A Complete ACK eel aaad Ntelalerel PadDiscover more of our complete manuals on Readly today... Pre Complete The Complete untu Manual eet Instagram Manual The Complete Miers.) Nii ‘The Complete An droid Wor one fe} ress Google ncrol a Vlanua Manual Mantal een Photography eh ManualUnlock and master the potential of your Raspberry Pi The Raspberry Pi is the most utilised small, single-board computer Cen ee eg eee ay places that most of us only dream about visiting I's used for science, engineering, mathematics, space travel, communications, weather Dea ce ecu Re cee Ey Pere ts Den aes enn best tips, tricks and guides available, you can unlock and master the Seta ati This book covers the initial set up and guides you through the Dee er ees sara ogee} Bree eee ce ee Leet me) the common pitfalls and master the Linux command line. You will also learn the basics of Python and C++, which will prove a vital een emt ecu Te Ee aa Ee tee ae ne ee ee ny ee enn a ea Rants Tae oey OE ee ete ee EL imagination, are all you need to join the other 19 million Pi users around the world in forging your digital dreams. ened Coleen eee eeCMe nice estes O E pers 62 _ Edit Images with GIMP Ee koe oa Pao rete A Eo Teo Ermer oss ae ae ec Sree en ocak ee a ed Era esr ane reece aon Cesare ae ae Te Te oe reat ect nay aera ee ary re a Prete pee ete rc 20. Set Up Raspberry Pi Using Linux ~4g~Using the File Manager 74 Create and Remove Directories ee Cr eee aaa ese ee Luis Peet) 52_Using the Archiver App Ea fool Ema a EO Rosso 26 Installing Image Files with Etcher 56 Get More from the Terminal App. 82 Getting to Knaw Users. 28_ Editing the Config:txt File Ered Pence ones 4 CorPom eur a eeu ee Netto Reon aeons ECM ake cee Was testy ese eo Emaar BMS Wake ONC ICE Masco Fra nn CR eo cu Menu vera cL een mn Ue Roms cust oman ecu an Ee eee arate oman Ex iecere ted nN Tes cs oecomcemed Tues aos —— po meneOgncr CM Tacmkcc ued 130 Glossary of Terms Se Re 7 ead Beco gee eee arn See Soa 108 Saving and Executing Your Code _ 134 Why C++? ee ee ee eyRaspberry Pi Hardware and Setup reese aCe RIE S CS asc eT ce oC ecu Oca © can attach to it and the operating systems eRe eae Ue eget ee cc Us See Cees cn Raspberry Pi set up with the latest version Pa cornu eee cc unt) Dm ar Coons whether you're currently using Windows, | 7 macos or even a Linux computer, we show SU ee Ce Re mg ened EUs By the end of this section you should PCa a enc) Raspbian, and brimming with potential. : w ps 4 es | Mine ae iT il) Sire] 10 Get to know the Raspberry Pi Pet Leo Person ron RUM eC Rc 18 _ Set Up Raspberry Pi Using a Windows PC ee eer pment Pree Pee rd 28 Editing the Config.txt File 6 BOM Utimate Seri 3 EsNiacin MeCeuc ise 4 Ce ee en eeene erates Say Hello to Raspberry Pi Let’s take a look at the best-selling British computer ever: the Raspberry Pi! This bare-bones machine just looks like EUs eRe cen AR UMC a ie TOOT credit-card sized computer ideal for learning programming EWM el eared em Ie} oY Pele} Icey) oc (ele 1 eter eee Ps i a4 x Ge eed er ee Pe UR Pete td ed ante Tn Peart Rea ne Pac ener oa pate Shae a ala ee‘The Raspbemy P's a British built low pable of running a full sing everything a electronic circuits to the pins an them to get input and output, so. ther up a Raspber and throughout this ng it up and getting start models of phas slightly Say Hello to Raspberry Pi lightweight it’s roughly rd. Each Raspberry PI RM, ‘models you find in bile phone. The ARM pro an Ether u might be used Raspberry many different router valable, Pihas built in networking and n, making it ea ine. You can attach a USB Wi-Fi Ethernet adap der models, plan JESSIE with ommended by First it will help to know which Raspberry using This can be ticy ral distinct ‘on an SD Card the cameras). The c ‘onto the SD computer. up Raspbian JE using a Mac Linux ceoaae Pi 1 Model A+ Pen ree peat een ny Peretret a cata Poet res p ee eee nye ere Peers ngs ois: iret rem ao Pa a ee ny ery Use pa ECan a ce pal eae eee erty ee eres pear a pena ots rr ae Reet uc eee ecto Aelia ft 28 oa n> Raspberry Pi Zero ete ary At oetaad ghana ey rie Aiad a Oe ieee ti tet Me ca a ey Pa Aree ete ee ase Tee er Pees ene ctee as ean See mee EIR Leper au ribet td pth ered tes: Sea eri ore r Er eae ten The Complete RespoeryP Manual 9BB Raspberry Pi Hardware and Setup Get to Know the Raspberry Pi The Raspberry Pi is a marvellous microcomputer used to learn coding and for hacking home projects. It’s small, cheap and easy to get started with; here’s what you need to know about the Raspberry Pi. 10 eoweusGet to Know the Raspberry Pi @ vembdpublicatons com The Complete Raspbery Manual 11BB Raspberry Pi Hardware and Setup Up Close with the Raspberry Pi 3 B+ FASTER AND MORE CONNECTED ‘Te new Raspberry Pi3 Model + has a faster processor, making it more like a regular desktop computer. There are some great connectivity upgrades too. EE items r atoms UEITY Hit eremincovinncis RspoernsP2, yu wil note tha te ovr eign Guat bond wes LAN and heath ast changed much theese of he P3 Model Be The major processor, Prevus models used the B43 438 wes conbo chi Gierence to note that the ne wires security's encapsulated but the new Pha oped for aypressCTW#3435 combo chip, dor metal shel th the Pops enbosse Connected toa Prosnt PCB ante, si otha ed ne Raspoery PZro oats Te Resp F3 Model elses an updated The 40-pn GPO General Purpose input Out) cPu version of the older 64-bit Broadcom processor used ud connectors remain the same as on the previous models, inthe previous Resperny P13. Te SCM203700 incorporetes power Rls wtalthat these is emain the same for sre tne to come as thee intgrty optimisation and anew het spreader they csspate the semany projects and eternal hardvare ee that attach to them teat generted by the CP Ths lows a faster ek speed of LAG 12 BOMsUtimate Series| Up Close with the Raspberry Pi 3 B+ [ot egaainnatniscbopeemopaonacplaad | GIGABIT ETHERNET | ‘Another major boost tothe Raspberry ‘automatically turned on at preset times ideal for Pi's hardware arsenals Gigabit Ethernet projects that reget itera untcdeterse Tre P3 over USB 20 We t's not sat asthe lab Eterna ina Sesop Brusesa ne pin hander ite top cree he board that supports computer you sou see heretical bandh Speeds of 315MBs a PoE HAT wnchcan generate the neces sro power tne compared Days om te pees aspery mos =\ SS ; Zs S CONNECTIONS AND SETUP Setting up the Raspberry P'3is the same process asthe Raspberry Pi 2 but there are a few things to keepin ming. It has the same connections but some of them work slightly differently. Here are some things to bear in ming. TEI Pearse dione RPE 1s css inert abioat you no longer need Wi-Fi and Bluetooth dongles, function, you now have to pull the SD Card out (as youl be even les likely to need more. However, Because the WI-FI you do on the Raspberry Pi 1 and i Zero}. This isnt a problem, {and Bluetooth are onboard, you will need tobe careful to provide although you might find it harder to eject the SD Card if you're using ‘enough power. acase, yyy) IPPs) BRYEIR the Raspberry P13 board can sitberunirom 93 The aspbery P3 si fine he fc ase rer-UBB poner adapter Titre und hich sa reat ef youeloking to work on Raspbary recommends a 2A adpter i youwanttoconnect_ projet protect the boar fam the ements and you can actly USB devices to the Raspberry Pi. This willensure they get enough _takeit apart to access GPIO pins and other internal components. Power to work correctly vembpublicatons com The Complete RespoeryP Manual 13BS 2sp berry Pi Hardware and Setup xit You'll Need and How to Set it Up Ret el eee gene ON Tee Tuer m ae tessa Maree rede ait ache taurt eee tics likely to have or at least find it easy to get your hands on. ASK AROUND The kit lst required to set up a Raspberry Ps pretty basic: keyboard, mouse, HDMI monitor, SD Card and an optional case. Many ofthese items you'l already have, but don’t rush out and buy those you don't Ask around to see if anybody you know has spares. EE Teter ia yu onso cad PRPNIM Ysa ow ia oe pry These are these ds commonly und n dig i toa monitor or television set; these cables are ‘cameras. ll modern Raspberry P boards, including the Raspberry Pi used with modern televisions and video game consoles, so you 3 and Pi Zero, use Micro SD cards but the older boards may usea___shouldrt find it too hard to pick up a spare. f you own a Pi Zero larger SO Card. oul aso need a Min HOM! to HOMI adapter as this s generally the best way forward. Sitcseciicpaspiasimeas ) ueaaesrweicongt one 14 BOMs Uist SerKit You'll Need and How to Set it Up @ ‘The Raspberry Pi 3 comes with four USB sockets but if you own a Pi Zero you may need to purchase a US Hub. These connect nto the USB socket, and provide four (or more) USB connections. You typically need to connect a keyboard and | mouse so at least two USB ports are required. Speaking of which. yy X “Two things that should be easy to fnd area USB SS ard and Se Mouse We general prefer USB devices that plug crecty into the Raspberry Pi, but devices with wireless ‘dongles generally work just as wel,Ony the Raspberry Pi3 comes wth ‘lustooth as standard, so avoid Bluetooth mice and keyboards, 4 a ™ sober com The Complete Resphery Pi Manus! 15BS 2sp berry Pi Hardware and Setup Set Up Raspberry Pi Using a Mac You should install NOOBS (New eRe Pomerania Out Of Box Software) Teale ole) canoe) on your SD Card before you Sper reas thay GETTING TO KNOW NOOBS The easiest way to get up and running is to use NOOBS, a software program created by the Raspberry Pi Foundation. You can buy a NOOBS ‘SD Card from Raspberry i but it's easy to make your own with an old unused SD Card (@GB recommended). ‘We're going to use a utility called SD Card Formatter 4 tocerasethe SD Card with correct formatting, You can {download this app from https:/www.sdcard org/downloads/ formatter 4/, Click Dovnioad SO Formatter for Mac and Accept. Click the SDFormatter pkg file your Downloads folder and follow the | Instructions to install the ap. ‘We're going to use a 868 SD Card to instal the ‘operating system on our Raspberry Pi. The card ‘needs tobe formatted, which wil erase ll the data oni, so make sure you have copied any files from i you want to save, insert the 0 Card into your Mac, ether directly into the SD Card slot or with {an SD Card adaptor. ——— — 16 BOMs Uma Ser ‘Make sure the card is present in the Select Card area; \youshould only have one SD Card inserted into your Mac. Open SDFormatter and choose the Overurite Format option ta ‘ensure that al the olddata is removed from the card, Enter a name for the card inthe Name field to help you identity it although tis isnt necessary forthe installation process kc oa on gr ds trp 8k UmnpbatesoonegfsDcrsbme Paaecotmincentna meroaenane Setasia tar utscmteatresocre nate ee ete| Set Up Raspberry Pi Using a Mac a When SD Card formatter has finshed formatting the 0 Card it wll e mounted so you can access it. By default mounted volumes appear as an ican on the desktop. fnot open ‘anew Finder window and check for it under Devices, Check thatthe SD (Cards accessible and cek Close in SDFormatter. COPY THE SOFTWARE FETS Now is time to dowmioad the NOOBS software from the Raspberry Pi website. Open Safar and enter wow. raspberrypiorg/downloads/ into the Smart Search Field, Scroll down to {ind the NOOBS section (not NOOBS LITE) and cick Download Zip. A zip, fle containing the NOOBS files will be placed in your Downloads folder. ‘Transfer the NOOBS files to your SD Card to continue the setup process. (pen the downloads folder and click onthe NOOBS your downloads willbe marked with the version number. Ours called "NOOBS. v1.9.3". ick onthe folder to open it and view all the files contained inside. ‘Wait for alof the Fils to be copied from your Domest vesb Goa serie shoe finished copying open the SD Card and check that allo the files are in the root You should see "bootcode bin’ and “BUILD-DATA" files, anda "default folder among other es ress Command: to select all the files inside the NOOBS folder. Now drag and drop al the fils from the [NOOBS folder to the SD Card. This will copy alo these files tothe root (the base) ofthe SO Card. Make sure you copy the fies, not the NOOBS. 1.9.3 folder containing them, nedmpubestone.com BPI ake sure you eject the SD Card properly. Do not just remove it from the Mac. Instead, drag the SD Card icon tothe Trash to eject it from your system. Or open anew Finder window and locate the SD Card under Devices, cick the smal Eject icon next tot. Now remove the SD Card from your Mac. is ready to be inserted into your Raspberry Pi eres o8SR068088") mA The Complete Respoery Manual 17BS 2spberry Pi Hardware and Setup | ) Set Up Raspberry Pi Using a Windows PC eee tg est er RNa eet Renter eee ako ta] NOOBS. This installs a selection of OS's onto the Raspberry Pi. So let's format your SD Card and install NOOBS using a Windows PC. ‘SETTING UP WITH NOOBS. [NOOBS (New Out Of Box Software) isa program used to make setting up a Raspberry Pi simple, You can buy SD Cards with NOOBS preinstalled, but here well lok at how to format your SD Card and install NOOBS using a Windows computer. PERRET ere going to use a utity called SD Card Formatter 4 RMINPNMMIN The Orive area shouldbe set to F. Click Refresh fitcant tocerasethe SD Card with correct formatting, You can find your SO Card Clk Option and change Format {download this app from httpsi/www.sdeard org/downloads/ ‘Type to “Ful Erase" and click OK. Enter a name inthe Volume Label formatter 4/, Click Dovnioad SO Formatter for Windows and click _ field to make it ease to identify the card fe used “SD Cad ‘Accept and Open. Double-click Setup and choose Run then follow the Installinstructions. ED totes Weregongtoer 9850 Gedtonsetioe TERI kk ms tn ans OK wn oreo SEP ‘operating system on our Raspberry Pi, The card needs Sur) wipe the card, There are other ways to format SD Cards tobe tomate ic willerte a te cats on somake sue you inWndows bt he sarong f 0 Car formar that pes SD ave cope nes rom tyou nant save Insert the SO Cains Carew te cre F732 fora and en ft epee Sour Peter directly into the S Crdsletorusing an SDCard arn. ick OF agin when the feats compte adaptor. Open the SOFormatter program. 18 BOMsUtimate Sree || Set Up Raspberry Fi Using a Windows PC iI Click Exit to close down the SDFormatter program, ick Start > Fle Explorer and choose the SD Card in the sidebar. The drive should be empty but we will copy the ies toitin the next steps. For now just make sure that you can access the empty root ofthe SD Card COPY THE SOFTWARE Continue making your SD card by copying the files across Parertay See ne Es eee eee arts Coen rerearete aera oe ee er ee rere eee eee read nr ee erate) Destination window. Click Select Folder and Extract. The le be copied directly from the zip file to your SD Card. ere ets ere) Alto expand the zipped file and extract Eazy Now its time to download the NOOBS software from the Raspberry Pi website, Open a web browser and eater xaspberrypi.org/dowelloads/ into the URL field Scroll down to find the NOOBS section (not NOOBS LITE) and click Download Zip and Save. A 2p fle containing the NOOBS fles i copied to your Downloads folder. lick (pen Folder when it is done. ener eres oe ee ery en e ae eee Cee eee errr eet nr er nnn Si ett eee ere ore ToT er eae pened Pete keer tetris perme rary et and BUILD-DATA files along with the other files shown here. Remove Creme Preteens ee arene ett ety the Raspberry Pl The Complete Respoery Manual 19BB Raspberry Pi Hardware and Setup Set Up Raspberry Pi Using Linux PARTITIONING AN SD CARD Inthis feature we'l format an SD Card using the Terminal in Ubuntu Linux. Formatting an SD Carin this manner isa detailed process but \eaming to format a card using command line instructions wil stand you in good stead for using a Raspberry Pi. PEPSI The 50 Card needs to be formatted using the FATS2 format. The best way todo this in Linux isto use the fais command in a Terminal window. Open Terminal in Ubuntu by Clicking Search and entering Terminal: alternatively press Command AT to open a Terminal window. Lt p ) y ly x o % = Ene ‘You'l need sudo (or root) access to format the ‘memory card. Check that you have sudo privileges by ‘ping sudo vin the command tine. You wll be prompted for your {account password, type it and press Return. I you see “Sory, user -cuseename> may not run sudo on ubuntu" then you need to switch to an account with Administrator access. A PELE Ep) 20 BOMs Utimate Ser ‘You need to find discover which device the SD Card is listed as. Make sure the SD Card isnot connected and center 3udo/fiisk =1 to ist all the Devices. Now attach the SD Card, ignore the window that appears and enter: sudo) Fiske =2 again. ‘This wl show you which device you have. ET ery EE In our test | get /dev/sda and /dev/sdb in the frst run ‘3s my computer has two hard drives. Running flsk With the SC Card inserted results in /dev/sda, dev/sd and devise ‘Checking further I see that dev/sdc has 7948MB which matches my ‘5D Card, So thats the one | need to format. PELL"Now that you know which drive is your SD Card, i's time to start the formatting process. Be aware that ‘this will move all the dat from the card, so make sure you cony anything you want to save. Enter: sudo fdisk /aev/adc (replacing ede in your code wth the name of the SD Card device you found in the previous step. FORMATTING THE PARTITION Format your SO Card's partition to prepare it for the install files. ‘You need a partition on our SD Card to install NOOBS on. While stilin fisk enter and press Return. You wll be ‘asked to confirm the partition type, two option are available primary {and extended, Enter: pand press Return. twill ask you forthe Partition ‘number, enter: and press Return. will ask you forthe Fist sector and Last sector, press Return twice to choose the default settings. | Set Up Raspberry Pi Using Linux You should see “Command (m for help)". Enter: mand press Return to view the command actions available in {isk We are going to use the d command action to delete the partitions curentiy on the SD Car, then the n command to create a new partition and p to print out and test the partition. Eee Enter: p one final time to ensure that you have a single partition on your SD Card, We naw need to change its ‘System type from Linux to FAT32. You can enter: to view ll the codes available, but W9S FATS2 i iste as b. Enter and b and press Return. Terminal splays: Changed system type of partition 1 to b (FAT32)".The partion step isto enter: w and press Return; this writes the changes tothe SO Card, So far we have created a partition but we haven't actualy formatted it. Todo this we have to format the partion (number “1") and not the whole SD Card. Enter: sudo mikes. ‘vat /dev/sdet. replacing “sdct" withthe name of your partition, such as “scb", Youre done with partitioning and formatting our SD Car, in the next tutorial wel ook at how to download and install the NOOBS software to the SO Card, The Complete Raspbery Manual 21BS 2spberry Pi Hardware and Setup | Copying NOOBS Files from Linux oe MUM NM on eect SSP Re- eH a Maa NN aloe R ode Tale eRtar a |e) files and copy them to the SD card, This is slightly mot eR nce macOS, but once you've copied the files over, you'll be able to set up your Raspberry USING NOOBS In this feature we will download the NOOBS (New Out Of Box Software) from the Raspberry Pi website. This software is then copied tothe SD Card, which inserted into a Raspberry Pi. NOOBS enables you to choose which OS you want to use when you first start the Raspberry Pi SEED crete sesctnccatton RAIRIIN Gite snon id tomins, the amperes Open eb bower a cheerneath Pc ev the NOOBS pe Cur enter wivw.raspberrypl.org/downloads into the URL fil. Click version is NOOBS v9 3.p). Doubleclick the zp file to openit inthe Download ZIP and choose Save File and cick OK. The fil willbe saved Archive Manager application, You should see two folders “defaults” to your Downloads olde. and ‘os" and a set of files. You copy these fils to the SD Card, nat the 2p le containing them, Yate gong tears tstomheN0085ip ETERPNI Vr gong eres reco Sa Sue file directiy to the SD Card, Remove and insert the SD Sn) ‘to make sure that you copy all the files and not the Cara to make sure itis mounted, so you can access the volume. A container. lick Extract to open the Extract window. Now choose the window should appear on the desktop dsplaying the contents of the SD Card from underneath Devices. Ensure that Keep directory SD Card, which should be empty. Close the window. structure is selected and click the Extract button, 22 BOMs Utimate SerCopying NOOBS Files from Linux The SD Card naw contains a fresh NOOBS installation ‘and canbe used to installa range of diferent operating ‘systems onthe Raspberry Pi. Click Quit onthe Extraction Completed ‘Successfully alert. Click onthe SD Cardin Fes and check thatthe files have been copied. tt should look like this. Remove the SD Card and place itin your Raspberry Pi. COMMAND LINE INSTALLATION Here's how to install NOOBS directly from the command line. ‘Command line hackers may prefer to install NOOBS {rom Terminal instead of using the desktop interface. ‘Thisis possible, and a neat trick to learn, Open a Terminal window (Command-Shift-) and enter: ed =/Downlloade then waet * http: //dowloads. raspberrypi .org/NOOBS latest". This faspian RECOMMENDED) Check thet he Language and \Windowsconputer There an applications Men inthe op that Keyboard options at the bottom are correct: most ikely you willwant is used to open programs. English UK and GB. Click the install icon. Welcome to PIXEL 24 BOM Utimate Serie| Using NOOBS to Set Up Raspberry Pi IE ‘Your Raspberry Piis now ready to use. Click on the Applications folder to view a ist of all the programs available. There isa range of Programming tools, Office apps and SS — INTERNATIONAL OPTIONS Ensure that your Raspberry Pi works in your locale. Ifyou are in America its best tose the Locale to en (English) and the Country to US (USA) with UTF-8 as ‘the Character set lick OK. Now click Set Keyboard and choose United ‘States as the Country and English (US) a the keyboard or choose the language and keyboard options that you prefer. Click OK to use your Raspberry Pi It's a good idea to change the default password, which Is raspberry. Choose Applications > Preferences > Raspberry Pi Configuration and cick Change Password. Fill out the “Enter new password” and “Confirm new password” fields and click OK and OK again. Ee nlite eearnae 25 The Complete Raspbery Bi ManualBS 2sp berry Pi Hardware and Setup Installing Image Files with Etcher ome etn tem aie teh ess ane mee nek ene eee ail These are copied bit-for-bit from the downloaded file to the Micro SD card. Copying ima ken eons ea tascam RET Rau eee ea cee COk on SET UP ETCHER Installing with NOOBS is fine but as you become more familiar with the Raspberry Piyou'l want to install from image files Beau First install the Etcher app. Open etcherio in the web EEE Return to your web browser and dowmload the browser and click the Dovid for Windows, Raspbian Jesse with PIXEL image from the Raspbecry Download for Mac or Download for Linux button depending on your _Piwebsite raspberryp.org/downloads) Click Download ZIP under system, The installation file wll be saved to your Downloads folder. Raspbian Jessie with PIXEL. The image file wll also be saved to your Downloads folder, Burn. Better. EEE ve tiesto ew tnahdomnsngad API vous mint mpi tt mie open the Downloads le Daub the Ee Heise, Open the Dold len indo, vin2264" setup appation and felon teintalaten instruction ghtcckon the le 2016-05-27 raspanes le and chose {youre ona Mac, rag the Etcherfileto the Applications folder and Extract All. Click Extract. double-click it to open the program. 26 BMS Utimate Sais[installing Image Files with Etcher Qi Wen rons aes ETE ick Stig cain eo a tbe er of saying copy, You okt ashing the ro Sb cad inthe default andthe Advanced option blow, marked “Unete mode: folowing stop bt rt you should ake okin Stings dangerous shoud be deselected Make sre heres k esto Unsafe Mode. Click Back and then you can start flashing your Micro SD card, IMAGE FILES Image fles contain an entire drive in a single file (ending in im). The image file can be anything but you'l usualy copy a whole operating system, Uke Raspbian Jessie with PIXEL. Cle Sectnapein Ge Sete owls RTEREWI you tac Ww corte Eran 20160527 anion este age fe Be sure pik the mage fe Typical isa 0 or and8 OG. ick Change ov the ‘and not the zip file. Click Open, Scratch to open the popular tool for learning ‘programming, The program appears inside a window. The buttonsin the top right ofthe window are lconify, Maximise and Close. To view the ies stored on ‘your Raspbian OS click on the File Manager icon in the Application Launch Bar (the one that is shaped like a fling cabined. This opens a window displaying al the files in your home directory. The Directory Tee gives quick access to ‘common faders such as Desktop and Documents OSM 0 Sinsitis possible to remove SIP MUA LENORE Oy" pessbletoremen ‘Application Menu using the Main Menu Editor. Choose Menu > Preferences > Main Meni Ector. Addl and remove ticks next to programs, and sections you want to include. Use Move Up and Move Down to rearrange items inthe Menu. CUSTOMISING THE PIXEL INTERFACE Personalise your Raspberry Pi and feel at home in your own desktop. i aaa see ‘Choose Menu> Preferences > Appearance settings to open the ‘Appearance Settings window, There are three sections: Desktop, Menu Bar and System, You can use these to adjust the various options for xyour system. Notice the Defaults button atthe bottom, cicking this returns you tothe view you have now. = SEMAN MEILUD yires sn With the desktop image. Clik the button next to picture displaying “roadjog’). Double-click any other files to change the desktop. You ‘an cick Layout Options and pick No Image if you'd rather have 2 blank desizop. Take a Tour of PIXEL 6 1eSimportant that you switch off ‘your Raspberry Pi safely, When Se) You are finshed with your Raspberry Pi session cick Menu > Shutdown. ‘Three options appear Shutdown, Reboot and Logout Click Shutdown, ‘Wit forthe screen to go blank before removing the Micro USB power. BJ You can acjust the ok and yout euza) i 2 ‘of the Menu bar using the second set of Appearance Settings optons. These ote Men Dar con be Scjsted betneen Large, Meum and Sal rte Peston an be sett Topo Bottom Use the Color and Tere Coour options 9 ads the syje ofthe Men ber. ‘The System settings can be used to change the Font, Font Size and Highlight SO Colour and Highlight Text Colour settings. The new font wl be displayed inthe Menu bar and other parts of the Raspbian operating ‘system. Click OK to finish adjusting the settings, or Defaults to return tothe basi settings. 35 The Complete Raspbery Bi ManualWF Using the Raspbian OS Exploring the Command Line USING TERMINAL Despite its graphical PIXEL interfac Raspbian isa Linux operating system and this means youll spend alot of time working with text ‘commands, Using the command line is an important part of learning to use a Raspberry Pi computer. isteP1 | ‘By default the Raspberry Pi boots directly into the PIXEL interface. Here you use a visual metaphor, fs, buttons and so on, to make changes to your computer. The command ie is where you control a computer by entering text commands. lick Terminal in the Menu bart view the console ¥ ODE +0 Re=ra EEzw You can enter commands into the Terminal to make changes tothe computer. This works alongside the PIXEL interface. Enter: mkdix Dasktop/ teat folder and press return, Notice a new flder appears below the Trash on the desktop. Dragit to trash to get rid oft. You can use the Terminal and PIXEL environments alongside eachother 8 ODE 0 Bienes % Ezz ‘Another way to switch to a command line environment is to press Controlv Alt and F2. This gets rl ofthe desktop ‘completely and you see just aback creen wit text. This is known asa vetual environment and you're now in ty2 Cty” ia throwback to teletext writers) You need to ener your login name by default) and password (raspberry by defauit here are sic ferent virtual environments avalabe cess Contro-Alt-F3 to switch tothe third, and logon to CControFAit-F to go to the fourth, and so on, You'l nee ‘ch one inthe fst instance but can then jump back an forth between them, ee eee eer cet ed er eoExploring the C Eau ress ControF-AltF to return to the PIXEL interface. Ee ‘Some users prefer to use just the command line. One thing to realise i that PIXEL i just a program (Open Menu > Preferences > Raspberry Pl running on top ofthe ttyl session, Qpen Terminal and enter: pki configuration and choose To CLI and click OK and Yes. The Ibeeeaeion. Ouch, there goes your desktop. Dont worry, enter: Raspberry Pi wil now Boot into the command line interface Enter star's to get it back again, Most ofthe time you just enter arts to get back to PIXEL, open Raspberry Pi Configuration and commands into the Terminal window on top ofthe PIXEL environment. choose To Desktop to go back to normal 5 ODES 0 Bisa : s © OSE & O Eaeew 8 OOS & O Eire Uw wa} Using the Raspbian OS | Getting Raspberry Pi Online CONNECTING TO ETHERNET No modern computer isan island and connecting your Raspberry P toa network and the wider Internets an absolute must. Once your Raspberry iis online you will be able to browse the Internet, send email messages and download new software. ‘The main way to connect a Raspberry Pi3 to the Internet is using its builtin WiFi capability. you hhave a Raspberry Pi with just an Etheret socket, you can connect an Ethernet cable to the socket and run itto a spare socket on your router. f you are at home this wil typically be on the back panel of {your home modemrouter. IF your Raspberry Pi doesnot have an Ethernet connection, suchas the Pi Zero, then you can use USB.to-Ethemet adapter. Connect ths toa spare USB port onthe Raspberry Pi. If you have no spare ports you wil aso need a USB hub. This enables you to connect an Ethernet cable to the Raspberry Pi 3B BOM Utimate Serie} ‘You shouldn't need to do anything else other than ‘connect your Raspberry Pi to your router or modem to ‘get online. Once you make the connection the Network con inthe top Fight wll change into two blue arrows: one facing up, the ether down, 3 TL «) 31909 Sriecnteeorce = * a et ‘AQ W ca = > — =| Getting Raspberry Pi Online 6 PTS: 2 goodies to knon which IP Adress your PPI, One way to mate sure you ae onine is to open the Raspberry Piis using. Tiss the one given toit by Chromium web browser and navigate toa webpage, or Your router andis used to identity itn your network. Open a terminal choose Menu > Internet > Raspberry Pi Resources. the page loads window and enter: {Ecomig. Check forthe four cigital separated by correctly your Internet connection is working just fine dots next to inet adr. Ours says “inet addr: 192.168.0.178" 5 OGM 0 Gees ee = ‘SET UP WI-FI Connecting your Raspberry Pi to a wireless network. Itis possible to connect a Raspberry Pi3 to the Internet using the builtin wireless networking; or, POSE | ithas cone wall youl see the WiFl loge symboin place ofthe network icon, Use ifconfig terminal to check your network connection and open the Chromium browser. You wirow beat se yur Repro nies [egjisrs ‘connect a Wi-Fi dongle to any other Raspberry PL When you fist boot the Raspberry Pi youl se two red crosses through the network ion, exon) Cekieeworccointe new tarose ate ETERPMII You cen ect iby cick enh Fon teene you wanttocennectto Youll be asked to enter he pasword getline unless you ate along an there abe, lk the in the Pre Shared Key field. Enter it and press OK to get online. WEFlicon and choose Turn On Wii to get back online. 3x]i911 ox] 1915 id * Y virginmedia 3934 Psé-820 exes 086781 vembpublicatons com The Complete Respoery Manual 39I Using the Raspbian OS Setting Up a Static IP Address DHCP RESERVATION Now that you've set up your Raspberry Pi and connected itto the network, you should take time to fxits IP address. This will make it lot ‘easier for you to connect to the Raspberry Pi from a Mac or Windows computer and share files. ‘The router typically takes the first address, soit is usually found at 192.168.0.1. That number is reserved for the router. Often youlfin tis number on your router marked "web address. The route then assigns similar IP address numbers to the other devices you own as they are added to the network, so 192.168.0.2 ‘might be your computer, 192.168.0.3 your smartphone and £000, To find out what number your Raspberry Plis using cick ‘on the Terminal con and enter: :feonfie and press Return You should find it next to “net addr”. The challenge i thatthe router assigns this number using DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protoco When the Raspberry Pi is unplugged it reuses the number and your Raspberry Pimay get a diferent numBer next time. SOE 6 0 rmisaiai Ezy Its better allround if you can get the Raspberry Pi to use the same IP address everytime you connectit to the network. You do ths using DHCP Reservation. Thisis where you tll \our router to remember the Raspberry address, and only use that adress from now on, Start by opening the Chromium Browser and entering 192.168.0:1 to connect to your router's we interface.Setting Up a Static IP Address QE MANAGING YOUR DHCP DEVICES Now that you have set up a DHCP Reservation, you need to understand how to manage the different devices that may need to use itand connect tothe IP. ister1 J "Now that you have set up your Raspberry Piwith a DHCP Reservation it wil always connec tothe router using that IP Address. You can check this at anytime by entering {ifconfig into terminal The router alvays knows that itis your Raspberry Pi by checking its MAC address. This is the set of si hexadecimal numbers next to "HWad” in ifconfig. 5 ODm 6 0 Diem Setting up DHCP Reservation i good practice because LGM esas you raspberry Pisalvays ging tose the same IP Address. t's also a good idea to write it down or use a label printer to create a label for the Raspberry Pi. You will ned this number ta connec to the Raspberry Pivia SSH, VPN or FP (techniques we will use throughout tis book) The Complete Raspoery Manual 41BNE Using the Raspbian os Connect Remotely with VNC VNC (Virtual Network Computins Wernher hone icone) Ceo teu eue LUN eee aetna ota cos stb Mea eaaeem eteteon sc WHY USE VNC? The Raspberry Pi is easy to set up and use in projects around the home. But many of these projects don’t need a screen, Some, like Internet doorbell, might not really need a screen attached. VNC lets you control one Raspberry Pi from another. Seting up VNC vedo reir entering ever EuzzU ‘commands in Terminal. With PIXEL you can just head. ito the Raspery Pt Coniguation tot Menu > references > spay Pt Coniguaion.Ccknerfaces nd choose Enable next to Ve Chek OK EE ‘Anew icon, marked “VNC’, appears inthe top right in ‘the Menu bar, Click it to reveal the VNC Server window, Here youl see a section marked “Ready for connections’ and, beneath it section “Get Started’, Click the reveal arrow next to Get Started to see the instructions. 42 BOM Utimate Sais list of randomly generated words, Ours is “Loyal normal couple, Simple baker Germany) Ezy "Now switch to the computer that you're wanting to control the Raspberry Pi from. Open a web browser ‘and visit eal. com/download)viewer/, Ck Download VNC Viewer ‘and instal the software on your computer. You can download VNC. ‘Viewer for just about any type of computer: it's the same program on ‘each machine. a8 Ose © SaalConnect Remotely with VNC @& ‘Open VNC Viewer on your Mac, Windows or Linux Enter your username and password for the Raspberry ‘computer. Enter the IP address you noted in Step 3 Pipi’ and “raspberry” by default). Before clicking OK in the VNC Server field. Ensure that Encryption is setto“Let VNC check the catchphrase and signature. This is a good way to make sure {youre connecting securely ta the right device Click OK to start the remote session Server Choose” and click Connect. cs The Complete Resphery Pi Manus! 43a} Using the Raspbian OS_| Using the Built-in Applications rae) are fun, others are practic cro Ry THE DEFAULT APPS The Raspbian operating system comes prepackaged with a stack of useful applications. These make it easy to get up and running with Whatever computer project it is you are working on, Cickonthe [PORE FE EEE ‘You may have heard about Python and both Python 2 SD ion ~~ = BLS ar ore inctued ith Raspian Pytonisa todiscoverthe range of fantastic language to learn programming with because it has clear software avaliable for your 22" syntax and manages memory for you so all you have to dois code. Raspberry Pi One key “Most tutorials are for Python 2, soit s better to use that version when aspect ofthe Raspberry Pi El =n learning to code, Isitsuseasalearning tool, @~ and there are some great programming tools installed. Choose Ment > Programming to discover all the programming languages installed, — PTSETIED you're keen to lear how to code then Scratch isa En Both Wolfram and Mathematica in the Menu > great place to start. Tis interactive programming Programming section refer to the same programming language enables you to create programs in highly visual fashion ts language, Wolfram Mathematica 10. While Mathematica is 2 whole created by MIT ands used by schools worldwide to teach coding basics, application for development, Wolfram runs just the language inside a There's a section an Scratch ater inthe book and you can find more Terminal window. Mathematica 10 sa great language for data information on the MIT Scratch website https//sratch mitedu scientists, although you shouldnt start learning to code here. ‘Wolfram Mathematica %® a 44 BoM Utimate SerieEEz Choose Menu > Accessories to view a collection of useful apps and tools to help you use your Raspbery i, Welltake a look at most ofthese throughout theres f the book but they enable you to eit text documents, view images and POF files ‘and manage files and tasks on your Raspberry Pi oo Bxow PLAYING GAMES Using the Built-in Applications 6 SEO 0 Preemie 1g sxosee| tmay not be an Xbox but the Raspberry Pi comes with some great games for you to play. Start Game > New to begin a new game of Minecraft sm 9 Tenia - os * PTT awe EE ‘The Raspbian operating system also comes with a whole set of Python games to play, Choose Menu > ‘Games > Python Games to view alist of games you can play, These ‘tend tobe simpler than Minecraft, and typically ae board games, although there isa good Tetris clone called Tetromino, forthe Raspberry Pi Ezz ‘There are a surprising number of games available for the Raspberry Pion the Add Remove Software window. This program is found under Menu Preferences > Add / Remove Software, Here youlfid lots of apps and programs that you Can ada to your Raspberry Pi 20 The Complete Resphery Pi Manus! 45WF Using the Raspbian OS Using APT to Install and Remove Programs ADVANCED PACKAGING TOOL ‘Add | Rem fe Software Is great for finding and installing software but most of the time you manage apps on a Raspberry P using @ program called APT (Advanced Packaging Tool) using the apt command, EEau ‘To manage the apps on your Raspberry Pi you'll need to.sea too included with Raspbian called APT (Advanced Packaging Too), APT is a command line tool so you need to either start your Raspberry Pin the command line or click aa the Terminal icon. (5 OSE 8 4 Been a EE ‘The command used to control packages in Raspbian is, ‘apt Type apt into the terminal and press Return to {get a description of what the app does. The instructions tell us that the "mos requentiy used commands are update and instal’. You ‘may also hear about “apt-get” which i an older version ofthe same ‘0. It works in much the same way, 5 OCms Om istep3 | ‘The command used to add new software to your Raspberry Piis ape install folowed by the name ‘of the package you want. However, because apt add (or removes) files outside of your home directory you need to preface apt with the word sudo. Almost all ofthe time you wil need to type sudo’ apt when using this too 5 ODEs 6 me EE Beginning a command with “sudo” runs the command ‘8 super user, “super” meaning the ane above your Pi account, rather than one with super-hero properties. However, if it helps you to think of iethat way tha’ fine, Soto installa new sm You type: ido followed by the name of the app you want. . 46 80HUsing APT to Install and Remove Programs @& EEz You're going to install a chess game called Dreamchess. Enter sudo apt. inatal reanchess and press Return Descriptive text wll un up the screen. You may see “De you want ta continue [Vn]? Enter: y and press Return to install the application. Youll find it by chocsing: Menu > Games > Dreamehess. § OCB + 6 Eee MORE APT COMMANDS: view al the packages available. Typing apt-cache pkqnanes ‘Less enables you to view a page ata time (press any key to scroll You can use apt-cache search to find packages enter 1g 0 view alist of Fong games you can instal 6 058460 ‘The apt command is also used to lst, and delete, any apps you have installed Sometimes you wl ry to instal an app only to get an need to update apt soit has the latest inks, Enter: ido ‘This doesnt update the apps you've installed, itjust gets a newer listing of apps. To update your apps tothe latest versions enter ‘upgrade. Yu'l often find both commands rolled into apt update && sudo apt EB OE Brsosnionn: upgrade To view the packages you've installed you use a =-get-selections | grep -v deinstall to view allof the packages on your Raspberry Pi. Pace | le: page ata time. Or dpa deinstall after itto view one | erep -v 9. to save the lit as a > =/Desktop/packa text ile on your desktop. © OCS 4 6 Bream Eee Packages are uninstalled from your Raspberry Pi Using the remove command, Enter: sudo ap renove dreanche to start deleting the chess game that you installed. An alert saying “Do you want to continue [¥/n?| appears, enter: y and press Return to delete the program. » O0C8 4 0 Beam Uninstalled packages using apt doesnt remove all ofthe program later, To completely remove a package from your Raspberry Pi use the purge command, Enter: sudo apt remove all ofthe supporting fils. You can also use sudo. ap to tidy up your packages and free up some drive space. . OCB + 6 Bie The Complete R nual 47BNE Using the Raspbian os Using the File Manager Sot tiraen meh acne: fA Svinte Riel oRelaRe) a mee oli Oa MUL R ore Roe MATa) eae . This is used to find, move and remove files from your Raspberry Pi. VIEWING AND MOVING FILES You can move, manage and delete files using the Command Line but lke all modem operating systems Raspbian has a program to help you manage your files. Discover how to use the File Manager app. EE Raspbian includes a great file management program EEE Inthe left-hand part ofthe File Manager sits the Side called “Fle Manager PCManFM" or just File Manager Pane. By default this displays the Directory Tree, which for shor. Click on the FileManager PCManFM icon in the Launch Bar is another way of navigating the folders on your hard ive. Alternatively for chaase Menu > Accessories > Fle Manager click the Sie Pane menu and choose Places, Now the Side Pane displays ‘common locations such as Home Folder, Desktop, Rubbish Bin (also known asthe Wastebaskeb, Applications and your SD Card a 48 BMS Utimate SaisUsing File the Manager @& Double-click a file in File Manager to open it with the ‘Drag items you no longer want to the Wastebasket to default app. You canals right-click file to view delete them or right-click and choose Move to Trash ‘compatible applications in Raspbian. Pick an application from thelist To empty the wastebasket and permanently delete the unwanted les provided to open it. Click Properties and use the Open with menusto double click Wastebaskat to open it. Now ight-c the black space automatically open that type of fle with that app in future. in File Manager and choose Empty Rubbish Bin. lick Ys in the alert window and the fles wll be removed. The Complete Respoery Manual 49BNE Using the Raspbian os Transfer Files Using FTP Cie enh Sora ronan at hour ueu mca tmnt kennee sl Lisle cRi ho) mea Res) te, ae aR eek moe Saeko neta Bi kee aoe Nene) USING FTP FIP File Transfer Protocol isa technique often used to send fies from one computer to another. Most people encounter FTP when they need to upload and download files to and from the internet, but FTPs EE Before you get started you'll need to download an FTP. client (a program used to make a connection and transfer fle) It doesrit matter which FTP client you use but our recommendation i FileZila.On your computer (nat your Raspberry Ph visi https://fileziila-project .org/ and cick Dowload Filezilla Client, EO FileZilla... ‘ue Overview inruaremecyoametage OGM + 0 Beam 50 great for sending files from your computer to your Raspberry Pi ‘The IP address should start with 192.168.0 and be followed by a three-digit number. Ours is 192.168.0.178. Thats the number you need to enter into Flea soit ‘an find our Raspberry lon the netwerk Head back to FileZilla on your ‘computer and choose File > Site Manager. T omcleacugitied rit ante hear ey| Transfer Files Using FTP 6 ‘You may be asked to enter your password. Enter the password for the Raspberry Pi and click OK. The frst time you wil se an alert “The server's host key is unknown’. Select “always trust this host, add this Key tothe cache" and click OK. You wil now be connected tothe Raspberry Pi and can begin to transfer files. Beconpat yuri pein ehh uA OSTA Tate nk co encnmtg? ra ie ori r= DIRECT CONNECTION Linux users can connect directly. The left side of FileZila represents the files on your local computer, the PC, whist the right sie represents the les on your Raspberry Pi. The easiest way to transfer les from ‘one side to another i to click and drag the files across. Alternatively right-click on the fle on the local side (left) and choose Upload to send It to the currently selected location on your Raspberry Pi Linux users can connect directly tothe Raspberry Pi from the Nautlus File Manager. Click Fes to start Nautilus and serail dav to Network in the sidebar. Choose Connect To Server to bring up the Server Address window. Enter: ssh// ‘pia192.168.0.178 (wse the last three digits that represent your P's IP address taal oe an a rt iy ene bepress Setar fecones ia faiarioend Wana opus Dp rnocion toto bros vance Seyret ts i tenetaotapeteet genase if you have et up your outer with DACP Reser, suerte ‘so your Raspberry Pi has the same IP address each time you poner up then ts ged ato becark the conection grec onthe adress an hoore Add Baka Sprcars underneath Booman the sidebar Click the Gece est tortoremove the lune an cick the Bookmart recomnet Cerri er) The Complete Raspbery Pi Marusl 51BNE Using the Raspbian os Using the Archiver App pola aCe) e1- cy an some computers, and files are often she in a shrunk-down format. These are compressed and uncompressed (so they can be ust using an app EXPAND AND COMPRESS FILES Many files are compressed when sent across the Intemet. The Raspberry i has a builtin utility called Archiver used to expand and compress files. SED recite cnevoncinne evans BRRPRI Ss ccna na Natrona tpplation nd te tenet ap exterion tepands that Ne ae opens tna conpae (although other compressed file types exist, including bz2, tar and —_ program. You can also right-click files and choase Open With to view ‘gzp). Compressed files can be identified by the opening box ican. them in the program of your choosing ust lke an uncompressed file Double-click a compressed file to open the Archiver app. File Managen. Ome Obes a a a te ore Peplcon window epson FETED Pci earch nrc epen application as default for this filetype" and click OK>, Archiver ‘the path n Extract To and choose a destination for the file. lick Extract. clspays the folder inside the compressed fle to.expand the file. A copy remains insie the compressed fle, but now gop Tas ‘you willbe able to acces the fle rectly from inside Raspbian. 60 Dom cxiginal file, which will main on your Raspberry P's Extract. Choose a location using the Extract Files window and click 0 Card, typically inthe downloads folder. To save space you should Extract. Ensure that the “Extract es with full path” option i selected, Gelete the ile. Right-click te ile to reveal the contextual menu and All ofthe files will be expanded from the compressed file into the hold down Shift, Move to Trash tums into the Remove command. location you choose. Select Remove and click Yes to immediately delete the fle FRR f SO lRlF _ ny The Complete Resphery Pi Manus! 53BNE Using the Raspbian os Using the Task Manager Eee et uc Rut ices neces i teen aay settee hel oo tant ranean ota Deano) eee RCo MANAGE PROCESSES ‘Te Raspbian operating system is made up of lots of processes, known as "commands". These can al be viewed, managed and forced to ‘uit using the Task Manager program. AEE The Task Manager apps a great way to get an overview of all the diferent processes that make up ‘Your Raspbian operating system. Chose Menu > Accessories > Task “Manager to open the Task Manager app. At the top you wll see how ‘much CPU and Memory is being currently used by your system. EEE RSS (Resident Set Size [of Memory) is the amount of RAM that the process fs currently taking up. Sorting by the RS column enables you to view which processes ae taking up memory space, VM-Sze i the amount of virtual memory used by the process this is memory thats created virtually using the space on the SD Card Semin deceetite onetar poate hate tne en Senora on rs St ner ‘54 BMS Utimate Ser(ing the Teck Manager SE PEPTIIN The More Details button canbe used to switch between a simple view that deplays ust the Commands (CPU, RSS and PID (Process Identifier) and the more detailed view. lecking More Details is handy if you just want to view simple details in 2 smaller window wb working with ather apes. QUITTING AND KILLING Kill or terminate unruly processes. ‘One of the most common reasons for opening Task Manager is to help deal with an unresponsive process. Ifa program crashes is usually because a process has become unresponsive the rest of the operating system keeps running) Right-click a process to view alist of commands that can help. EE ‘Stop and Continue can be used to temporarily halt. ‘and then resume a process, Right-click a process and ‘choose Stop to halt the process. The CPU usage of the process should ‘drop to 0% but the RSS will stay because it remains in memory, Right-click and choose Continue to start the proces running again. vembpublicatons com IIIs possible to assign priorities to tasks to decide which ones Raspbian gives preference too. This is handy if you have a process that you want to keep open but not interfere with other programs. Right-click on a process and choose Priority and between -10 (not important) to 10 (very important). The efault forall processesis 0. {fa process is frozen and you want to end i, frst try to.use the terminate command, rather than Kil Right-click the process and choose Term. The terminate command sends an alert to the program that itis about to close down, so the program can attempt to save any data I's safer way to end a program than Kil Kling a process sth way t stop runaway and SUEHO unresponsive processes in their tracks. To end a process ints manne ltl nd choose Kl The proces wil be seta sees of gait en ear ges more severe us SRL Oa sna sent andthe program ote. crt when ng becaue some processes my ben use by aspen The Complete Respbery Manual $5)WF Using the Raspbian OS Get More from the Terminal App CUSTOM TERMINAL ‘Youll spend a ot of time in Terminal, so why not get to know ita bit better and sett up to work just the way you want "Naming tabs makes them much easier to recognise. Start Terminal by clicking the Terminal con in the ‘Application Launch Bar, You can aso start Terminal ‘by pressing ControF-At-T or chaosing Menu > Accessories > Terminal. Terminal emulates the old style video terminals from before desktop interfaces; so by default it splays bright (mostly ‘green on a black background, a es ' || | ‘The first thing most people overlook i the ability to ‘un multiple terminals at once in afferent tabs, ‘Choose File > New Tab (Shife-Control-T) to create a new tab, "Navigating multiple directories simultaneously can be a challenge In Terminal and tabs makes it that much easier Rites ee | —______} 56 DM suchas "Home" or Downloads". lick OK t set the name. You can {Quickly switeh between tabs using Controt-Page Up and Contro-Page Down and rearrange them using the Tabs Move Tab Left / Move Tab Right options. Rr | EE Choose Edit > Preferences to personalise the look and feel of LxTerminal,One ofthe best tricks isto click Background and drag the Opacity sider tothe half-ay point. This {enables you to view through the terminal background and see the om below. You can also personalise the colour ofthe background. I “|EEz ‘While stillin Preferences click the Display tab. Here you. «an adjust the Tab panel postions, placing them on the Left makes them more prominent. You can also adjust the scralback line ‘count. Thisis the numberof ines you can scroll up with using the mouse, not the history accessed by the Up and Down arrows w ua CONNECT USING SSH Use a diferent computer to control your Raspberry Pi using the Terminal program on that computer. We're going to use Terminal in macOS here but the process isthe same on a Linux machine, Open the Terminal app on your computer. If you have your Raspberry Pion the same network ‘asa Mac or Linux-based computer, you can conte it Enter Leong into the Terminal app on your Raspberry P. This wil let you know which IP address itis using, Look for the four blocks of aight following “inet adr ‘They should begin with 192.168.0 followed by a three-digit number, (Ours is 192,168.0.179, You need to se that number in Terminal on ‘our Mac to connect, U Get More from the Terminal App QE If you prefer a more minimalist appreachtry maving the Tabs tothe bottom and selecting the Hide scroll bar, Hide ‘menu bar and Hide Close button options. When combined with alow opacity background this makes for a subtle terminal window. You an ti access menu settings using a right-click onthe mouse w Eee ‘Switch back to Terminal on your Mac or Linux machine and enter: aah piai92.268.0.178 (using your own IP address) The “pi” bit isthe name ofthe default User account, so If you have changed that itneeds to match your User account on the Raspberry Pi. Youll be asked fora password Tiss the password that you use to lag in to the Raspberry Pi (not Yyour Mac or Linux computer) Ezz ‘You are now logged in to your Raspberry Pi and can enter commands directly into the Terminal on your Mac or Linux computer. Unlike remote networking you don't see the commands being entered on the screen of the Raspberry i, {you are accessing the computer from behind the scenes. Many people prefer to set up the Raspberry Piso they can control it From a more powerful computer. Enter: exit to close the connection The Complete Respoery Manual 57a} Using the Raspbian OS Using the Leafpad Text Editor E ret Sten ae en EDITING TEXT You'l spend a lot more time editing text and files in Raspbian than you're probably used to on a Windows or Mac computer. Raspbian ‘comes witha builtin text editor called Leafpad, ‘recs Mena > Accessories > Ter Etro open the Sz? Leafpad application. It works very much like other text ctor here you eter tt in the window: Tees noun spe hector grammar checkin Leap wel okie ater or rete perl documenting. Rather than bing Seo wor procesing sippy useato ed conaguration ad code es. et ge cee a "Next to Unicode are three options: LF, CR+LF and CR. LF stands for Line Feed and CR stands for Carriage Return. These are cferent ways that a document knows when thas reached the end ofeach line, You should ensure that LF i the selected ‘option, as thats what Unix and modern Mac systems use. CRLF is used by Windows systems and only very old documents use just the (CRstandard ESSE Seve your now file by choosing File > Save As (or press Shift-Controt-S). Enter a name for your document in the Name feld and use the Save in folder window to select a location, Pay attention tothe Character Encoding and ensure that itis set to UTE-8 in most instances. UTF-8 ensures that your document uses Unicode character formatting Vist unicode.org for more information ‘on Unicode formatting. ‘5B BOMs Utimate Seri SE BEE EE EE ren opening a document (File > Open) you should ensure that character coding is st to Auto-Detect. This selection wil match the various character encoding formats avaliable ‘The other common standard you wll encounter is S0-8859-1 and ‘occasionally ISO-8859-15, which features European characters such as the Euro sign. I you open a document and some ofthe symbols are ‘garbled then try to usea diferent Character Coding standard 5 ODO innsUsing the Leafpad Text Editor @& EEz Itis possible (though rare) to hook a Raspberry Piup to ‘You will mostiy use Leafpad for editing code, soit's a printer and print aut documents. More commonty 00d idea to ensure that Word Wrap is turned off You use the Print command to save file in the POF format. Using POFS and Line Numbers are turned on. Click options and ensure that there ‘enables you to share and archive files while preserving formatting, _is'taticenext to Word Wrap and place one next to Line Numbers. ‘Choose File > Print and selec Print to File. Ensure Output format set Turn on Auto Indent, ths ensures that the next ine down starts te POF and use the Name and Save in folder options to set alocation indented to the same space four characters by default) This option for your document. Click Prin to save the ile asa POF. Is useful when programming — The Complete Respoery Manual 59WINE Using the Raspbian os | Using LibreOffice to Create Documents By aone se og eee mera Keos em vat Teves office suite called LibreOffice. This can be used to create and edit word documents and Mees se aie dai Keon JUST LIKE MICROSOFT OFFICE Leafpad and Nano are great for editing text files but if you want to create a more complex document on your Raspberry Pi then Ubreoffice isthe app to use. It's just like having Microsoft office on your Raspberry Pi. bso eres baryons Lo ERNII Yori ertees inert ey FEED esicascroococtens one” ERED Sevier cayrenses ogee Oe Inside you wl find five apps: Base, Cac Draw, Impress and Write. These formatting options. The Apply Style menu can be sed to add Heading 1 ‘ae functionally similar to Microsoft Office apps. Base is a database ‘and Heading 2 styles to text, while the Numbering an Bullet icons can rogram, Impress is presentation software ike PowerPoint; Calcis Excel be used to adits. Options tke these make LibreOfice Writer good ‘and Writer is similar to Microsoft Word place to create text fo onine blogs and ates. a0 ie a ¢9 [eau Cees Besos EEEER cess ore cor erosanie —= = word rcessing appa. You canine ht importnt thissmorefunctonally ower pao thon cfd The mer __fearcin Libres tasmore dtaied ods suchas sere Fomat rd Tbeandasecton ait omit nages th Cftenubar cons male auto fen ou tert documents tect Add on moge your tecumer by coosng insert» Picture >From Fle Usethe net itu vino cate te rc clk Open. The mage vibe rere atthe taror bt youcan ve the seen dag hands to reset ond kane og toreposton 60 BON Utimate SerieUsing LibreOffice to Create Documents am CChoose File > Save As to save your Writer document. In ‘You can print out documents created in LibreOffice the bottom right you will se All Formats but this Connect a printer to your Raspberry Pi with a USB used ta fier the files shown in the window. Click FileType in the ‘able. Choose ile > Print. tis also possible to export a document to bottom left to choose the filetype you want to save the document as. PDF format, suitable fr sharing, Choose ile > Export as POF. LibreOttice uses the odt extension (Open Document Tex) by default (@/CSiN'@ @ lala sas Ta ‘Yu can choose Microsoft Word and other formats instead. aN Or= = ET Pees Basse esy Bw uagRes oe. ee. Dleeer ene eyuersee CHECK YOUR SPELLING Set up the Libreoffice spell checker. One ofthe big advantages Writer has over other BI) s LibreOrrice choose Tools > Extension Manager and aaerynascaneunerasrea Shaan ces rinbe Posteo usec checker. Honever, you don't have the languages installed so it doesn't Downloads folder to display the dictionary le. elect and cick Open work automaticaly, Open the browser and enter tis URLto get the anditwillbeaddedto the Extension Manager. Woitfor the progress filesheep://extensions.1ibreoffice.org/extensicn- bar atthe botlomtofnsh and ck ose center/anarican-british-canadian-spelling-hyphen-_¢ @ iss mason thesaurus-dicticnaries/zeleases/3.0. Scroldowmand lc the rst link under Avaliable Downloads. Dpaas sas e-e. : =o Bruees [Dy kibreoftice ex ms (Choose Tools > Language > For All Text and ether English (UK) or English (USA). Now choose Tools > EE There are usually a selection of downloads available. Speing and Grammar to check the document or click the Spling Each ends with the oxt extensions. Click the one you gon, You can also check speling as you type by clicking the want, typically the one with the most words, andi wil be ‘AutoSplcheck icon in the Menu bar. Now as you type words wrong) ‘downloaded to your SD Card. The fle will be saved into your they will appear with a red underline, enabling you to correct spellings Downloads folder automaticaly DG ~ 0 GF Laleoene : nedmpubestone.com The Complete RaspberyPiMarusl 61I Using the Raspbian OS Edit Images with GIMP GET TO KNOW GIMP ‘Your Raspberry Pi can display images with its built-in Image View app but for any image editing you'll need GIMP (GNU Image Manipulation Program). GIMP isa powerful software package for photo editing and is a great tool to install on your Raspberry Pi. EE ‘Open terminal and enter: sudo apt install gimp to dovinioad and instal the GIMP package. An alert will appear saying: after this operation, 117 MB of addtional diskspace will be used, Do you want to continue [Yin]? Enter: y and press Return. GIMP will now be installed in Raspbian. GIMP salt larger than most programs you! install so the instalation takes longer. Ea ‘When the installation has completed you will find GIMP Under Menu > Graphics > GNU Image Manipulation Program. thas a more detail interface than many Linux programs with tw boxes, Tool Options and Brushes offering a range of image editing options. Users of software lke Adabe Photoshop wil feel right athome and its ideal for image editing. oer Er) SS 62 BOMs Utimate Saris ister 3 Images can be opened in GIMP using File > Open or By ‘ight-clicking on files in File Manager anc choosing {GNU Image Manipulation Program. You can open multiple images at ‘once in GIMP but each opens inside adifferent window. Choose ‘Window > Single Window Mode to gather them together. Click onthe tabs atthe top of the screen to switch from one image to anather Eazy You can perform powerful edits in GIMP but we don't nave space to go over thera Probaby the most Useful youl find is Clours> Levels This window enables you to cust he tonal ange and colour balance ofan image. Orag the let and ight handiesinsightly an slide the centre handle othe ight toimorove the contrast ofan image. Saal voumeas o ae FS| Edit Images with GIMP om Te crop an image cick the Rectangle Sekt Tol ana Gaga squoreonteimage choose mage > Crop To Selection treo the urmanted parts ofthe image Use the kage > seaeimage anélmage » Camas Sie options toast he mage tospeeic tes Cropping andvesing moges sa val ecnige 0 know when working on wettes EXPORTING IMAGES Sse rings sens ete tapes sed Fie Se in oa Cuteness rate fanesoseisentncesiee ie yinsente “There ar huge rage of mage eects and ters (pucan ada to mages using GMP Far more hon ve haveroom to cover hee Try Fiters> rts» Corton to give (eur image lack outine or Fiters > Atte» Oy to sata poled arte Toke a lok SG IpOEG/ ERE for ‘reat inepation The Eiport nage 3 FES window apres, delving 5127s a Quality slider. The Quality range is from 0 (very oor to 100 (perfect). While you might be tempted to set the quality ‘at 100, reducing it tightly wil create much smaller ils. Smaller les ‘ensure that your web page loads much more quickly. Youcan ‘typically reduce the Qualty to 80 ana get a much smaller file with litle discernible litference. 1g want save fies for usein poets such as websites use Fle» Export Ck the Fle Type option ace code a type tal you wit use PEG for web ages, ‘Choose a Name and location and click Export. nedmpubestone.com Fgh ka JPEG mage in he Fle Mage an ‘hose Open With expend Intrnet and choose Chromium Web tewserand OX This enaies yout see Row wil Sppear when you ad t your webste You cna ew mages ‘more quickly by right ccking and choosing Image Viewer. You can Use Save Fil AS in Image Viewer to quickly change the image format. The Complete Respoery Manual 63Getting to Know Seek is an incredibly powerful operating system Ce ce web servers and even top-end military DORs a Ee UR Ss eae ane kr power behind the Internet. In this section discover how the 0S RR une ey PU eee Cay EO ann Cra CoC a Rese U enue es CCC Cos CE the better your projects will be, and the oe eu Ld CEM ea Une ema Racy Corks 66 What is Linux? Cmerneancu tnt ue nae 72_Creating and Deleting Files ee eee 76 Copying, Moving and Renaming Files Pero Enea Cec ue ond Pree aed Pon ecrme tna EO hae eeu eo) Oates) 92 _Fun Things to Do in the Ter 94 More Fun Things to Do in the Ter Emu Reo Cereus Recomm? Cee eteGetting to Know Linux INDEX Getting to Know Linux eed ee en ee}8 Getting to Know Linux What is Linux? Sea oo an eet einem eee Rmartts cigs Msc seein erin rieies Windows and macOS have suprema Pore Matec eMac aiu lg Linux is a surprisingly powerful, fast, secure and capable ‘operating system. t's used as the 0S of choice for the Raspberry Pi, in the form of Raspbian 0S, as well as in ‘some of the most unlikely places. Despite only enjoying a 1.96% share (according to ‘netmarketshare.com) of the total desktop operating system market, Linux has a dedicated following of enthusiasts, users and contributors. It was created in 1991 by University ‘of Helsinki student, Linus Torvalds, who had become frustrated with the limitations and licensing of the popular ‘educational system Minix, a miniature version of the Unix ‘operating system, in use at the time. Unix itself was released in the early 70s, as a multi- tasking, madular-designed operating system originally developed for programmers who needed a stable platform to code on, However, its performance, power and portability BOOTLOADER ‘The bootloader is the software that initalises and boots up your computer. It loads up the various modules the OS uses to begin to access the hardware in the system. KERNEL The kemel is the core ofthe system and the single ‘element that is actually called Linux. The Linux kernel manages the computer processor, memory, storage and any peripherals you have attached to your computer. DAEMONS Daemons are background services that start as the ‘operating system is boating, These can enable printing, sound, networking and so on. GRAPHICAL SERVER This is a module within Linux that provides a graphical ‘output to your monitor. t's referred to as the X server oF simply X. 66 BON Utimate Serie £8 eRe Telomdea data asy ‘meant that it soon became the system of choice for companies and universities where high-end computing tasks were needed. Torvalds needed a system that could mirror Unix’s performance and features, without the licensing cost. Thus ‘was born Linux, the Unislike operating system which used freely available code from the GNU project. This enabled Users around the worid to utilise the power of the Unix-like system, completely free of charge, an ethos that stil holds today: Linux s free to download, install and use. Linux is much ike any other operating system, such as ‘Windows or mac0S in that it manages the computer hardware, provides an interface for the user to access that hardware and comes with programs for productivity, communications, gaming, science, education and more. Linux can be broken up into a number of significant elements: ‘SHELL The Linux shel a command tne interface environment, which a Linux user can use to enter commands to the 0S that directly affect it. Within the shell you can add new uses, reboot the system, create and delete files and folders plus much more. BASH (Boume-Again Shel isthe most popular shel used in Linux, although others are available. Te shell is also known as the Terminal and i's here we're going to work fom through this section of the book DESKTOP ENVIRONMENT ‘The Desktop Environment, or DE, is the main Graphical User interface (GU) that users interact with. t's the desktop and includes internet browsers, productivity, {games and whatever program or app you're using. There are countless DEs available, however Raspbian uses PIXEL. PROGRAMS/APPLICATIONS {As Linuxis a free, open source operating system, it also makes goad use of the tens of thousands of freely available applications. The likes of LibreOIMice, GIMP and Python are just the tip of the iceberg,Whatis Linux? Linux is used throughou quite unique uses. Wi World, in a number of basic and may look radically different from ‘one environment to the next, the actual Linux kemel, can be found in madern smart TVs, in-car entertainment systems and PS, supercomputers, loT devices and the Raspbery Pi. I's Used by NASA bath in the command centre and on-board the ISS, Linux servers power the backbone of the Internet, along c 1e websites you visit dally. Android utilises (of the Linux kernel, as do set top boxes, ‘games consoles and even your fridge, freezer, oven and washing machine, Linux isn’t h most of a free to use operating system, i's stable, powerful and fast, easily customised and requires very little maintenance. However, it’s more than just performance stats; Linux means freedom from the walled garden approach of other ‘operating systems. I's a lively community of like-minded individuals who want more fram their computers withaut the shackles of price or conformity. Linux means choice, ieee Raspbian on the Raspberry Ps evn aie, in (TELE EV ey imgittus - eee The Complete Resphery Pi Manus! 67