s e co nd trial
the c o nc entrated lo ad at the to p o f the b eam into two
o f analys is o f the de e p beam (1 in. = 2 5.4 mm, 1 k = 4 .45 kN) parts and so lve the left po rtio n o f the b eam to estab lish
values fo r dv and α1 ( Fig. 2) . Fo r eq uilib rium, 2/ 3 o f the
c o nc entrated lo ad and thus 2/ 3 o f the no de dimensio n
( that is, the to p c o lumn dimensio n) will b e assigned to
the left part o f No de 2. Similarly, 1/ 3 o f the lo ad and
no de dimensio n are assigned to the right part o f No de 2.
The two no de “po ints” sho wn fo r No de 2 are b o th part
o f a single “no dal zo ne.” The fo llo wing gives an iterative
pro c edure to find dv , α1, and the truss memb er fo rc es,
while Fig. 2 gives the sec o nd iteratio n values.

Step 1: Establish truss geometry and truss

member forces
Assume

dv = 60 in. – 2( 7.5 in.) = 45 in. ( 1140 mm)

Fig . 3 : Ge o me try and dime ns io ns o f No de 1 and S trut 1-2 and the
pro ce dure us e d to calculate the width o f S trut 1-2 tan α1 = ( 45 in./ 49.7 in.) implies that α1 = 42.2 degrees

64 MAY 2 0 0 3 / Concrete international

 Fro m equilibrium at No de 1 determine the width o f Strut 1-2

Σ( Fy) = 428 k – F12 ( sin α1) = 0 implies F12 = 637 k ( 2830 kN) w s ( 1-2) = w 14( c o s α1) + lb1( sin α1) = ( 12 in.) ( 0.741) +
( 16 in.) ( 0.672)
Σ( Fx ) = F14 – F12 ( c o s α1) = 0 implies F14 = 472 k ( 2100 kN) = 8.89 in. + 10.8 in. = 19.7 in. ( 500 mm)

Figure 3 gives the geo metry o f No de 1. Bec ause No w c hec k the strut c apac ity
different effec tive c o mpressive strengths will b e used in
No de 1 and Strut 1-2, and b ec ause the strut’s stress φ Fns( 1-2) = φƒcuw s( 1-2) b w = ( 0.75) ( 2.55 ksi) ( 19.7 in.) ( 20 in.)
must b e c hec ked o n a plane perpendic ular to its axis, = 754 k ( 3360 kN) > 637 k ( 2830 kN) ( o .k.)
the geo metry o f the no d e is a little c o mp lic ated .
Figure 3 sho ws the pro c edure to c alc ulate the width o f Based o n the analysis o f No de 1, assume that the
Strut 1-2. height o f No de 2, whic h is a c o mpressio n-c o mpressio n-
The effec tive c o mpressive strength fo r a no de is c o mpressio n ( CCC) no de and thus, βn = 1.0, will be equal
defined as to 10 in. ( 250 mm) . Then, fo r a sec o nd trial, assume that
dv = 60 in. – (12 in. + 10 in.)/2 = 49 in. (1240 mm). Reevaluating
ƒcu = ( 0.85) βn ƒ′c the truss with this value leads to

No de 1 is a c o mpressio n-c o mpressio n-tensio n ( CCT) α1 = 44.6 degrees; F12 = 609 k ( 2710 kN) ;
no de, so βn = 0.8. Thus, the effec tive c o mpressive and F14 = 434 k ( 1930 kN) .
strength fo r No de 1 at no minal c o nditio ns is
Bec ause the fo rc es in Strut 1-2 and Tie 1-4 are lo wer
ƒcu( 1) = ( 0.85) βn ƒ′c = ( 0.85) ( 0.80) ( 4.0 ksi) = than in the first trial, there is no need to make further
2.72 ksi ( 18.7 MPa) c hec ks at No de 1.

Use this no minal strength and φ = 0.75 to c hec k stress Step 2: Check maximum shear force
at the base o f the no de permitted in a deep beam
Co de Sec tio n 11.8.3 defines an upper limit fo r the shear
fo rc e permitted in a deep beam. With the c entro id o f
Tie 1-4 established, the effec tive flexural depth o f the
beam d is h – ( w 14/ 2) = 54 in. (1370 mm). Thus, the c hec k
ƒ( base) = 1.34 ksi ( 9.2 MPa) < φ( 2.72 ksi) = o f Co de Sec tio n 11.8.3 requires
2.04 ksi ( 14.1 MPa) ( o .k.)
Vu ≤ φVn ( max) = φ( 10) √ƒ′c b w d =
Also , find the width o f Tie 1-4, whic h defines the ( 0.75) ( 10) √4000 psi ( 20 in.) ( 54 in.)
height o f No de 1
Vu = 428 k ( 1900 kN) ≤ φVn ( max) = 512 k ( 2280 kN) ( o .k.)

Step 3: Make checks at Node 2

A sketc h o f the left side o f No de 2 is given in Fig. 4.
The to p dimensio n is set equal to 2/ 3 o f the c o lumn
To ease c alc ulatio ns, assume the height o f No de 1 dimensio n, that is, 13.3 in. ( 340 mm) . The vertic al
( w14) is equal to 12 in. ( 305 mm) . dimensio n o f the no de was assumed in Step 1 to be 10 in.
The effec tive c o mpressive strength fo r Strut 1-2, ƒcu(1-2), ( 250 mm) . Chec k the stress o n the to p fac e o f No de 2
pro bably c o ntro ls the stress o n the inc lined fac e o f No de 1. ( CCC no de) using βn = 1.0
This value is determined using the same expressio n as
given previo usly fo r a no de, with βs substituted fo r βn. ƒcu( 2) = 0.85 βn ƒ′c = 3.40 ksi ( 23.4 MPa) , and φƒcu( 2) =
Fo r Strut 1-2, use βs = 0.75, whic h assumes that a minimum 2.55 ksi ( 17.6 MPa) .
amo unt o f reinfo rc ement will be pro vided ac ro ss the
strut as required in Sec tio n A.3.3 o f the Co de

ƒcu( 1-2) = 0.85 βs ƒ′c = ( 0.85) ( 0.75) ( 4.0 ksi) =

2.55 ksi ( 17.6 MPa) ƒ( to p) = 1.61 ksi ( 11.1 MPa) ≤ 2.55 ksi ( 17.6 MPa) ( o .k.)

No w, use the geo metry o f No de 1 sho wn in Fig. 3 to Chec k stress o n vertic al fac e o f left part o f No de 2

Concrete international / MAY 2 0 0 3 65

 Chec k c apac ity o f Strut 1-2 at
No de 2 ( c ritic al end)

φFns( 1-2) = φƒcu( 1-2) w s( 1-2) ( b w) =

(0.75)(2.55 ksi)(16.5 in.)(20 in.) =
631 k ( 2810 kN) > 609 k ( 2710 kN)

Step 4: Select reinforcement

for Tie 1-4
Determine required area o f
reinfo rc ing steel:

Fig . 4 : Ge o me try, fo rce s , and dime ns io ns fo r the le ft part o f No de 2 (1 in. = 2 5.4 mm,
1 k = 4 .45 kN)

Selec t 13 No . 8 bars [ As = 10.3 in.2 ( 6630 mm 2) ] ,

arranged in three ro ws ( Fig. 5) .
Chec k anc ho rage at No de 1:
Fro m Fig. 6, la = ( 6 in.) / ( tan α1) = ( 6 in.) / ( 0.986) =
6.08 in. ( 155 mm)
Thus, available anc ho rage length = la + lb 1 – 1.5 in.
( c o ver) = 20.6 in. ( 520 mm)
Develo pment length fo r a ho o ked No . 8 bar ( Co de
sec tio n 12.5)
Fig . 5: Re info rce me nt re quire d in Tie 1-4 . Thirte e n No . 8 bars we re
arrang e d in thre e ro ws (1 in. = 25.4 mm)
ldh = ( 0.02βλƒy/ √ƒ′c ) db = [ ( 0.02) ( 1) ( 1) ( 60,000 psi) /
√4000 psi] ( 1.0 in.)

ldh = 19.0 in.( 480 mm)

[ > 8db and > 6 in. ( 150 mm) ]

Altho ugh ldh is less than the availab le length, it

wo uld b e a tight fit if o nly 90 d egree ho o ks were used
fo r all the b ars in eac h o f the three ro ws. In-p lane,
180 d egree ho o ks c o uld b e used fo r so me o f the b ars
to p artially relieve the reinfo rc ement c o ngestio n.
The use o f mec hanic al anc ho rage d evic es, whic h have
b een used suc c essfully in tests o f d eep b eams, 9 c o uld
also b e c o nsid ered .

Step 5: Provide minimum reinforcement in

Strut 1-2
Fig . 6 : Lo catio n o f critical s e ctio n fo r ancho rag e o f re info rce me nt Co d e Sec tio n A.3.3 req uires that a minimum
in No de 1 (1 in. = 25.4 mm) p erc entage o f reinfo rc ement b e d istrib uted ac ro ss
b o ttle-shap ed struts to c o ntro l c rac king alo ng the axis
o f the strut. This reinfo rc ement c an b e p ro vid ed either
in an o rtho go nal mesh o r as vertic al-o nly o r ho rizo ntal-
o nly reinfo rc ement. Fo r this b eam, b o th vertic al and
ho rizo ntal reinfo rc ement will b e used to satisfy the
minimum reinfo rc ement req uirement. Bec ause o f the
Determine width o f Strut 1-2 at No de 2 d ep th o f the b eam, the ho rizo ntal reinfo rc ement in the
lo wer p o rtio n o f the b eam must also satisfy the
w s( 1-2) = w 2 ( c o s α1) + 13.3 in. ( sin α1) = 7.12 in. req uirements fo r skin reinfo rc ement in Co d e Sec tio n
+ 9.36 in. = 16.5 in. ( 420 mm) 10.6.7. Finally, we b elieve it is go o d d etailing p rac tic e

66 MAY 2 0 0 3 / Concrete international

to have the ho rizo ntal and vertic al steel also satisfy a flexural member, so we assume it is a prismatic strut
the minimum p erc entage and maximum sp ac ing with βs = 1.0. Then, the effec tive c o mpressive strength
req uirements in Co d e Sec tio ns 11.8.4 and 11.8.5, fo r Strut 2-3 multiplied by φ is
resp ec tively. The angle b etween the axis o f Strut 1-2
and the vertic al reinfo rc ement is φƒcu( 2-3) = φ( 0.85) βs ƒ′c = ( 0.75) ( 0.85) ( 1.0) ( 4.0 ksi) =
2.55 ksi ( 17.6 MPa)
γ1( vertic al steel) = 90 – 44.6 = 45.4 degrees
Therefo re, the ac ting c o mpressive stress o n the
Fo r vertic al steel, use No . 4 ties, with fo ur legs, at a interio r vertic al fac e o f No de 2 go verns fo r c alc ulating
spac ing o f 10 in. ( 250 mm) ( < d/ 5) the width o f Strut 2-3

ρv ( sin γ1) = ( 0.00400) ( 0.712) = 0.00285

The angle between the axis o f Strut 1-2 and the

ho rizo ntal reinfo rc ement is

γ2( ho rizo ntal steel) = 44.6 degrees

Fo r ho rizo ntal steel, use two No . 4 b ars p er layer,

with a sp ac ing o f 8 in. ( 200 mm) b etween layers, to
satisfy the skin reinfo rc ement req uirement ( Fig. 7) .
Chec king the perc entage o f ho rizo ntal reinfo rc ement

ρh( sin γ2) = ( 0.00250) ( 0.702) = 0.00176

Finally, c hec king the req uirements o f Co d e

Sec tio n A.3.3

Σ( ρi) ( sin γi) = 0.00461 > 0.003 ( o .k.)

SOLUTION OF RIGHT PORTION OF BEAM

Figure 2 sho ws the truss geo metry and fo rc es fo r the
right po rtio n o f the deep beam.

tan α2 = ( 49 in.) / ( 50.2 in.) implies that α2 = 44.3 degrees

Step 6: Evaluate right side of Node 2 Fig . 7: Be am s e ctio n s ho wing the ho rizo ntal s te e l to s atis fy the
s kin re info rce me nt re quire me nt (1 in. = 25.4 mm)
Fo r c o nsistenc y, the ac ting c o mpressive stress o n the
interio r vertic al fac e o f No de 2 must
be the same fo r bo th the left side
and right side o f the no de ( Fig. 8) . In
Step 3, the ac ting c o mpressive stress
o n the vertic al fac e was c alc ulated to
be 2.17 ksi ( 15.0 MPa) . To c larify
vec to r equilibrium fo r this part o f
No de 2, the ho rizo ntal fo rc e ac ting
o n the interio r vertic al fac e is sho wn
Fig . 8 : Ge o me try, fo rce s , and dime ns io ns fo r the rig ht part o f No de 2 . Fo r co ns is te ncy,
as two c o mpo nents. Strut 2-3 will the co mpre s s ive s tre s s o n the ve rtical face s o f No de 2 mus t be e qual (1 in. = 2 5.4 mm,
behave like the c o mpressio n zo ne in 1 k = 4 .45 kN)

Concrete international / MAY 2 0 0 3 67

 No w use geo metry to determine width o f Strut 2-4 at
No de 2

w 24 = 5 in. ( c o s α2) + 6.7 in. ( sin α2) = 3.58 in. + 4.66 in. =
8.24 in. ( 210 mm)

Chec k strength o f Strut 2-4 at No de 2, use ƒcu( 2-4) =

ƒcu( 1-2) = 2.55 ksi ( 17.6 MPa)

φFns(2-4) = φƒcu(2-4) w24bw = 0.75(2.55 ksi)(8.24 in.)(20 in.) =

315 k ( 1400 kN) > 304 k ( 1350 kN) ( o .k.)

Step 7: Evaluate reinforcement required in

Tie 3-4
Fig . 9 : Fan-s hape d S truts 2 -4 and 3 -5 in the rig ht s pan o f the
be am e ng ag e s e ve ral s tirrups (1 in. = 25.4 mm)
φFnt( 3-4) = φAs( 3-4) ƒy ≥ 212 k ( 945 kN)

Thus,

Selec t No . 4 bars with fo ur legs per stirrup set, Av ( per

set) = 0.80 in.2 ( 520 mm 2) . Thus, we need to use at least
six sets o f No . 4 stirrups with fo ur legs fo r A S( 3-4) = 4.80
in.2 ( 3100 mm 2).
It is reaso nable to assume that the c o mpressio n Strut 2-4
will “fan o ut” and engage several stirrups, as sho wn in
Fig. 9. Strut 3-5 will also fan o ut (Fig. 9). The limiting
dimensio n fo r the wide po rtio n o f the fan-shaped strut c an
be determined by using the minimum angle required
between a strut and tie, defined as 25 degrees in Appendix
Fig . 10 : Lo ng itudinal re info rce me nt and s tirrup s pacing fo r the A o f the Co de. The dimensio ns sho wn in Fig. 9 satisfy this
rig ht po rtio n o f the de e p be am. A total o f 14 s tirrups are pro vide d minimum angle requirement. So me designers might prefer
at a unifo rm s pacing o f 6 in. (1 in. = 2 5.4 mm)
to c o nc entrate the stirrup reinfo rc ement at appro ximately
the lo c atio n o f Tie 3-4 in the truss mo del (Fig. 2). The
writers, ho wever, believe that a unifo rm spac ing o f the
transverse reinfo rc ement within the dimensio ns o f the fan-
shaped struts is a mo re reaso nable so lutio n.
The six stirrup sets required fo r Tie 3-4 will need to be
c o mbined with the vertic al reinfo rc ement (stirrups)
required as c rac k-c o ntro l reinfo rc ement c ro ssing the
inc lined struts, as c alc ulated in Step 5. If that reinfo rc ement
is pro vided at a spac ing o f 12 in. (305 mm), all the minimum
reinfo rc ement requirements are satisfied. Thus, a to tal fo r
14 stirrups, six fo r Tie 3-4 and eight fo r c rac k c o ntro l, are
pro vided at a unifo rm spac ing o f 6 in. (150 mm) in the right
po rtio n o f deep beam (Fig. 10).

Step 8: Check of Node 4

Figure 11 is a general sketc h o f No de 4. This c an be
c o nsidered a c o mpressio n-tensio n-tensio n ( CTT) no de
bec ause there is a fo rc e transfer between Tie 1-4 and
Tie 4-5 within the no de. The distributio n o f lo ngitudinal and
Fig . 11: Ge ne ral s ke tch o f No de 4 g e o me try, which is co ns ide re d a vertic al reinfo rc ement already determines the vertic al and
CTT node ho rizo ntal dimensio ns o f the no de. As determined by the

68 MAY 2 0 0 3 / Concrete international

distributio n o f lo ngitudinal reinfo rc ement at No de 1 (Fig. 5),
the vertic al dimensio n o f No de 4 is 12 in. (305 mm). Then,
c o nservatively assuming that the no de extends ho rizo n- Based o n the c hec k o f No de 1 ( Step 1) , the stress at
tally o ver the spread between the c lo sest six stirrups the base o f No de 5 is ac c eptable bec ause the reac tio n
required fo r Tie 3-4 (plac ed at a 6 in. [150 mm] spacing), the fo rc e is appro ximately half o f that at No de 1 while the
horizontal dimension of Node 4 is 30 in. (760 mm). base dimensio ns and the effec tive c o mpressive strength
Fo r this CTT no de, βn = 0.6 and the effec tive c o mpres- o f this no de are the same.
sive strength is Reinfo rc ement required in Tie 4-5

ƒcu( 4) = ( 0.85) ( βn) ( ƒ′c ) = ( 0.85) ( 0.6) ( 4 ksi) =

2.04 ksi ( 14.1 MPa)

The fo rc e transfer at the level o f the lo ngitud inal To pro vide the req uired area o f reinfo rc ement at
steel is 217 kips ( 965 kN) , so the minimum height o f No de 5, assume eight b ars fro m the b o tto m two layers
the No d e w14 is o f No . 8 b ars will b e fully anc ho red at No de 5 ( c enter
b ar in lo west layer will no t b e ho o ked) . Thus

A S( pro vided) = 8( 0.79 in.2) = 6.32 in.2 ( 4080 mm 2) >

4.82 in.2 ( 3110 mm 2) ( o .k.)

A similar c hec k c an be made fo r the ho rizo ntal

The c ritic al sec tio n fo r anc ho rage o f this reinfo rc ement
dimensio n, but bec ause the vertic al fo rc e in Tie 3-4 is 212
is at a distanc e la fro m fac e o f suppo rt ( Fig. 12)
kip (945 kN), the required ho rizo ntal dimensio n will be
close to 7 in. (180 mm), which is significantly less than 30 in.
(760 mm). Bec ause Strut 2-4 will be very wide at this no de,
there is no need to c hec k the effec tive c o mpressive
strength o f the strut. Thus, the dimensio ns o f No de 4 are
Available anc ho rage distanc e = la + lb 5 – 1.5 in. =
ac c eptable. Further, bec ause No de 3 is a CCT no de that
19.1 in. ( 485 mm) .
c arries similar lo ads and has a similar geo metry to No de 4,
Fro m Step 4, ldh( 1) = 19.0 in. ( 480 mm) , but this c an be
there is no need to c hec k No de 3.
reduc ed here bec ause signific antly mo re steel is pro vided
than required
Step 9: Confirm that vertical and horizontal
steel satisfies Code Section A.3.3
The same ho rizo ntal reinfo rc ement is pro vided here as
was used in the left po rtio n o f the beam (Step 5), but the
spac ing fo r the vertic al reinfo rc ement used fo r c rac k
c o ntro l has effec tively been inc reased to 12 in. (305 mm),
as stated in Step 7. Co mbining this c hange with the small
c hange in the angle o f inc linatio n fo r the strut leads to the
fo llo wing results.

ρv = 0.00333, and Σ( ρi) ( sin γi) = 0.00413 > 0.003 ( o .k.) .

Step 10: Check dimensions and anchorage

at Node 5
Set the wid th o f Tie 4-5 eq ual to 9 in. ( 230 mm) , so
the c entro id o f the tie will c o rresp o nd to the c entro id
o f the b o tto m two layers o f lo ngitud inal reinfo rc ement,
no t inc luding the c enter bar o f the bo tto m layer ( Fig. 12) .
The effec tive c o mp ressive strength o f No d e 5 ( CCT
no d e) will b e the same as that fo r No d e 1, that is ƒ cu( 5)
= 2.72 ksi ( 18.7 MPa) . Using this value to c hec k the
minimum wid th o f Tie 4-5 sho ws
Fig . 12 : Ge o me try and dime ns io ns o f No de 5. The critical s e ctio n
fo r ancho rag e o f the re info rce me nt is at a dis tance l a from the
face o f the s uppo rt (1 in. = 2 5.4 mm)

Concrete international / MAY 2 0 0 3 69

 References
1. Sc hlaic h, J.; Sc häfer, K.; and Jennewein, M., “To ward a
Co nsistent Design o f Struc tural Co nc rete,” PCI Jo urnal, V. 32, No . 3,
1987, pp. 74-150.
2. FIP Co mmissio n 3, “FIP Rec o mmendatio ns, Prac tic al Design o f
Step 11: Check strength of Strut 3-5 at Node 5 Struc tural Co nc rete,” FIP Co ngre ss, SETO, Lo ndo n, England, 1996.
Bec ause the minimum c rac k-c o ntro l reinfo rc ement 3. Canadian Standards Asso c iatio n, “Design o f Co nc rete
required by Co de Sec tio n A.3.3 (Step 9) c ro sses this strut, Struc tures, CSA Standard A23.3-94,” Canadian Standards Asso c iatio n,
the effec tive c o mpressive strength, ƒcu(3-5), is the same as Ottawa, Canada, 1994.
that used fo r Strut 1-2 (2.55 ksi [17.6 MPa]). Strut 3-5 must 4. AASHTO, “AASHTO LRFD Bridge Spec ific atio ns fo r Highway
be c hec ked at its narro wer end, whic h o c c urs at No de 5. Bridges” (2001 Interim Revisio ns), Americ an Asso c iatio n o f Highway
Fro m Fig. 12, this width is and Transpo rtatio n Offic ials, Washingto n, D.C., 1998.
5. ACI-ASCE Co mmittee 445, “Rec ent Appro ac hes to Shear Design
w 35 = lb 5sin α2 + w 45c o s α2 = 17.6 in. ( 447 mm) o f Struc tural Co nc rete,” ASCE Jo urnal o f Structural Engine e ring,
V. 124, No . 12, 1998, pp. 1375-1417.
Thus, the strength o f this strut at No de 5 is 6. ACI Co mmittee 318, “Building Co de Requirements fo r Structural
Co ncrete (ACI 318-02),” American Co ncrete Institute, Farmingto n Hills,

φFns(3-5) = φƒcu(3-5) w 35 b w = (0.75)(2.55 ksi)(17.6 in.)(20 in.) = MI, 2002, 443 pp.
7. Reinec k, K.-H., ed., Example s fo r the De sign o f Structural
673 k ( 3000 kN) > 304 k ( 1350 kN) ( o .k.)
Co ncre te with Strut-and-Tie Mo de ls, SP-208, Americ an Co nc rete
Institute, Farmingto n Hills, MI, 2002, 242 pp.
Step 12: Check straight anchorage of No. 8
8. Fanella, D., and Rabbat, B., “No tes o n ACI 318-02 Building Co de
bars from Node 4 to Node 5
Requirements fo r Struc tural Co nc rete,” Po rtland Cement Asso c ia-
Assume the top layer of bars and the middle bar in the
tio n, 2002, Sko kie, IL.
bottom row are developed as straight bars from Node 4 to
9. Aguilar, G.; Matamo ro s, A.; Parra-Mo ntesino s, G.; Ramirez, J.;
Node 5 (Fig. 2). The available anchorage to the center of
and Wight, J. K., “Experimental Evaluatio n o f Design Pro c edures fo r
support at Node 5 is at least 50.2 in. (1280 mm). The required
Shear Strength o f Deep Reinfo rc ed Co nc rete Beams,” ACI Structural
development length from Section 12.2.2 of the Code is
Jo urnal, V. 99, No . 4, July-Aug. 2002, pp. 539-548.

Rec eived and reviewed under Institute pub lic atio n po lic ies.

Ja m e s K. Wigh tt, FACI, is a professor of civil

FINAL DETAILS
engineering at the University of Michigan, Ann
Figure 7 and 10 sho w the final reinfo rc ement details. The
Arbor. He is Chair of ACI Committee 318,
anc ho rage o f three layers o f No . 8 bars with 90 degree
ho o ks will c ause so me detailing and c o nstruc tio n pro blems Structural Concrete Building Code, and former
at No de 1. As disc ussed earlier, the use o f mec hanic al Chair of ACI Committee 318-F, New Materia ls ,
anc ho rage devic es o r 180 degree ho o ks in the plane o f the Products, Ideas. Wight is also a member of
reinfo rc ement layers may be required. ACI Committee 369, Seismic Repair and
The spac ing o f stirrups in the right span o f the beam Rehabilitation, and Joint ACI-ASCE Committees
is smaller than that in the left span. Mo st designers 352, Joints and Connections in Monolithic
wo uld expec t a wider spac ing in the right span bec ause Concrete Structures, and 445, Shear and Torsion. His primary research
the design shear fo rc e is lo wer than in the left span. This interest is earthquake resistant design of reinforced concrete structures.
apparent ano maly o c c urs bec ause there is essentially
no c o nc rete c o ntributio n ( fo rmer Vc term) in the right ACI me mb e r Gu s t a vvo o J. P rraa -Mo n t e s in o s
Paa rr
span, that is, all the design shear is assigned to the web is a n a s s is ta nt p rofe s s or a t th e Unive rs ity of
reinfo rc ement. In the left span, the entire design shear Mich iga n, Ann Arb or, wh e re h e ob ta ine d h is
is essentially c arried b y the c o nc rete strut, with the Ph D in 20 0 0 . He is me mb e r of Joint ACI-ASCE
additio n o f minimum spec ified amo unts o f vertic al and Committe e 352, Joints a nd Conne ctions in
ho rizo ntal steel to c o ntro l c rac king in the b o ttle-shaped Monolith ic Concre te Structure s , a nd
Strut 1-2. Se cre ta ry of ACI Committe e 335, Comp os ite
As stated in the intro duc tio n, this is no t a unique a nd Hyb rid Structure s . His re s ea rch inte re s ts
so lutio n and o ther designs c o uld be develo ped using STM. includ e th e s e is mic b e h a vior a nd d es ign of
Co mments o n this design and suggested mo dific atio ns re inforce d concre te , hyb rid s te e l-concre te , a nd fib e r-re inforce d
are welc o me. concre te s tructu re s .

70 MAY 2 0 0 3 / Concrete international