SUMMARY OF LESSONS

KEY
CONCEPT OF
RELATION
AND
FUNCTIONS
• M11GM-Ia-1 –
Represents Real-life
Situations Using
Functions, Including
Piece-wise Functions
Concept of
Relations
• Suppose you begin to
climb a tall mountain.
As you climb higher
and higher, what
changes will slowly
take place with
respect to:

Øair temperature?
 Concept of Function
Did you know that electrical current is affected by
the voltage and resistance in a circuit? Using Ohm's
law, it tells us how current, voltage, and resistance
are related:

• As described by Ohm’s
law with the equation
!
𝐼 = " , state relationship
between voltage,
current, and resistance
 Functions vs. Relations

• A "relation" is just a relationship

between sets of information.
• Relations can be numeric or non-
numeric

• A “function” is a well-behaved
relation, that is, given a starting
point we know exactly where to
go.
A relation is a set of ordered pairs.
The domain is the set of all x values in the relation
domain = {-1,0,2,4,9}
These are the x values written in a set from smallest to largest

This is a
{(2,3), (-1,5), (4,-2), (9,9), (0,-6)} relation

These are the y values written in a set from smallest to largest

range = {-6,-2,3,5,9}

The range is the set of all y values in the relation

 A relation assigns the x’s with y’s
n e
o O
e t on
n a ti 1
O el 2
R 2
4
3
6
4 8
5 10

Domain (set of all x’s) Range (set of all y’s)

This relation can be written {(1,6), (2,2), (3,4), (4,8), (5,10)}

One to One relation describes a relationship in which one item can only be paired
with another item. But in order to be a one-to-one relationship, you must be able to
flip the relationship so that it’s true both ways.
 A relation assigns the x’s with y’s
n e
o O
y t n 1
an atio
M Rel 2 2
3 4
4 6
5 8
6 10

Domain (set of all x’s) Range (set of all y’s)

This relation can be written {(1,6), (2,2), (3,4), (4,8), (5,10), (6,6)}
A many-to-one relation associates two or more values of the independent
(input) variable with a single value of the dependent (output) variable.
 A relation assigns the x’s with y’s

n y
M a 2
o 1
e t ion
n la t 4
O Re 2
6
3
8
4 10
5 12

Domain (set of all x’s) Range (set of all y’s)

This relation can be written {(1,6), (2,2), (3,4), (3,8), (4,12), (5,10)}
A one-to-many relation associates a single value of the independent (input)
variable with two or more values of the dependent (output) variable.
 Functions
• A function is a type of
relation between two sets of
elements in which each
element in the first set there
corresponds one and only one
element in the second set.
• The first set, which is the set
of x values is called the
domain and the set of all
corresponding elements in the
second set, which is the y
values, is called the range.
 The following Characteristics
are True for a Function:

• Each element in set X must be matched

with an element of set Y.
• Some elements in set Y may not be
matched with any element in set X.
• Two or more elements of set X may be
matched with the same elements of set Y.
• An element in set X cannot be matched
with two different elements in set Y.
 Linear
Function
A linear function which is
defined by 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏
is an example of a
polynomial function in the
first degree whose graph is
a line
 Quadratic
Function
A quadratic function which is
defined by
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 ! + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
is an example of a
polynomial function in the
second degree whose graph
is a parabola
 Constant
Function
A constant function is defined
by the equation 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑐
where 𝑐 ∈ ℝ. In this
function, each x value
corresponds to one and
only one y value. The graph
of which is a horizontal
line.
 Rational
Function
A rational function is defined
"($)
by the equation 𝑓(𝑥) =
&($)
wherein 𝑔(𝑥) and ℎ(𝑥) are
both polynomial functions.
$'(
The function 𝑓 𝑥 = is
$)(
an example of a rational
function
 Radical
Function
A radical function is defined by
the equation 𝑓(𝑥) = ! 𝑔(𝑥)
wherein 𝑔 𝑥 is a
polynomial function and n is
non-negative integer greater
than 1.
The function 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 4 is
an example of a radical
function
 Exponential
Function
An exponential function is
defined by the equation
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑏 $ where 𝑏 ≥ 0 and
𝑏 ≠ 1.
The function 𝑓 𝑥 = 2$ is an
example of an exponential
function
 Logarithmic
Function
A logarithmic function is the
inverse of the exponential
function and is defined by
the equation 𝑓(𝑥) = log * 𝑥
where 𝑏 ≥ 0 and 𝑏 ≠ 1.
The function 𝑓(𝑥) = log ( 𝑥 is
an example of a logarithmic
function
 Piecewise-Defined
Function and
Absolute Function

A piecewise-defined function is
a function defined by multiple
sub-functions
An absolute function is an
example of a piecewise–
defined function. Consider
the function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 . This
function can be defined using
the definition of absolute
value:
 Piecewise-Defined
Function and
Absolute Function

A piecewise function or
a compound function is
a function defined by
multiple sub-functions,
where each sub-function
applies to a certain
interval of the main
function's domain.
 Vertical Line Test

Vertical-Line Test is set of points in the

xy-plane is the graph of a function if
and only if every vertical line intersects
the graph in at most one point.
 Vertical Line Test (pencil test)
If any vertical line passes through more
than one point of the graph, then that
relation is not a function.
Are these functions?

FUNCTION! FUNCTION! NOPE!

Function
as a
Machine
 Functions
A function is a relation in which each element
of the domain is paired with exactly one
element of the range. Another way of saying
it is that there is one and only one output
(y) with each input (x).

x f(x) y
 Function Notation

y = f (x )
Input
Output Name of
Function
Function
Machine

Rule • DOMAIN – the set of all INPUT values

the formula that of a relation or function
is applied to the • RANGE – the set all OUTPUT values of
input values a relation or function
Output: -6, 10, 24
Output: -8, 0, 18
Output: -14, 6, 20
Representation of
Function
Represents real-life
situations using functions,
including piece-wise
functions
 Representation of
1.1 Function
Represents real-life situations
using functions, including
piece-wise functions.
 Functions as Representations
of Real-life Situations

• Functions can often be used

to model real situations.
• Identifying an appropriate
functional model will lead
to a better understanding of
various phenomena
• A function rule is needed to
predict additional values of
the independent variable.
Example 2 WRITE THE FUNCTION EQUATION
One hundred meters of fencing is available to enclose a
rectangular area next to a river (see figure). Give a function
A that can represent the area that can be enclosed, in terms
of x.

Solution:
q The area of the rectangular enclosure is 𝐴 = 𝑥𝑦. We will
write this as a function of 𝑥. Since only 100m of fencing
is available, then 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 100
100 - x A( x) = xy
y= A( x) = x(50 - 0.5 x)
2
y = 50 - 0.5 x A( x) = 50 x - 0.5 x 2
 Example 3 FINDING THE PRICE FUNCTION p(x)

To sell more T-shirts, the class needs to charge a

lower price as indicated in the following table:

The price for which you can sell x printed T-shirts is

called the price function p(x). p(x) represents each
data point in the table.
 Example 3
Step 1:
Find the slope m of the line using the slope formula
𝑚 = 𝑦2 – 𝑦1 / 𝑥2 – 𝑥1
Step 2:
Write the linear equation with two variables by substituting the values
of 𝑚 and (𝑥1, 𝑦1) to the formula 𝑦 – 𝑦1 = 𝑚 𝑥 – 𝑥1 the point-slope
form of a linear equation.

𝑦 – 𝑦1 = 𝑚 𝑥 – 𝑥1
1
𝑦 – 540 = − 𝑥 − 500
5
1
𝑦 – 540 = − 𝑥 + 100
5
1
𝑦 = − 𝑥 + 640
5
𝑦 = 640 – 0.2𝑥

Thus, the price function is 𝒑(𝒙) = 𝟔𝟒𝟎 – 𝟎. 𝟐𝒙

Example 3
Thus, the price function is 𝒑 𝒙 = 𝟔𝟒𝟎 – 𝟎. 𝟐𝒙

𝒑 𝒙 = 𝟔𝟒𝟎 − 𝟎. 𝟐 × 𝟗𝟎𝟎
= 𝟔𝟒𝟎 − 𝟏𝟖𝟎
𝒑 𝒙 = 𝟒𝟔𝟎 𝐩𝐡𝐩
Example 4 WRITE THE FUNCTION EQUATION
A user is charged ₱300 monthly for a particular mobile
plan, which includes 100 free text messages.
Messages in excess of 100 are charged ₱1 each.
Represent the monthly cost for text messaging using
the function 𝑡 𝑚 , where m is the number of messages
sent in a month.

Solution:
q The cost of text messaging can be expressed by the
piecewise function

300 , 𝑖𝑓 0 < 𝑚 ≤ 100

𝑡 𝑚 =,
300 + 𝑚 − 100 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑚 > 100
Example 5 WRITE THE FUNCTION EQUATION
A jeepney ride costs ₱8.00 for the first 4 kilometers, and
each additional integer kilometer adds ₱1.50 to the fare.
Use a piecewise function to represent the jeepney fare
in terms of the distance (d) in kilometers.

Solution:
q The input value is distance, and the output is the cost of
the jeepney fare. If 𝑓(𝑑) represents the fare as a function
of distance, the function can be represented as follows

8.00 , 𝑖𝑓 0 < 𝑑 ≤ 4
𝑓 𝑑 =,
8.00 + 1.50 𝑑 − 4 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑑 > 4
Example 6 WRITE THE FUNCTION EQUATION

A certain chocolate bar costs P35.00 per piece.

However, if you buy more than 10 pieces, they will
be marked down to a price of P32.00 per piece.
Use a piecewise function to represent the cost in
terms of the number of chocolate bars bought.

Solution:

35𝑛 , 𝑖𝑓 0 < 𝑛 ≤ 10
𝑓 𝑛 =3
32𝑛 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 > 10
 EVALUATION OF
FUNCTIONS

WEEK 1_2ND LESSON

M11GM-Ia-2

Prepared by Suzanne Paderna

 Evaluation of
Functions

• A function f(x) is said to be

defined if the value of y
(dependent variable) exists for
a given value of x
(independent variable)
Agreement on Domains
• Unless otherwise stated, assume the domain of
all functions defined by an equation to the
largest set of real numbers that are meaningful
replacements for the independent variable

• Any value of y or f(x) is obtained upon

assigning a specific value x in the domain of the
function defined by y = f(x)
 Function Notation

y = f (x )
Input
Output Name of
Function
Examples:
f(x) is a function defined by 𝐲 = 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟒 − 𝟓𝒙
Let:

𝑥=2 𝑥=4

𝑓 𝑥 = 4 − 5𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 = 4 − 5𝑥
𝑓 2 = 4 − 5(2) 𝑓 4 = 4 − 5(4)
𝑓 2 = 4 − 10 𝑓 4 = 4 − 20

𝒇 𝟐 = −𝟔 𝒇 𝟒 = −𝟏𝟔
Remember---this tells you what
is on the right-hand side---it is
f ( x ) = 2 x - 3x + 6
2

f (2 ) = 2(2 ) - 3(2 ) + 6
not something you work. It says 2
that the right-hand side is the
function f and it has x in it.

f (2) = 2(4) - 3(2) + 6 = 8 - 6 + 6 = 8

So, we have a function called f that has the variable x in it.
Using function notation, we could then ask the following:
This means to find the function f and instead of
Find f (2). having an x in it, put a 2 in it. So, let’s take the
function above and make brackets everywhere
the x was and, in its place, put in a 2.

Don’t forget order of operations---powers, then

multiplication, finally addition & subtraction
Find f (-2). f ( x ) = 2 x - 3x + 6
2

f (- 2 ) = 2(- 2 ) - 3(- 2 ) + 6
2

f (- 2) = 2(4) - 3(- 2) + 6 = 8 + 6 + 6 = 20

This means to find the function f and instead of having an x

in it, put a -2 in it. So, let’s take the function above and make
brackets everywhere the x was and, in its place, put in a -2.

Don’t forget order of operations---powers, then

multiplication, finally addition & subtraction
Find f (k). f ( x ) = 2 x - 3x + 6
2

f (k ) = 2(k ) - 3(k ) + 6
2

( )
f (k ) = 2 k - 3(k ) + 6 = 2k - 3k + 6
2 2

This means to find the function f and instead of having an x

in it, put a k in it. So, let’s take the function above and make
brackets everywhere the x was and, in its place, put in a k.

Don’t forget order of operations---powers, then

multiplication, finally addition & subtraction
Find f (2k). f ( x ) = 2 x - 3x + 6
2

f (2k ) = 2(2k ) - 3(2k ) + 6

2

( )
f (2k ) = 2 4k - 3(2k ) + 6 = 8k - 6k + 6
2 2

This means to find the function f and instead of having an x in

it, put a 2k in it. So, let’s take the function above and make
brackets everywhere the x was and, in its place, put in a 2k.

Don’t forget order of operations---powers, then

multiplication, finally addition & subtraction
Let's try a new function Find g(1)+ g(-4).

g (x ) = x - 2 x
2

g (1) = (1) - 2(1) = -1

2

g (- 4) = (- 4) - 2(- 4) = 16 + 8 = 24
2

So g (1) + g (- 4) = -1 + 24 = 23
The last thing we need to learn about functions for
this section is something about their domain. Recall
domain meant "Set A" which is the set of values you
plug in for x.

For the functions we will be dealing with, there

are two "illegals":
1. You can't divide by zero (denominator (bottom)
of a fraction can't be zero)
2. You can't take the square root (or even root) of
a negative number

When you are asked to find the domain of a function,

you can use any value for x as long as the value
won't create an "illegal" situation.
 Find the domain for the following functions:
Since no matter what value you choose
() for x, you won't be dividing by zero or
f x = 2x -1 square rooting a negative number, you
can use anything you want so we say
Note: There is the answer is:
nothing wrong with
the top = 0 just means All real numbers x or 𝑫: 𝒙 𝒙 ∈ ℝ
the fraction = 0
If you choose x = 2, the denominator
will be 2 – 2 = 0 which is illegal
x+3
g (x ) = because you can't divide by zero. The
x-2 answer then is: 𝑫: 𝒙 ∈ ℝ 𝒙 ≠ 𝟐
illegal if this All real numbers x such that x ≠ 2.
is zero means does not equal
Let's find the domain of another one:

h( x ) = x - 4
Can't be negative so must be ≥ 0

x-4³0 solve
this x³4
We have to be careful what x's we use so that the second
"illegal" of square rooting a negative doesn't happen. This
means the "stuff" under the square root must be greater
than or equal to zero (math's way of saying "not
negative").
So, the answer is:

All real numbers x such that x ≥ 4

Practice Exercises EVALUATE THE FOLLOWING
FUNCTIONS

1. f ( x) = 2 x + 1 at f (3 x - 1)

2x + 1 x = 1.5
2. g ( x) = at
x -1

3. g ( x) = x - 2 x + 2
2
at g (2 x + 3)

4. f ( x) = x - 2 x + 4 x - 5
3 2
at f (2 x + 1)
OPERATIONS
ON FUNCTIONS
L1.3 Function Operations
Arithmetic Operations on Functions
Sum, Difference, Product, and Quotient
Operations of Functions
Given two functions ƒ and g, then for all values
of x for which both ƒ(x) and g(x) are defined, the
functions ƒ + g, ƒ – g, ƒg, and ƒ/g are defined as
follows.
( f + g )( x ) = f ( x ) + g( x ) Sum

( f - g )( x ) = f ( x ) - g( x ) Difference

𝑓𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 ×𝑔(𝑥) Product

æ f ö f (x)
ç g ÷ ( x ) = g( x ) , g( x ) ¹ 0
Quotient
è ø
 Note The condition g(x) ≠ 0 in the
definition of the quotient means that the
domain of (ƒ/g)(x) is restricted to all values
of x for which g(x) is not 0. The condition
does not mean that g(x) is a function that is
never 0.
 Example 1 USING OPERATIONS ON
FUNCTIONS
Let ƒ(x) = x2 + 1 and g(x) = 3x + 5. Find the
following.
a. ( f + g )(1)
Solution Since ƒ(1) = 2 and g(1) = 8, use the
definition to get
( f + g )(1) = f (1) + g (1) ( f + g )( x ) = f ( x ) + g( x )
=2+8
= 10
 Example 1 USING OPERATIONS ON
FUNCTIONS
Let ƒ(x) = x2 + 1 and g(x) = 3x + 5. Find the
following.
b. ( f - g )( -3 )
Solution Since ƒ(–3) = 10 and g(–3) = –4,
use the definition to get
( f - g )( -3 ) = f ( -3) - g ( -3) ( f - g )( x ) = f ( x ) - g( x )
= 10 - ( -4)
= 14
 Example 1 USING OPERATIONS ON
FUNCTIONS
Let ƒ(x) = x2 + 1 and g(x) = 3x + 5. Find the
following.
c. ( fg )( 5 )
Solution Since ƒ(5) = 26 and g(5) = 20, use
the definition to get
𝑓𝑔 5 = 𝑓 5 ×𝑔(5)
= 26×20
= 520
 Example 1 USING OPERATIONS ON
FUNCTIONS
Let ƒ(x) = x2 + 1 and g(x) = 3x + 5. Find the
following.
æ f ö
d. ç ÷ ( 0 )
ègø
Solution Since ƒ(0) = 1 and g(0) = 5, use the
definition to get
æ f ö f (0) 1
ç g ÷ ( 0 ) = g (0) = 5
è ø
Domains

For functions ƒ and g, the domains of

ƒ + g, ƒ – g, and ƒg include all real
numbers in the intersections of the
domains of ƒ and g, while the domain
of ƒ/g includes those real numbers in
the intersection of the domains of ƒ and
g for which g(x) ≠ 0.
Composition on
Function
Composition of Functions and
Domain
If ƒ and g are functions, then the composite
function, or composition, of g and ƒ is
defined by ( g ! f )( x ) = g ( f ( x ) ) .

The domain of g ! f is the set of all

numbers x in the domain of ƒ such that ƒ(x)
is in the domain of g.
 Example 1 EVALUATING COMPOSITE
FUNCTIONS
4
Let ƒ(x) = 2x – 1 and g(x) =
x -1
Find ( g ! f ) ( -3).
Solution ( g ! f )( -3 ) = g ( f ( -3 ) ) = g ( -7 ) :
4 4
Don’t confuse = =
composition -7 - 1 -8
with
multiplication 1
=- .
2
 Example 2 EVALUATING COMPOSITE
FUNCTIONS
4
Let ƒ(x) = 2x – 1 and g(x) =
x -1
Find ( f ! g )( 2 ) .
4
Solution First find g(2). Since g ( x ) = ,
x -1
4 4
g (2) = = =4
2 -1 1
Now find ( f ! g )( 2 ) = f ( g ( 2 ) ) = f ( 4 ) :
𝑓 𝑔 2 = 𝑓 4 = 2𝑥 − 1
𝑓 4 = 2(4) − 1
𝑓 4 =7
 Example 3 SHOWING THAT ( g ! f )( x ) ¹ ( f ! g )( x )
Let ƒ(x) = 4x + 1 and g(x) = 2x2 + 5x.
Show that 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓 𝑥 ≠ 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 𝑥 in general.

Solution First, find ( g ! f )( x ) .

( g ! f )( x ) = g ( f ( x ) ) = g ( 4 x + 1) f ( x ) = 4x + 1

= 2 ( 4 x + 1) + 5( 4 x + 1)
2
g ( x ) = 2x 2 + 5 x

Square 4x + 1; = 2 (16 x + 8 x + 1) + 20 x + 5
2

Distributive
property.
= 32 x + 16 x + 2 + 20 x + 5
2

= 32 x 2 + 36 x + 7 Combine terms.
 Example 3 SHOWING THAT ( g ! f )( x ) ¹ ( f ! g )( x )
Let ƒ(x) = 4x + 1 and g(x) = 2x2 + 5x.

Solution Now find ( f ! g )( x ) .

( f ! g )( x ) = f ( g ( x ) )
= f ( 2x + 5 x )
2
g ( x ) = 2x 2 + 5 x

= 4 ( 2x 2 + 5 x ) + 1 f ( x ) = 4x + 1

= 8 x 2 + 20 x + 1 Distributive
property
So... ( g ! f )( x ) ¹ ( f ! g )( x ) .
 Example 4 FINDING FUNCTIONS THAT FORM
A GIVEN COMPOSITE

Find functions ƒ and g such that

( f ! g )( x ) = ( x - 5 ) - 4 ( x - 5 ) + 3.
2 3 2

Solution
Note the repeated quantity x2 – 5.
If we choose g(x) = x2 – 5 and
ƒ(x) = x3 – 4x + 3, then ( f ! g )( x ) = f ( g ( x ) )
End of Presentation