LIGHT – Lesson 1

Class VIII ,UNIT III , Second Semester

• We ‘see’ a lot of things around us on a daily basis. But how are we
able to do so? You might answer saying it is because of our eyes. Isn’t
it? And you aren’t wrong. But is it just the eyes? What about the
light? Light bounced back from the things around us and enabled us
to see things . This phenomenon is known as ‘Reflection of Light’.
• What is Reflection of Light?
• When a ray of light falls on any object (polished, smooth, shiny ,
rough or unpolished), light from that object bounces back those rays
of light to our eyes and enables us to look at the world around us, and
this is known as “Reflection of Light”.
This phenomenon is what enables us to look at the world around us .
 Types of Reflection

Smooth Rough surface

surface like like a table
plane mirror

REGULAR REFLECTION IRREGULAR REFLECTION

Types of Reflection:
There are two types of reflection :
a. Regular reflection:
Regular reflection is the reflection of rays of light such that a parallel
beam of light is reflected back as a parallel beam of light . This type of
reflection causes the formation of an image. In such a type of
reflection, the rays of light are reflected from a smooth and polished
surface such as a plane mirror.
b. Diffused/ Irregular Reflection:
• Diffused/Irregular reflection is the reflection of rays of light such that
a parallel beam of light is reflected back as a non-parallel beam of
light. This type of reflection does not form an image.
• In such a type of reflection, rays of light hit a rough and unpolished
surface and are reflected back such that the reflected rays scatter in
all directions.
• Hence, irregular reflection is also known as scattering .
An image is formed when two or more reflected
rays meet or appear to meet .
Types of image-
1. Real image - A real image is formed when two or more reflected
rays actually meet.

2. Virtual image – A virtual image is formed when two or

more reflected rays appear to meet.
 Difference between real and virtual image

Real image Virtual image

• A real image is formed due to • A virtual image is that image which is
actual intersection of reflected or formed when the light rays coming from
an object do not actually meet, but
refracted rays. appear to meet when produced
• A real image can be obtained on backwards.
the screen. • These images cannot be obtained on the
screen.
• The real image is always inverted. • The virtual image is always erect.
• The common example of real • The common example of virtual image is
image is the image formed on the the image formed in the mirror when we
cinema screen. stand in front of that mirror.
Laws of Reflection of Light state that :
a. The angle of incidence is always equal to the angle of reflection.

b. The incident ray, the normal at the point of incidence and the
reflected ray, all lie in the same plane.
A plane mirror is a mirror with a flat reflecting
surface.
Uses of Plane Mirror :
1. They are used as looking glass.
2. They are used in solar cookers.
3. They are also used periscope.
4. They are also used to make kaleidoscope.
5. They are used to create an illusion of space.
Image formation of point object in a plane
mirror
Image formation of a finite object in a plane
mirror
 Characteristics of image formed by a plane
mirror
• Revise the lesson.
• To be done in hard copy or P.C.
Q.1 Fill in the blanks :
iii. Real images are formed _____on the screen.
iv. A plane mirror is a mirror with a ___________ reflecting surface.
To be done in portfolio
Q.9 State the laws of reflection of light.
Q.17 If the incident ray is normal to the reflected ray, then find the
angle of incidence and angle of reflection.
Q.18 If the angle of incidence is 70°, then find the angle of reflection.
Light lesson II
Unit III , Second semester
Recapitulation
• Light is reflected from all surfaces and it helps us to see the objects
around us .
• Regular reflection takes place when light is incident on smooth,
polished and regular surfaces.
• Diffused/irregular reflection takes place from rough surfaces.
• Two laws of reflection are
• The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.
• Incident ray, reflected ray and the normal drawn at the point of incidence to
the reflecting surface, lie in the same plane.
Multiple reflection of light
• Multiple reflection of light is the reflection of light back and forth
several times between reflecting surfaces.
• Multiple reflection takes place as the image in one mirror acts as an
object for the second mirror.
Applications of Multiple reflections
• Multiple reflections are used in periscopes. Periscopes are used
in submarines, war tanks and by solders in bunkers to see objects that
are not visible directly.
• In a barber’s shop, we see the back of our head using multiple
reflections of two mirrors.
• In a Kaleidoscope, beautiful patterns are formed due to multiple
reflections.
How many images will be formed if an object
is kept between two plane mirrors????
• The number of images formed by two adjacent plane
mirrors depends on the angle between the mirror (θ).
If θ (in degrees) is angle between the plane mirrors
then number of images are given by,

• n=360 − 1. if 360 / θ is even

θ

• n=360 if 360 / θ is odd

θ
For example
• When the angle between the mirrors is 90°,
• the number of images is (360/90°)-1 = 4-1 = 3.
• Similarly, when the angle is 60°, the number of images is
(360/60°)-1=6-1 = 5.
Numerical practice
• Find the number of images if the angle between two plane mirrors is
• 45
• 20
• 15
•0
• 180
Kaleidoscope:
The kaleidoscope is a device that uses multiple reflection of light to
produce patterns. It consists of mirrors inclined to each other. This
creates beautiful geometric patterns, which change when the
kaleidoscope is rotated or shaken.
Construction of a kaleidoscope
• A kaleidoscope is composed of a hollow tube. Three mirrors are
placed in the form of a triangular tube such that their reflecting
surfaces face each other.
• One end of the tube is covered with a transparent sheet and another
end is covered with an opaque sheet. There is an eyehole in the
opaque sheet to see the designs. A few pieces of glass bangles or
small pearls are filled inside the tube.
Working of a kaleidoscope
• When a kaleidoscope is rotated, we get to see various geometric
patterns in it as the image in one mirror acts as an object for the
second mirror and so on. These patterns are formed because of
multiple reflections.
Uses of Kaleidosope
1. It is used by artists to create new patterns and to draw them.
2. It is used by fabric designers to design rugs/cloths.
3. It is used by tile designers to design tiles.
4. It is often used as a toy by kids.
How to make a kaleidoscope
Let’s make a kaleidoscope!!

• You can make a kaleidoscope with three equal-sized mirror strips. Tape the
strips together, with their shiny sides facing inwards, to form a triangular
tube. Now tape two sides of a small, transparent polythene pouch to two
sides of the tube.
• Put small, coloured, transparent (or translucent) things into the pouch. You
can put coloured glass (from bangles), beads, pieces cut from drinking
straws, etc. Tape the open end of the pouch to the third mirror. Keep the
pouch loose enough to allow the things inside it to move easily.
• Cover the other end of the tube with stiff paper, and make a hole in it with
a pencil. Look through the hole. Do you see a beautiful pattern? Shake the
kaleidoscope to change the pattern.
Periscope

A Periscope is an optical instrument that allows objects that are not in direct line of sight to be
viewed.
Periscopes have proven to be of great help to submariners by allowing the submariner to have a
view above the surface of water and aid in navigation under water.
Principle of working of a periscope
• The periscope is based on multiple reflection of light.
Construction of a periscope
• Periscopes can be constructed using a pair of flat mirrors and a
rectangular hollow tube that has a viewing window at the top and
bottom of the tube.
• The mirrors within this structure are fixed at an angle of 45o at the
two ends of the rectangular hollow tube.
Working of a periscope
• The image is first formed in the upper mirror .
• The upper mirror reflects it to the lower mirror , which then reflects it
to the observer.
• Thus image is seen in the periscope due to multiple reflection of light.
Summary
• Multiple reflection takes place as the image in one mirror acts as an
object for the second mirror.
• Periscope and kaleidoscope are based on multiple reflection of light.
• The number of images formed by two adjacent plane mirrors
depends on the angle between the mirror (θ). If θ (in
degrees) is angle between the plane mirrors then number of
images are given by,

• n=360 − 1. if 360 / θ is even

θ

• n=360 if 360 / θ is odd

θ
 To be done in hard copy or P.C.

Q.2 State whether following statements are true or false :

i. Multiple reflection is used in kaleidoscope. ________
iii. When light reaches our eyes after reflection from an object, we are
able to ________
Assignment (To be done in portfolio)
Q.16 i. What is meant by multiple reflection of light.
ii. Calculate the number of images formed if the angle between two
mirrors is
a. 40° b. 45°
c. 90° d. 20°
Stay home , revise your lesson. Be safe
Light lesson III
Unit III , Second semester
Dispersion

• Upon passage through the prism, the white light is separated into its
component colors - red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet.
The separation of visible light into its seven component colours is
known as dispersion.
• Dispersion of white light occurs because, as they pass through a
prism, different colours of light bend through different angles with
respect to the incident ray. The red light bends the least as it is the
fastest while the violet bends the most as it is the slowest .
• The band of seven colours obtained due to dispersion of white light is
called spectrum ( VIBGYOR ).
• One of nature's most beautiful phenomenon seen is the rainbow. The
rainbow is formed due to dispersion through raindrops suspended in
the air which act as tiny prisms.
The necessary conditions for the formation of the rainbow
• Presence of raindrops.
• Sun should be at your back to observe the rainbow.
HUMAN EYE
Structure and working of human eye
• What is inside Our Eyes? We see things only when light coming from
them enters our eyes. Eye is one of our most important sense organs.
It is, therefore, important to understand its structure and working.
• The eye has a roughly spherical shape. The outer coat of the eye is
white. It is tough so that it can protect the interior of the eye from
accidents. Its transparent front part is called cornea . Behind the
cornea, we find a dark muscular structure called iris. In the iris, there
is a small opening called the pupil. The size of the pupil is controlled
by the iris. The iris is that part of eye which gives it its distinctive
colour. When we say that a person has blue eyes, we refer actually to
the colour of the iris. The iris controls the size of the pupil and pupil
regulates the amount of light entering into the eye.
• Behind the pupil of the eye is a Convex lens
• The lens focuses light on the back of the eye, on a layer called retina.
The retina contains several nerve cells. Sensations felt by the nerve
cells are then transmitted to the brain through the optic nerve. There
are two kinds of cells in the retina –
(i) Cones, which are sensitive to bright light .Cone cells can sense
colour.
(ii) Rods, which are sensitive to dim light.
• At the junction of the optic nerve and the retina, there are no sensory
cells, so no vision is possible at that spot. This is called the blind spot.
To be done in P.C. or hard copy

Q.1 Fill in the blanks :

flat
iv. A plane mirror is a mirror with a ___________ reflecting surface.
v. Cone bright
__________cells help us to distinguish colour and are also sensitive to _________ light.
Q.2 State whether following statements are true or false :
i. Multiple reflection is used in kaleidoscope. ________
True
False
ii. The yellow spot is the position inside the human eye where the image ________
is not visible.
iii. When light reaches our eyes after reflection from an object, we are able to see it.
True
_______
iv. During dispersion, white light splits into seven colours. ________
True
False
v. The optic nerve carries the electric signals from the brain to the retina. ________
Q.3 Give one word for the following :
Reflection
ii. Bouncing back of light on striking a surface. ________
Angle of reflection
v. The angle between the reflected ray and the normal. ________
Q.4 Define lateral inversion.
Ans. Lateral inversion is a phenomenon in which left side of an object
appears to be right side of an image and vice versa in a plane mirrror.
Q.5 State the principle of working of periscope.
Ans. Multiple reflection is the principle of working of periscope.
To be done in portfolio

Q.6 List the characteristics of an image formed in a plane mirror.

Ans. Characteristics of the image formed by a plane mirror are-
1. The image formed is erect.
2. The image is laterally inverted.
3. The image is of the same size as that of the object.
4. The image is laterally inverted.
5. The image formed is as far behind the mirror as the object is in front of it.
Q.10 Where do you see dispersion in nature. Explain your answer briefly.
Ans. Rainbows are seen due to dispersion in nature. As the rainbow is formed
due to dispersion through the tiny raindrops suspended in the air which act as
prisms.
Thank you
Light lesson IV
Unit III , Second semester
• Near point or least distance of distinct vision-The near point of the eye is
the minimum distance of the object from the eye, which can be seen
distinctly without strain. For a normal human eye, this distance is 25 cm.

• The far point of the eye is the maximum distance to

which the eye can see the objects clearly.
• The far point of the normal human eye is infinity
Accommodation of the eye
• The ability of the eye to see distant as well as nearby objects
clearly is called accommodation . The ciliary muscles help to
adjust the focal length of the eye lens so that we can see
both nearby and faraway objects clearly.
• Persistence of vision : The human brain can retain an image for 1/16
of a second even after the object has moved away from the eye . If
another picture overlaps this image then an illusion of motion is
created.
• Movies and animation are the optical phenomenon where the illusion
of motion is created because the brain interprets multiple still images
as one due to Persistence of vision .
Eye defects
Defects of vision and their corrections
There are three common defects of vision. They are:
1) Myopia (Short-sightedness or Near-sightedness)
2) Hypermetropia (Long-sightedness or Far-sightedness)
3) Cataract
• Myopia
• The defect of an eye in which it cannot see the distant objects clearly
is called myopia. A person with myopia can see nearby objects clearly.
Myopia is caused due to:
• High converging power of the lens
• Eye-ball being too long
• Due to the high convergence of the eye-lens, the image is formed in
front of the retina and a person cannot see clearly the distant objects.
• Myopia or short-sightedness can be corrected by wearing spectacles
containing a concave lens.
Hypermetropia
Hypermetropia or long-sightedness is a defect of an eye where a person
can see faraway objects distinctly but cannot see nearby objects clearly.
The near-point of the hypermetropic eye is more than 25 cm away. This
defect of the eye is caused due to:
• Low converging power of eye-lens
• Eye-ball being too short
• In the case of hypermetropia, the image of an object is formed behind
the retina and therefore, a person cannot see clearly nearby objects.
• The near-point of an eye having hypermetropia is more than 25
cm. The condition of hypermetropia can be corrected by putting a
convex lens in front of the eye.
Cataract:
• Another defect of the eye which comes in old age is the cataract. It
develops when the eye-lens of a person becomes cloudy or milky
due to the formation of a membrane over it. It decreases the vision
of the eye gradually and can lead to a total loss of vision of the eye.
• It can be restored through surgery. The opaque lens is removed and
an artificial lens is inserted in its place .
• This defect cannot be corrected by wearing spectacles.
• How can a visually challenged person read ?
• Braille is a system that uses combinations of raised dots to spell letters and numbers. It’s used by
people who are partially or completely visually challenged to help them to read and write. Braille
is not actually a language — it’s a system of writing. So you can write in any language using
braille!
• It was invented by Louis Braille. Louis Braille was a French educator and inventor of a system of
reading and writing for use by the blind or visually impaired. His system remains virtually
unchanged to this day, and is known worldwide simply as braille.
• Blinded in both eyes as a result of an early childhood accident, Louis Braille mastered his disability
while still a boy. He excelled in his education and received a scholarship to France's Royal Institute
for Blind Youth. While still a student there, he began developing a system of tactile code that
could allow blind people to read and write quickly and efficiently.
Recapitulation
Assignment (To be done in P.C. or hard copy)
Q.3 Give one word for the following :
i. Lens used to correct hypermetropia. ________
Convex lens

iii. The minimum distance which human eye can see without any
strain. ________
25cm

iv. System used by visually challenged person to read and write.

________
Braille system
Q.7 What is the far point and near point of the human eye with
normal vision?
Ans. For a human eye with normal vision, far point is infinity and near
point is 25 cm.
Q.8 Briefly explain the principle of cinematography.
Ans. The principle of cinematography is Persistence of vision. The
human brain can retain an image for 1/16 of a second even after the
object has moved away from the eye . If another picture overlaps this
image then an illusion of motion is created.
Assignment(To be done in portfolio)
Section D (Long answer type questions)
Q.11 Draw the diagram of image formation of point and finite object
in a plane mirror.
Ans. Image formation of point object in a plane mirror
Image formation of a finite object in a plane
mirror
Q.12 Explain function of (i) cornea (ii) ciliary muscles (iii) optic nerves
w.r.t. human eye.
Ans. (i) cornea : To protect the eye and to refract the light rays.
(ii) ciliary muscles : To adjust the focal length of the eye lens so that we
can see both nearby and faraway objects clearly.
(iii) optic nerves : To carry the electric signals from the retina to the
brain.
Q.13 State five ways to protect your eyes from damage.
Ans. Eat a healthy, balanced diet. Your diet should include plenty or fruits and vegetables, especially deep
yellow (vitamin A) and green leafy vegetables. Eating fish high in omega-3 fatty acids, such as salmon, tuna,
and halibut can also help your eyes .
Maintain a healthy weight. Being overweight or having obesity increases your risk of developing diabetes.
Having diabetes puts you at higher risk of getting many eye problems.
Get regular exercise. Exercise may help to prevent or control diabetes, high blood pressure, and high
cholesterol. These diseases can lead to some eye or vision problems. So if you exercise regularly, you can
lower your risk of getting these eye and vision problems.
Wear sunglasses. Sun exposure can damage your eyes and raise your risk of cataracts and age-related
problems. Protect your eyes by using sunglasses that block out 99 to 100 percent of both UV-A and UV-B
radiation.
Avoid smoking. Smoking increases the risk of developing age-related eye diseases such as cataracts and can
damage the optic nerve.
Give your eyes a rest. If you spend a lot of time using a computer, you can forget to blink your eyes and your
eyes can get tired. To reduce eyestrain, try the 20-20-20 rule: Every 20 minutes, look away about 20 feet in
front of you for 20 seconds.
Q.14 Explain the working of the human eye with a neat and well labelled
diagram.
Ans. The human eye consists of various parts which help us in seeing the
objects:
(a) Cornea: It is the transparent membrane which refracts the light
entering our eye.
(b) Iris: Iris controls the size of pupil.
(c) Pupil: It allows the light to enter our eye to pass through it.
(d) Lens: Helps to form the image.
(e) Ciliary muscles: Helps in changing the focal length of the lens.
(f) Retina: It is the screen of the eye on which image is formed. It
consists of rods and cones.
(g) Optic nerve: It carries the electrical signals from retina to brain.
Q.15 Explain the phenomenon of dispersion of light with the help of a
neat and well labelled diagram.
Ans. Dispersion is the splitting of white light into its constituent colours.
Dispersion takes place as different colours travel at different speeds
inside the glass prism.
Q.19 During the dispersion of white light , which colour deviates the maximum. Give reasons for
your answer.
Ans. Violet deviates the most when white light gets dispersed as it travels the slowest.
Q.20 A student planned an activity to observe an object A through pipes as shown in the given
figure, so that he could see objects which he could not directly see.
(a) How many mirrors should he use to see the object?
Ans. 3
(b) Draw the positions of the mirrors in the given figure.
Ans. The plane mirrors should be be placed at the position where the pipe bends.
(c) What must be the angle with respect to the incident light at which he should place the mirrors?
Ans. 450
(d) Indicate the direction of rays in the figure.
Thank you
Light- MCQ & Worksheet
 DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL, FARIDABAD
General Science Assignment — 2021-22, Semester II, Unit III
Class - VIII
PHYSICS (MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS)

Topic : Light
Q.1 If the incident ray makes an angle of 30° with the
surface, then the angle of reflection is equal to
a. 30° b. 0°
c. 60° d. 90°
Q.2 Which one of the following statements is correct
regarding rods and cones in the human eye?
a. Cones are sensitive to dim light
b. Cones are sensitive to bright light
c. Rods are sensitive to bright light
d. Rods can sense colour
Q.3 The Band of seven colours obtained after dipersion
is called
a. VIBGYOR b. spectrum
c. dispersion d. reflection
Q.4 Devices that are based on multiple reflection are
a. pinhole camera b. kaleidoscope
c. periscope d. both (b) and (c)
Q.5 Visually impaired people can read and write using
a. sign langauge b. hearing aids
c. braille system d. All of the above
Q.6 The thickness of eye lens is controlled by
a. retina b. ciliary muscles
c. iris d. cornea
Q.7 In dim light, the pupil of the eye
a. dilates b. gets smaller
c. remains same d. none of the above
Q.8 When two plane mirrors are kept at 60° to each
other, we get
a. four images b. three images
c. inifinite number of images d. five images
Q.9 As per the law of reflection, the relation
between the angle of incidence (i) and the angle
of reflection (r) is given by
a. i<r b. i ≥ r
c. i=r d. i ≤ r
Q.10 The retention of image of an object
a. Accomodation of eye b. Persistence of vision
c. both ‘a’ and ‘b’ d. neither ‘a’ nor ‘b’
 DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL, FARIDABAD
General Science Assignment (Worksheet) — 2021-22
Semester II, Unit III, Class - VIII
PHYSICS
Topic : Light
Q.1 Where is the image formed in the human eye. Also state the
characteristics of image formed.
Ans. The image is formed on the retina. The image formed is real, dimnished
and coloured.

Q.2 What is cataract? How can it be corrected?

Ans. The cataract develops when the eye-lens of a person becomes cloudy
or milky due to the formation of a membrane over it. It decreases the
vision of the eye gradually and can lead to a total loss of vision of the eye.
It can be restored through surgery. The opaque lens is removed and an
artificial lens is inserted in its place. This defect cannot be corrected by
wearing spectacles.
Q.3 Define
i. Persistence of vision
Ans. The human brain can retain an image for 1/16 of a
second even after the object has moved away from
the eye . If another picture overlaps this image then
an illusion of motion is created.
ii. Least distance of distinct vision.
Ans. Near point or least distance of distinct vision-
The near point of the eye is the minimum distance of
the object from the eye, which can be seen distinctly
without strain. For a normal human eye,
this distance is 25 cm.
Q.4 Why do we see dispersion of light when it
passes through a prism.
Ans. Dispersion of white light occurs because, as
they pass through a prism, different colours of
light travel at different speeds and so bend
through different angles with respect to the
incident ray. The red light bends the least as it
is the fastest while the violet bends the most
as it is the slowest.
• Q.5 What is meant by
multiple reflection. Show
multiple reflection of light
in a periscope.
• Ans. Multiple reflection of
light is the reflection of light
back and forth several times
between reflecting surfaces.
• Multiple reflection takes
place as the image in one
mirror acts as an object for
the second mirror. Periscope
Q.6 What do you understand by power of
accommodation.
Ans. The ability of the eye to see distant as well as
nearby objects clearly is called accommodation . The
ciliary muscles help to adjust the focal length of the
eye lens so that we can see both nearby and faraway
objects clearly.
 Q.7 Distinguish between regular and irregular
reflection.
Ans. Regular Reflection:- Irregular Reflection:-

1) In regular Reflection, All the 1) In irregular reflection, All

light that falls on the the light that falls on the
surface reflecting on the surface is not reflected in a
surface is reflected in a definite direction but gets
definite direction. scattered.
2) It takes place on a smoothly 2)It takes place on a rough and
polished surface. uneven surface.
3) Image is formed in regular 3) Image is not formed in
reflection. irregular reflection.
Q.8 Why are we not able to see clearly for some
time when we go from bright sunlight to a dark
room?
Ans. When we enter a darkened room from bright
sunlight, we are unable to see at first. This is
because the size of the pupil is small in brightly lit
room. When we enter the dark room, the pupil
takes some time to expand enabling us to see
later as more light enters the eye.
 Q.9 What is the far point and near point for a person, who is
suffering from (i) hypermetropia (ii) myopia.

Ans. For a person, who is

For a person, who is suffering from Myopia
suffering from Far point = Less than
Hypermetropia - infinity
Far point = Infinity Near point = 25 cm
Near point = Greater than
25 cm
• Q.10 State the function of following parts of human
eye :
a. Eye lens
Ans. It helps to form the image.
b. Pupil
Ans. It allows the light to enter our eye.
c. Retina
Ans. It is the screen of the eye on which image is formed.
d. Optic nerve
Ans. It carries the electrical signals from retina to brain.
Thank you