MODULE VIII : Design and Analysis of Compression Members (Columns)

Course No. : CE - 514

Course Title : Reinforced Concrete Design

Course Description : This course is concerned with the design, applications and code
specifications used in structural reinforced concrete members subjected to flexure
(beams, girders, joists, lintels, girts, etc.), tension and compression members
(columns), combined stressed members (beams-columns), beam column connections
using the Elastic Limit Method, also known as the Alternate Stress Design (ASD) or
Working Stress Design (WSD) and the Plastic Limit Method (PLM) or the Ultimate
Strength Design (USD). Applications and specifications as applied to buildings,
bridges, and other reinforced concrete structures are also given emphasis. A thorough
knowledge and proficiency in Structural Theory is imperative.

Total Learning Time: 4 Units (3 hours lecture, 3 hours computational laboratory per week)
Pre-requisites : Theory I and Theory II
Overview:
A reinforced concrete column is a structural member designed to carry compressive
loads, composed of concrete with an embedded steel frame to provide reinforcement. For
design purposes, the columns are separated into two categories: short columns and slender
columns. he strength of short columns is controlled by the strength of the material and the
geometry of the cross section. Reinforcing rebar is placed axially in the column to provide
additional axial stiffness. Accounting for the additional stiffness of the steel, the nominal
loading capacity Pn for the column in terms of the maximum compressive stress of the
concrete fc', the yield stress of the steel fy, the gross cross section area of the column Ag, and
the total cross section area of the steel rebar Ast.
Learning Outcomes:
After completing this module, the students should be able to:
1. Identify the different 3 types of columns in terms of loads, and in terms of
reinforcements and ties.
2. Analyze and design axially loaded columns, columns with small
eccentricity and columns with large eccentricity.
3. Analyze and design columns using the interaction diagrams.

Indicative Content: Axially loaded columns and columns with small eccentricity, Columns
with large eccentricity, Column interaction diagrams

Pre-Assessment: Answer the following questions:

1. What is a short column?
2. Discuss an eccentrically loaded column?
3. What is a long column?
4. Discuss the process of designing column using an interaction diagram.
Discussion:
A column is a vertical structural member supporting a floor beam, girder, or other
member, and supporting primarily vertical loads. Columns are members used primarily to
support axial compressive loads and have ratio of height to least lateral dimension of not less
than 3. Since concrete has a high compressive strength and is an in expensive materials, it
can be used for the design of compression members economically. Under compressive loads,
columns tend only to shortened lengthwise but also to expand laterally due to the Poisson
effect. The capacity of such members can be greatly increased by providing lateral restraint
in the form of closely spaced ties or spirals wrap around the longitudinal reinforcing.

Types of columns based on loading

1. Axially Loaded Columns – where loads are assumed acting at the center of the
column section. Although a column subjected to pure axial loads does not exist in
concrete buildings, however it can be assumed that axially loaded columns are those
relatively small eccentricity “e” of about 15 + 0.03h or less.
2. Eccentrically Loaded Columns – vertical alignment of columns in a multi-storey
building is not possible, causing loads to be eccentric relative to the center of
columns. The eccentric load will cause moments in the column. In actual practice,
there are no perfect axially loaded column.
3. Bi-axial Loaded Columns – where the load is applied at any point on the column
section, causing moment about both the x and y axes simultaneously.

Types of Columns Based on Frame Bracings:

1. Columns in a frame that is braced against sidesway. The effects of the
slenderness maybe neglected when KLu/r ≤ (34 – 12) M1/M2 ≤ 40 where M1/M2 is positive if
the column is bent in a single curvature and negative if the member is bent in double
curvature.
M1 = smaller factored end moment on a compression member
M2 = larger factored end moment on a compression member
Lu = unsupported length of compression member

2. Columns in a frame that is not braced against sidesway. The effect of slenderness
maybe neglected when:
a) KLu/r < (34 – 12) M1/M2 --- can be consider short column
b) KLu/r > (34 – 12) M1/M2 ----- it is a long column.
Slenderness effect should be considered.
r = 0.30 times the overall dimension in the direction stability for rectangular
compression members (tied column)
r = 0.25 times the diameter of circular compression members (spiral column)

Types of Columns in Terms of Reinforcement and Ties:

1. Tied Columns – the reinforcement consists of longitudinal bars and separate lateral
ties.
2. Spiral Columns – the reinforcement consists of longitudinal bars enclosed by a closely
spaced spiral.
3. Composite Columns – the reinforcement consists of a structural steel shape
thoroughly enclosed in concrete reinforced with both longitudinal and spiral
reinforcement.
Concrete Columns can be Roughly Divided into Three Categories:
1. Short compression blocks or pedestals. If the height of an upright compression
member is less than three times its least lateral dimensions, it may be considered to be
a pedestal. Pedestal may be designed with unreinforced or plain concrete with a
maximum permissible compressive stress equal to 0.85ɸfc’, where ɸ is 0.70. should
the compressive stress be greater than this value, the pedestal will have to be designed
as a reinforced concrete column.
2. Short reinforced concrete column. When a reinforced concrete column fails due to
initial material failure, it is classified as a short column. The load that it can support
is controlled by the dimensions of the cross section and the strength of the materials
of which it is constructed.
3. Long reinforced concrete column. When the length of a column be increased, the
chances that it will fail by buckling will be increased. A column that fails by buckling
is said to be a long column.
A. AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS AND COLUMNS WITH SMALL
ECCENTRICITY

Design Equations:
a. For tied column: ϕ= 0.70
Pu = .80ϕAg [0.85fc’ (1 – ρg) + ρgfy]
For column with small eccentricity, e < 0.10h for tied column
Spacing of lateral ties:
1. 48 times diameter of lateral ties
2. 16 times diameter of main bars
3. Least column dimension
Note: Use whichever is lesser.

b. For spiral column: ϕ= 0.75

Pu = .85ϕAg [0.85fc’ (1 – ρg) + ρgfy]
For spiral column, allowable eccentricity, e < 0.05 D for spiral column
Spacing of spiral ties:
S = 4As/Dcρs
As = area of spiral ties
Dc = Core diameter
ρs = spiral steel ratio
ρs = 0.45 [Ag/Ac - 1]fc’/fy
Ac = area of the core
Ag = gross area of concrete column

Example: Given:
PDL = 1,000 kN PLL = 1,350 kN MDL = 20 kN-m
MLL = 30 kN-m fc’ = 30MPa fy = 400MPa
ρg = 0.03
Design a short column using:
a) Square tied column
b) Circular spiral column
c) Square section with spiral reinforcement

Solution: a) Square tied column: ϕ = 0.70

Pu = 1.4 PDL + 1.7 PLL
Pu = 1.4 (1000) + 1.7 (1350) = 3695 kN
Mu = 1.4 MDL + 1.7 MLL
Mu = 1.4 (20) + 1.7 (30) = 79kN-m
e = Mu/Pu = 79/3695 = 0.021m

Pu = .80ϕAg [0.85fc’ (1 – ρg) + ρgfy]

3695 (1000) = 0.80(0.70) (Ag) [0.85 (30) (1 – 0.03) + 0.03 (400)]
Ag = 179,616.56mm2
 For Square Column:
h2 = Ag
h2 = 179,616.56mm2
h = √ 179,616.56
h = 423.81mm ---------- say h = 450mm

Check eccentricity for column with small eccentricity:

Allowable e = 0.10h ------ 0.10 (450) = 45mm
Actual e = 0.021 (1000) = 21mm < 45mm ------------- ok
As = ρgAg ---- 0.03 (450)2 = 6,075mm2
Using # 10 bars ------ A1#10 = 819mm2
N = 6075/819 = 7.42 say 8 pieces

Spacing of ties ------using 10mmϕ ties

1. 48(10) = 480mm
2. 16 (32.26) = 516mm
3. At least column diameter = 450mm
Use whichever is lesser -------- therefore, use 450mm or 0.45m

Figure: 450mm

10mmϕ ties @ 450mm o.c.

450mm

8 - # 10 bars

b) Using round spiral column: ϕ = 0.75

Pu = .85ϕAg [0.85fc’ (1 – ρg) + ρgfy]
3695 (1000) = 0.85(0.75) (Ag) [0.85 (30) (1 – 0.03) + 0.03 (400)]
Ag = 157,780.80mm2

For Round Column:

πd2/4 = Ag
πd2/4 = 157,780.80
d = 448.21----------- say 450mm
Check eccentricity for column with small eccentricity:
Allowable e = 0.05d ------ 0.05 (450) = 22.50mm
Actual e = 0.021 (1000) = 21mm < 22.50mm ------------- ok
As = ρgAg ---- 0.03 π (4502)/4 = 4771.30mm2
Using # 9 bars ------ A1#9 = 645mm2
N = 4771.30/645 = 7.39 say 8 pieces
Spiral Spacing: S = 4As/Dcρs
 As = area of spiral
Dc = core diameter
ρs = spiral steel ratio --- minimum
ρs = 0.45 [Ag/As - 1]fc’/fy
ρs = 0.45 [(πd2/4)/(πDc2/4) - 1]fc’/fy
ρs = 0.45 [d2/Dc2 - 1]fc’/fy --------------------- Dc = 450 – 2 (40) = 370mm
ρs = 0.45 [ 4502/3702 - 1]30/400 = 0.016

Using 10mmϕ stirrups ---- A1-10 = 78.54mm2

S = 4 (78.54)/370(0.016) = 53.07mm -------say 50mm

40mm
8 # 9 bars

Dc = 370mm d = 450mm

40mm

Spiral pitch

10mm spiral @ 50mm o.c.

c. Square section with spiral reinforcement

- equation use is for spiral
- section is square
- Spacing is for spiral

Ag = 157,780.80mm2 h2 = 157,780.80mm2
h = 397.2163 ----------------- h = 400mm

Check for eccentricity ----- actual e = 0.10 (400) = 40mm > e allowable (21mm) -- ok
As = 0.03 (400)2 = 4800mm2
Using # 10 bars ------ As = 319mm2
 Number of bars = 4800/319 = 5.86 ---- say 6 pieces
S = 4As/Dcρs ------------------- Dc = 400 – 2 (40) = 320mm
ρs = 0.45 [ 4502/3202 - 1]30/400 = 0.033
S = 4 (78.54)/320(0.033) = 29.75mm say 28mm

Figure:

6 # 9 bars with
10mmϕ spiral @ 28mm o.c.
400mm

400mm

B. COLUMNS WITH LARGE ECCENTRICITY

When e actual is greater than allowable e – it is column with large eccentricity.
e is measured from the plastic centroid of the column section.

At balance condition: tension and compression fails at the same time.

So, fs = fy = fs’
but always check the value of fs’ if it is yielded or not.

fs’ = _(ab - β1 d’) 600_

ab
Єs = Єsy = fy/Es

Cb = ___600d___
(fy + 600)
ab = β1 Cb

Determine the value of eb using the equation appropriate to the directions of force
load. Thus: Pn + T = Cs + Cc
Note:
a) if e < eb ----- primary compression failure, fs’ = fy, fs may or may not yield.

Compression failure – This occurs when there is a large axial load, acting at a small
eccentricity. Failure occurs by crushing of the concrete on the compression side with strain
0.003, whereas the yield strain on the steel on the tension side is less than the yield strain, that
is Єs < Єsy, therefore, fs = fy.

b) if e > eb ----- primary tension failure, fs = fy, fs’ may or may yield
 Tension failure – This occurs when the axial load is small and the eccentricity is
large causing the tension steel bars to yield before actual crushing of concrete. At the point
of failure, the strain in the tension side Єs > Єsy, whereas the strain in concrete reaches
0.003, therefore fs = fy.

Problem 1. Given an eccentrically loaded column shown, fc’ = 20.70MPa, fy = 276MPa and
As = As’ = 4 # 9. Determine the safe ultimate load and moment:
a. at balance condition
b. e = 300mm
c. e = 150mm

Figure:
510mm Pn

8 # 9 bars 510mm

65mm 65mm

Solution:
a) at balance condition: d = 510 – 65 = 445mm
Cb = __600d__ = __600 (445)__ = 304.79mm
fy + 600 276 + 600
ab = β1Cb = 0.85 (304.79) = 259.07mm
fs’ = (ab - β1d’) (600) = [259.07 – 0.85 (65)]600 = 472.04 MPa > 276Mpa
ab 259.07
Therefore: fs’ = fy.

∑Fv = 0 ------------------- Pn + T = Cc + Cs
Pnb + Asfs = 0.85fc’ab b + As’fs’ --- at balance condition fs = fy
Pnb + Asfy = 0.85fc’ab b + As’fy ---- As = As’
Pnb = 0.85fc’ab b
Pnb= 0.85 (20.70) (259.07) (510) ÷ 1000 = 2,324.75kN
Pub = ϕ Pnb = 0.70 (2324.75) = 1,627.325kN

Mub = Pub.eb
∑MAs = 0
Pnb (e’b) = Cc (d – a/2) + Cs (d – d’)
Pnb (e’b) = 0.85 fc’ ab b (d – ab/2) + As’ fy (d – d’)
(1000) (2324.75) e’b = 2,324.75 (1000) (445 – 259.07/2) + (2580) (276) (445 – 65)
e’b = 434.92mm
 e’b = eb + (d – d’)/2 ---------- eb = e’b – (d – d’)/2
eb = 434.92 – (445 – 65)/2
eb = 239.92mm
Mub = Pub.eb
Mub = 1627.33 (0.23992m)
Mub = 390.43 kN-m

b) when e = 300mm > eb

primary tension failure ---- fs = fy
fs’ may or may not yield
e’ = 490mm
a2 + 90a – 60,309.11 = 0
a = 204.67mm
fs’ = 438.03MPa
fs = 508.85MPa
c = 240.79mm
Pn = 1836.60kN
Pu = 1285.62kN
Mu = 385.69kN-m

c) when e = 150mm < eb

primary compression failure ---- fs’ = fy --- compression steel yield
fs < fy ----- tension steel will not yield
a = 310mm
c = 364.71mm
fs = (β1d – a) 600 = (378.25 – 310) 600 = 132. 10MPa < fy
a 310
fs’ = 493.07MPa > fy
Pn = 3153.32kN
Pu = 2,207.32kN
Mu = 331.09kN-m

COLUMN INTERACTION DIAGRAMS

If numerical values of Pn and Mn are determined for a particular column for each of
the failure modes discussed in the preceding section and if these are plotted as a diagram, the
result is called a column interaction diagram.

Interaction diagrams are obviously useful for studying the strengths of columns with
varying proportions of loads and moments. Any combination of loading that fails inside the
curve is satisfactory, whereas any combination falling outside the curve represents failure.

In the interaction diagrams it would be necessary to have a diagram for each different
column cross section, for each different set of concrete and steel grades, and for each
different bar arrangement. The result would be an astronomical number of diagrams. The
number can be tremendously reduced, however, the diagrams are plotted with ordinates of
ɸPn/Ag (instead of Pn) and with abscissas of ɸPne/Agh (instead of Mn). Thus each interaction
diagram can be used for cross sections with widely varying dimensions. The ACI has
prepared interaction curves in this manner for different cross section and bar arrangement
situations for different grades of steel and concrete.
Example:
1. Using the interaction curves, determine the value of Pn for the short tied column.
fc’ = 3,000 psi and fy = 60,000 psi for eccentricity;
a) ex = 18 inches
b) ex = 8 inches

Solution: a) ex = 18 inches 14in

2.50in

3#9 (3in2)
x 19” 24in.

3#9 (3in2)
2.50in

e/h = 18/24 = 0.75

ρ = 6.0/(14)(24) = 0.0179
γ = 19/24 = 0.792

therefore, interpolate between the values obtained from the interaction diagram

γ 0.75 0.792 0.90

_ϕPne_ 0.48 0.50 0.55

Agh

_ϕPne_ = 0.50 Pn = (14)(24)(24)(0.50) = 320 kips

Agh 0.70 (18)

Solution: b) ex = 8 inches

e/h = 8/24 = 0.333

ρ = 6.0/(14)(24) = 0.0179
γ = 19/24 = 0.792

therefore, interpolate between the values obtained from the interaction diagram

γ 0.75 0.792 0.90

_ϕPne_ 0.41 0.42 0.44

Agh

_ϕPne_ = 0.42 Pn = (14)(24)(24)(0.42) = 604.8 kips

 Agh 0.70 (8)
LONG COLUMNS AND COLUMNS SUBJECTED TO BIAXIAL BENDING

A. SLENDERNESS EFFECTS
The slenderness of columns is based on their geometry and on their lateral bracing. As
their slenderness increases, their bending stresses increase and thus buckling may occur.
Reinforced concrete columns generally have small slenderness ratios. As a result, they can
usually be designed as short columns without strength reductions due to slenderness.

B. UNSUPPORTED LENGTHS
The length used for calculating the slenderness ratio of a column Lu is its unsupported
length. This length is considered to be equal to the clear distance between slabs, beams, or
other members that provide lateral supports to the column.

C. EFFECTIVE LENGTH FACTORS

To calculate the slenderness ratio of a particular column, it is necessary to estimate its
effective length. This is the distance between points of zero moment in the column. The
effective length factor k is the number that must be multiplied by the column’s unsupported
length to obtain its effective length. For a perfectly pinned end column, k = 1.0. A column
with one end fixed and one end pinned, the k factor is theoretically 0.70.
Reinforced concrete columns serve as parts of frames, and these frames are
sometimes braced and sometimes unbraced. A braced frame is one for which sidesway or
joint translation is prevented by means of bracing shear walls, or lateral support from
adjoining structures. An unbraced frame does not have any of these types of bracing supplied
and must depend on the stiffness of its own members to prevent lateral buckling. For braced
frames k values can never be greater than 1.0 but for unbraced frames the k values will
always be greater than 1.0 because of sidesway.

D. RADII OF GYRATION
The radius of gyration of a round column is equal to 0.25 times its diameter and 0.289
times the dimension of a rectangular column in the direction being considered. The ACI
Code permits the approximate value 0.30 to be used in place of 0.289 and this is done herein.

E. COMMENTS ON SLENDERNESS
Moments at the ends of a column are referred to as M1b, M2b and M2s by the code.
M1b is the value of the smaller factored moment due to the loads that result in no appreciable
sidesway. M2b is the value of the larger factored end moment due to the loads that result in no
appreciable sidesway. It may not be less than P u (0.60 + 0.03h). M2s is the value of the larger
factored end moment due to loads which result in appreciable sidesway but not less than Pu
(0.60 + 0.03h).

If klu/r < 22 for columns in unbraced frames, or less than 34 – 12(M 1b/M2b) for
columns in braced frames, slenderness effects may be neglected. Should klu/r for a particular
column be larger than the applicable ratio then there is a long column.

F. MOMENT MAGNIFIER METHOD

 The effect of slenderness in long columns may be approximately accounted for in
design by empirically increasing the factored design moment. The larger or magnified
moment Mc, can be determined from the equation:

Mc = δbM2b + δsM2S

Where δb is a moment magnification factor that takes into account the effect of
member curvature in a frame braced against sideway and δs is a moment magnification factor
that takes into account the lateral drift of a column caused by lateral and gravity loading the
frame not being braced against sidesway.

The calculation of the moment magnifiers involves several different items.

1. Ec = 57,000 √fc’
2. Ig = gross inertia of the column cross section about the centroidal axis being
considered.
3. Es = 29 x 106 psi
4. Ise = moment of inertia of reinforcing bars about the centroidal axis of the section.
5. βd = ratio of maximum factored dead load moment to the maximum factored total
load moment. This value is always assumed to have positive value.

6. EI = _(EcIg/5) + Es Ise_
1 + βd
or more conservatively as

7. EI = __EcIg/2.5__
1 + βd

The Euler buckling load enters into the calculation and equals

Pc = __π2EI__
(kLu)2

In the expression for determining δb to be given below, there is a C m or modification

factor that relates the actual moment diagram to an equivalent uniform moment diagram. For
braced frames without transverse loads it can vary from 0.40 to 1.0 and is to be determined
from the expression at the end of this paragraph. For all other cases it is to be taken as 1.0.

Cm = 0.60 + 0.40 (M1b/M2b) > 0.40

Finally, the moment magnifiers can be computed as follows:

δb = ______Cm__________ >1.0
1 – (Pu/ɸPc)

δs = ________1______ >1.0
1 – (ΣPu/ɸΣPc)
 The terms ΣPu and ΣPc are the summations for all the columns in the story in question.
For frames not braced against sidesway it is necessary to calculate both δ b and δs. For frames
that are braced against sidesway it is necessary to calculate only δ b while δs is to be taken as
one.

Problem 1: For the column shown, fy = 60,000 psi, fc’ = 3,000 psi, P DL = 60k, PLL = 100k,
MDL = 120ft-k and MLL = 140ft-k. The frame is braced against sidesway, the column is bent
in single curvature about the x-axis, and the moments are equal at each end of the member. Is
the member satisfactory? when:
a. Lu = 10 feet
b. Lu = 20 feet, if not, calculate δ and determine the steel area required.

Figure:

2.5in
4#10
x x 15in 20in

4#10
2.5in

15in

Pu = 1.40(60) + 1.70(100) = 254kips

Pn = 254/0.70 = 362.90kips
M2b = 1.40(120) + 1.70(140) = 406 ft-k

but not less than 254 (0.6 + 0.03 x 20)/12 = 25.40 ft-k.

e = 12(406)/254 = 19.18inches
e/h = 19.18/20 = 0.959
ρg = 10.12/300 = 0.0337
γ = 15/20 = 0.75 ------------- refer to interaction diagram, graph 9.

_ϕPne_ = 0.70 Pn = 15(20)(20)(0.70) = 330.70 kips

Agh 0.70 (19.18)

with no consideration given to slenderness.

a) Lu = 10ft.
r = 0.30 (20) = 6.0in. k = 1.0 since frame is braced against sidesway
kLu = (1) (12 x 10) = 20
r 6
Noting that M1b/M2b is positive for single curvature, 34 – 12(1) = 22 > 20
Slenderness effect can be neglected
 b) Lu = 20ft.
kLu = (1) (12 x 20) = 40
r 6
Noting that M1b/M2b is positive for single curvature, 34 – 12(1) = 22 < 40
Slenderness effect must be considered

Cm = 0.60 + 0.40 (1.0) = 1.0

Ec = 57,000 √4,000 = 3605 ksi
Ig = (1/12) (15) (20)3 = 10,000.00 in4
βd = ___1.40 (120)_____ = 0.414
1.4(120) + 1.7(140)

Ise = 2(5.06) (7.50)2 = 569 in4

EI = (EcIg/5) + EsIse = [(3605) (10,000)/5] + (29 x 103) (569)
1 + βd 1 + 0.414

EI = 16,768,741 k-in2
Pc = _π2EI_ = _(π)2 (16,768,741)_ = 2873k
(klu)2 (12 x 20)2

δb = ____Cm____ = _______1.0_______ = 1.14

1 – (Pu/øPc) 1-[254/0.70 (2873)]

Determine steel area required with a Moment of δ Mn

Pn = 254/0.70 = 362.90k
Mu = (1.40) (120) + (1.70) (140) = 406 ft-k
Mn = 406/0.70 = 580 kips
Mc = δbM2b = (1.14) (580) = 661.20 ft-k

Entering Design Curves:

γ = 15/20 = 0.75
e = (12) (661.20)/362.90 = 21.86in
e/h = 21.86/20 = 1.093

_ϕPn_ = _(0.70) (362.90)_ = 0.847

Ag (15)(20)

_ϕPne_ = 0.847 (1.093) = 0.926 --------- ρg from the interaction curve = 0.048
Agh

As = (0.048) (15) (20) = 14.40 in2

Use: 10 # 11 bars.
Evaluation: Solve the following Problems:

1. From the given cross-section of the tied column, determine the maximum
downward load that the column can support, if eccentricity is 200mm, effective steel
covering is 75mm. The column is reinforced with 6 -28mm ϕ bars. fc’ = 21Mpa, and
fy = 415MPa. Use column interaction diagram.

Figure:
600mm Pn

350mm

Column Interaction Diagram

 2. Design the reinforcement of a short time column to carry an axial dead load of
100k and an axial live load of 110k. fc’ = 3,000psi and fy = 60,000psi. Use column
interaction diagram and # 9 bars for its reinforcement.

Figure:

15” h = 20”

b = 12”

3. A short circular column carries a service axial load dead load of 800kN, axial live
load of 400kN and a service dead load and live load moment of 120kN-m and 95kN-m
respectively. Use fc’ = 28MPa and fy = 415MPa. Determine the minimum number of
28mmɸ of steel bars needed.
Figure:

500mm

Column Interaction Diagram

 4. A tied column section 300mm x 350mm is reinforced with 6 – 25mmϕ longitudinal
bars. The column has an unsupported height of 4.80m and an effective length factor of 0.90.
fc’ = 20.7MPa, fy = 414.7MPa. Assume βd factor = 0.60. The column section carries an
axial factored load Pu = 1115kN and M1 = 13,600N-m, and M2 = 81,600N-m.
a. Compute the modification factor (Cm).
b. Compute the magnified moment factor (δ).
c. Compute the value of the magnified moment (Mc)

Figure:

6-25mmϕ

300mm

350mm

Additional Readings: Compression and Bending – Direct Method, Plastic Centroid, Design
and Analysis of Composite Structures Connections: Beam – Column Connection

References:
 : Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines; National Structural Code
of the Philippines (NSCP C101, Vol. 1 Buildings and Other Vertical Structures),
7th Edition, 2016
: McCormac, Jack C.; (2005); Design of Reinforced Concrete; 7th Edition; John
Wiley & Sons, New York, USA
: Nilson, Arthur H. and Winter, George et al.; (2000); Design of Concrete
Structures; 13th Edition; McGraw-Hill, Inc.
: Gambhir,M.L.; (2010); Fundamentals of Reinforced Concrete Design
: Meyer, C., (1997); Design of Concrete Structures
: American Concrete Institute; ACI 318 Building Code Requirements for
Reinforced Concrete; Latest Edition

Prepared by:

Engr. Joel C. Villaruz, Ph.D.

Assistant Professor I