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1-Module 1-Introduction About Ems and Scada

This document discusses load flow analysis in power systems. It begins by explaining the purpose of load flow analysis, which is to determine line and transformer loading, voltages at different points, and evaluate system performance. It also helps with future expansion planning and ensuring reliability. The document then covers topics like the need for load flow analysis, an overview of how it works, different types of buses, and formulations of the load flow problem. It describes how load flow analysis solves for voltages and power flows across the network to an acceptable solution while meeting operating constraints.

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sahale shera
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69 views15 pages

1-Module 1-Introduction About Ems and Scada

This document discusses load flow analysis in power systems. It begins by explaining the purpose of load flow analysis, which is to determine line and transformer loading, voltages at different points, and evaluate system performance. It also helps with future expansion planning and ensuring reliability. The document then covers topics like the need for load flow analysis, an overview of how it works, different types of buses, and formulations of the load flow problem. It describes how load flow analysis solves for voltages and power flows across the network to an acceptable solution while meeting operating constraints.

Uploaded by

sahale shera
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EEE4007-Energy Management

Systems and SCADA


MODULE 1
LECTURE 1

Dr.K.Ravi
Associate Professor, Sr
SELECT
VIT,Vellore
DR RAVI K ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
Introduction

• Giving real and reactive power the load flow study provides
information about line and transformer loading (as well as losses)
throughout the system and voltages at different points in the system
for evaluation and regulation of the performance of the power
systems.
• Further study and analysis of future expansion, stability and reliability
of the power system network can be easily analysed through this
study.
• Growing demand of the power and complexity of the power system
network, power system study is an significant tool for an power
system operator in order to take corrective actions in time. The
advent of digital computers, load-flow solutions were obtained using
network analyzers.

DR RAVI K ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR


DR RAVI K ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
DR RAVI K ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
Need for Load Flow Analysis

• Load flow studies determine if system voltages remain


within specified limits under normal or emergency operating
conditions

• To design the different power system components such as


generators, lines, transformers, shunt elements, etc. so that
these can withstand the stresses they are exposed to during
steady state operation without any risk of damages.

• For an economical operation of the system, the losses


should be kept at a low value taking various constraints into
account, and the risk that the system enters into unstable
modes of operation must be supervised.
DR RAVI K ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
Load Flow Analysis – An overview

• The load flow problem consists of finding the set of voltages:


magnitude and angle, which, together with the network
impedances, produces the load flows that are known to be
correct at the system terminals.
• Power system is a collection of buses, connected together by
lines. A bus is a node to which various components like
generator, loads etc.. are connected either to supply power
or to demand power from the system.
• Load flow (or power flow) solution is the determination of
current, voltage, active power and reactive volt-amperes at
various points in a power system operating under normal
steady-state or static conditions

DR RAVI K ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR


Classification of Buses

Bus Type Specified Variables Unspecified


Variables
Slack bus or
Reference bus 𝑉 ,𝛿 𝑃, 𝑄
or Swing bus
Load bus or P-Q 𝑃, 𝑄 𝑉 ,𝛿
bus
Generator bus
or P-V bus or 𝑃, 𝑉 𝑄, 𝛿
Voltage
controlled bus

DR RAVI K ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR


Slack Bus/Swing Bus/Reference Bus

• This bus is distinguished from the other two types by the


fact that real and reactive powers at this bus are not
specified. Instead, voltage magnitude and phase angle
(normally set equal to zero) are specified.
• The power loss in the system are unknown until the load
flow study is complete this is because the net complex
power flow into the network is not known in advance.
Hence, real and reactive powers (i.e. complex power) cannot
be fixed at the buses beforehand.
• It is, therefore, necessary to have one bus (i.e. the slack bus)
at which complex power is unspecified so that it supplies the
difference in the total system load plus losses and the sum of
the complex powers specified at the remaining buses.

DR RAVI K ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR


Load Flow Problem
The complex power injected by the source into the ith bus of a power system is
𝑆𝑖 = 𝑃𝑖 + 𝑗𝑄𝑖 = 𝑉𝑖 𝐼𝑖∗ , 𝑖 = 1,2, … 𝑛
where 𝑉𝑖 is the voltage at the ith bus with respect to ground and 𝐼𝑖 is the
source current injected into the bus.

The Load
∗
flow analysis is handled more conveniently by use of 𝐼𝑖 rather
than 𝐼𝑖 .
𝑆𝑖∗ = 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑗𝑄𝑖 = 𝑉𝑖∗ 𝐼𝑖 , 𝑖 = 1,2, … 𝑛
𝑛

𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐼𝑖 = ෍ 𝑦𝑖𝑘 𝑉𝑘


𝑛 𝑘=1

𝑃𝑖 − 𝑗𝑄𝑖 = 𝑉𝑖∗ ෍ 𝑦𝑖𝑘 𝑉𝑘 , 𝑖 = 1,2, … 𝑛


𝑘=1

DR RAVI K ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR


Load Flow Problem

Equating real and imaginary parts we get 𝑛

𝑃𝑖 (𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟) = 𝑅𝑒 𝑉𝑖∗ ෍ 𝑦𝑖𝑘 𝑉𝑘


𝑘=1 𝑛

𝑄𝑖 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = −𝑖𝑚 𝑉𝑖∗ ෍ 𝑦𝑖𝑘 𝑉𝑘


𝑘=1
In polar form
𝑉𝑖 = 𝑉𝑖 𝑒 𝑗𝛿1
𝑦𝑖𝑘 = 𝑦𝑖𝑘 𝑒 𝑗𝜃𝑖𝑘
The real and reactive power are now expressed
𝑛
as
𝑃𝑖 (𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟) = 𝑉𝑖 ෍ 𝑉𝑘 𝑦𝑖𝑘 cos (𝜃𝑖𝑘 + 𝛿𝑘 − 𝛿𝑖 )
𝑘=1 𝑛

𝑄𝑖 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = − 𝑉𝑖 ෍ 𝑉𝑘 𝑦𝑖𝑘 sin (𝜃𝑖𝑘 + 𝛿𝑘 − 𝛿𝑖 )


𝑘=1

DR RAVI K ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR


Load Flow Problem

Equations for 𝑃𝑖 & 𝑄𝑖 are referred to as static load flow equations (SLFE). By
transposing all the variables on one side, these equations can be written in the
vector form
𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 0
Where f = vector function of dimension 2n
x = dependent or state vector of dimension 2n (2n
unspecified variables)
y = vector of independent variables of dimension 2n (2n
independent variables which are specified a priori)

Some of the independent variables in y can be used to manipulate some of the


state variables. These adjustable independent variables are called control
parameters.

DR RAVI K ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR


Load Flow Problem
Vector y can then be partitioned into a vector u of control parameters and a
vector p of fixed parameters.

To study SLFE solution to have practical significance, all the state and
control variables must lie within specified practical limits These limits,
which are dictated by specifications of power system hardware and
operating constraints, as

Voltage magnitude 𝑉𝑖 must satisfy the inequality


𝑉𝑖 𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ 𝑉𝑖 ≤ 𝑉𝑖 𝑚𝑎𝑥
The power system equipment is designed to operate at fixed voltages with
allowable variations of ±(5 − 10)% of the rated values

DR RAVI K ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR


Load Flow Problem

• The variable δis must satisfy the inequality constraint


𝛿𝑖 − 𝛿𝑘 ≤ 𝛿𝑖 − 𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥
• Owing to physical limitations of P and/or Q generation sources,
PGi and QGi are constrained as follows
𝑃𝐺𝑖,𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ 𝑃𝐺𝑖 ≤ 𝑃𝐺𝑖,𝑚𝑎𝑥
∗
𝑄𝐺𝑖,𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ 𝑄𝐺𝑖 ≤ 𝑄𝐺𝑖,𝑚𝑎𝑥
• The total generation of real and reactive power must equal the total
load demand plus losses, i.e.
σ𝑖 𝑃𝐺𝑖 = σ𝑖 𝑃𝐷𝑖 + 𝑃𝐿
σ𝑖 𝑄𝐺𝑖 = σ𝑖 𝑄𝐷𝑖 + 𝑄𝐿
where 𝑃𝐿 and 𝑄𝐿 are system real and reactive power loss, respectively

DR RAVI K ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR


Comparison of load flow study

DR RAVI K ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

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