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Current To Voltage Converter & Voltage To Current Converter: Op-Amp Applications

Current to voltage and voltage to current converters use op-amps to convert between current and voltage signals. A current to voltage converter outputs a voltage proportional to its input current, acting as a current-controlled voltage source. A voltage to current converter outputs a current proportional to its input voltage, acting as a voltage-controlled current source. These converters have applications in current and voltage measurement, and testing semiconductor devices like photodiodes, LEDs, and diodes.

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Jay Reposo
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74 views

Current To Voltage Converter & Voltage To Current Converter: Op-Amp Applications

Current to voltage and voltage to current converters use op-amps to convert between current and voltage signals. A current to voltage converter outputs a voltage proportional to its input current, acting as a current-controlled voltage source. A voltage to current converter outputs a current proportional to its input voltage, acting as a voltage-controlled current source. These converters have applications in current and voltage measurement, and testing semiconductor devices like photodiodes, LEDs, and diodes.

Uploaded by

Jay Reposo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Current to Voltage Converter

&
Voltage to Current Converter
Op-Amp Applications
Current to Voltage Converter
• The output voltage is proportional to input current
𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜 = 𝐴𝐴𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
• It converts input current into proportional output voltage.
• This device excellent for current measurement as it is acts as
Ammeter with zero voltage across meter
• It is also called as trans-resistance amplifier or trans-impedance
amplifier.
• It is current controlled voltage source (CCVS)
Current to Voltage Converter
𝐼𝐼𝑓𝑓
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 − 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
𝐴𝐴𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 = ∞ Rf
𝑍𝑍𝑖𝑖 =∞
𝑉𝑉 − = 𝑉𝑉 + -
𝐼𝐼 − = 𝐼𝐼 + = 0
I Vo
𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝐼𝐼𝑓𝑓 in +
𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜 = −𝑅𝑅𝑓𝑓 𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝑉𝑉𝑓𝑓 = 𝐼𝐼𝑓𝑓 𝑅𝑅𝑓𝑓
𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜
𝐴𝐴 = = 𝑅𝑅𝑓𝑓
𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
Current to Voltage Converter
• Applications 𝐼𝐼𝑓𝑓
– Photodiode Current Measurement:
• Photodiode operates in reverse bias Rf
condition. 𝐼𝐼𝐷𝐷
• Reverse voltages are plotted along X
-
+
axis in volts and reverse current are
plotted along Y-axis in microampere. Vi Vo
• Reverse current does not depend on
reverse voltage. 𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜 = 𝑅𝑅𝑓𝑓 𝐼𝐼𝐷𝐷
• When there is no light illumination,
reverse current will be almost zero.
• The minimum amount of current present
is called as Dark Current.
• Once when the light illumination
increases, reverse current also
increases linearly.
Current to Voltage Converter
• Applications 𝐼𝐼𝑓𝑓
– Measurement of Photo resistor
• This type of circuits is used to measure 𝐼𝐼𝑝𝑝 Rf
the photo resistor.
• In dark condition, the resistance is very
-
Rp +
Vi
large.
• As the intensity of light incident on
photo resistor is increased, the
Vo
resistance decreases.
𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜 = 𝑅𝑅𝑓𝑓 𝐼𝐼𝑓𝑓

𝐼𝐼𝑝𝑝 = 𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝐼𝐼𝑓𝑓


𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖 𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖
𝐼𝐼𝑝𝑝 = 𝑅𝑅𝑝𝑝 =
𝑅𝑅𝑝𝑝 𝐼𝐼𝑝𝑝
Voltage to Current Converter
• It is a circuit in which load (Output) current is proportional to input
voltage. That is, voltage is converted into current.

𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿 𝛼𝛼 𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖
• They are classified into types depending on the position of the load.
– V to I with floating load
– V to I convertor with grounded load
Voltage to Current Converter
𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿
• V to I converter with floating load
– As the name indicates, the load resistor is floating RL
in this converter circuit. 𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
– That is, the resistor RL is not linked to ground. -
The voltage, Vin which is the input voltage is
Ri Vo
given to the non-inverting input terminal. +
– The inverting input terminal is driven by the
feedback voltage which is across the RL resistor.
Vi
– This feedback voltage is determined by the load
current and it is in series with the VD, which is the
𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖
input difference voltage. 𝐼𝐼 = 𝐼𝐼𝑓𝑓 = 𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝐿𝐿 𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 =
– So this circuit is also known as current series 𝑅𝑅𝑖𝑖
negative feedback amplifier.
𝑉𝑉 = 𝑉𝑉 + = 𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
−
𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖
𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿 =
𝑅𝑅𝑖𝑖
Voltage to Current Converter

• V to I converter with grounded load


– As the name indicates, the load resistor is R
connected in the ground in this converter circuit.
-
– That is, the resistor RL is linked to ground.
R Vo
The voltage, Vin which is the input voltage is given +
to the non-inverting input terminal.
– It is also known as Howland Current Converter.

R R
Vi RL
Voltage to Current Converter
• V to I converter with grounded load

𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 @ 𝑉𝑉 − R


𝑉𝑉 −
𝑉𝑉 − − 0 𝑉𝑉 − − 𝑉𝑉𝑂𝑂 -
+ =0
R Vo
𝑅𝑅 𝑅𝑅 +
𝑉𝑉 − 𝑉𝑉 − 𝑉𝑉𝑂𝑂
+ = 𝑉𝑉 +
𝑅𝑅 𝑅𝑅 𝑅𝑅
𝑉𝑉 − + 𝑉𝑉 − = 𝑉𝑉𝑂𝑂 R 𝐼𝐼1 𝐼𝐼2 R
2𝑉𝑉 − = 𝑉𝑉𝑂𝑂
Vi RL 𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿
−
𝑉𝑉𝑂𝑂
𝑉𝑉 = 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸. 1
2
Voltage to Current Converter
• V to I converter with grounded load
𝑉𝑉𝑂𝑂
−
𝑉𝑉 =
2
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸. 1 R
𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾 @ 𝑉𝑉 + 𝑉𝑉 −
-
𝐼𝐼1 + 𝐼𝐼2 = 𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿 R Vo
+
𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖 − 𝑉𝑉 + 𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜 − 𝑉𝑉 +
+ = 𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿
𝑅𝑅 𝑅𝑅 𝑉𝑉 +
𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖 − 2𝑉𝑉 + + 𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜 = 𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿 𝑅𝑅 R 𝐼𝐼1 𝐼𝐼2 R
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 Vi RL 𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿
𝑉𝑉 − = 𝑉𝑉 +
𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖 − 2𝑉𝑉 − + 𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜 = 𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿 𝑅𝑅 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸. 2
Voltage to Current Converter
• V to I converter with grounded load
𝑉𝑉𝑂𝑂 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸. 1
−
𝑉𝑉 =
2 R
𝑉𝑉 −
𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖 − 2𝑉𝑉 − + 𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜 = 𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿 𝑅𝑅𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸. 2 -
R Vo
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸. 1 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸. 2 +
𝑉𝑉𝑂𝑂 𝑉𝑉 +
𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖 − 2 + 𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜 = 𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿 𝑅𝑅
2
R 𝐼𝐼1 𝐼𝐼2 R
𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖 − 𝑉𝑉𝑂𝑂 + 𝑉𝑉𝑂𝑂 = 𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿 𝑅𝑅
Vi RL 𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿
𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖
𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖 = 𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿 𝑅𝑅 𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿 =
𝑅𝑅
Voltage to Current Converter

• Applications

• Zener diode tester


• Low AC and DC Voltmeters
• Testing LED
• Testing Diodes

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