INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING MECHANICS AN OVERVIEW Mechanics is the physical science concerned with the study of response of bodies under the application of forces. Engineering mechanics is the application of mechanics to the solution of engineering problems. Its broadly classified into three types: (a) Mechanics of rigid bodies (b) Mechanics of deformable bodies (©) Mechanies of fluids. Mechanics of Rigid Bodies isthe branch of science which deals with the study of bodies that do not undergo any deformation under the application of forces. It can further be classified into Statics and Dynamics. Statics is the branch of mechanics which deals with the study of the behaviour of bodies or particles in the state of rest, Dynamics Iris the branch of mechanics which deals with the study of the behaviour of bodies or particles in the state of motion. Dynamics is further divided into two types: (a) Kinematics: ‘The forces causing the motion are not considered. (b) Kinetics: The forces causing the motion are mainly considered. Scanned with CamScanner22, ELEMENTS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING MECHANICS Mechanics of Deformable Bodies Itis the branch of science which deals with the study of bodies that undergo deformation under the Application of forces. 1s classified into: (a) Strength of materials (b) Theory of plasticity (€) Theory of elasticity. Mechanics of Fluids Ics the branch of science which deals with the study of fuids. Fluids can be classified into: (a) Compressible fuids (b) Incompressible fluids. FORCE AND FORCE SYSTEM Technical Terms Used in Engineering Mechanics Particle: A body of infinitely smaX volume whose mass can be neglected, is culled a particle. Body: The assemblage of « number of purticles is known us a body. Rigid body: A rigid body is one in which the positions of the constituent particles do not change under the application of extemal forces, such as the position of particles 1 and 2 in ~ Ot Figure 2.1. Rigid body. Deformable body: A deformable body is one in which the positions of constituent particles, cchange under the application of extemal forces, such as the positions of particles 1 and 2 in Figure 2. : / rae Fy Figure 22 Deformable body. Scanned with CamScannerINTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING MECHANICS 28 Mass (m): The total amount of matter present in a body is known as its mass. The unit of mass is the kilogram, abbreviated kg Weight: A body is attracted towards the earth due to gravitation. This causes an acceleration directed towards the centre of earth. Itiscalled acceleration due to gravity and is denoted by g."The resulting force is equal to the weight of body. Weight W= mg, in newton, where = 9.81 m/s? ss X acceleration due to gravity Scalar quantity: A physical quantity which has only magnitude, is called scalar quantity. For ‘example, time, mass, density, volume, distance, and so forth. ‘Vector quantity: A physical quantity which has a direction in addition to magnitude, is known as vector quantity. For example, force, displacement, velocity, acceleration, and so forth. Continuum: A continuous distribution of molecules in a body called the continuum. thout intermolecular space is Newton's Laws of Motion Newton's First law: This law states that ‘every body continues in its state of rest or of uniform motion along a straight line, so long as itis under the influence of a balanced force system’ Newton's Second law: This law states that “the rate of change momentum of a body is directly proportional to the impressed force and it takes place in the direction of the force acting on it’ Newton's Third law: This law states that ‘action and reaction are equal in magnitude but opposite in direct Force: Itis the extemal agency which tends to change the state of a body or a particle, When a force is applied to a body which is at rest, the body may remain in the state of rest or it may move with some velocity. The SI unit of force is newton. Elements of a Force or Characteristics of a Force AA force can be idemtified by its four characteristics: (@) Magnitude: The length of the vector represents the magnitude of force, as shown in Figure 2.3. f}— maortto ——af Figure 23 Magnitude of force vector. Gi) Direction: The direction of a force can be represented by an arrowhead, (Gi) Line of action: Ibis the line along which the force acts. (iv) Point of application: Its the point at which the force acts, Point force ‘A force which is acting ata fixed point is known as the point force. Let us consider a man climbing. ‘ladder. The weight of the man is not actually concentrated at a fixed point but for the purpose of analysis itis assumed to be concentrated at a particular point. ‘Scanned with CamScanner24k EMENTS OF CIVIL. INGINEERING AND ENGINEERING MECHANICS Force system Iftwo or more forces are acting on a body ora particle, then itis said to be a force system, such as that shown in Figure 2.4, A 4 Figure 24 A force system, Types of Force System ‘The types of force system are: 1. Coplanar force system 2. Non-coplanar force system 3. Collinear force system, Coplanar force system If two or more forces are acting in a single plane, them it is sai to be a coplanar force system. The types of coplanar force system are: i) Coplanar concurrent force system Gi) Coplanar non-concurrent force system Gi) Coplanar parallel force system. If two or more forces are acting in a single plane and their lines of action pass through a single point, then its said to be a coplanar concurrent force system. See Figure 2°. Figure 25 Coplanar concurrent force system. If (wo or more forces are acting in a single plane and their lines of action do not meet at a common point, then the forces constitute a coplanar non-concurrent force system. See Figure 2.6, Scanned with CamScannerINTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING MECHANICS 25 Figure 2.8 Coplanar non-concurrent force system. If two or more forces are acting in a single plane with their lines of action parallel to one ‘another, then its said to be « coplanar parallel force system, ‘The coplanar parallel force system is of two types: (i) Like parallel force system: All the forces act parallel to one another and are in the ‘same direction, as shown in Figure 2.7. Figure 2.7 Like parallel force system. Gi) Unlike parallel force system: The forces act parallel toanother, butsome ofthe forces. hhave their line of action in opposite directions, as shown in Figure 2.8. Figure 28 Unike parallel force system, ‘Non-coplanar force system If two or more forces are acting in different planes, the forces constitute non-coplanar force system. Such a system of forces can be (i) Non-coplanar concurrent force system Gi) Non-coplanar non-concurrent force system Gii) Non-coplanar parallel force system. ‘Scanned with CamScanner26 EI EMENTS OF CIVIL. INGINEERING AND ENGINEERING MECHANICS Ifa system has two or more forces acting on different planes but pass through the same point, then itis said to be a non-coplanar concurrent force system. See Figure 2.9. Figure 2.9 Non-coplanar concurrent force system, If two or more forces are acting on different planes but do not pass through the same point, they constitute « non-coplanar non-concurrent force system. See Figure 2.10. Figure 2.10 Non-coplanar non-concurrent force system, Iftwo or more forces are acting in different planes and are parallel to one another, the system is said to be « non-coplanar parallel force system, See Figure 2.11 Figure 2.11 Non-coplanar parallel force system. Scanned with CamScannerINTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING MECHANICS 27 Collinear force system If the lines of action of two or more forces coin system as shown in Figure 2.12. ‘with one another, itis called a collinear force Figure 2.12 Colinear fore system. Non-collinear force system If the lines of action of the forces do not coincide wit force system as shown in Figure 2.13. F Fe x Figure 2.13 Non-colinear force system. ther, itis called @ non-collinear F, 5 Principle of Transmissibility of Forces ‘This principle states that a force can be transmitted from one point to another point along the same line of action such that the effect produced by the force on a body remains unchanged. Let us consider a rigid body subjected to a force of F at point O as shown in Figure 2.14, According to the principle of transmissibility the force F can be transmitted to new point OF along the same line of action such thatthe net effect remains unchanged. Figure 2.14 Transmissbilty of force F trom point O10 Principle of Superposition of Forces This principle states that the net effect of a system of forces on a body is same as that of the combined effect of individual forces on the body. Scanned with CamScanner28 ELEMENTS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING MECHANICS Principle of Physical Independence of Forces ‘This principle states that “the action of a force on a body is not affected by the action of any other Force on the body’. Resolution of a Force ‘The process of splitting of a force into its wwo rectangular components (horizontal and vertical) is, known as resolution of the force, as shown in Figure 2.15. In this figure, F is the force which makes an angle @ with the horizontal axis, and has been resolved into two components, namely F, and F,, along the x-axis and yeaxis respectively, soe a Figure 2.15 Resolution of a force. InCAD, cos O=F JF = F,=Feos 0 sinO=F/F = F=F sino If, on the other hand, Bis the angle made by the force F with the vertical axis, then F,=Feos 8; F,=F sin 8 Note: If the force F makes an angle of @ with the horizontal, the horizontal component of the force is Fcos 0. Composition of Forces It is the process of combining a number of forces into a single force such that the net effect ‘produced by the single force is equal tothe algebraic sum of the effeets produced by the individual forces. The single force in this case is called the resultant force which produces the same effect ‘onthe body as that produced by the individual forces acting together. For example, in Figure 2.16, EF, = algebraic sum of the components of the forces along the 2 ie. EF, =F, + F, cos 0, ~F, sin 8; and, ZF, ie, EF, =- F,-F; sin 0 -F, cos 8; algebraic sum of the components of the forces along the ) ‘Scanned with CamScannerINTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING MECHANICS 29 Figure 2.16 A body acted upon by a number of forces. Note: ‘Thepositive and negative convention of forces used in the resolution of forces in Figure 2.16 Xt shown in Figure 2.17. Figure 2.17 Posttve and negative convention of forces. ‘The magnitude of the resultant, R= EF +2 ‘and the direction of the resultant, EF a= tar! | => rr, Methods of finding the resultant ‘The resultant of a system of coplanar concurrent forces can be determined by the following methods, Parallelogram law: If two forces are acting simultaneously on a particle and away from the particle, with the two adjacent sides of the parallelogram representing both the magnitude and direction of forces, the magnitude and direction of the resultant can be represented by the diagonal, Of the parallelogram starting from the common point of the two forces. See Figure 2.18, ‘Scanned with CamScanner90 ELEMENTS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING MECHANICS 9, Figure 2.18 Paralologram law of forces. Let P and Q be the two forces, represented by the sides AB and AD of the parallelogram, the resultant can then be represented by AC as shown below: ‘To find the magnitude of the (AB + BE) + (CE? Consider the A CBE, where CE=Qsin 8 BE=Qcos 0 AC? =AB?+2AB - BE + BE*+ CE? or R= P42. P- Qos 0+ 0? cos? 0+ Q? sin? =P 40°+2P0 cos 0 ie R @ +270 cos ‘To find the direction cof the resultant, consider the A CAE, where cE ‘AB+ BE sino + Qcoxt Osine P+ Qcos8 ‘Triangle law: If two forees acting simultaneously on a particle ean be represented both in magnitude and direction by the to sides of a triangle taken in onder then the magnitude and direction ofthe resultant ean be represented by the third side of a triangle, taken in opposite order. ‘This is illustrated in Figure 2.19. tana= ° Figure 2.19 Triangle law of forces. ‘Scanned with CamScannerINTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING MECHANICS 81 Polygon law: If a number of forces acting on a particle can be represented in both magnitude and direction by the sides of the polygon taken in order, then the resultant can be represented in magnitude and direction by the closing side of the polygon taken in the opposite order. This is illustrated in Figure A Figure 2.20 Polygon law of forces. Moment of a Force ‘The turning effect produced by a force on a boxy is knownas the moment ofthe force. The magnitude Of the moment is given by the product of the magnitude of the foree and the perpendicular distance between the line of action ofthe force and the point or axisof rotation. Thisis shown in Figure 2.21 (a). Types of moments (9) Ifthe tendency of a force is to rotate the body in the clockwise direction, itis said to be a clockwise moment and is taken positive, as shown in Figure 2.21(b). (Gi) IFthe tendency of a force is to rotate the body in the anticlockwise direction, itis said 10 be anticlockwise moment and is taken negative as shown in Figure 2.21(c). L- iJ LJ tenes nent (~ Anemone 4 (o) c () Figure 2.21 Moment of a force. Varignon's theorem of moments ‘This is also known as the principle of moments. The theorem states that “the algebraic sum of the ‘moments of individual forces of a force system about a point is equal to the moment of their resultant about the same point, Let R be the resultant of forces P,and P, and B be the moment centre, Let dd and d,be the moment arms of forces R, P, and P, respectively, from the moment ‘centre B (Figure 2.22). We have to prove that ‘Scanned with CamScanner92 ELEMENTS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING MECHANICS Figure 222 Theorem of moments Proof: Join AB and consider it as the y-axis andl draw the x-axis at right angles to it at A. Let @ be the angle made by & wit the x-axis and note thatthe same angle is formed withthe y-axis by the perpendicular to R from B and note this point as By We know that, Rd= RX AB cos 0 AB xR cos @ or Rd= ABR, o Where R, is the component of & inthe x-lirection. Similarly if P,, and P., ane the components of P, and P, in the x-direction, respectively then, Pid, =ABxP, ai) and. ii) Adding equations (ii) and (ii), we get Pid, + Pud= ABUP + Ps.) or Pid, + Pid, = ABR, ww) Since the sum of x-components of the individual forces is equal to the x-component of the resultant R, from equations (i) and (iv), we ean conclude that Rd=Pyd, + Pd, o Couple ‘Two equal, opposite and parallel forces constitute a couple as shown in Figure 2.23, F Moment arm -———— Figure 223 A couple. ‘Scanned with CamScannerINTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING MECHANICS 88 Properties of couple i) TWo equal and opposite parallel forces are required to form a couple. Gi) The magnitude of the moment of the couple = product of the magnitude of one of the forces and moment arm (perpendicular distance between the two Forces). Gi) Resultant of the forces of the couple is zero. Types of couple G@ Clockwise couple Gi)_Anticlockwise couple. == EXERCISE PROBLEMS 1. Define the following terms: (a) Statics (b) Dynamic ‘What are the two divisions of dynamics? ‘What are the four characteristics of a force? ‘What are the three types of force systems? Define the principle of superposition of forces. ‘What are the various methods of finding the resultant of a system of coplanar concurrent forces? Define the moment of a force. 8. Define Varignon’s theorem of moments. ‘What is a couple? What are two types of couple? ‘Scanned with CamScannerBHU S Pea COPLANAR CONCURRENT FORCE SYSTEM DEFINITION If two or more forces are acting in a single plane and passing through a single point, such a force system is known as coplanar concurrent force system. In a coplanar concurrent force system, we can calculate the magnitude and direction of the ‘resultant. The position, however, cannot be determined because all forces are meeting at a common point. Thus, “The magnitude of resultant, Direction of resultant, ‘The steps to solve problems in the coplanar concurrent force system are, therefore, as follows: 1. Calculate the algebraic sum ofall the forces acting inthe x-direction (i.e. ZF,) and also inthe y-lirection (ie. EF, Determine the magnitude of the resultant using the formula, R= JF? + EF, 34 Scanned with CamScannerCOPLANAR CONCURRENT FORCE SYSTEM. 85 PROBLEMS ON COPLANAR CONCURRENT FORCE SYSTEM Example3.1 A force of 200N is acting at apoint making an angle % ‘of 40° with the horizontal (Figure 3.1), Determine the components 2008 of this force along the x and y directions VIU (Jan 2007) Solution Component along the x-direction, F,=Foos@ 200 x cos 40° = 153.208 N Ans. . ‘Component along the y-direction, Figure 3.1. Example 3.1 F,=Fsin@ 200 x sin 40° = 128.557 N Ans. Example 3.2 Five coplanar forces are acting at a point as shown in Figure 3.2. Determine the resultant in magnitude and direction, Solution Here: EP, = -200 sin 30° ~ 275 cos 6° ~ 250 sin 20° + 100 cos 45° + 200 sin 30 200 cos 30° ~ 275 sin 6° — 250 cos 20° + 100 sin 45° + 200 cos 30) 288,287 N 53.452.N y Figure 32 Example 32 87)? + (153.452)? =326.584 N Ans, =) s R= y-28i Aso, tan ‘Scanned with CamScanner96 ELEMENTS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING MECHANICS « sta! (882 ae 0=28.02° Ans, Example 3.3 Find the resultant of the coplanar concurrent force system shown in Figure 3.3, VIU(March 2005) 153.452 ) 400N 30081 200N y Figure 33 Example 3.3. Solution Here: 300 cos O° + 400 cos 60° 300 + 200 ~ 229.813: 4400 sin 60° + 300 sin 40° — 200 346.4102 + 192.8363 ~ 200 = 339.246 N R= (270.1877 + 439.244 Also, @= tan! & 28) = 433,692N Ans. 270.187 = tan (1,256) = 51.47° Ans. Example 34 Find the magnitude and direction of the resultant of the coplanar force system shown in Figure 3.4 ‘Scanned with CamScannerCOPLANAR CONCURRENT FORCE SYSTEM. 87 y Figure 34 Example 3.4. Solution Here: EF, 100 cos 45° 453 sin 24° + 252 cos 15° + 553 sin 24° ~375 sin 60° = 171.459 EF, = -300 sin 45° + 453 cos 24° + 252 sin 15° + 553 eos 24° ~375 cos 60° 984.617 N YUI71. 459)? + (584.617)? 09.241 N Ans. no, On S807) > 171.459 : =7365° Ans. Example 35 Find the resultant of the force system shown in Figure y rodn Figure 35 Example 35 ‘Scanned with CamScanner98 ELEMENTS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING MECHANICS Solution Here: EF, = 600 sin 60° + 300 cos 30° + 100 sin 30° ~ 100 sin 20° ~ 800 cos 20° = 43.467 N EF, = 600 cos 60° ~ 300 sin 30° ~ 100 cos 30° + 100 cos 20° + 800 sin 20° = 243.044 N sr? + EF? fis3.4077 + 203.014) Ans. Ans. Example 36 Four coplanar forces acting at a point are shown in Figure 3.6. One of the forces is unknown and its magnitude is shown by P. The resultant has a magnitude of S00 N and is acting along the «axis, Determine the unknown force P and its inclination with the x-axis y y Figure 36 Example 3.6. Solution We know that Roos O=R or EF, =500N or =P cos 0+ 200 cos 45° ~ 500 cos 30° = 500 or =P cos 8+ 291,591 = 500 or Pecos 0=-791.59N O} ‘Scanned with CamScannerCOPLANAR CONCURRENT FORCE SYSTEM. 89 Also, EF,=R, or P sin @ +200 sin 45° ~ $00 sin 30° - 200 = 0 or P sin @~ 308.579 = 0 or P sin = 308.579 Gi) ‘Squaring both equations (j) and (ji) and then adding, P? cos?8-+ P? sin?@= (~791.591)? + (308.579)? or Ans. Dividing Eq, (ii) by Ey. (i) gives sin8 cos or Ans. Example3.7 26 kN force isthe resultant of the two forces, one of which is as shown in Figure 3.7. Determine the other force. VIU(August 2004) = 264N 104N Figure 3.7 Example 37. Solution Let P be the unknown force, which makes an angle @with the horizontal Here: or P cos 0+ 100s 36.87 or P cos = 26 cos 67.38" ~ 10 c0s 36.87 ‘Scanned with CamScanner40 ELEMENTS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING MECHANICS Also, mF or Pisin 0+ 10 sin 36.86 or P sin 8= 26 sin 67:38° ~ 10 sin 36.86° = 18 ww Dividing Eq, (i) by Ea. i) gives Psind _18 Poosé 2 * Ans. ‘Squaring (i) and (ii) and then adding PB or : Ans. Vertically upwards. If the angle 30° between the two 4 KN forces is fixed: find the angle @ Also determine the magnitude of the resultant 8 Solution oe 40s 844 cos0 + 0 -2 cos 60°=0 or 40s 0+ 4cos30+ = 2x4 cos 64 cos00+ 8) = cos 04 cos 30°» 608 B= sin 30° sin 1 4 1 a L 4 2 cos(15° + 6): cos 15° ‘Scanned with CamScannerCOPLANAR CONCURRENT FORCE SYSTEM. 41 2rcouts'+0)x0946= 1 cox ls + = a 20.966 1 _| = cos! (0517) = 67.57" 20.966, 154 0=cos! ( = 67.57" R R=4 sin 67.57° +4 sin 97.57° + 2sin 60" =9.394KN Ans. Example 3.9 Four forces acting on a hook are shown in Figure 3.9. Determine the direction of the force 150 N such that the hook is pulled in the x-direction, Determine the resultant force inthe x-direction. Also, u Figure 39 Example 3.9 Solution ZF, ), we have 80 sin 45° + 60 sin 60° + 100 sin 30° + 150 sin @=0 or 150 sin 0=: or For BF, =, we have 80 cos 45° + 60 cos 60° + 100 cos 30° + 150 cos 17.61° = R s R=316.142N Ans. ‘Scanned with CamScanner42. ELEMENTS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING MECHANICS Example 3.10 Four forces are acting on a bolt as shown in Figure 3.10, Determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant force. s00KN Figure 310 Example 3.10. Solution Magnitude of the resultant, EF, = 250+ 300 cos 30° + 200 cos 33.69° = 676.218 EF, = 100 — 300 sin 30° + 200 sin 33.69 = 60,939 R= Y(676.218)' + (60,939) = 678.958 KN Ans, Direction of resultant (®) BA, = tan! BF, etm ( 60939 676.218 Example 3.11 Two forces of 800 N and 600 N act at a point as shown in Figure 3.11. The resultant of the two forces is 1200 N. Determine @ between the forces and the direction of the resultant ) =" Ans. 600 N Figure 3.11 Example 2.11 ‘Scanned with CamScannerCOPLANAR CONCURRENT FORCE SYSTEM. 43 ‘Solution or (1200)? = (800) sin*@ + (600) + (8007 cos? @+ 2 x 800 x 600 x cos @ or (12? = 64 + 36 +2 x8 x 6 cos @ on 14= 100+ 96 cos @ ce Hoa eos 0 oc cos 6= $4 96 * o=ent (#4) Ans. a6 Qsin@ ‘From the relation, 0 P+Qcosd hi $00 sing2.72 tan 0 G0 + 800 e0s 62.72 736 o €=3634° with respect the vertical ‘The direction of the resultant with respect to the horizontal = 90° ~ 36,34” = 53.66". Ans, Example 3.12 Determine the resultant of the system of forves acting on a body as shown in ‘igure 3.12. Take the co-ordinate directions as shown in the figure. 600 Z Solution EF, = 800 600 cos 45° ~ 700 sin 30° = 25.736N ‘Scanned with CamScanner44 ELEMENTS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING MECHANICS & = 183.764 N Ans. and = 805° Ans. Example3.13 A force of 200 is acting on a block as shown in Figure 3.13, Find the components ‘of the force along the horizontal and vertical axes. VIU (January 2007) Solution Ans. Ans. Figure 3.13 Example 3.13, Example3.14 Determine the resultant force acting on the structure at point O both in magnitude and direction (Figure 3.14), VIU(January 2007) 1800 N yy ‘00 a 600 N, 600, 1 Ly bry { 4 or 5 Ra Figure 3.14 Example 3.14 Solution tn triangle OAB, cos oe = AB AB=3m; singor = 8 6 0B = 5.196 m ‘Scanned with CamScannerCOPLANAR CONCURRENT FORCE SYSTEM. 45 In tangle OCB, ‘The magnitude of resultant R is given by n= RoR Now, EF, = 00 ~ 60 cos 40.89° = 346.519 N and EF, = -600 sin 40,89° = ~392.765 N or R= 523.708 N Ans. ‘The direction crof the resultant is given by 392.765 . eou( i Example3.15 A 100N vertical force is applied toa shaft at A asshown in Figure 3.15. Determine the effect of 100 N force at O. 48.59" Ans. 100 Figure 3.15 Example 3.15. Solution Apply equal and opposite forces of 100 N at O as shown in Figure 3.16, The effect produced as shown in Figure 3.16 is: (a) Adownward force 100 N at 0 (b) Clockwise couple of 100 x 0.3 = 30 N-m ‘Scanned with CamScannerERING MECHANICS, 4G ELEMENTS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND ENG 100N, Figure 3.16 Example 3.15, Ans. Example 316 Reduce the foree acting at A (Figure 3.17) into a system of force and couple at point O. y ©}—am——4* e ow Figure 317 Example 3.16 Solution Apply equal and opposite fores of 40 kN at © parallel othe given force Couple at point O, M,= 40 cos 30° x 4+ 40 sin 30" x 3 = 198.56 KN-m, clockwise. See Figure 3.18 r 198.56 ktm ° ‘0 kN Figure 3.18 Example 3.16, Ans. ‘Scanned with CamScannerCOPLANAR CONCURRENT FORCE SYSTEM. 47 EXERCISE PROBLEM: 1. Determine the resultant of the four forces acting on a particle as shown in Figure 3.19. [Ams.: R= 303.4 N, @= 68.85") y Figure 3.19 2. Determine the resultant of the coplanar concurrent force system shown in Figure 3.20. [Ans.: 81. N, 8= 76.64" con son YON Figure 320 3. Determine the resultant of the force system shown in Figure 3.21 [Ams R= 104.84 kN, @= 11,52") 4. The force system as shown in Figure 3.22 has a resultant of 240 N acting up along the y-axis, Compute the value of force P und its inclination with x-axis. [Ams: P=ISLI6N a= 74.51°] ‘Scanned with CamScanner48. ELEMENTS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING MECHANICS 35kN 40 KN Figure 321 wan R=240N 500 Figure 322 5. The following forces, as shown in Figure 3.23, are acting at point A. Determine the resultant. (i A force of 200 KN directed towards 30° of east of south, Gi) A force of 100 kN directed towards 60° of west of north. Git) A force of 300 KN directed towards 40° of west of south, (iv) A force of 50 KN directed towards north. (v) Aforce of 150 KN directed towards west. [Ams.: R= 447.604 KN, 0= 42.61°] ‘Scanned with CamScannerCOPLANAR CONCURRENT FORCE SYSTEM. 49 8 Figure 323 ‘The two forces P and Q are acting on a bolt at A, as shown Figure 3.24, Determine the ‘magnitude and direction ofthe resultant. Ans: R= 91.25 N, 0=6797"] o-s0N P=05n TY ah Figure 324 Figure 3.25 shows the top view of a cat, pulled by two cables AB and AD. The car is moving along AC. If the force in cable AB is 100 N, calculate the force in AD and the resultant, [Ans.: Fy = 70.711 N, R= 136.603 N] 8 "00N A c hee ° Figure 9.25 ‘Scanned with CamScanner50 ELEMENTS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING MECHANICS 8. Acollar which may slide ona vertical rod is subjected to three forcesas shown in Figure 3.26, Determine: (a) the value of angle crfor which the resultant of the three forces is horizontal, and (b) the corresponding magnitude of the resultant. 1108N Hint: F sin = -1,294 +2 cos o Squaring, (1.294 +2 00s 0 1 -costor 5.16 cos a 067=0, em a= Eee =e 2a ‘Scanned with CamScannerBaus eee COPLANAR A, NON-CONCURRENT FORCE SYSTEM DEFINITION If two or more forces are acting in a single plane, but not pass force system is known as coplanar non-concurrent force system. Tn a coplanar non-concurrent force syst culate the magnitude, direction and position ofthe resultant force as follows: through the single point, such a Magnitude of resultant, Direction of resultant, =tant{ 2B aK, Position of resultant: The postion of the resultant means the calculation of dor x and y intercepts as shown in Figure 4.1 Rx d= algebraic sum of moments of number of forces about that point. Scanned with CamScanner52 ELEMENTS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING MECHANICS Figure 4.1 PROBLEMS ON COPLANAR NON-CONCURRENT FORCE SYSTEM Tips to Solve the Problems 1. Ima coplanar non-concurent force syst resultant can be determined, 2. Calculate the algebraic sum of all the forces acting in the x-direction (ie. ZF.) and also in the y-direction (ie. EF), 3. Determine the magnitude of the resultant using the formula, R= JEF? +2 n, the magnitude, direction and position of 5. The position of resultant can be determined by using the Varignon’s theorem or using the formulae d EM x-intercept = | 24 | and y-intercept = pl |= pt Example 4.1 Find the moment of the force F 100 N about A.as shown in Figure 4.2. VTU (January 2007) F=600N a 03m————4 Figure 4.2 Example 4.1 Scanned with CamScannerCOPLANAR NON-CONCURRENT FORCE SYSTEM 58 Solution Moment of force, F'= 600N about Ais ‘My = -600 008 30° x 0.2 + 600 sin 30° x 0.3 s M, =-13.923 N-m Ans. Example 4.2 A rigid plate ABCD is subjected to forces as shown in Figure 4.3. Compute the magnitude, direction and line of action of the resultant ofthe system with reference to the point A. ro 100 KN 20008 200 kN Example 42 Solution re (eR ER EF, = 100 + 200 cos 30° ~ 200 cos 45° = 131.78 KN EP, = -100 ~ 200 sin 45° ~200 sin 30° = -141.42 kN R= (131.78) + (-141.42)" = 193.30 KN Ans. Also, tan O= EF, 131.78 s @= tan! (-1.073) Ans. ‘The line of action of 100 KN is directly passing through the point A, therefor produced by the 100 kN force about A is zero. EM, = 100%0 + 200 sin 45° x 0-200 cos 45° x 1 + 100x 1-200 sin 30° x 1 + 200 cos 30° 0 = 200 c08 45° = -14 1.42 kN the moment s-intercept = ‘Scanned with CamScanner:LEMENTS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING MECHANICS 41.42 131.78 .073 m yeintercept = 100 KN 100 kN ® Figure 4.4 Example 4.2 showing the position of resultant Ans. Example 4.3 For the non-concurrent coplanar system shown in Figure 4.5, determine the ‘magnitude, direction and position of the resultant force with reference to A. VIU (August 2003) 200N las 1002 N Figure 45 Example 4.3. Solution ke ee ZF, = 100~ 100+ 10045 cos 45° +0 = 100'N EF, = 200 100y3 sin 45° + 0 100 R= Y1007 + 100 = 100Y2 N= 141.421 N Ans. ‘Scanned with CamScannerCOPLANAR NON-CONCURRENT FORCE SYSTEM 55 EM, = 100.0 + 100 sin 45" 4+ 1004 = 100 y2 x sin 45° x4 = 400 N-m 200 x2 Ans. Example 44 Find the magnitude, direction and position of the resultant force with reference to ‘Aoof the forces shown in Figure 4.6. 100 100m D r. a Figure 4.6 Example 4.4. ‘Solution Convert the uniformly distributed load (UDL,) into point load, ie. 100 Nim x 1 m= 100, ‘which is acting at the centre of the span CD. 200 cos 60° +500 = 400 N EP, = -100 ~ 100 ~ 200 sin 60° = -373.21 N 547.07N Ans, and. or 0=-43.02° Ans. ‘Scanned with CamScanner56 ELEMENTS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING MECHANICS IN Qasoe" + a Figure 4.7. Example 4.4 showing the direction of resultant. ‘Taking moments about A, EM, = 200 sin 60° x 1 + 100 x 2.5 ~ 500 x 0.5 = 173.21 Nm VB2N 173.21 Nm S707 x-intercept intercept Ans. Example 4.8 A bracketis subjected to five forces and a couple as shown in Figure 4.8. Determine the magnitude, direction and the line of action of the resultant SiN + —ra soem] 10KNem 6k a 150m. son —— hm 5kN Figure 4.8 Example 4.5. Solution re (EER ZF, = 6~ 6008 30° 8 cos 45" = 4.853 KN EF, =5—6sin 30” +8 sin 45° ~ $= 2.656 kN ne (ee ae or R= (4.853)? + (2.6567 = 5.532 KN Ans. ‘Scanned with CamScannerCOPLANAR NON-CONCURRENT FORCE SYSTEM. 57 Also, 2.656 4353 Line of action of the resultant: Here we can take moment about any point = 28.69" Ans. ota ( R = 5x15 +6 10 +6 sin 30° x 45 +8 cos 45° x 10-8 sin 45° x 45 + 10 x-intercept y-imercept = 16.897 em Calculation of equivalent force couple at A means the calculation of R and M,. Ans. Example 4.6 A bracket is subjected to a coplanar force system as shown in Fig. 4.9. Determine the magnitude and line of action of single resultant of the system. If the resultant is to pass through B, what should be the magnitude and direction of a couple? 250 450 250N feo 100 Nn Figure 4.9 Example 4.6. Solution Re for EP, = 450 cos 60° = 225 N EF, = 450 sin 60° - 500 = -110.29 N ‘Scanned with CamScanner58 ELEMENTS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING MECHANICS ke era or R= 110.297 + 2257? = 25058N Ans. EM, R EM, =-450 sin 60° 1 +250 2+ 100 a Ans. A couple 100 N-m is acting on a bracket when the resultant is at a distance of 1.906 m from A. ‘When the resultant is passing through B, x-intercept = 1 m 1m v7 Figure 4.10 Example 46. Accouple M is acting on a bracket instead of 100 N-m, ‘We know that intercept ie. =M, or 1 or 450 sin 60° + 500+M= 110.29 or 110.29+M= 110.29 * M=110.29- 110.2 No couple is therefore acting when the resultant is passing through B. Ans. ‘Scanned with CamScannerCOPLANAR NON-CONCURRENT FORCE SYSTEM. 59 Example 4.7 Determine the resultant of a system of forces as shown in Figure 4.11, acting on a 40 mm x 40 mmsize lamina. Each grid is of size 10 mm x 10mm, Determine the x and y intercepts also, 2s0N home 101m 10mm 10m sow tomm tomm so \ rom Lo, a f 100% zon soon Figure 4.11. Example 47 40 ‘Solution tan 0, = | — |; tan! (2) = 3° a-(g) arama 30 tan 6,= 22; 9 =n @)=71.57° a 10 ce) R= hoae EF, = 150 +400 cos 71.57° + 200 cos 63.43° + 100 = 46093 N EF, =-250— 400 sin 71.56° + 200 sin 63.43° = -450:588 N x R= (EF + BFE = 648.169 N Ans. 3, and = tar! 75 = 44049 Ans. iF, + 150 % 40 +400 sin 71.56° «40 1178.93 Nem | uae =47mm 450.61 and ssintercept [aaa 45.455 mm Ans, 46093 ‘Scanned with CamScanner60 ELEMENTS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING MECHANICS Example 4.8 Determine the position of resultant of a force system if the external moment ‘M=3 Nem at the point P (20, 10) as shown in Figure in 4.12. 250N 150N ae to0n we ny som 40on Figure 4.12 Example 48, Solution 6,=ta'G) =7157"; 8 =tan!@)= 6343" (see Example 4.7) EF, = 150+ 400 cos 71.57° + 200 cos 63.43° + 100 = 465.982 N 250 - 400 sin 71.57° + 200 sin 63.43° =—450.61 N se 7 - rimercept= | 24 = =Mo 2AN78.487 | 39.67 mm ae sierepe= | 7B 47 mm mae on net | 5 sw ‘Scanned with CamScannerCOPLANAR NON-CONCURRENT FORCE SYSTEM 61 Example 4.9 Determine the magnitude and y-intercept of resultant of force system acting on lamina as shown in Figure 4.13. VIU (February 2003) 200N 400 N 400 mm 400 Soon Figure 4.13 Example 49. Solution R= JER +EF? 20 20 400 + 00 sin 45° = 824.264 N 200 ~ 0 com 45° = 224.264 N o=4s° 824.264 (SGT CRRF oasnN tm naan vitor ||| 2% cosmestinn Am Example 4.10 (a) Four forces act on a 700 mm x 375 mm plate as shown in Figure 4.14, Find the resultant of these forces, and (b) locate the point where the line of ution ofthe resultant intersects, the edge AB of the plate. VIU (February 2004) 500 340N Figure 4.14 Example 4.10. ‘Scanned with CamScanner62 ELEMENTS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING MECHANICS Solution (a) Wr ~ 28072" = 61.928" R= JER +EF, EF, =760-+ M0 eos 61.928" — $00 08 36.87" = 1000 N EF = 60 + 500 sin 36.87° + 40 sin 61.928" = 1200 N R= JER +3 = 1562.05 N Ans. mnt oun! (222) so: As i000 160 x 375 ~ 340 sin 61.928° x 700 + 0 = 74999.048 N-m 74999.048 | _ 69.499 mm 1200 ‘The resultant intersects the edge AB at a distance of 62.499 mim from point A. Ans. Example 4.11 Determine the magnitude, direction of the resultant force for the force system shown in Figure 4.15. Locate the resultant force with respect to point D. ai ic 12m f kn sin Figure 4.15 Example 4.11 ‘Scanned with CamScannerCOPLANAR NON-CONCURRENT FORCE SYSTEM 68 Solution Magnitude of resultant (R) EF, = 450s 26556° = -0472 Ans. Direction of resultant (0: BF, asta! (7 iF, 8.236 asta! 6m. Ans ow! (She) = 7 Position of result (d) 7) 12-5 sin 2656° x2-8—6 x 1 =-13.671 KN-m a -vimercept = [[Mo| =Mp yimtercept = [Ma] - 98.964 m yinercent = FP Ans. Example 4.12 Determine the magnitude, direction and position of the resultant force with reference to the point A for the non-coplanar force system shown below in Figure 4.16. VTU (July 2006) 200N —2m 2m—4 100 NON DNs 10080 Figure 4.16 Example 4.12 ‘Scanned with CamScanner64. ELEMENTS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING MECHANICS Solution Magnitude of resultant (R): EF, =-100¥F cos 45° + 100 — 100 = 100 N EF, = -100V2 sin 45° + 200 = 100N R= J100? +100? = 141.421 N Ans. Direction of resultant (@) with reference to A: o-wn'(S] 6= aw (-) =-45° Ans, 00 Position of resultant with reference 10 A: EM, = +10092 sin 45° <4 + 1004 ~208 x2 sintercept = | 2Ma |_| 400 = | Se || 100 intercept = | EM | ~ =F, || 100 My R d= $28 m _|_400. “| Tan.a2i Ans. Example 4.13 Find the magnitude and direction and distance of the resultant from the point "A for the system of forces shown in Figure 4.17. — =) \ ‘ 100 kNm bo val th San ow e ° Figure 4.17 Example 4.13, ‘Scanned with CamScannerCOPLANAR NON-CONCURRENT FORCE SYSTEM 65 Solution Magnitude of resultant (R) r= {SER EF, = 45° sin 30° + 60° sin 60° - 75° cos 45° = 21.428 EF, = 45" cos 30° + 60° cos 60” ~ 75° sin 45° = ~62,008 R= 21.428)" + (62.004)? =65.602 KN Ans, Dien of sun (8: {FF ven (2) om awct (eu EM, [zs ) = m9» Ans. EF, | | 65.602 EMy =F, Ans, Example 4.14 ‘The force 390 N shown in Figure 4. 18s the resultant of four forces. Out of them, three are shown in the figure. Find the missing force and its position s00n units 150N) units 100 Figure 4.18 Example 4.14, ‘Scanned with CamScanner66 ELEMENTS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING MECHANICS Solution Assume missing force Using the conditions of equilibrium, we have EF,=0 or 300 cos 67.38" = 150 + 100 cos 53.13° + Feos @ or Freos = ~60 0 Also, ZF, =0 or ~300 sin 67.38° = 100 sin 53.13° - 100 + F sin 60° or F sin @=-340 ai) Dividing (ii) by (), we get Ans == EXERCISE PROBLEMS |. Find the resultant of the force shown in Figure 4.19. [Ams R= 115.563 kN, o 20KN_284N of i son 20 0 o 10 26 foo a0 25KN Figure 4.19 2. Find the magnitude, direction and position of the resultant of the force system, shown in Figure 4.20, with respect to point A. [Ams.: R= 25 kN O=-45° x= 62.1 cm] ‘Scanned with CamScannerCOPLANAR NON-CONCURRENT FORCE SYSTEM 67 son 100n pean Ke Figure 420 3. Four forces are acting on 28 cm x 15 em plate as shown in Figure 4.21. Find the resultant of these forces. Locate the two points where the line of action of the resultant intersects the cedge of the plate, [Ans R 12 em (right of ©), y = 10 em (above C)] 0.49.N, O= -39.8°, 125N a5N 240N Figure 421 4. Determine (i) The resultant of the forces. Gi) The sum of moments of the forces about the point A, the 10 kN force acts parallel to AB as shown in Figure 4. 26.799 KN-m.] 7479 KN, Ans, S52 EM, ‘Scanned with CamScanner68 ELEMENTS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING MECHANICS 12kN + 12k 1 75) o a ie 10KN 15kN Figure 422 ‘Three forces 60 N, 80 N and 130 N act at the vertices of a triangle ABC as shown in Figure 4.23. AB = BC = CA =40 cm. Find the resultant of the system. Locate the point D ‘on BC where the resultant intersects BC. Find the distance of D from C. [Ams.: R = 62.45 N, @=-43.90,.x= 104 em i.e. the point D is at a distance of 104 em from C to the right.] 20N won —,40_1_@\ 5 — a) 130N Figure 423 6. Find the resultant ofthe force system shown in Figure 4.24 and locate the position of line of action of resultant along x-axis with origin at O. Also, find the magnitude and sense of a single vertical force to be applied at A, so that the resultant of entire system passes through Band find the resultant, [Am 22.36 N, @= 63.26", P= 90 KN, Ry = 1I.SKN] ‘Scanned with CamScannerCOPLANAR NON-CONCURRENT FORCE SYSTEM 69 400 mm Figure 4.24 Hint: First find the resultant and then apply a vertical force of P at A (assume down or up), such thatthe x-intercept is 400 cm. 7. Three forces act on a vertical pole as shown in Figure 4.25. Find the resultant ofthe three forces. Locate the point where the resultant cuts the pol. [Ans =) ime} | sm au | 2m i am 38 KN, @= 48.01°] 25KN A. Figure 425 Hint: 4.12 m (above A) 8 The three forces and a couple of moment M = 6 N-m are applied to an angle bracket as shown in Figure 4.26, (@) Find the resultant ofthe system of forces () Locate the points where the line of action of the resultant interacts lines AB and BC [Ans 2 = 135.96N, 0= 28.08°, intercept = 0.281 m, y-intercept = 0.150 m (below B)] ‘Scanned with CamScanner70 ELEMENTS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING MECHANICS — 120 8 TON Figure 4.26 9. Various forces to be considered for the stability analysis of a dam are shown in Figure 4.27. ‘The dam is safe ifthe resultant force passes through middle-third of base. Am, Figure 427 Dam is safe ifthe x-intercept is between 1/3rd and 2/3td of base. ‘Scanned with CamScannerCOPLANAR NON-CONCURRENT FORCE SYSTEM 71 10, Forvesacting on Im length ofa dam are shown in Figure 4.28. Neglecting the weight of the ddam, determine the resultant force acting on the dam. Find the point of intersection of the resultant with the base of the dam. i 91 m from the right.] poem Figure 4.28 ‘Scanned with CamScannerBaus eee EQUILIBRIUM OF COPLANAR CONCURRENT FORCE SYSTEM EQUILIBRIUM When a stationary body is subjected to external forces and if the body remains in the state of rest under the action of forces, itis said to be in equilibrium. Principle of equilibrium According to this principle, “A body is said to be in equilibrium if the algebraic sum of all forces acting on the body is zero, and also if the algebraic sum of moments of forces about any fixed point is zero, ie ZF=0, EF,=0, EF,=0, EM= A body is said to be in equilibrium if ther the application of external forces. Conditions of equilibrium for different force systems 1, Coplanar concurrent force system EF, =0, EF, js no translation and no rotation ofthe body under 0 (moment is a ready zero). See Figure 5.1 Figure 5.1 Coplanar concurrent force system. n Scanned with CamScannerEQUILIBRIUM OF COPLANAR CONCURRENT FORCE SYSTEM 73 2. Coplanar non-concurrent force system EF,=0, EF, 0, EM =0. See Figure 5.2. 5 Ao Ly (oN Figure 5.2 Coplanar non-concurrent force system. 3. Parallel force system EFS 4, Non-coplanar force system EF,=0, SF, =0, EF.=0, EM =0 ). EM=0 Equilibrant Sometimes the resultant of the force system is not equal to zero, That means the body is not in equilibrium, The force which is required to keep the body in equilibrium, is known as equiibrant Lami’s theorem ‘This theorem states that “if three forces acting at a point are in equilibrium, then each Force is directly proportional to the sine of angle between the other two forces” LetP, Q, Rbe the three forces acting at a point O and let 6, fi, 7 be the angles between R and 2, Pand R, Pand Q respectively. See figure 5.3. a, Figure 5.3 Lami's theorem, Using Lami’s theorem, we have Iis possible to apply the Lami’s theorem, if only three forces are acting on a particle or at a point. ‘Scanned with CamScanner74. ELEMENTS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING MECHANICS Free-body diagram (FBD) ‘A free-body diagram is the diagram which represents the various forces acting on the body. w ae L a @ Oo) Figure 54 Spherical bal (on a horizontal plane) with ree:body diagram, Let us considera spherical ball of mass m, placed on a horizontal plane and tied to the plane by a string as shown in Figure 5-4(a, Figure 5.4(b) shows the free-body diagram of the spherical ball subjected to various forces Tike: (i) Self weight, W, always acting vertically downwards. Gi) Normal reaction, R, always acting perpendicular tothe plane under consideration ii) Tension 7 in the sting. In Figure 5.5, a spherical ball supported by a string and resting against a wall, is shown together with its free-body diagram. = Figure 5.5 Spherical ball (testing against a wall) with tree-body diagram. Problems on Equilibrium of Coplanar Concurrent Force System Tips to solve the problems 1. In the coplanar concurrent force system, two conditions of equilibrium can be applied, namely EF,=0 and EF, ‘Scanned with CamScannerEQUILIBRIUM OF COPLANAR CONCURRENT FORCE SYSTEM 75 2. Analyse the given problem by appl Lami’s theorem. 3. Lami’s theorem can be applied if only three forces are acting at a point. ie. a ee Sina sin siny the above conditions of equilibrium or by applying the Example $.1 Determine the magnitude and direction of force P, which keeps the concurrent system of Figure 5.6 in equilibrium. VTU (August 2003) 100.26 1002 Figure 56 Example 5.1 Solution Apply wo conditions of equilibrium to calculate the magnitude and direction of the unknown force. EF,=0 or =P cos @~ 1002 cos 45° + 100,/2 cos 45° + 100 cos 30° =0 or P cos 8= 100 c0s 30° or P cos 0= 86.608 o zr, or =P sin + 1004/2 sin 45° + 10042 sin 45° - 100 sin 30° = 0 or Pssin (ii) Psind 150 (Diviaing Gi) by @)) Preos 8 86.603 or tan a= 150 6.608 or = 60" Ans, $50 _ 15082 1732N (using Eq.) Ams. ino ‘Scanned with CamScanner76. ELEMENTS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING MECHANICS Example $.2 A crate of mass 200 kg is to be supported by a rope and pulley arrangement as shown in Figure 5.7(a). Determine the minimum required magnitude of force F. Also, find the direction of force F. W=200%9.81 @ © Figure 57 Example 5.2 Solution We mx g= 200 981 = 1962 N Applying Lami’s theorem (Figure 5.7(b)), we have w E Sin(BO?+ O) sin(90° + 60) 1962 x sin 150° _ sin(30° + 8) because Fis minimum when sin(30° + 6) is maximum. The maximum value of sin(30°-+ @)= sin 90° ie 30° + or F or Ans. Example .3 A 3 KN crate is supported by the rope and pulley arrangement shown in Figure 45.8(a). Determine the magnitude and the direction of the minimum force F that should be exerted. al the free end of the rope. VIU (February 2004) | kN cy Figure 5.8 Example 5.3. ‘Scanned with CamScannerEQUILIBRIUM OF COPLANAR CONCURRENT FORCE SYSTEM 77 ; Los . Solution Se } = 16.26 Ans. According to Lami’s theorem (Figure 5.8(b)), we have Fe ww Sin(18OP—0) - Sin(90°+ et) Sin(@+ 90F— e or = Sin Sn +90°— a) — = oe: 16.26 sin(+90"—@) Now sin(0+ 90° «2 is maximum when sin( 0+ 90° ~ ap = sin 90° ie, o=a F “ sin626°~? F = 3 x:sin 16.26° = 0.839 kN Ans. Example 5.4 Determine the forces induced in the members AC and BC of the structure shown in Figure 5,9(a). Its free-body diagram is shown in Figure 5.9(b). 500 © Figure 59 Example 5.4. Te 100" 500 Tol Figure 5.10 Example 5.4: Free-body diagram. ‘Scanned with CamScanner78. ELEMENTS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING MECHANICS Solution Using Lami’s theorem (Figure 5.10), we have Pe) 120° ~ sin 140° ~ sin 100° . Tex ___500 ° 120° ~ sin 100 Tey =439.695 N Ans. ‘ 500 - Sin 100° Sin 40? ~ Sin 100° or Tes xin 140° Sin 100° = 326.352 Ans. Example 5.5 ‘Two cables are connected at A and B as shown in Figure 5.11 (a). A force of 30 kN is applied at C. Determine the forces in the cables CA and CB. Jes abun stew soe ‘®) ° © Figure 6.11, Example 55. Soluion Using Lam's theorem (Figure 5.1(b) and (e), we have 30 sin 10" or Ten sin 138° Sin 105° = 21,961 kN Ans. Again, is _. Sin 120° * Gn 105 or Ta® xsin 120° oo S105 = 26897 kN Ans. ‘Scanned with CamScannerEQUILIBRIUM OF COPLANAR CONCURRENT FORCE SYSTEM. 79) Example $.6 Find the value of W, which is required to maintain equilibrium configuration as shown in Figure 5.12(a). Its free-body diagram is shown in Figure 5.12(b).. @ Figure 5.12 Example 56. To The saat" roase IT Ti0a.40° 100 Figure 5.13 Example 5 6: Free-body diagram. Solution or Now, =A sin 108.445 (Applying Lami’s theorem to Figure 5.13) on Tyg = Tyg = WOOesin OB? sin 143.12° 58.113 N ‘Weight acting on the cable = tension in the cable ie, W= 158.113 Ans, Example 5.7 Figure 5.14(a) shows a rope supporting two loads Wand P. If BC is horizontal and W=600N, determine the load P. Also, find the tensile forces developed in the different segments ofthe rope. ‘Scanned with CamScanner‘80 ELEMENTS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING MECHANICS eo 1202 wh iso h FeoaB Favetc o © © Figure 5.14 Example 57. Solution Considering the FBD at B and applying Lami’s theorem (Figure 5.14(b)), 600 sin 150° or 0 Sin 150° 600 sin 120° sin 150° = 1039230 N Ans. ‘Considering the FBD at C and applying the Lam's theorem (Figure 5.14(@)), 1039.23 P sin 20° or 3 sin 120° Ans. Ans, 1039.23 sin 150° =207846N Ans. Example 5.8 A string ABCD attached to two fixed points A and B has two equal weights S00 N attached to it at B and C (Figure 5.15). The weights rest with portions AB and CD inclined at angles of 30” and 60° respectively with the vertical. Find the tensions in the portions AB, BC, and. CD of the string. The inclination of BC with vertical is 120°, ‘Scanned with CamScannerEQUILIBRIUM OF COPLANAR CONCURRENT FORCE SYSTEM 81 500N Figure 5.15 Example 58. Solution Considering the FBD at B and applying the Lami’s theorem (Figure 5.16), and. Ty, = 866.03 N Ans, ‘Considering the FBD at C und applying the Lami’s theorem (Figure 5.17), Tre: 500" Figure 5.17 FBDatC. ‘Scanned with CamScanner:LLEMENTS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING MECHANICS 500. 120 Ans. Example $9 The system of connected flexible cables shown in Figure 5.18 is supporting 2 loads (01.400 N and 500 N at points B and D, respectively. Determine the tensions in the various segments othe cable 00 8 Figure 5.18 Example 5.9. Figure §.19 FB atD. 400N Figure 5.20 FBO at 8. Solution AD (Figure 5.19) 500 Sin 105° Sin 120° Sin 135° or Tap = x sin 135° sin 105 16.025 N Ans. Scanned with CamScannerEQUILIBRIUM OF COPLANAR CONCURRENT FORCE SYSTEM 83 and, Ans. ALB (Figure 5.20): iis not possible to apply Lami’s theorem, there being 4 forces, or 400 + Tiyc Sin 60° ~ Ty sin 30° 1p, = #00 366.025 sin 30° lat sin 60° =673.204N Ans, or ~Tiyy + Tre 608 60° + Typ) €08 30° = 0 Tyy = 673.204 cos 60° + 366.025 cos 30° = 653.588 N Ans. Example 5.10 Compute the tensions in the strings AB, BC and CD as shown in Figure 5.21 VIU (January 2007) 800N Figure 5.21 Example 5.10. Solution Consider FBD at C (Figure 5.22). Using Lami’s theorem, we have and Ans. ‘Scanned with CamScanner