External flow

• In this chapter, we will focus on computing heat and

mass transfer rates to or from a surface in external flow.
• External flow is this kind of flow on which the boundary
layer develops beside the wall without constraints from
the other side.
• These are some examples of external flow: flow over a
flat plate, flow over cylinder, flow over sphere, and flow
over a tube bundle.
• From the previous chapter, you have learned that:

For heat transfer,

the local and For mass transfer,
average Nusselt the local and
number take average Sherwood
number take
Methods of determining the heat and mass transfer rates

• To define Nusselt and Sherwood numbers, there are two methods

• Empirical or experimental method
This method involves performing heat and mass transfer measurements under
controlled conditions and expressing the results of Nusselt and Sherwood
numbers in the form of empirical equations.
• Theoretical method
This method involves solving the boundary layer equations for particular
geometries and form the solution Nusselt and Sherwood number can be
defined as,

𝜕𝑇 ∗ 𝜕𝐶𝐴∗
𝑁𝑢𝑥 = Sh𝑥 =
𝜕𝑦 ∗ y*=0 𝜕𝑦 ∗ y*=0
 Empirical/experimental methods

• To measure the heat transfer to or from a flat plate, we

can arrange an experimental test-rig as shown.

• A heater is used to raise the temperature of the flat plate. At

steady state condition, the electrical power will be equal the
heat transfer rate from the plate.
I E =ℎത 𝐿 As(Ts-T)
• Heat transfer coefficient, ℎത 𝐿 , can be calculated from the ℎത 𝐿 = I E/ As(Ts-T)
measured values of Ts, T, E, I, and As and
𝑁𝑢𝐿 = ℎത 𝐿 L/k
• This experiment can be repeated for different Re and Pr.
Reynolds number can be changed by varying u or L and
Prandtl number can be changed by using different fluids.
 Empirical/experimental methods
• It is found that the results could be plotted on a log–log scale and the results
associated with a given Pr fall close to a straight line. This indicates the power law
dependence of Nusselt number on Reynolds number.

• The family of straight lines corresponding to different Prandtl numbers can be

collapsed to a single line by plotting the results in terms of the ratio, 𝑁𝑢𝐿 /Prn .
• The specific values C, m, and n vary with the nature of the surface geometry and the
type of flow (laminar or turbulent).
• The variation of the fluid properties in the boundary layer region is handled by:
• Evaluating fluid properties at mean temperature (film temperature), Tf =
(Ts+T)/2
• Evaluating fluid properties at T and multiplying by correction factor=(Pr/Prs)r
• Under conditions for which the heat and mass transfer analogy may be applied, the
mass transfer correlation assumes the same form
Theoretical method for laminar flow over flat plate
• Boundary layer equations for 2-D incompressible, steady state, laminar flow
over a flat plate
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
Continuity + =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
X-momentum 𝑢 + 𝑣 = 𝜈 2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
Energy 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕2 𝑇
𝑢 +𝑣 = 𝛼 2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝜌𝐴 𝜕𝜌𝐴 𝜕2 𝜌𝐴
Species 𝑢 + 𝑣 = 𝐷𝐴𝐵 2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
• For constant properties, conditions in the velocity (hydrodynamic) boundary layer are independent of
temperature and species concentration.

• So, the solution may begin by solving the hydrodynamic problem (continuity + x-momentum) then the
solution to energy and species, which depend on u and v, may be obtained.
 Solution of velocity boundary layer (similarity Blasuis solution)
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
+ =0 𝑢 + 𝑣 = 𝜈 2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
The velocities are expressed in terms of stream function,
, to eliminate the continuity equation.

 is set in terms of 𝑓 𝜂 , where 𝜂 is a variable, which depends

on x and y. This variable is called similarity variable.

Using these variables simplifies matters by reducing the x-momentum

partial differential equation to an ordinary differential equation.
Solution of velocity boundary layer (similarity Blasuis solution)

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
Substituting in the x-momentum equation 𝑢 + 𝑣 = 𝜈 2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

𝑑𝑓 𝑑2𝑓
Blasuis solved this equation and defined the values of 𝑓, , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2 at =0 up to infinity
𝑑𝜂 𝑑𝜂
Solution of velocity boundary layer (similarity Blasuis solution)
 Solution of thermal boundary layer (Pohlhousen solution)
• If the thermal boundary layer is totally included inside the velocity boundary layer
(  T), the velocity obtained from Blasuis solution can be substituted in energy
equation.

𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕2 𝑇 𝑇 − 𝑇𝑠 T 
𝑢 +𝑣 = 𝛼 2 𝑇∗ = ∗
𝑇 = 𝑓(𝜂)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝑇∞ − 𝑇𝑠
𝜕𝑇 ∗ 𝜕𝜂 𝜕𝑇 ∗ 𝜕𝜂
𝑢(𝑇∞ − 𝑇𝑠) + 𝑣(𝑇∞ − 𝑇𝑠)
𝜕𝜂 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝜂 𝜕𝑦
𝜕2 𝑇 ∗ 𝜕𝜂 2
= 𝛼(𝑇∞ − 𝑇𝑠) 2
𝜕𝜂 𝜕𝑦
1 ∗′′ 𝑓𝑇 ∗′
𝑇 + =0 𝑇 ∗ 0 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 ∗ ∞ =1
𝑃𝑟 2
The solution of this equation yields 𝑇 ∗′ 0 =0.332 𝑃𝑟1/3
Solution of thermal boundary layer (Pohlhousen solution)
𝜕𝑇
−𝑘 𝜕𝑦ቚ𝑦 0 −𝑘(𝑇∞ −𝑇𝑠 ) 𝜕𝑇 ∗ 𝜕𝜂 𝜕𝑇 ∗ 𝑢∞
ℎ= =
= ቚ = 𝑘 ቚ𝜂 = 0
𝑇𝑠 −𝑇∞ 𝑇𝑠 −𝑇∞ 𝜕𝜂 𝜂 = 0 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝜂 𝜈𝑥

ℎ𝑥
= 𝑁𝑢𝑥 = 0.332 𝑅𝑒𝑥 𝑃𝑟1/3
𝑘
1 𝐿
𝑁𝑢𝐿 = න 𝑁𝑢𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0.664 𝑅𝑒𝐿 𝑃𝑟1/3
𝐿 0
This relation is valid for:
1- Laminar flow over flat plate
𝜕2 𝑇
2- Pe = Re Pr > 100 because we neglected the heat diffusion term in the energy equation, 𝛼 2
𝜕𝑥
3- Ts is constant
𝛿
4- 𝛿𝑇 ≤ 𝛿, 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑑 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑃𝑟 > 0.6 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 ~𝑃𝑟1/3
𝛿𝑇
 Solution of concentration boundary layer
• Science the thermal and concentration boundary layer equations are analogous, the
solution of the concentration equation,

𝜕𝜌𝐴 𝜕𝜌𝐴 𝜕2 𝜌𝐴
𝑢 +v = 𝐷𝐴𝐵 2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
will yield
ℎ𝑚 𝑥 1 𝐿
= 𝑆ℎ𝑥 = 0.332 𝑅𝑒𝑥 𝑆𝑐1/3 𝑆ℎ𝐿 = න 𝑆ℎ𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0.664 𝑅𝑒𝐿 𝑆𝑐1/3
𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝐿 0
This relation is valid for:
1- Laminar flow over flat plate
𝜕 2 𝜌𝐴
2- Pe = Re Pr > 100 because we neglected the mass diffusion term in the energy equation, 𝐷𝐴𝐵 2
𝜕𝑥
3- 𝜌𝐴 s is constant
𝛿
4- 𝛿𝐶 ≤ 𝛿, 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑑 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑆𝑐 > 0.6 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 ~𝑆𝑐1/3
𝛿𝐶
 Laminar flow of fluids of low Pr number over flat plate

• For fluids of small Pr such as liquid metals, the thermal

boundary layer develops faster than the velocity boundary
layer. T
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕2 𝑇
𝑢∞ +𝑣 =𝛼 
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2
• The solution of this equation gives,
ℎ𝑥
= 𝑁𝑢𝑥 = 0.565 𝑃𝑒𝑥 1/2 𝑁𝑢𝐿 = 1.3 𝑃𝑒𝐿1/2
𝑘
where Pex is the local Peclet number, Pex = Rex Pr.
• This correlation is valid for laminar flow over flat plate
Pr << 0.6 and Pel > 100
• Chirchil and Oze proposed a single correlation for all values of Prandtl
number. This correlation takes the form,

1/2
0.3387 𝑅𝑒𝑥 𝑃𝑟 1/3
𝑁𝑢𝑥 = 𝑁𝑢𝐿 = 2 𝑁𝑢𝐿
1 + 0.0468𝑃𝑟 2/3 1/4

This equation is valid for:

1- Laminar flow over flat plate
2- Ts is constant
3- Pex > 100
 Turbulent flow over an isothermal flat plate

• The flow over flat plate starts laminar and changes to turbulent at Rex = 5x105
• For turbulent flow, the boundary layer equations can not be solved analytically. So, empirical
approach is used.
• From experimental measurements, if the flow starts turbulent over a flat plate
𝛿 0.37
= 1/5 𝛿~𝑥 4/5 for laminar 𝛿~𝑥 1/2
𝑥 𝑅𝑒𝑥
𝜏𝑤 −1/5
and 𝐶𝑓𝑥 = 2 /2 = 0.0592 𝑅𝑒𝑥 𝐶𝑓𝑥 ~𝑥 −1/5 for laminar 𝐶𝑓𝑥 ~𝑥 −1/2
𝜌𝑢∞
• The growth of velocity boundary layer for turbulent flow is more rapid and the decay of Cfx with x is
slower than that for laminar flow.
1 𝐿 −1/5
• The average friction coefficient 𝐶𝑓𝐿 = ‫𝑥𝑑 𝐶 ׬‬ = 0.074 𝑅𝑒𝐿
𝐿 0 𝑓𝑥
• For turbulent flow, the growth of , T, and C does not depend on Pr and Sc.
Heat and mass transfer correlations for turbulent flow over flat plate
𝐶𝑓𝑁𝑢
• From Chilton-Colburn analogy, = 𝑗ℎ = 𝑃𝑟 2/3
2 𝑅𝑒 𝑃𝑟
𝐶𝑓𝑥 1/3
0.0592 −1/5 1/3 4/5
𝑁𝑢𝑥 = 𝑅𝑒𝑥𝑃𝑟 = 𝑅𝑒𝑥 𝑅𝑒𝑥 𝑃𝑟 = 0.0296𝑅𝑒𝑥 𝑃𝑟1/3
2 2
This equation is valid for
1- turbulent flow over flat plate, 5x105< Rex < 108
2- 0.6 < Pr < 60
ത𝐿 𝐿
ℎ 4/5
Average Nusselt number 𝑁𝑢𝐿 = = 0.037 𝑅𝑒𝐿 𝑃𝑟1/3
𝑘

From heat and mass transfer analogy

4/5
𝑆ℎ𝑥 = 0.0296 𝑅𝑒𝑥 𝑆𝑐1/3 𝑓𝑜𝑟 0.6 < 𝑆𝑐 < 3000
ത𝑚 𝐿
ℎ 4/5
Average Sherwood number 𝑆ℎ𝐿 = = 0.037 𝑅𝑒𝐿 𝑆𝑐1/3
𝐷𝐴𝐵
 L
Mixed boundary layer xc
turbulent
laminar

• Flow over flat plate starts laminar and at a critical value of Rex=uxc/= 5x105, the flow
changes into turbulent.
• If 0.95 < xc/L < 1, laminar flow equations can be used.
• In the case of mixed boundary layer on a flat plate, the value of ഥℎ𝐿 is defined as,
1 𝑥𝑐 𝐿
ℎത 𝐿 = න ℎ𝑥,𝑙𝑎𝑚 𝑑𝑥 + න ℎ𝑥,𝑡𝑢𝑟 𝑑𝑥
𝐿 0 𝑥 𝑐
Ts = constant
4/5
For ReC=5x105, the average Nusselt 𝑁𝑢𝐿 = 0.037𝑅𝑒𝐿 − 871 𝑃𝑟1/3 ReC < ReL < 108
number will be and 0.6 < Pr < 60

− 871 𝑆𝑐1/3 As = constant

4/5
Similarly, Sherwood number will take 𝑆ℎ𝐿 = 0.037𝑅𝑒𝐿
ReC < ReL < 108
the form and 0.6 < Sc < 3000
Mixed boundary layer

• The average friction coefficient is defined as

1 𝑥𝑐 𝐿
𝐶𝑓ҧ = න 𝐶𝑓𝑥,𝑙𝑎𝑚 𝑑𝑥 + න 𝐶𝑓𝑥,𝑡𝑢𝑟 𝑑𝑥
𝐿 0 𝑥 𝑐

−1/5 1742
𝐶𝑓ҧ = 0.074 𝑅𝑒𝐿 − ReC < ReL < 108
𝑅𝑒𝐿
 Flat plate with constant heat flux
• For laminar flow over a flat plate subjected to uniform heat flux, the local Nusselt
number takes,
1/2
𝑁𝑢𝑥 = 0.453 𝑅𝑒𝑥 𝑃𝑟1/3
• For turbulent flow
4/5
𝑁𝑢𝑥 = 0.0308 𝑅𝑒𝑥 𝑃𝑟1/3
• It can be seen that Nu is 36% and 4% larger than the constant surface temperature
results for laminar and turbulent flow, respectively.
• The surface temperature is defined as
𝑞" 𝑞" 𝑥
𝑇𝑠 𝑥 − 𝑇∞ = =
ℎ𝑥 𝑘 𝑁𝑢𝑥
• The average surface temperature is
1 𝐿 𝑞"𝑥 𝑞"𝐿
𝑇𝑠 𝑥 − 𝑇∞ = න 𝑑𝑥 = 1/2
𝐿 0 𝑘 𝑁𝑢𝑥 𝑘 0.68 𝑅𝑒𝐿 𝑃𝑟1/3
• This means that you can use 𝑁𝑢 L=0.664 ReL1/2 Pr1/3 to find the average temperature for
laminar flow over a flat plate subjected to constant heat flux.
 Example
A flat plate of width w = 1 m is maintained at a uniform
surface temperature of Ts = 230C by using
independently controlled heated segments, each of which
is Lh = 50 mm long. If atmospheric air at 25C flows
over the plate at a velocity of 60 m/s, which segment
requires the largest heater power, and what is the value
of this power?

The transition will occur within the fifth segment

There are three possibilities regarding which segment will have the maximum power requirement:
1- Segment 1, since it corresponds to the largest local, laminar convection coefficient.
2- Segment 5, since it corresponds to the largest local, turbulent convection coefficient.
3- Segment 6, since turbulent condition exist over the entire seg
 Cylinder in cross flow
• The flow comes at rest at the forward stagnation point with a
rise in pressure.
• At the beginning, the flow experiences favorable pressure
gradient dp/dx<0.
• Towards the rear, the pressure increases in the flow direction
and the boundary layer development occurs under adverse
pressure gradient dp/dx >0. This results in separation of the
boundary layer from the surface and generation of wake
region.
• The flow in the boundary layer experiences transition from
laminar to turbulent at ReD = VD/ = 2X105

• The point at which separation occurs depends on the flow

regime
• For laminar flow, ReD < 2X105, the separation occurs at  = 800.
• For turbulent flow, ReD > 2X105, the separation occurs at  = 1400.
 Cylinder in cross flow

• The drag force on the cylinder has two components, one is due to the viscous stresses at the wall
(friction drag) and the second is due to the pressure difference between the upstream and
downstream sides (pressure or form drag).
• The drag coefficient is defined as
CD =FD/(0.5V2 Af)
Where, Af is the frontal area = DL
• The above figure shows the variation of CD of cylinder in cross flow and sphere with Reynolds number.
 Cylinder in cross flow: convection heat and mass transfer
• For laminar flow, ReD< 2x105, Nu decreases with increasing
 as a result of laminar boundary layer development.
• At the separation point of laminar flow, =800, Nu increases
due to mixing that is associated with vortex formation in the
wake .
• For turbulent flow, ReD >2x105, the variation of Nu is
characterized by two minima. Nu decreases first due to
boundary layer development then it increases due to
transition from laminar to turbulent. At the separation
point, =1400, the Nusselt number increases due to vortex
formation.
• The local Nusselt number at stagnation point for Pr > 0.6 is
given by Local Nusselt number on
cylinder in across flow
1/2
𝑁𝑢𝜃=0 = 1.15 𝑅𝑒𝐷 𝑃𝑟1/3
 Cylinder in cross flow: convection heat and mass transfer
• Hilpert proposed a correlation for the average Nusselt
number for a cylinder in a cross flow when Pr > 0.7,
ത
ℎ𝐷
𝑁𝑢𝐷 = = 𝐶 𝑅𝑒𝐷𝑚 𝑃𝑟1/3
𝑘
Where C and m are constants, which depend on
ReD. The fluid properties are evaluated at Tf =
(Ts+T)/2.

This correlation may also be used for flow

over cylinders of noncircular cross section,
with the characteristic length D.
 Cylinder in cross flow: convection heat and mass transfer
• Zukauskas proposed another correlation for cylinder in across flow,
1/4
𝑚 𝑛
𝑃𝑟
𝑁𝑢𝐷 = 𝐶 𝑅𝑒𝐷 𝑃𝑟
𝑃𝑟𝑠
Where, C and m are constants depend on ReD
If Pr  10, n = 0.37 and if Pr > 10, n=0.36
The properties are evaluated at T except Prs
which is evaluated at Ts.

• Berstein proposed a single correlation that covers the entire range of Reynolds number.
1/2 5/8 4/5 This correlation is valid for:
0.62𝑅𝑒𝐷 𝑃𝑟1/3 𝑅𝑒𝐷
𝑁𝑢𝐷 = 0.3 + 1+ ReDPr > 0.2 and all properties are
2/3 1/4 282000
0.4 evaluated at Tf = (Ts+T)/2
1+
𝑃𝑟
 Flow over spheres
• Boundary layer development over sphere is similar to that of circular cylinder in cross flow. The
drag coefficient is represented graphically as a function of ReD (in the previous chart of flow over
cylinder in cross flow).
• For very small Reynolds number, CD is 24
inversely proportional to ReD. 𝐶𝐷 = 𝑅𝑒𝐷 ≤ 0.5
𝑅𝑒 𝐷

• For heat transfer, Whitaker recommended the following expression for the average
Nusselt number. 0.71< Pr < 380
1/4
1/2 2/3 𝜇 3.5 < ReD < 7.6x104
𝑁𝑢𝐷 = 2 + 0.4𝑅𝑒𝐷 + 0.06𝑅𝑒𝐷 𝑃𝑟 0.4
𝜇𝑠 1.0 < / 𝜇𝑠 < 3.2
where all properties are evaluated at T except 𝜇𝑠 , which is evaluated at Ts.
• The results may be applied to mass transfer problems simply by replacing NuD and Pr
with ShD and Sc, respectively.
1/2
• For heat and mass transfer from falling liquid 𝑁𝑢𝐷 = 2 + 0.6 𝑅𝑒𝐷 𝑃𝑟1/3
droplets, Ranz and Marshall recommended 1/2
𝑆ℎ𝐷 = 2 + 0.6 𝑅𝑒𝐷 𝑆𝑐1/3
 Flow across Banks of tubes

• Heat transfer to or from a bank or bundle of tubes

is common in many engineering applications such
as boilers, condensers, and heat exchangers.

• In these applications, one fluid moves over the

tubes while another fluid moves inside the tubes.

• In this chapter, we will be interested in the

convection between the tube external surface and
the flow passing over it.
 Flow across Banks of tubes
• The tube banks are arranged either in aligned or staggered arrangement.

2
2
𝑆𝑇
𝑆𝐷 = 𝑆𝐿 +
2
Aligned arrangement Staggered arrangement

• The arrangement is characterized by

• Tube diameter, D
• Longitudinal pitch, SL
• Transverse pitch, ST
 Flow across Banks of tubes
• The heat transfer coefficient depends on the position of the tube inside the bundle.
Heat transfer coefficient for the first row is approximately equal to that of a single tube
in cross flow.

• The tubes in the first rows act as turbulence generators, which enhances heat transfer
coefficient.

• For aligned arrangement, heat transfer increases with row number until approximately
the fifth row. ST/SL > 0.7 is recommended.

• In staggered arrangement, the flow path is more tortuous. So, using staggered
arrangement enhances heat transfer especially for ReD < 100.
 Flow across Banks of tubes
• The following correlation for average Nusselt number is proposed by Zukauskas,

ത 1/4 NL > 20
ℎ𝐷 𝑚 0.36
𝑃𝑟
𝑁𝑢𝐷 = = 𝐶1 𝑅𝑒𝐷,𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑃𝑟 0.7 < Pr < 500
𝑘 𝑃𝑟𝑠 10 < ReD,max< 2x106

where all properties except Prs are

evaluated at the arithmetic mean of the
inlet and outlet temperature (T+ To)/2.
T is the inlet and To is the outlet.

C1 and m are constants depending on the

value of ReD,max and the tube
arrangement.
 Flow across Banks of tubes
• ReD,max is calculated based on the maximum fluid velocity. D

For aligned arrangement

𝑆𝑇 𝜌𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐷 V Vmax
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 =𝑉 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅𝑒𝐷,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ST
𝑆𝑇 − 𝐷 𝜇

For staggered arrangement, Vmax may occur at section 1 or at section 2

𝐼𝑓 (𝑆𝑇 −𝐷) < 2(𝑆𝐷 − 𝐷)
𝑆𝑇 SL
Vmax occur at section 1 and 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 =𝑉
𝑆𝑇 − 𝐷
𝐼𝑓 (𝑆𝑇 −𝐷) > 2 𝑆𝐷 − 𝐷 2
𝑆𝑇 V
Vmax occur at section 2 and 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 =𝑉 1 ST
2(𝑆𝐷 − 𝐷)
 Flow across Banks of tubes
• If NL (number of rows) is smaller than 20, a correction factor is applied.

𝑁𝑢𝐷 ȁ𝑁𝐿 < 20 =

𝐶2 𝑁𝑢𝐷 ȁ𝑁𝐿 ≥ 20

Correction factor C2

• In tube bank, the fluid experiences large change in temperature as it moves

over the tubes. So, it is more reasonable to use TLM instead of (Ts-T) in
calculating heat transfer rate.
𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ − 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑜
ത ത ∆𝑇𝐿𝑀 =
𝑞 = ℎ𝐴∆𝑇𝐿𝑀 = ℎ 𝑁𝜋𝐷𝐿 ∆𝑇𝐿𝑀 𝑇 − 𝑇∞
ln 𝑠
𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑜
N is the total number of tubes, N=NL x NT. NT is the number of tubes in each row.
 Proof T
Ts
𝑚𝑐
ሶ 𝑝 𝑑𝑇 = ℎ 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇 𝑑𝐴 𝑚𝑐
ሶ 𝑝 𝑇𝑜 − 𝑇∞ = 𝑞
To
ℎ 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇 𝑑𝐴 𝑞
𝑑𝑇 = 𝑚𝑐
ሶ 𝑝= dT
𝑚𝑐
ሶ 𝑝 𝑇𝑜 − 𝑇∞

∆𝑇 = 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇 If Ts= constant dT= - d(T)

T
ℎ∆𝑇(𝑇𝑜 − 𝑇∞) ℎ( 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑜 − 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ )
−𝑑(∆𝑇) = dA 𝑑(∆𝑇)/∆𝑇 = dA x
𝑞 𝑞 dx

𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑜 ℎ( 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑜 − 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ ) ℎ( 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑜 − 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ )
𝑙𝑛 = A= 𝑁𝜋𝐷𝐿
𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ 𝑞 𝑞

ℎ( 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑜 − 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ ) ( 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑜 − 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ )
𝑞= 𝑁𝜋𝐷𝐿 = ℎ(𝑁𝜋𝐷𝐿)∆𝑇𝐿𝑀 ∆𝑇𝐿𝑀 =
𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑜 𝑇 − 𝑇𝑜
𝑙𝑛 𝑙𝑛 𝑠
𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞

ℎ 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇 𝑑𝐴 𝑑∆𝑇 −ℎ𝑑𝐴 ∆𝑇𝑜 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑜 −ℎ𝐴 −ℎ𝜋𝐷𝑁

𝑑𝑇 = = = = 𝑒𝑥𝑝 = 𝑒𝑥𝑝
𝑚𝑐
ሶ 𝑝 ∆𝑇 𝑚𝑐
ሶ 𝑝 ∆𝑇𝑖 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ 𝑚𝑐
ሶ 𝑝 𝜌𝑐𝑝 𝑉𝑁𝑇 𝑆𝑇
 Flow across Banks of tubes
• The pressure drop across the tube bank is defined from
2
𝜌𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥
∆𝑝 = 𝑁𝐿 𝜒 𝑓
2
where NL is the number of rows, f is the friction factor, and 𝜒 is a correction factor.

2
𝜌𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = ∆𝑝 𝑋 𝑄 = 𝑁𝐿 𝜒 𝑓 𝑉 𝑁𝑇 𝑆𝑇 𝐿
2