The St Thomas the Apostle College

M1.(a)    1 / one
1

(b)     (i)      protons
1

(ii)     neutrons
1

(iii)    7
1

(c)     (i)      losing
1

(ii)     a positive
1

(iii)    electrostatic
1

(d)     high melting points

1

strong bonds
1

(e)     (i)      58.5
1

(ii)     mole
1

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(f)     very small (particles) or

ignore tiny / small / smaller / microscopic etc.

1-100nm in size or

(particle with a) few hundred atoms

1
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M2.(a)    layers

which have weak forces / attractions / bonds between them

second mark must be linked to layers
1

or

which can slide over each other or separate

ignore references to rubbing
1

(b)     covalent
1
[3]

M3.(a)     (i)      14
1

(ii)     isotope
1

(iii)    (very) small
accept smaller / tiny / (very) little
1

(b)     (i)      C
1

(ii)     NH3
1

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(c)     (i)      nitric (acid)
1

(ii)     indicator
1

(iii)    crystallisation or evaporation
allow by heating or cooling or leave (on windowsill)
do not accept freezing
1

(iv)    any one from:

•        grass grows faster
•        grass grows taller or thicker
allow grass grows better / greener
1

(d)     potassium (atom) loses (an electron)

reference to incorrect bonding or particle = max 3
1

chlorine (atom) gains (an electron)

ignore references to full outer shells
1

1 (electron)
1

electron
1
[13]

M4.(a)    a layer a few hundred atoms thick

1

(b)     any two from:

any two ideas

•         less materials or save resources

•         less energy

•         less fuel

•         less pollution / greenhouse effect / global warming

•         less waste

ignore references to cost / recycling
2
[3]

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M5.(a)     (i)      high
1

(ii)     hundred
1

(b)     hard
1

(c)     (i)      carbon
1

(ii)     four
1

(iii)    covalent
1

(iv)    all
1
[7]

M6.         (a)      (i)     nucleus
1

(ii)     neutron
1

(iii)    electron
1

(b)     (i)      6
1

(ii)     12
1

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(c)     
1

(d)     (i)      CH 4

(ii)     compound
1

(iii)    covalent
1
[9]

M7.(a)     giant structure / lattice / layers / close packed

first 3 marks can be obtained from a suitably labelled
diagram
incorrect structure or bonding or particle = max 3
1

made up of atoms / positive ions

1

with delocalized / free electrons

1

so electrons can move / flow through the metal

accept so electrons can carry charge through the metal
accept so electrons can form a current
1

(b)     an alloy (is a metal which) has different types / sizes of atoms
accept converse for pure metal throughout
both marks can be obtained from suitable diagrams
allow made of different metals
allow mixture of metals / atoms / elements
ignore particles
ignore properties

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do not accept compound
1

alloy has distorted layers

allow layers are unable to slide
1

(c)     (i)      can return to its original shape

accept shape memory alloy
accept smart alloy
ignore other properties
1

(ii)     (pure copper is too) soft

accept converse
accept malleable or bends
accept copper is running out
ignore references to strength and weakness
1

(iii)    aluminium oxide
accept alumina
accept Al2O3
ignore bauxite / aluminium ore
1

(iv)    any one from:

•        different conditions
•        different catalyst
•        different pressure
allow different concentration
•        different temperature.
do not accept different monomers
1

(d)     any two from:

•        accurate
•        sensitive
•        rapid
•        small sample.
both needed for 1 mark
1
[11]

M8.         (a)      (i)                ionic / molecules / metallic / (inter)molecular = max 2

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because graphene / it has a giant structure / lattice / macromolecular
accept all / every / each atom is bonded to 3 other atoms
1

because graphene / it has covalent bonds / is covalent

1

because in graphene / the bonds are strong or

a lot of energy needed / hard to break the bonds
1

(ii)     there are delocalised / free electrons

1

because one (delocalised / free) electron per atom linked to first marking point
accept because three electrons per atom used (in bonding)
accept because one electron per atom not used (in bonding)
1

(b)     opaque (owtte)

eg could not see through them

or layers slide
or layers not aligned
ignore thick
1
[6]

M9.          (a)     C H
16 34

for 1 mark
1

(b)     electron
gains 1 mark

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          but shared electrons
gains 2 marks
2
[3]

M10.          (a)     Graphite:

because the layers (of carbon atoms) in graphite can move / slide
it = graphite
1

this is because there are only weak intermolecular forces or weak forces between
layers
accept Van der Waals’ forces allow no covalent bonds
between layers
1

Diamond:

however, in diamond, each carbon atom is (strongly / covalently) bonded to 4 others

allow diamond has three dimensional / tetrahedral structure
1

so no carbon / atoms able to move / slide

allow so no layers to slide or so diamond is rigid
1

(b)     because graphite has delocalised electrons / sea of electrons

allow free / mobile / roaming electrons
1

which can carry charge / current or move through the structure

1

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however, diamond has no delocalised electrons
accept however, diamond has all (outer) electrons used in
bonding
1

[7]

M11.          (a)     X – (metal) atom / ion

1

Y – electron
1

(b)     free electrons or electrons move

1

(allow metal) atoms / ions to slide over each other

OR

bonding non - directional for 2 marks

1
[4]

M12.          (a)     8 marks       Particularly well structured answer with most points mentioned.

          7-6 marks    Well structured answer. The two metals will have been
compared rather than simply listing advantages/disadvantages. Most
of the advantages and disadvantages of each metal have been mentioned.

          5-3 marks    Some structure to the answer.  An attempt to compare the metals
by giving some advantages and disadvantages.

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          2-1 marks    Little structure or attempt to compare.  Marks gained by listing a few
advantages or disadvantages.

          Advantages of Nickel:

Relatively low cost which makes the sparking plugs cheaper to produce.
Quite high melting point which is needed because the temperature in the
engine is very high.
Good conductor of electricity needed to carry electricity into combustion
chamber to produce spark.

          Disadvantages of Nickel:

Subject to corrosion in engine which means they only last a short time
because nickel is higher in reactivity than platinum.
Idea that this leads to reduced efficiency, unburnt petrol and air pollution.

          Advantages of Platinum:

Less susceptible to corrosion (not corroded) because platinum is very low in
reactivity.
Idea that this improves efficiency and reduces pollution.-
Higher melting point than nickel to withstand the high temperatures in the
combustion chamber.
Last a lot longer than nickel electrodes due to low reactivity.
(Sensible extension here could be longer service intervals etc.)-
Good conductor of electricity as for nickel.
Extension here could be linked to the idea that the conductivity
does not deteriorate as quickly as nickel.)

          Disadvantages of Platinum:

Cost which will make the sparking plug more expensive.
A good candidate might justify cost by longer life, better fuel consumption and
less pollution.
8

(b)     (i)      giant structure/lattice/regular arrangements of atoms

any for 1 mark

         of atoms/of ions (provided free electrons mentioned)

either for 1 mark

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         delocalised or free electrons
for 1 mark
3

(ii)     electrons free/can move

for 1 mark each
2
[13]

M13.(a)    (Chromium =) 20
in correct order
1

(Nickel =) 8
accept Chromium = 8 and Nickel = 20 for 1 mark
1

(b)     (i)      (because iron is made up of only) one type of atom

1

(ii)     not strong

allow too soft or too flexible
accept it rusts / corrodes or that it could wear away
accept could change shape / bend
accept layers / atoms could slide (over each other)
1

(iii)    structure is different / distorted / disrupted

accept not in layers or not regular
1

so it is difficult for layers / atoms / particles to slip / slide (over each

other)

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accept layers cannot slip / slide
1
[6]

M14.(a)     nanotubes can slide (over each other)

allow nanotubes can roll (over each other)
1

because no (covalent) bonds between the nanotubes

accept weak forces between the nanotubes or weak
intermolecular forces
allow layers for nanotubes throughout
1

(b)     delocalised electrons

accept free electrons
1

so (delocalised) electrons can move through the graphite

accept so (delocalised) electrons can carry charge through
the graphite
1
[4]

M15.(a)     lattice / giant structure

max 3 if incorrect structure or bonding or particles
1

ionic or (contains) ions

1

Na+ and Cl-

accept in words or dot and cross diagram: must include type
and magnitude of charge for each ion
1

electrostatic attraction
allow attraction between opposite charges
1

(b)     hydrogen
allow H2
1

sodium hydroxide

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allow NaOH
1

(c)     any one from, eg:

•        people should have the right to choose
•        insufficient evidence of effect on individuals
•        individuals may need different amounts.
allow too much could be harmful
ignore religious reasons
ignore cost
ignore reference to allergies
1

(d)     (i)      one bonding pair of electrons

accept dot, cross or e or − or any combination, eg

6 unbonded electrons on each atom

1

(ii)     simple molecules
max 2 if incorrect structure or bonding or particles
accept small molecules
accept simple / small molecular structure
1

with intermolecular forces

accept forces between molecules
must be no contradictory particles
1

which are weak or which require little energy to overcome − must be

linked to second marking point
reference to weak covalent bonds negates second and third
marking points
1

(iii)    iodine has no delocalised / free / mobile electrons or ions

1

so cannot carry charge

if no mark awarded iodine molecules have no charge gains 1
mark
1
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M16.(a)     (i)      C
1

(ii)     B
1

(iii)    A
1

(iv)    D
1

(b)     (i)      SO2
1

(ii)     shared
1

(iii)    covalent
1
[7]

M17.(a)     (i)      giant lattice

allow each carbon atom is joined to three others
1

atoms in graphene are covalently bonded

max. 2 marks if any reference to wrong type of bonding
1

and covalent bonds are strong or need a lot of energy to be broken

allow difficult to break
1

(ii)     because graphene has delocalised electrons

allow each carbon atom has one free electron
1

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which can move throughout the structure
do not accept just electrons can move.
1

(b)     because there are weak forces between molecules

allow no bonds between the layers
1

so layers / molecules can slip / slide.

1
[7]

M18.(a)     (i)      neutrons
this order only
1

electrons
1

protons
1

(ii)     box on the left ticked

1

(b)     (i)      effervescence / bubbling / fizzing / bubbles of gas

do not accept just gas alone
1

magnesium gets smaller / disappears

allow magnesium dissolves
allow gets hotter or steam produced
ignore references to magnesium moving and floating /
sinking and incorrectly named gases.
1

(ii)     Marks awarded for this answer will be determined by the Quality of

Communication (QC) as well as the standard of the scientific response.
Examiners should also refer to the information in the Marking Guidance
and apply a ‘best–fit’ approach to the marking.

0 marks

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No relevant content

Level 1 (1−2 marks)

There are simple statements of some of the steps in a procedure for
obtaining magnesium chloride.

Level 2 (3−4 marks)

There is a description of a laboratory procedure for obtaining
magnesium chloride from dilute hydrochloric acid and magnesium.

The answer must include a way of ensuring the hydrochloric acid is fully
reacted or a method of obtaining magnesium chloride crystals.

Level 3 (5−6 marks)

There is a well organised description of a laboratory procedure for
obtaining magnesium chloride that can be followed by another person.

The answer must include a way of ensuring the hydrochloric acid is fully
reacted and a method of obtaining magnesium chloride crystals.

examples of the points made in the response:

•        hydrochloric acid in beaker (or similar)
•        add small pieces of magnesium ribbon
•        until magnesium is in excess or until no more effervescence
occurs *
•        filter using filter paper and funnel
•        filter excess magnesium
•        pour solution into evaporating basin / dish
•        heat using Bunsen burner
•        leave to crystallise / leave for water to evaporate / boil off water
•        decant solution
•        pat dry (using filter paper).

*Student may choose to use a named indicator until it turns a neutral

colour, record the number of pieces of magnesium added then repeat
without the indicator.
6
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