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Module 3 Ge 4 (Readings in Philippine History) : Maria Ivy A. Giray-Gacosta, Rcrim

The Balangiga Massacre was an attack by Filipino guerrillas on an undermanned U.S. Army company stationed in Balangiga, Samar in the Philippines in 1901. Tensions had been rising between the soldiers and townspeople due to the commander's harsh policies. On September 28th, around 400 guerrillas led by the town's police chief launched a surprise attack on the soldiers during a town festival. Over 70 soldiers were killed in the initial attack. In response, the U.S. carried out brutal reprisals against Samar civilians, burning villages and killing thousands in what became known as the Samar campaign. The Balangiga Massacre remains controversial, with conflicting accounts from American

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
207 views28 pages

Module 3 Ge 4 (Readings in Philippine History) : Maria Ivy A. Giray-Gacosta, Rcrim

The Balangiga Massacre was an attack by Filipino guerrillas on an undermanned U.S. Army company stationed in Balangiga, Samar in the Philippines in 1901. Tensions had been rising between the soldiers and townspeople due to the commander's harsh policies. On September 28th, around 400 guerrillas led by the town's police chief launched a surprise attack on the soldiers during a town festival. Over 70 soldiers were killed in the initial attack. In response, the U.S. carried out brutal reprisals against Samar civilians, burning villages and killing thousands in what became known as the Samar campaign. The Balangiga Massacre remains controversial, with conflicting accounts from American

Uploaded by

Art russel galit
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1

Module 3 GE 4 (READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY)


PREPARED BY:

MARIA IVY A. GIRAY-GACOSTA, RCrim.


2

the island. The objective was to force the end of


Filipino resistance. Part of his strategy was to
close three key ports on the southern coast,
BALANGIGA MASSACRE: Basey, Balangiga and Guiuan.
INCIDENT/ ENCOUNTER/
3.1 CONFLICT LEARNING TASK 1

OVERVIEW
The attack and the subsequent Cut-out or illustrate a straight man who wears a
retaliation remains one of the longest-running woman clothes.
and most controversial issues between the
Philippines and the United States. Conflicting
records from American and Filipino historians
have confused the issue. According to some
Filipino historians, such as Teodoro Agoncillo,
the true "Balangiga massacre" was the
subsequent retaliation against the Samar
population and guerrillas when American
soldiers burned whole towns during the March
across Samar.

LEARNING OUTCOME

Specifically, after learning the module, you are


expected to:

 Evaluate the authenticity of the writings of


American author and Filipino author about
Balangiga.
 Create a discussion about Balangiga that
never been brought up to our history
books.

Module 3.1 BALANGIGA MASSACRE


In the summer of 1901, Brigadier
General Robert P. Hughes, who commanded the
Department of the Visayas and was responsible
for Samar, instigated an aggressive policy of
food deprivation and property destruction on
3

his directive, the townspeople inadvertently cut


down vegetation with food value, in violation of
Samar was a major centre for the
Lukbá n's policies regarding food security. As a
production of Manila hemp, the trade of which
consequence, on September 18, 1901, around
was financing Filipino forces on the island. At
400 guerrillas sent by Lukbá n appeared in the
the same time United States interests were
vicinity of Balangiga. They were to mete
eager to secure control of the hemp trade, which
sanctions upon the town officials and local
was a vital material both for the United States
residents for violating Lukbá n's orders
Navy and American agro-industries such as
regarding food security and for fraternizing with
cotton.
the Americans. The threat was probably defused

On August 11, 1901, Company C of the by Captain Eugenio Daza, a member of Lukbá n's

9th U.S. Infantry Regiment, arrived in Balangiga staff, and by the parish priest, Father Donato

—the third largest town on the southern coast Guimbaolibot.

of Samar island—to close its port and prevent


A few days later, Connell had the town's
supplies reaching Filipino forces in the interior,
male residents rounded up and detained for the
which at that time were under the command of
purpose of hastening his clean-up operations.
General Vicente Lukbá n. Lukbá n had been sent
Around 80 men were kept in two Sibley tents
there in December 1898 to govern the island on
unfed overnight. In addition, Connell had the
behalf of the First Philippine Republic under
men's bolos and the stored rice for their tables
Emilio Aguinaldo. In late May of 1901, prior to
confiscated. These events would have
the stationing of any Americans in Balangiga,
sufficiently insulted and angered the
town mayor Pedro Abayan had written to
townspeople; and without the sympathy of
Lukban pledging to "observe a deceptive policy
Lukbá n's guerrillas, the civilians were left to
with [Americans] doing whatever they may like,
their own devices to plan their course of action
and when a favorable opportunity arises, the
against the Americans.
people will strategically rise against them."
A few days before the attack, Valeriano
Relations between the soldiers and the
Abanador, the town's police chief, and Captain
townspeople were amicable for the first month
Daza met to plan the attack on the American
of the American presence in the town; indeed it
unit. To address the issue of sufficient
was marked by extensive fraternization
manpower to offset the Americans' advantage in
between the two parties. This took the form of
firepower, Abanador and Daza disguised the
tuba (palm wine) drinking among the soldiers
congregation of men as a work force aimed at
and male villagers, baseball games and arnis
preparing the town for a local fiesta, which
demonstrations. However, tensions rose due to
incidentally, also served to address Connell's
several reasons: Captain Thomas W. Connell,
preparations for his superior's visit. Abanador
commanding officer of the American unit in
also brought in a group of "tax evaders" to
Balangiga, ordered the town cleaned up in
bolster their numbers. Much palm wine was
preparation for a visit by the U.S. Army's
brought in to ensure that the American soldiers
inspector-general. However, in complying with
4

would be drunk the day after the fiesta. Hours soldiers. The pealing of the church bells and the
before the attack, women and children were sounds from conch shells being blown followed
sent away to safety. To mask the disappearance seconds later. Some of the Company C troopers
of the women from the dawn service in the were attacked and hacked to death before they
church, 34 men from Barrio Lawaan cross- could grab their rifles; the few who survived the
dressed as women worshippers. These initial onslaught fought almost bare-handed,
"women", carrying small coffins, were using kitchen utensils, steak knives, and chairs.
challenged by Sergeant Scharer of the sentry One private used a baseball bat to fend off the
post about the town plaza near the church. attackers before being overwhelmed.
Opening one of the coffins with his bayonet, he
The men detained in the Sibley tents
saw the body of a dead child who, he was told,
broke out and made their way to the municipal
was a victim of a cholera epidemic. Abashed, he
hall. Simultaneously, the attackers hidden in the
let the women pass on. Unbeknownst to the
church broke into the parish house and killed
sentries, the other coffins hid the bolos and
the three American officers there. An unarmed
other weapons of the attackers.
Company C soldier was ignored, as was Captain
The issue of children's bodies merits Connell's Filipino houseboy. The attackers
further attention since there is much conflict initially occupied the parish house and the
between accounts by members of Company C. municipal hall; however, the attack at the mess
That day, the 27th, was the 52nd anniversary of tents and the barracks failed, with Pvt. Gamlin,
the founding of the parish, an occasion on which recovering consciousness and managing to
an image of a recumbent Christ known as a secure another rifle, caused considerable
Santo Intierra would have been carried around casualties among the Filipinos. With the initial
the parish. In modern times these Santo surprise wearing off and the attack degrading,
Intierras are enclosed in a glass case but at the Abanador called for the attackers to break off
time were commonly enclosed in a wooden box. and retreat. The surviving Company C soldiers,
led by Sergeant Frank Betron, escaped by sea to
Between 6:20 and 6:45 in the morning
Basey and Tanauan, Leyte. The townspeople
of September 28, 1901, the villagers made their
buried their dead and abandoned the town.
move. Abanador, who had been supervising the
prisoners' communal labor in the town plaza,
grabbed the rifle of Private Adolph Gamlin, one
of the American sentries, and stunned him with
a blow to the head. This served as the signal for
the rest of the communal laborers in the plaza to
rush the other sentries and soldiers of Company
C, who were mostly having breakfast in the mess
area. Abanador then gave a shout, signaling the
other Filipino men to the attack and fired
Gamlin's rifle at the mess tent, hitting one of the
5

Of the 74 men in Company C, 36 were General Smith instructed Major


killed in action, including all its commissioned Littleton Waller, commanding officer of a
officers: Captain Thomas W. Connell, First battalion of 315 US Marines assigned to bolster
Lieutenant Edward A. Bumpus and Major his forces in Samar, regarding the conduct of
Richard S. Griswold. Twenty-two were wounded pacification:
in action and four were missing in action. Eight
I want no prisoners. I wish you to kill
died later of wounds received in combat; only
and burn; the more you kill and burn,
four escaped unscathed. The villagers captured
the better it will please me... The
about 100 rifles and 25,000 rounds of
interior of Samar must be made a
ammunition and suffered 28 dead and 22
howling wilderness...
wounded.

— Gen. Jacob H. Smith


Captain Edwin Victor Bookmiller, the
commander in Basey, sailed immediately with As a consequence of this order, Smith
Company G, 9th Infantry Regiment for Balangiga became known as "Howling Wilderness Smith".
aboard a commandeered coastal steamer, the SS He further ordered Waller to kill all persons
Pittsburgh. Finding the town abandoned, they who were capable of bearing arms and in actual
buried the American dead and set fire to the hostilities against the United States forces. When
town. queried by Waller regarding the age limit of
these persons, Smith replied that the limit was
Coming at a time when it was believed
ten years of age.
Filipino resistance to American rule had
collapsed, the Balangiga attack had a powerful Food and trade to Samar were cut off,
impact on Americans living in Manila. Men intended to starve the revolutionaries into
started to wear sidearms openly and Helen submission. Smith's strategy on Samar involved
Herron Taft, wife of the American Governor- widespread destruction to force the inhabitants
General of the Philippines William Howard Taft, to stop supporting the guerrillas and turn to the
was so distraught she required evacuation to Americans from fear and starvation. He used his
Hong Kong. troops in sweeps of the interior in search for
guerrilla bands and in attempts to capture
The Balangiga incident provoked shock
Philippine General Vicente Lukbá n, but he did
in the US public, too, with newspapers equating
nothing to prevent contact between the
the massacre to George Armstrong Custer's last
guerrillas and the townspeople. American
stand at the Battle of the Little Bighorn in 1876.
columns marched across the island, destroying
Major General Adna R. Chaffee, military
homes and shooting people and draft animals.
governor of the Philippines, received orders
Littleton Waller, in a report, stated that over an
from US President Theodore Roosevelt to pacify
eleven-day period his men burned 255
Samar. To this end, Chaffee appointed Brigadier
dwellings, shot 13 carabaos and killed 39
General Jacob H. Smith to Samar to accomplish
people.
the task.
6

The Judge Advocate General of the Gen. Jacob Smith are alleged to have unleashed
Army observed that only the good sense and on Samar have long stained the memory of the
restraint of the majority of Smith's subordinates United States’ pacification of the Philippine
prevented a complete reign of terror in Samar. Islands".
The abuses outraged anti-Imperialist groups in
Events in Samar resulted in prompt
the United States when these became known in
investigations. On April 15, 1902 the Secretary
March 1902.
of War Elihu Root sent orders to relieve officers
The exact number of Filipinos killed by of duty and to court-martial General Smith. "The
US troops will never be known. A population President (Theodore Roosevelt) desires to know
shortfall of about 15,000 is apparent between and in the most circumstantial manner all facts,
the Spanish census of 1887 and the American nothing being concealed, and no man being for
census of 1903 but how much of the shortfall is any reason favored or shielded. For the very
due to a disease epidemic and known natural reason that the President intends to back up the
disasters and how many due to combat is Army in the heartiest fashion in every lawful
difficult to determine. Population growth in 19th and legitimate method of doing its work, he also
century Samar was amplified by an influx of intends to see that the most rigorous care is
workers for the booming hemp industry, an exercised to detect and prevent any cruelty or
influx which certainly ceased during the Samar brutality, and that men who are guilty thereof
campaign. are punished".

Exhaustive research in the 1990s made Jacob H. Smith and Littleton Waller
by British writer Bob Couttie as part of a ten- faced courts martial as a result of their heavy-
year study of the Balangiga massacre tentatively handed treatment of Filipinos; Waller
put the figure at about 2,500; David Fritz used specifically for the execution of twelve Filipino
population ageing techniques and suggested a bearers and guides. Waller was found not guilty,
figure of a little more than 2,000 losses in males a finding that senior military officials did not
of combat age but nothing to support accept. Smith was found guilty, admonished and
widespread killing of women and children. Some forced to retire.
American and Filipino historians believe it to be
A third officer, Captain Edwin Glenn,
around 50,000. The rate of Samar's population
was court-martialled for torturing Filipinos and
growth slowed as refugees fled from Samar to
was found guilty.
Leyte, yet still the population of Samar increased
by 21,456 during the war. Factual disputes

American military historians' opinions Several factual inaccuracies in early


on the Samar campaign are echoed in the published accounts have surfaced over the years
February 2011 edition of the US Army's official as historians continue to re-investigate the
historical magazine, Army History Bulletin: Balangiga incident. These include:
"...the indiscriminate violence and punishment
that U.S. Army and Marine forces under Brig.
7

 Schott and Rey Imperial assert that Sun. However, Eugenio Daza wrote,
Company C of the 9th US Infantry was "The Filipino believes that the
sent to Balangiga in response to a profanation of the dead necessarily
request by its then-Mayor Pedro brings bad luck and misfortune ... there
Abayan. This is based solely on a claim was no time to lose for such acts [after
by George Meyer, a Company C the Balangiga attack].
survivor, in support of efforts to secure
the Medal of Honor. Author Bob Couttie
asserts that the American unit was sent
there to close Balangiga's port.

 James Taylor's account inspired another


author, William T. Sexton, to

write that the American soldiers were


"butchered like hogs" in Soldiers in the
FILIPINO VERSION AMERICAN VERSION

The attack happened on September 28, 1901 at dawn On the morning of September 28, the attack happened
after the native chief of police grabbed the rifle of one of
the sentries and felled a sentry

Men dressed in women’s garb hid bolos underneath their


dresses.

Those headed to the imprisoned natives hid bolos in


bamboo tubes

Church bells signaled the guerilla fighters, who were  Immediately, bells from the church rang, conch shells
waiting outside of town blew from the hills and the entire male populace of
Balangiga, assisted by the bolomen of Lukban’s force
rushed

 ’Connell was beset by twenty or thirty bolomen and


hacked to death

 Lieutenant Bumpus, sitting in a chair in his room, his


mail on his lap. A bolo cut on the bridge of the nose
severed t to company C

 Captain O he entire front part of his head

 Surgeon Major Grisworld, overwhelmed and stabbed


to death

 Majority of the company was killed before they could


get on their feet

According to Don Pedro, almost all of the 74 American A small group of Americans were able to escape by boat
soldiers were killed to the nearest American Garrison (Basey).There were 26
survivors, 22 wounded, 2 died en route
8

Only 16 Balangiga natives died According to Captain Sexton, only few Americans died
including Captain O’ Connell, Lieutenant Bumpus, and
Major Grisworld while nearly all 250 Filipinos died in the
battle.

BRIEF COMPARISON AND CONTRAST

Excessive abuse by the Americans ANTECEDENT/ CAUSE Takeover motives of the guerillas led
that was further triggered by the by Vicente Lukban
assault on Catalina Catologo

Successful guerilla attack leading HOW THE BATTLE WENT Fewer damages and successful
to a decisive victory for the retaliation of Company G as some
Balangiga natives members of Company C are escaping
with a boat

74 Americans 16 Filipinos CASUALTY COUNT 36 Americans


250 Filipinos

Activity #1

1. Why it started?

4. Evaluate the authenticity of the writings


of American author and Filipino author
about Balangiga?

2. Is it Balangiga Massacre, Incident, Tragedy


or Conflict?

5. What do you think is the reason why


Balangiga Massacre was never mention in
our history books?

3. How Balangiga Massacre happened?


9

6. What is the connection of the bells to the


story?

LEARNING TASK 2

From your Learning Task connect the cut-out SUMMERY


pictures or your illustration to our topic.
The Balangiga Massacre, officially known as the
Balangiga Encounter, also called the Balangiga
Incident or Balangiga Conflict, took place in
Balangiga in 1901 during the Philippine–
American War. The terms initially referred to
the killing of about 48 members of the US 9th
Infantry by the townspeople allegedly
augmented by guerrillas in the town of
Balangiga on Samar Island during an attack on
September 28 of that year. This incident was
described as the worst massacre of United
States Army soldiers since the Battle of the Little
Bighorn in 1876.

REFERENCES

Borrinaga, Rolando O. (2003). The Balangiga


Conflict Revisited. New Day Publishers.

Loyola, Valentin, and Jose Abletez. "The Balangiga


Massacre." This Week 13 Sept. 1959.
Print.

Schott, Joseph L. (1965). The Ordeal of Samar.


Bobbs-Merrill.

Sexton, William (1939).  Soldiers in the Sun: An


Adventure in Imperialism .
10

CLAVERIA’S CATALOGUE Module 3.2 – CLAVERIA’S CATALOGUE

3.2
OVERVIEW When Filipinos began to convert to
Before Spain occupied the Philippines Christianity, they took on the names of Catholic
in the 1500s, most Filipinos had just one name. saints, symbols, sacraments, feasts and even
Some were descriptive while others had popes. When it came to naming a child or
obscure, or unknown meanings like most of our choosing one’s own Catholic name it was
names today. Most of the old names that appear “anything goes” – not much different from today
in history books belonged to rulers such the except that Hollywood was not an available
datus Matanda, Lakandula, Lapu-lapu and source of names yet. Many Filipinos back then
Humabon. Some Filipinos had a second name took two or three names and changed them
that described a family relationship but unlike whenever they wanted. Surnames were not
the old European custom in which a man was strictly applied to whole families and often each
referred to as “the son of so-and-so” (Johnson, family member would choose a Spanish
Peterson etc.), in the Philippines, people were surname that was different from the rest of the
identified through their children, as in “the family. The resulting confusion drove Spanish
mother or father of so-and-so.” bureaucrats crazy because, without clear family
lineages, legitimate births and inheritances were
often hard to prove and the clergy worried that
LEARNING OUTCOME
Filipinos might be marrying their own cousins
or other family members. Also, with so many
Specifically, after learning the module, you are
Filipinos choosing the same popular surnames
expected to:
like de los Santos and de la Cruz, it was not easy
 Create a discussion about Filipino adapting for the government to track the movements of
surnames from our Colonizers Filipinos – making tax collection and law
enforcement difficult.

LEARNING TASK 1
11

Interview your grandparents, ask them if Clavería released the Catá logo
your family is a native Filipino and your family alfabético de apellidos or the Alphabetical
name or surname was adapted to what country? catalogue of surnames, which contained 60,662
surnames, both Spanish and indigenous, that
had been collected by parish priests throughout
the country. The catalogue was distributed to
the head of each province who was required to
figure out how many surnames each town
would need and then assign them alphabetically.
A list of the allotted surnames for each town was
given to its parish priest who instructed the
barangay (neighbourhood) officials to summon
the oldest male member of every family to
choose a family name and have it entered into
the new civil register. Filipinos who already had
surnames could keep them as long as they were
not on a list of banned names. To avoid any false
claims to special rights, taking the names of

A catalogue of surnames ancient Filipino nobles like, Tupas, Lakandula or


Rajah Matanda was not allowed. However,

So, after about 300 years of this families that already had a restricted surname

confusion, the government decided to take could keep it if they could prove that they had

action. In 1849, Governor Narciso Clavería been using it for at least four generations.

began the process of making a civil register of Overused names like Cruz, Reyes,

the entire population. The first step was to sort Santos and others were supposed to be banned,

out the names that people already had and then too, but Governor Clavería did allow provincial

to make rules so that Filipino families would all officials and priests to use their own discretion

have consistent surnames. in the matter. Judging by the huge numbers of


these common surnames that are still around
today, it seems that most officials let it slide. In
some areas, though, such as Quezon and Albay,
the whole law, including the alphabetical
distribution of names, was so strictly enforced
that in some towns almost everybody’s surname
started with the same letter.
Filipinos who changed their names after
being registered faced at least eight days in jail
or a fine of three pesos. School teachers were
instructed to keep a register of all their students’
12

surnames and to make sure that they matched Philippines has an unmixed Malay heritage.
their parents’ surnames. They also had to make Although mestisos (people of mixed race) are
sure that the students used only their registered extremely influential in Filipino society, most
names. If the rules were not enforced, provincial estimates put the combined number of all types
officials were allowed to punish the teacher. of mestisos at no more than 2% or 3% of the
entire population and only about half of those
are Spanish mestisos, who are based mainly in
Manila and Cebu. Chinese-mestisos and full
Chinese combined are estimated at only around
3%.
Modern myths
A 2001 Stanford University study
showed a slightly higher percentage of Filipinos
Clavería’s decree is at the root of some
carrying European genetic material (3.6%), but
myths and misunderstandings that we have
the sample size was only 28 people, which
today about Filipino names. Some people
meant that only one of the 28 had any European
believe that the Spaniards forced Filipinos to
ancestry. Also, the samples were all taken from
give up their own names and assume Spanish
around Manila where the mestiso population is
names, but this is not true. Clavería’s catalogue
concentrated.
listed all kinds of names that were collected
The reason that so many Filipinos have
from all over the Philippines. The purpose of the
Hispanic last names is mainly because their
catalogue was not to get rid of native names but
ancestors changed their names when they
to set up a civil register so that the government
became Catholics or when they had to choose a
could keep track of the Filipino population for
surname for Governor Clavería’s civil register in
tax collecting, law enforcement and church
1849. Taking a new name when a person
records. To do that, Clavería needed Filipino
became a Christian was customary, just like it is
families to have a surname. The origin of a
for people today who convert to Islam. Often a
surname did not matter as long as each family
priest would choose the name, but for many
member had the same one.
Filipinos it was the “cool” thing to do, anyway.
Another myth that some Filipinos
The Spaniards had the power, so taking a
believe is that having a Spanish surname means
Spanish surname gave the illusion of having a
having some Spanish ancestry. They assume,
little prestige and style. Old parish records show
and in some cases they even claim, that one of
that some Filipinos added their new Hispanic
their great-great grandmothers married a
names to their old native names but after a few
Spaniard, or came to have children from a
years, they would eventually drop the native
Spaniard through some sordid incident. The
part.
truth of the matter is that for most of the
Spanish era, there were very few Spaniards in Indigenous names survive
the Philippines. In most provincial towns, the
only Spaniard was the local friar. According to Fortunately hundreds of native Filipino
the 2000 census, 95% of the population in the names did survive. Some of these were high
13

status names that belonged to important until the 1800s, Chinese-Filipino families usually
families that kept them even when they had three syllables in their names because they
converted, while other names belonged to those used the complete name of their patriarch.
Filipinos who had eluded Spanish rule. Some Other families may have come from northern
indigenous names have obvious meanings while China where two-syllable names are not
others have been obscured by time and the uncommon. These names became more Spanish
evolution of languages. Many families have sounding when they were written in the Spanish
original Filipino names that may not look alphabet.
Filipino because they have retained the old One of the most famous of these is
Spanish spelling – names such as Bondoc for former president Corazon Aquino’s maiden
bundok (mountain) or the Ilokano name, name, Cojuangco. The head of the Cojuanco
Agcaoili (to hold on to), which would be spelled family at one time was Ko Chi Kuan, who was
Agkawili in modern Filipino. respectfully addressed by adding Ko to the end
Some names are not flattering to their of his name and dropping his given name, Chi.
owners but, for obvious reasons, most of the Thus, Ko Chi Kuan was known as, Ko Kuan Ko,
native names that have survived are those that which eventually became Cojuanco in the
express the positive or powerful qualities of Spanish spelling.
people. There is strength and fierceness in Some other hispanized Chinese names
names like, Macaraeg (maka+daig, able to win), are Locsin (Xin Luk), Joson (Ho Sun), Lantin,
Catacutan (fear), Panganiban (aware of danger), Dizon, Quison, Vinzon, Licuanan, Landicho,
Agbayani (Ilokano, to be heroic) and Mangubat Guingcanco, Lauchengco and Quisumbing. These
(Cebuano, to fight). There is defiance in Tagalog names were once Chinese, but today they are
names like: Dimaapi (“cannot be oppressed”), uniquely Filipino and not found in China.
Dimayuga (unshakeable). A favourite of mine is Whatever the origin – Hispanic, Chinese
Lacanilao (Lakan+ilaw) or “noble light.” or native – most Filipinos today possess family
Native Filipino first names gained a names that only date back to 1849; and for that,
measure of popularity in the 20th century with they can thank (or blame) Clavería’s catalogue.
some nationalistic parents giving their children
Tagalog names such as Bayani (Hero),
Activity #1
Magtanggol (Protector), Makisig (Handsome)
and Diwa (Spirit) for boys, or Ligaya (Joy),
1. What is Royal decree 1849?
Malaya (Free), Luwalhati (Glory), Mayumi
(Modest) and Luningning (Brilliance) for girls.

Chinese names

There are many Filipino surnames that


look Hispanic but are really Chinese. Today most
Chinese surnames have only one syllable, but
14

6. Create a discussion about Filipino


2. Is it necessary for us Filipino to use Spanish adapting surnames from our Colonizers?
surnames? Knowing that we have our own
surnames before the coming of Spanish.

3. What do you think is the purpose of LEARNING TASK 2


Claveria why he changed our surnames?

From your learning task 1, what knowledge


have you learned? Is it beneficial for you and
your family to have a surname that was from
our colonizers?

4. From our topic, what do you think is the


meaning of your surname?

5. What is the common surname in our


country?

SUMMARY

Filipino surnames can be confusing for people


who are not familiar with Filipino culture and
history. While there are many indigenous names
in many native languages as well as Chinese-
derived names, the prevalence of Spanish family
names leads many to believe that Filipinos are
15

Hispanic – as though they were Mexicans who


just happen to live in Asia.
Module 3.3- RETRACTION OF RIZAL

At least four texts of Rizal’s retraction


REFERENCE
have surfaced. The fourth text appeared in El
Paul Morrow • In Other Words • The Pilipino Imparcial on the day after Rizal’s execution; it is
Express • September 16 - 30, 2006 the short formula of the retraction.

LEARNING TASK 1

RETRACTION OF RIZAL Write 20 things you know about our National


hero.
3.3

OVERVIEW
Jose Rizal’s Retraction Controversy
Many historians arguing whether Rizal retracted
from what he had stated about the Catholic
Church or not. From Rizal’s statement: "I retract
with all my heart whatever in my words,
writings, publications and conduct have been
contrary to my character as a son of the Catholic
Church.", some says that this document is a
forgery and the other are asserting that it’s
authentic and Rizal was the only who wrote and
signed the retraction paper. There are
arguments found that depend the both claims.
But the only thing is, even Rizal retracted or not,
the knowledge he inculcated to us will not
change.

LEARNING OUTCOMES

Specifically, after learning the module, you are


expected to:
RIZAL'S RETRACTION
 Create an analysis of Rizal’s retraction
 Establish a dialogue about Rizal’s
retraction
16

 The first text was published in La Voz texts of Rizal’s retraction in the Manila
Españ ola and Diaro de Manila on the very newspapers.
day of Rizal’s execution, Dec. 30, 1896.
Regarding the "original" text, no one
 The second text appeared in Barcelona, claimed to have seen it, except the publishers of
Spain, on February 14, 1897, in the La Voz Espanola. That newspaper reported:
fortnightly magazine in La Juventud; it came
"Still more; we have seen and read his (Rizal’s)
from an anonymous writer who revealed
own hand-written retraction which he sent to our
himself fourteen years later as Fr. Balaguer.
dear and venerable Archbishop…"
 The "original" text was discovered in the
On the other hand, Manila pharmacist F.
archdiocesan archives on May 18, 1935, after
Stahl wrote in a letter: "besides, nobody has seen
it disappeared for thirty-nine years from the
this written declaration, in spite of the fact that
afternoon of the day when Rizal was shot.
quite a number of people would want to see it.
We know not that reproductions of the "For example, not only Rizal’s family but also the
lost original had been made by a copyist who correspondents in Manila of the newspapers in
could imitate Rizal’s handwriting. This fact is Madrid, Don Manuel Alhama of El Imparcial and
revealed by Fr. Balaguer himself who, in his Sr. Santiago Mataix of El Heraldo, were not able
letter to his former superior Fr. Pio Pi in 1910, to see the hand-written retraction.
said that he had received "an exact copy of the
Neither Fr. Pi nor His Grace the
retraction written and signed by Rizal. The
Archbishop ascertained whether Rizal himself
handwriting of this copy I don’t know nor do I
was the one who wrote and signed the
remember whose it is. . ." He proceeded: "I even
retraction. (Ascertaining the document was
suspect that it might have been written by Rizal
necessary because it was possible for one who
himself. I am sending it to you that you may . . .
could imitate Rizal’s handwriting aforesaid
verify whether it might be of Rizal himself . . . ." Fr.
holograph; and keeping a copy of the same for
Pi was not able to verify it in his sworn
our archives, I myself delivered it personally
statement.
that the same morning to His Grace
This "exact" copy had been received by Archbishop… His Grace testified: At once the
Fr. Balaguer in the evening immediately undersigned entrusted this holograph to Rev.
preceding Rizal’s execution, Rizal y su Obra, and Thomas Gonzales Feijoo, secretary of the
was followed by Sr. W. Retana in his biography Chancery." After that, the documents could not
of Rizal, Vida y Escritos del Jose Rizal with the be seen by those who wanted to examine it and
addition of the names of the witnesses taken was finally considered lost after efforts to look
from the texts of the retraction in the Manila for it proved futile.
newspapers. Fr. Pi’s copy of Rizal’s retraction
has the same text as that of Fr. Balaguer’s
"exact" copy but follows the paragraphing of the On May 18, 1935, the lost "original"
document of Rizal’s retraction was discovered
17

by the Archdeocean archivist Fr. Manuel Garcia, critical reader, Fr. Balaguer’s text does not
C.M. The discovery, instead of ending doubts begin the second paragraph until the fifth
about Rizal’s retraction, has, in fact, encouraged sentence while the original and the
it because the newly discovered text retraction newspaper copies start the second
differs significantly from the text found in the paragraph immediately with the second
Jesuits’ and the Archbishop’s copies. And, the sentences.
fact that the texts of the retraction which
 Fifth, whereas the texts of the retraction in
appeared in the Manila newspapers could be
the original and in the manila newspapers
shown to be the exact copies of the "original"
have only four commas, the text of Fr.
but only imitations of it. This means that the
Balaguer’s copy has eleven commas.
friars who controlled the press in Manila (for
example, La Voz Españ ola) had the "original"  Sixth, the most important of all, Fr.
while the Jesuits had only the imitations. Balaguer’s copy did not have the names of
the witnesses from the texts of the
Analysis of the Text newspapers in Manila.

In his notarized testimony twenty years


We now proceed to show the significant
later, Fr. Balaguer finally named the witnesses.
differences between the "original" and the
He said "This . . .retraction was signed together
Manila newspapers texts of the retraction on the
with Dr. Rizal by Señor Fresno, Chief of the Picket,
one hand and the text s of the copies of Fr.
and Señor Moure, Adjutant of the Plaza."
Balaguer and F5r. Pio Pi on the other hand.
However, the proceeding quotation only proves
itself to be an addition to the original. Moreover,
in his letter to Fr. Pi in 1910, Fr. Balaguer said
 First, instead of the words "mi cualidad"
that he had the "exact" copy of the retraction,
(with "u") which appear in the original and
which was signed by Rizal, but he made no
the newspaper texts, the Jesuits’ copies
mention of the witnesses. In his accounts too, no
have "mi calidad" (with "u").
witnesses signed the retraction.

 Second, the Jesuits’ copies of the retraction


How did Fr. Balaguer obtain his copy of
omit the word "Catolica" after the first
Rizal’s retraction?
"Iglesias" which are found in the original
and the newspaper texts. Fr. Balaguer never alluded to having
himself made a copy of the retraction although
 Third, the Jesuits’ copies of the retraction
he claimed that the Archbishop prepared a long
add before the third "Iglesias" the word
formula of the retraction and Fr. Pi a short
"misma" which is not found in the original
formula. In Fr. Balaguer’s earliest account, it is
and the newspaper texts of the retraction.
not yet clear whether Fr. Balaguer was using the

 Fourth, with regards to paragraphing long formula of nor no formula in dictating to

which immediately strikes the eye of the Rizal what to write. According to Fr. Pi, in his
own account of Rizal’s conversion in 1909, Fr.
18

Balaguer dictated from Fr. Pi’s short formula person-the copyist-did not). He only "suspected"
previously approved by the Archbishop. In his that "Rizal himself" much as Fr. Balaguer did
letter to Fr. Pi in 1910, Fr. Balaguer admitted "not know nor ... remember" whose handwriting
that he dictated to Rizal the short formula it was.
prepared by Fr. Pi; however; he contradicts
Thus, according to Fr. Balaguer, the
himself when he revealed that the "exact" copy
"exact copy" came from the Archbishop! He
came from the Archbishop. The only copy, which
called it "exact" because, not having seen the
Fr. Balaguer wrote, is the one that appeared on
original himself, he was made to believe that it
his earliest account of Rizal’s retraction.
was the one that faithfully reproduced the
original in comparison to that of Fr. Pi in which
Where did Fr. Balaguer’s "exact" copy come
"changes" (that is, where deviated from the
from?
"exact" copy) had been made. Actually, the

We do not need long arguments to difference between that of the Archbishop (the

answer this question, because Fr. Balaguer "exact" copy) and that of Fr. Pi (with "changes")

himself has unwittingly answered this question. is that the latter was "shorter" because it

He said in his letter to Fr. Pi in 1910: omitted certain phrases found in the former so
that, as Fr. Pi had fervently hoped, Rizal would
"…I preserved in my keeping and am sending to sign it.
you the original texts of the two formulas of
retraction, which they (You) gave me; that from According to Fr. Pi, Rizal rejected the

you and that of the Archbishop, and the first with long formula so that Fr. Balaguer had to dictate

the changes which they (that is, you) made; and from the short formula of Fr. Pi. Allegedly, Rizal

the other the exact copy of the retraction written wrote down what was dictated to him but he

and signed by Rizal. The handwriting of this copy insisted on adding the phrases "in which I was

I don’t know nor do I remember whose it is, and I born and educated" and "[Masonary]" as the

even suspect that it might have been written by enemy that is of the Church" – the first of which

Rizal himself." Rizal would have regarded as unnecessary and


the second as downright contrary to his spirit.
In his own words quoted above, Fr. However, what actually would have happened, if
Balaguer said that he received two original texts we are to believe the fictitious account, was that
of the retraction. The first, which came from Fr. Rizal’s addition of the phrases was the
Pi, contained "the changes which You (Fr. Pi) restoration of the phrases found in the original
made"; the other, which is "that of the which had been omitted in Fr. Pi’s short formula.
Archbishop" was "the exact copy of the
retraction written and signed by Rizal" The "exact" copy was shown to the
(underscoring supplied). Fr. Balaguer said that military men guarding in Fort Santiago to
the "exact copy" was "written and signed by convince them that Rizal had retracted.
Rizal" but he did not say "written and signed by Someone read it aloud in the hearing of
Rizal and himself" (the absence of the reflexive Capt. Dominguez, who claimed in his
pronoun "himself" could mean that another
19

"Notes’ that Rizal read aloud his retraction. (perhaps, rather late) that he had written
However, his copy of the retraction proved and given to a priest what the friars had
him wrong because of its text (with "u") and been trying, by all means, to get from him.
omits the word "Catolica" as in Fr.
The truth is…
Balaguer’s copy but which are not the case
in the original. Capt. Dominguez never
claimed to have seen the retraction: he only Neither the Archbishop nor Fr. Pi saw

"heard".
the original document of retraction. What they
were saw a copy done by one who could imitate
Who’s telling the true? Rizal’s handwriting while the original (almost
eaten by termites) was kept by some friars. Both
The truth is that almost two years
the Archbishop and Fr. Pi acted innocently
before his execution, Rizal had written a
because they did not distinguish between the
retraction in Dapitan. Very early in 1895,
genuine and the imitation of Rizal’s handwriting.
Josephine Bracken came to Dapitan with her
(http://www.joserizal.ph/rt03.html)
adopted father who wanted to be cured of his
blindness by Dr. Rizal; their guide was Manuela
Orlac, who was an agent and a mistress of a
Activity #1
friar. Rizal fell in love with Josephine and
wanted to marry her canonically but he was
1. Do you think is it true that Rizal retract?
required to sign a profession of faith and to
write a retraction, which had to be approved by
the Bishop of Cebu. "Spanish law had
established civil marriage in the Philippines,"
Prof. Craig wrote, but the local government had
not provided any way for people to avail
themselves of the right..."

In order to marry Josephine, Rizal


wrote with the help of a priest a form of 2. If given a chance that Rizal retracted does it
have an impact in our country as of now?.
retraction to be approved by the Bishop of
Cebu. This incident was revealed by Fr.
Antonio Obach to his friend Prof. Austin
Craig who wrote down in 1912 what the
priest had told him; "The document (the
retraction), enclosed with the priest’s letter,
was ready for the mail when Rizal came
hurrying I to reclaim it." Rizal realized 3. What do you think is the reason why Rizal
retract?
20

SUMMARY
4. Is Rizal a catholic as for Fr. Balaguer.
One of the most intriguing of all was the
issues of Jose Rizal was his alleged retraction
which was all about his reversion to the Catholic
Faith and all other issues linked to it such as his
marriage to Josephine Bracken. That issue was
claimed to be true by the Roman Catholic
defenders but asserted to be deceptive by anti-
retractonists. They claim that the retraction
document is a forgery, but handwriting experts
concluded a long time ago that it is genuine.
Rafael Palma’s opus on Rizal, titled “Biografia de
LEARNING TASK 2
Rizal” is so anti-Catholic that the Church
successfully opposed its publication using
Create an your own analysis about Retraction of
Rizal government funds. In an article authored by
Romberto Poulo, Rizal’s affiliation in Masonry
was accounted to have caused drastic change to
his religious ideas. It was in the moment Rizal
set foot on European soil when he was exposed
to a great deal of distinctions between what was
happening to his country, the discriminations,
abuses, partialities, injustices, and some other
things made to cause sufferings to his
countrymen, and what was the actual scene of
the European nations. He observed that Europe
was a lot more different compared to the
Philippines in terms of way of life, attitudes
towards Roman Catholicism, and most
importantly, the freedom all the citizens enjoy.
21

 Appreciate the sacrifices made by the


Katipunero for the country

REFERENCE  Understand the story behind the tearing


of Cedula during Spanish colonization
https://www. Joserizal.ph/rt03.ntml
retrieved: January 10, 2021
Module 3.CRY OF BALINTAWAK OR CRY OF
PUGADLAWIN

CRY OF BALINTAWAK Because of competing accounts and


OR ambiguity of the place where this event took
CRY OF PUGADLAWIN
3.4 place, the exact date and place of the Cry is in
contention. From 1908 until 1963, the official
OVERVIEW
stance was that the cry occurred on August 26 in
At the close of August 1896, members of
Balintawak. In 1963 the Philippine government
the Katipunan secret society (Katipuneros) led
declared a shift to August 23 in Pugad Lawin,
by Andrés Bonifacio rose up in revolt
Quezon City.
somewhere in an area referred to as Caloocan,
wider than the jurisdiction of present-day
LEARNING TASK 2
Caloocan City which may have overlapped into
present-day Quezon City. Draw or illustrate a map of Manila 1800’s. locate
and label the Balintawak and Pugadlawin.
Originally the term cry referred to
the first clash between the Katipuneros and
the Civil Guards (Guardia Civil). The cry
could also refer to the tearing up of
community tax certificates (cédulas
personales) in defiance of their allegiance to
Spain. The inscriptions of "Viva la
Independencia Filipina" can also be
referred as term for the cry. This was
literally accompanied by patriotic shouts.

LEARNING OUTCOME

Specifically, after learning the module, you are


expected to:

 Create a debate about the true version


Different dates and places
and location of the Cry for Freedom
22

Various accounts give differing dates and  Historian Teodoro Agoncillo wrote in
places for the Cry. 1956 that it took place in Pugad Lawin
on August 23, 1896, based on Pío
 An officer of the Spanish guardia civil,
Valenzuela's statement. Accounts by
Lt. Olegario Diaz, stated that the Cry
historians Milagros Guerrero,
took place in Balintawak on August 25,
Emmanuel Encarnacion and Ramon
1896.
Villegas claim the event to have taken

 Historian Teodoro Kalaw in his 1925 place in Tandang Sora's barn in Gulod,

book The Filipino Revolution wrote that Barangay Banlat, Quezon City.

the event took place during the last


Some of the apparent confusion is in
week of August 1896 at Kangkong,
part due to the double meanings of the
Balintawak.
terms "Balintawak" and "Caloocan" at the
 Santiago Alvarez, a Katipunero and son turn of the century. Balintawak referred
of Mariano Alvarez, the leader of the
both to a specific place in modern Caloocan
Magdiwang faction in Cavite, stated in
City and a wider area which included parts
1927 that the Cry took place in Bahay
of modern Quezon City. Similarly, Caloocan
Toro, now in Quezon City on August 24,
referred to modern Caloocan City and also a
1896.
wider area which included modern Quezon
 Pío Valenzuela, a close associate of City and part of modern Pasig. Pugad Lawin,
Andrés Bonifacio, declared in 1948 that
Pasong Tamo, Kangkong and other specific
it happened in Pugad Lawin on August
places were all in "greater Balintawak",
23, 1896.
which was in turn part of "greater
 Historian Gregorio Zaide stated in his Caloocan"
books in 1954 that the "Cry" happened
in Balintawak on August 26, 1896.

Accounts of the Cry

Guillermo Masangkay Pio Valenzuela Santiago Alvarez

On August 26th, a big The first place of refuge of The account of Santiago Alvarez
meeting was held in Balintawak, at Andres Bonifacio, Emilio regarding the Cry of Balintawak
the house of Apolonio Samson, Jacinto, Procopio, Bonifacio, flaunted specific endeavors, as
then cabeza of that barrio of Teodoro Plata, Aguedo del stated:
Caloocan. Among those who Rosario, and myself was
We started our trek to
attended, I remember, were Balintawak, the first five
Kangkong at about eleven that
Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto, Aguedo arriving there on August 19,
night. We walked through the rain
del Rosario, Tomas Remigio, and I on August 20, 1896. The
over dark expanses of muddy
Briccio Pantas, Teodoro Plata, Pio first place where some 500
23

Valenzuela, Enrique Pacheco, and members of the Katipunan meadows and fields. Our clothes
Francisco Carreon. They were all met on August 22, 1896, was drenched and our bodies numbed
leaders of the Katipunan and the house and yard of by the cold wind, we plodded
composed the board of directors of Apolonio Samson at wordlessly. It was nearly two in
the organization. Delegates from Kangkong. Aside from the the morning when we reached the
Bulacan, Cabanatuan, Cavite, and persons mentioned above, house of Brother Apolonio Samson
Morong were also present. among those who were there in Kangkong. We crowded into the
were Briccio Pantas, Alejandro house to rest and warm ourselves.
At about nine o'clock in
Santiago, Ramon Bernardo, We were so tired that, after
the morning of August 26, the
Apolonio Samson, and others. hanging our clothes out to dry, we
meeting was opened with Andres
Here, views were only soon feel asleep. The Supremo
Bonifacio presiding and Emilio
exchanged, and no resolution began assigning guards at five
Jacinto acting as secretary. The
was debated or adopted. It o'clock the following morning,
purpose was to discuss when the
was at Pugad Lawin, the Saturday 22 August 1896. He
uprising was to take place.
house, store-house, and yard placed a detachment at the
Teodoro Plata, Briccio Pantas, and
of Juan Ramos, son of Balintawak boundary and another
Pio Valenzuela were all opposed to
Melchora Aquino, where over at the backyard to the north of the
starting the revolution too
1,000 members of the house where we were gathered.
early...Andres Bonifacio, sensing
Katipunan met and carried out No less than three hundred men
that he would lose the discussion
considerable debate and assembled at the bidding of the
then, left the session hall and
discussion on August 23, Supremo Andres Bonifacio.
talked to the people, who were
1896. The discussion was on Altogether, they carried assorted
waiting outside for the result of the
whether or not the revolution weapons, bolos, spears, daggers, a
meeting of the leaders. He told the
against the Spanish dozen small revolvers and a rifle
people that the leaders were
government should be started used by its owner, one Lieutenant
arguing against starting the
on August 29, 1896... After the Manuel, for hunting birds. The
revolution early, and appealed to
tumultuous meeting, many of Supremo Bonifacio was restless
them in a fiery speech in which he
those present tore their because of fear of sudden attack
said:"You remember the fate of our
cedula certificates and by the enemy. He was worried
countrymen who were shot in
shouted "Long live the over the thought that any of the
Bagumbayan. Should we return
Philippines! Long live the couriers carrying the letter sent by
now to the towns, the Spaniards
Philippines!" Emilio Jacinto could have been
will only shoot us. Our
intercepted; and in that
organization has been discovered
eventuality, the enemy would
and we are all marked men. If we
surely know their whereabouts
don't start the uprising, the
and attack them on the sly. He
Spaniards will get us anyway.
decided that it was better to move
What then, do you say?"
to a site called Bahay Toro. At ten

"Revolt!" the people shouted as o'clock that Sunday morning, 23


24

one. August 1896 we arrived at Bahay


Toro. Our member had grown to
Bonifacio then asked the
more than 500 and the house,
people to give a pledge that they
yard, and warehouse of Cabesang
were to revolt. He told them that
Melchora was getting crowded
the sign of slavery of the Filipinos
with us Katipuneros. The generous
were (sic) the cedula tax charged
hospitality of Cabesang Melchora
each citizen. "If it is true that you
was no less than that of Apolonio
are ready to revolt... I want to see
Samson. Like him, she also opened
you destroy your cedulas. It will be
her granary and had plenty of rice
a sign that all of us have declared
pounded and animals slaughtered
our severance from the Spaniards.
to feed us. The following day,

The Cry of Balintawak Monday, 24 August, more

occurred on August 26, 1896. The Katipuneros came and increased

Cry, defined as that turning point our number to more than a

when the Filipinos finally refused thousand. The Supremo called a

Spanish colonial dominion over the meeting at ten o'clock that

Philippine Islands. With tears in morning inside Cabesang

their eyes, the people as one man, Melchora's barn. Flanking him on

pulled out their cedulas and tore both sides at the head of the table

them into pieces. It was the were Dr. Pio Valenzuela, Emilio

beginning of the formal declaration Jacinto, Briccio Pantas, Enrique

of the separation from Spanish Pacheco, Ramon Bernardo,

rule."Long Live the Philippine Pantelaon Torres, Francisco

Republic!", the cry of the people. Carreon, Vicente Fernandez,

An article from The Sunday Teodoro Plata, and others. We

Tribune Magazine on August 21, were so crowded that some stood

1932 featured the statements of outside the barn. The following

the eyewitness account by matters were approved at the

Katipunan General Guillermo meeting:

Masangkay, "A Katipunero


An uprising to defend the
Speaks". Masangkay recounts the
people's freedom was to be
"Cry of Balintawak", stating that on
started at midnight of Saturday, 29
August 26,1896, a big meeting was
August 1896;
held in Balintawak at the house of
Apolonio Samson, then the cabeza To be on a state of alert so that
of that barrio of Caloocan. At about the Katipunan forces could strike
nine o'clock in the morning of should the situation arise where
August 26, the meeting was the enemy was at a disadvantage.
25

opened with Andres Bonifacio Thus, the uprising could be started


presiding and Emilio Jacinto acting earlier than the agreed time of
as Secretary. In August 1896, after midnight of 29 August 1896
the Katipunan was discovered, should a favorable opportunity
Masangkay joined Bonifacio, arise at that date. Everyone should
Emilio Jacinto, and others in a steel himself and be resolute in the
clandestine meeting held on the struggle that was imminent; and
26th of that month at Apolonio
He immediate objective was
Samson’s house in Caloocan.
the capture of Manila.
Initially, the leaders of the
After the adjournment of the
movement quarreled over strategy
meeting at twelve noon, there
and tactics, and many of its
were tumultuous shouts of "Long
members questioned the wisdom
live the Sons of the People!"[
of an open rebellion due to the lack
of arms and logistical support.
However, after Bonifacio’s intense
and convincing speech, everyone
destroyed their cedulas to
symbolize their defiance towards
Spain and, together, raised the cry
of “Revolt".

Different Dates and Places of Cry

Person Place Date


L.T. Olegario Diaz Balintawak August 25, 1896
Teodoro Kalaw Kangkong, Balintawak Last week of August
Santiago Alvarez Bahay Toro, Quezon City August 24, 1896
Pio Valenzuela Pugad Lawin August 23, 1896
Gregorio Zaide Balintawak August 26, 1896
Teodoro Agoncillo (according to statements of Pugad Lawin August 23, 1896
Valenzuela)
Research (Milagros Guerrero, Emmanuel Tandang Sora's barn in August 24, 1896
Encarnacion, Ramon Villegas) Gulod,

Events Prior to the Cry of Pugad Lawin independence. The Cry of the Rebellion in
Pugad Lawin, marked the start of the
These events vitalized the unity of the
Philippine Revolution in 1896 which
Filipino People and brought "thirst" for
26

eventually led to Independence of the


5. Create a debate on paper compose of 2
country in 1898.
group (Cry of Balintawak & Cry of
Activity #1 Pugadlawin). (use another paper)

1. From our topic, what do you think is the real


date of the cry?

LEARNING TASK 2

From the map on your learning task 1


2. What do you think is the real location of the where is the real location of the Cry?
cry?
Prove your answer.

3. The cry really means “cry” or it has another


meaning?

4. Is it necessary for us to identify the real


date and location of the cry?

SUMMARY

The news of the discovery of the


Katipunan spread throughout Manila and the
suburbs. Bonifacio, informed of the discovery,
secretly instructed his runners to summon all
27

the leaders of the society to a general assembly


to be held on August 24. They were to meet at
FEEDBACK
Balintawak to discuss the steps to be taken to
Student
meet the crisis. That same night of August 19,
Bonifacio, accompanied by his brother Procopio,
Emilio Jacinto, Teodoro Plata, and Aguedo del
Rosario, slipped through the cordon of Spanish
sentries and reached Balintawak before
midnight. Pio Valenzuela followed them the next
day. On the 21st, Bonifacio changed the
Katipunan code because the Spanish authorities
had already deciphered it. In the afternoon of
the same day, the rebels, numbering about 500,
left Balintawak for Kangkong, where Apolonio
Samson, a Katipunero, gave them food and
shelter. In the afternoon of August 22, they
proceeded to Pugadlawin. The following day, in
the yard of Juan A. Ramos, the son of Melchora
Aquino who was later called the "Mother of the
Katipunan", Bonifacio asked his men whether
they were prepared to fight to the bitter end.
Despite the objection of his brother-in-law,
Teodoro Plata, all assembled agreed to fight to
the last. "That being the case, " Bonifacio said, .
Teacher
"bring out your cedulas and tear them to pieces
to symbolize our determination to take up
arms!" The men obediently tore up their
cedulas, shouting "Long live the Philippines!"
This event marked the so-called "Cry of
Balintawak," which actually happened in
Pugadlawin.

REFERENCE

https://filipino.biz.ph/history/pugadlawin.html
retrieved: January 10, 2021
28

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