EEE-433 (Microwave Engineering)

INTRODUCTORY LECTURE

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Lecture-1 Prepared by Dr. P.K. Saha
Related Historyy
Electromagnetic Spectrum and Microwave
Advantages of Microwaves
Applications

Examples
l off Microwave
i systems in
i reall life
lif
Difficulties in Microwave circuit
Overview of Maxwell’s and Helmholtz’s Wave Equations
Electromagnetics Boundary Conditions
Plane wave and its solutions
Electromagnetic Power flow and Poynting
Poynting’ss theorem
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Lecture-1 Prepared by Dr. P.K. Saha
1. Related history
• 19th century
1846 - earliest talk on EM wave, “Thoughts on ray vibrations,” Michael Faraday (1791-
1867)
1864 - “Maxwell’s equations,” James Clark Maxwell (1831-1879)
1887 - first microwave-like experiment, “electric spark at λ~10cm induces at a distant
wire
loop ” Heinrich Rudolf Hertz (1857-1894)
loop, (1857 1894)
1895 - wireless telegraphic communication and 1900 trans-Atlantic Ocean telegraph,
Guglielmo Marconi (1874-1937)
• 20th century
t
1921 - magnetron, A. W. Hull
1930 - wave p
propagation
p g in waveguide,
g , George
g C. Southworth
1937 - klystron, Russell Varian, Sigurd Varian and William Hansen World War II – radar,
MIT Radiation Laboratory
~1950
1950 - coaxial cables for radio communication
~1960 - satellite communication 3
Lecture-1 Prepared by Dr. P.K. Saha
~1980 - remote sensing satellite, DBS (direct broadcast satellite)
~1990 - PCN/PCS (personal communications
network/personal communication services)
services), GPS (global
positioning system), VSAT (very small aperture terminals)
2000 - Digital DBS
~2000 DBS, WLL (wireless local loop)
loop), GII (global
information initiative) using mobile satellite network, fibers,
cables and wireless
• IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques,
vol.32, no.9, Sept. 1984

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 EM SPECTRUM

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 Electromagnetic Spectrum

Waves in the electromagnetic spectrum vary in size

from very long radio waves the size of buildings, to
very short gamma-rays smaller than the size of the
nucleus of an atom.

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 Advantages of Microwave circuits

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Radar systems
Applications
For detecting and locating air, ground or sea-going target, air traffic control systems,
missile tracking and automobile collision avoidance systems
Microwave communication systems Medical:
Wi l telecommunication
Wireless l i i systems such
h as-
Microwave imaging
Direct Broadcast satellite (DBS) television
Heart stimulation
Personal Communication Systems
Wireless local area networks (WLANs)
Sterilization
Cellular Video (CV) systems Remote sensing:
g
GPS (Global Positioning satellite) systems Earth monitoring
Automobiles
Pollution control
Vehicle to vehicle communication, Auto navigation aid
and positioning
Domestic
Microwave heating 11
Lecture-1 Prepared by Dr. P.K. Saha
 How do we "see" using Microwaves?
Microwaves are good for transmitting
information from one place to another
because microwave energy can
penetrate haze, light rain and snow,
clouds, and smoke.
Shorter microwaves are used in remote
sensing. These microwaves are used for
radar like the doppler radar used in This microwave tower can transmit
information like telephone calls and
weather forecasts. Microwaves, used for
computer data from one city to another.
radar, are just a few inches long.

Radar is an acronym for "radio detection

and ranging". Radar was developed to
detect objects and determine their range (or
position) by transmitting short bursts of
microwaves. The strength and origin of
"echoes" received from objects that were hit
b the microwaves
by micro a es is then recorded.
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 What do Microwaves show us?

The ERS-1 satellite sends out wavelengths

about
b t5 5.7
7 cm llong (C
(C-band).
b d) Thi
This iimage shows
h
sea ice breaking off the shores of Alaska.

The JERS satellite uses wavelengths about

20 cm in
i length
l th (L
(L-band).
b d) Thi
This iis an iimage off
the Amazon River in Brazil.

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 The Bangabandhu Satellite-1 was launched into
ggeostationary
y earth orbit ((GEO)) and is located at 119.1°E
longitude orbital position

NOCC is a simple and fast

Webmail client
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http://www.btrc.gov.bd/bangabandhu-satellite-1 Prepared by Dr. P.K. Saha
 The Bangabandhu Satellite-1 is fitted with 26 Ku-Band and
14 C
C-Band
Band transponders
transponders.
Major applications of the spacecraft include

•DTH
DTH (Direct
(Di t tot Home),
H )
•Very small aperture terminal (VSAT) communications,
•Network restoration,
•Disaster preparedness and relief.

The primary service area (PSA) of the satellite is Bangladesh

and neighbouring countries,

Secondary service
Secondar ser ice areas (SSA) include
incl de South
So th East Asia,
Asia
Europe, Middle East and North Africa (MENA), as well as
East Africa.
http://www.btrc.gov.bd/bangabandhu-satellite-1
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Microwave device

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HBT: heterojuction bipolar transistor
MESFET: metal-semiconductor field-effect transistor
HEMT: high electron mobility transistor
MOSFET: metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor
CMOS: complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor transistor
IMPATT diode: impact ionization avalanche transit-time
transit time diode
TRAPATT diode: trapped plasma avalanche triggered transit-time diode
BARITT diode: barrier injected transit-time diode
maser: microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation
LSA diode: limited space-charge accumulation mode of the Gunn diode 17
Lecture-1 Prepared by Dr. P.K. Saha
•Vacuum tube technology finds its applications in high power (W-
MW) and high frequency (200MHz-200GHz)
e.g., magnetron: kW CW source in microwave oven, MW pulsed
source in radar, traveling wave tube amplifier: >10 W power
amplifier in satellite, klystron: local oscillator in receiver.
•Microwave solid
solid-state
state devices are low cost
cost, low power supply
supply, low
noise, small, light weight, easy cooling, reliable and long life time
compared with microwave tubes.

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 Maxwell’s Equation

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 Boundary condition

General case Boundary condition at the interface with a perfect conductor

Dn 2  Dn1   s
Et 2  Et1 Medium 1 ((Air)) Medium 2 ((Perfect conductor))

H t 2  H t1  J s Dn1   s Dn 2  0
Bn 2  Bn1 Et1  0 Et 2  0
For two lossless dielectric medium H t1  J s Ht2  0
Bn1  0 Bn 2  0
Dn 2  Dn1  0
Et 2  Et1
H t 2  H t1  0
Bn 2  Bn1
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 Poynting vector and EM Power flow
B   E  H   H    E   E    H 
 E  
t B D
  E  H    H  E EJ
D t t
 H  J 
t  1 1 
  E  H     E 2  H 2   E 2
t  2 2 

Taking the volume integral

 1 2 1 2
   E  H .dv     E  H .dv   E .dv
2
t  2 2 
Applying divergence theorem
 1 2 1 2
 E  H   ds     E  H .dv   E .dv
2

s t  2 2 

1 1 Where P  EH
We  E 2  E.E * Electric store energy density
2 2
 1 2 1 2
  P  ds    E  H .dv   E .dv
2
1 1
Wm  H 2  H .H *Magnetic store energy density s t  2 2 
2 2
P  E 2 Ohmic power density 
  P  ds   We  Wm .dv   E .dv
2

s t

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Lecture-1 Prepared by Dr. P.K. Saha