EEE 201 Engineering Mathematics

Prof. Dr. Saffet AYASUN

Inst.: Dr. Bülent Dağ
DEL OPERATOR AND GRADIENT
OF SCALAR
 DEL OPERATOR: CARTESIAN COORDINATES

 The del operator, written  , is the vector differential

operator. In Cartesian coordinates,
  
  a x  a y  az
x y z
 It is useful in defining
 The gradient of a scalar V, written, as V
 The divergence of a vector A, written as   A
 The curl of a vector A, written as xA
 The Laplacian of a scalar V, written as  2 V. It can also
be a vector of  2 A
 DEL OPERATOR: CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES
 To obtain  in terms of  , and z, recall that
x   cos( ), y   sin( ), z  z
y 1  x 
  x  y , tan( )  , z  z,   cos   ,
2 2 2

x 

 For a , using the multivariate chain rule
x
x

       z 
ax  ax    
x   x  x z x 
 

x x
 x y2 2
 x
x2  y 2

x

 cos
 DEL OPERATOR: CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES
 For
   1  x     1  x  d 1 du
 cos     cos    and cos -1  u  
x x      x   x2  y 2  dx 1  u 2 dx
 
   1  x     1  x  1   x 
 cos     cos     
x x      x   2 
x  y   2 x
 x  y 
2 2 2
 x
1  




1
 2
 x  y 2
 x

x

x 2
 y 2
 


1    xcos 
  2  x2  y 2 
x 2
x  x 2
 y 2
 x  
1     1  
 
  x 

  1  cos 
 1       1  sin 2
 1
   sin
x  x  
2 x y
2 2
 sin  2

1   
  
 DEL OPERATOR: CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES
 Finally,

z
 0 since they are perpendicular.
x
    1 
ax  ax  cos  sin  0 
x     
    1 
ax  ax  cos  sin 
x     
 DEL OPERATOR: CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES

 For a y , using the multivariate chain rule
y
       z 
ay  ay    
y   y  y z y 


 For y

 

y y
 
x2  y 2 
y
x2  y 2

y

 s in
 DEL OPERATOR: CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES

 For
y
   1  y     1  y  d 1 du
  sin      sin    and sin-1  u  
y y   ρ   y   x2  y 2  dy  2 dy
  1 u

   1  y     1  y  1   y 
  sin      sin     
y y      y   2 
x  y   2 y
 x  y 
2 2 2
  y
1  


 1
 2
 x  y 2
 y

y
x 2
 y 2
 
 1    ysin 
  
y 2
 2 2  x2  y 2 
 y
2
 x y   y  
1      1  
 
  y 

  1  sin  
 1      1  cos 2
 1
  cos
x 2 
 y  x 2
 y 2
 cos  2

1   
  
 DEL OPERATOR: CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES
 Finally, z
 0 since they are perpendicular.
y
    1 
ay  ay  sin  0  cos 
y     
    1 
ay  ay  sin  cos 
y     

 Please note that  


z z
 DEL OPERATOR: CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES
 Finally,
  
  a x  a y  az
x y z
   1     1  
  ax  cos  sin   a y  sin  cos   a z
          z
  

  a x cos  a y sin 
 

1

 a x sin  a y cos 
 az
z
 1  
 a  a  az
   z

 This is known as Nabla in cylindrical coordinates.

 DEL OPERATOR: SPHERICAL COORDINATES
 To obtain  in terms of r, and , recall that


 For ax , using the multivariate chain rule
x
   r     
ax  ax    
x  r x  x  x 
r 

x x
 x y z
2 2 2
 x x
  sin cos
x2  y 2  z 2 r
 DEL OPERATOR: SPHERICAL COORDINATES
 For

   1  z     1  z  d 1 du
 cos     cos    and cos -1  u  
x x   r   x   x 2 +y 2 +z 2  dx 1  u 2 dx
 
 1   z 
  
x  z  x  x +y +z 
2 2 2 2

1  
r



-r  x

 z

 x 2
+y 2
+z 2
   r  z rx   x z 1
   
x r 2 -z 2  x 2 +y 2 +z 2  ρ  r2  ρrr
   
 x z 1 1
  cos cos
x ρ r r r
 DEL OPERATOR: SPHERICAL COORDINATES
 For 
x

   1  y     1  y   d 1 du
 tan     tan    and tan  u  
-1

x x   x   x   x  dx 1  u 2 dx
 1   y    x 2   -y   -y  y 1 1
      
 2 2  2   2      sin
x  y  x  x    x +y   x     ρ 
2

1  
x
 DEL OPERATOR: SPHERICAL COORDINATES
 For
   r     
ax  ax    
x   r x  x  x 
   1  1  
ax  a x  sin cos  cos cos  sin 
x  r r    
 DEL OPERATOR: SPHERICAL COORDINATES
 To obtain  in terms of r, and , recall that


 For ay , using the multivariate chain rule
y
   r     
ay  ay    
y  r y  y  y 
r 

y y
 x y z
2 2 2
 y y
  sin sin
x2  y 2  z 2 r
 DEL OPERATOR: SPHERICAL COORDINATES
 For 
y
   1  z     1  z  d 1 du
 cos     cos    and cos -1  u  
y y   r   y   x 2 +y 2 +z 2  dy 1  u 2 dy
 
 1   z 
  
y  z  y  x +y +z
2 2 2 2

1  
r



-r  y
 z

 x 2
+y 2
+z 2
   y
 r z  y z 1
     2r  
y 2
r -z 2
 x 2
+y 2
+z 2
 ρ r  ρ r r
   
 y z 1 1
  sin cos
y ρ r r r
 DEL OPERATOR: SPHERICAL COORDINATES
 For 
y
   1  y     1  y   d 1 du
 tan     tan    and tan-1  u  
y y   x   y   x  dy 1  u 2 dy
 1   y    x 2   x   x  x 1 1
       2 2  2    2    cos
y  y  y  x    x +y   x     ρ  
2

1  
x
DEL OPERATOR: SPHERICAL COORDINATES

   r     
ay  ay    
y   r y  y  y 
   1  1  
ay  a y  sin sin  sin cos  cos 
y  r r    
 DEL OPERATOR: SPHERICAL COORDINATES
 To obtain  in terms of r, and , recall that


 For az , using the multivariate chain rule
z
   r     
az  az    
z  r z  z  z 
r 

z z
 x y z
2 2 2
 z z
  cos
x2  y 2  z 2 r
 DEL OPERATOR: SPHERICAL COORDINATES
 For
   1  z     1  z  d 1 du
 cos     cos    and cos -1  u  
z z   r   z   x 2 +y 2 +z 2  dz 1  u 2 dz
 
 1   z 
  
z  z  y  x +y +z
2 2 2 2

1  
r



-r 
 2 2 2
x +y +z  z

z
 x 2
+y 2
+z 2
 

 
r

r-z
z
r
   2 
z r 2 -z 2  x 2 +y 2 +z 2  ρ  r 
   
 r 2 -z 2 
 r r  ρ1 1
  2    sin
z ρ r  r r r
 
 DEL OPERATOR: SPHERICAL COORDINATES
 y
 For  0 since =Tan 1
z x

   r     
az  az    
z  r z  z   z 
   1  
az  a z  cos -sin 
z   r r   
DEL OPERATOR: SPHERICAL COORDINATES
  
 a x  a y  az
x y z
  1  1  
  a x  sin cos  cos cos  sin  
 r r    
  1  1  
a y  sin sin  sin cos  cos
 r r    
  1  
 a z  cos  sin 
 r r  

 
r x
a sin cos  a y sin sin  a z cos 
  1 1 1
  x
a cos cos  a sin cos  a s in 
 
y z
r r r
  1 1 
   a x sin  a y cos 
    
 DEL OPERATOR: SPHERICAL COORDINATES
ar  ax sin  cos   a y sin  sin   az cos 
 Recall that
a  ax cos  cos   a y cos  sin   az sin 
a  ax sin   a y cos 

 Then 
r
 a x sin cos  a y sin sin  a z cos 
  1 1 1
  a cos  cos  a sin cos  a sin 
  x r y
r z
r
  1 1 
   a x sin  a y cos 
    

 becomes
 GRADIENT OF SCALAR
 The gradient of a scalar field
V is a vector that represents
both the magnitude and the
direction of the maximum
space rate of increase of V.
 A mathematical expression
for the gradient can be
obtained by evaluating the
difference in the field dV
between points P1 and P2
where V1 V2, and V3 are
contours on which V is
constant.
 GRADIENT OF SCALAR
 From calculus,

 For convenience, let

 Then,
 GRADIENT OF SCALAR
 Then,

where dl is the differential displacement from P1, to P2 and  is the

angle between G and dl.
 we notice that dV/dl is a maximum when  = 0, that is, when dl is
in the direction of G. Hence,

where dV/dn is the normal derivative. Thus,

G has its magnitude and direction as those of the maximum rate of
change of V
 GRADIENT OF SCALAR
 By definition, G is the gradient of V. Therefore,

 The gradient of V can be expressed in Cartesian, cylindrical, and

spherical coordinates:
 PROPERTIES OF GRADIENT OPERATOR

 where U and V are scalars and n is an integer.

 PROPERTIES OF GRADIENT OPERATOR
 The magnitude of V equals the maximum rate of change in V
per unit distance.
 V points in the direction of the maximum rate of change in V.
 V at any point is perpendicular to the constant V surface that
passes through that point.
 The projection (or component) of V in the direction of a unit
vector a is Va and is called the directional derivative of V
along a.
 If A = V , V is said to be the scalar potential of A.
 DIRECTIONAL DERIVATIVE
 We call the derivative of f at the point P in the direction of a
unit vector b (i.e. rate of change of f in direction b) the
directional derivative.
 It has the notation: Db f

 It can be calculate by: Db f  b  f

 If the vector b does not have length 1 we use:

b
Db f   f
b
 EXAMPLE 1 – DIRECTIONAL DERIVATIVE

 Determine the rate of change of the function:

f  2x2  3y 2  z 2
in the direction of the vector: b  i  2k  (1, 0,2)
 First, find the gradient of the function:

f  2x  3y  z
2 2 2

 f f f 
f   , ,   f  4 x,6 y,2 z 
 x y z 
 EXAMPLE 1 – DIRECTIONAL DERIVATIVE

 This gives the directional derivative:

b
Db f   f
b
(1, 0,2)
 Db f   (4 x,6 y,2 z )
12  0 2  (2) 2

4x 4z 4
 Db f    ( x  z)
5 5 5
EXAMPLE 2
 EXAMPLE
(Will be solved on the board)
 EXAMPLE
(Will be solved on the board)
HOMEWORK 1
HOMEWORK 2