Permeability Estimates: Classical Methods For Permeability Estimating 14.1 Metode Klasik Untuk Estimasi Permeabilitas
Permeability Estimates: Classical Methods For Permeability Estimating 14.1 Metode Klasik Untuk Estimasi Permeabilitas
Permeability estimates
Abstract
Today there are many high-tech methods for measuring formation permeability,
either by promoting fluid movement and gauging draw-down pressures or by flip
ping protons with a nuclear magnetic resonance tool. However, there still exist a
number of proven, reliable methods for calculating permeability even from the old
est of the old, pre-digital logs. The summary of these analog methods, given here,
will serve to remind today's analyst that the way we got to see so far today is
1
because we stand on the shoulders of giants •
1
With due thanks to Isaac Newton, of course.
Formation Evaluation with Pre-Digital Well Logs Copyright © 2020 Richard M. Bateman.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-820232-6.00014-5 Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 193
19 Formation Evaluation with Pre-Digital Well Logs
Resistivity gradients
One of the earliest methods relied on a simple resistivity log alone. As
2
more fully explained elsewhere, the column of fluids in the transition
zone between an oil-water contact and the point where irreducible water
saturation is reached shows a characteristic function of water saturation
against depth and an equally characteristic shape to a conventional forma
tion resistivity curve. Fig. 14.1 shows these curve shapes. Note, on the
diagram, that the water saturation (blue line) changes from 100% at the oil-
water contact to its irreducible value (Sw-irr) at the top of the transi tion
zone. In the case illustrated, Sw-irr is 32%. Between the two limits, the
saturation follows a curved path. Over the same interval, the forma tion
resistivity (green line) follows a straight line on this plot of depth in feet
versus Rt in Om. The gradient is quantifiable in ohm meter per foot. High-
permeability formations produce short transition zones, which are
characterized by low-resistivity gradients. Low-permeability formations
Permeability estimates 19
10 20 30 JO 50 60 70 80 90 100
2
See Bateman's Openhole Log Analysis and Formation Evaluation, Chapter 6.
PERMEABILITY FROM RESIS TIVITY GR ADIE NT
I
I I V I
' I /,' I I _J_ I
V ·/ I I _
71 'ft
7 7 1-.- - -
a, Ba.OJo
.DI.Ot ile D4..0::a
r e1l 1ttvit y Q 'odltnt
.01 OJ 0.1 :i: (¥-·
Cl..J OA OS G1 I t J 11
a .01 .a> tK ,co .O'I' 0.1 o.t o o.40.S I
'
..L ) h Ro
a1 Basic resist iv ity Qrodl•nl
Figure 14.2 Permeability from resistivity gradient. Image courtesy Schlumberger.
h= 2T eos0
r ( Pw - Phy)
where h is the height above the owe, T is the surface tension, (} is the
contact angle, r is the radius of the capillary tube, Pw is the water density,
and Phy the hydrocarbon density. Thus, a given resistivity gradient is depen
dent on both the formation permeability and the fluids in the reservoir.
Inspection of Fig. 14.2 will reveal that it is built in two panels. The left
hand side is built for sea water salinity reservoirs (pw = 1.025 g/cc) and the
panel on the right for saltwater reservoirs (pw = 1.1 glee). On both the
ana lyst enters with the "Basic Resistivity Gradient," which is defined as:
di mana h adalah ketinggian di atas hutang, T adalah tegangan permukaan,
(} adalah sudut kontak, r adalah jari-jari pipa kapiler, Pw adalah massa jenis
air, dan Phy adalah rapat massa hidrokarbon. Jadi, gradien resistivitas yang
diberikan adalah tergantung pada permeabilitas formasi dan fluida dalam
reservoir. Inspeksi Gambar 14.2 akan mengungkapkan bahwa ia dibangun
dalam dua panel.
sisi samping dibangun untuk waduk salinitas air laut (pw = 1,025 g/cc) dan
panel di sebelah kanan untuk reservoir air asin (pw = 1.1 gembira). Pada
kedua analisis masuk dengan "Gradien Resistivitas Dasar", yang
didefinisikan sebagai:
/),.R 1
a = --x -
/),.D R,
where R 0 is the resistivity of the 100% water bearing formation below the
OWC. A line is then extended up the chart to intersect the API gravity
of the oil in the reservoir (or to the gas line), and the permeability is then
read in rnilli-Darcy (mD) on the Y-axis. The full equation solved graphi
cally by these charts is:
di mana R0 adalah resistivitas formasi bantalan air 100% di bawah OWC.
Sebuah garis kemudian diperpanjang ke atas grafik untuk memotong
gravitasi API minyak di reservoir (atau ke saluran gas), dan permeabilitas
kemudian dibaca dalam rnilli-Darcy (mD) pada sumbu Y. Persamaan
lengkap yang diselesaikan secara grafis dengan grafik ini adalah:
2
k 20 { 2.3a }
= (Pw -Phy )
k is in mD, fluid densities in glee, and the resistivity gradient is in nm/ft.
Fig. 14.3 illustrates the method with reference to a sandstone reservoir
at a depth of 67901• In this example, it is assumed that the 64" normal is a
SPOHTl.tif OUS·POTEHTIJ.l
milli\iolts ! R ESISTI V ITY
;; -ohm•. m1/m
..
; ,LL
I
Rt @ 6786 = 5.0 nm
Ra @ 6802 = 0.8 nm
fl.R = 5.0-0.8 = 4.2 nm
fl.D = 6802-6786 = 16'
fl.R 1
a = -x - = 0.33
fl.D R,
Then, assuming Pw = 1.1 (right-hand chart) and the hydrocarbon pre
sents is gas k = 15 mD.
0
., 0
u
' e
0
"' 0
c
0
=6
..
;-
c:
•
0
Q,.
'
0
o Bosic; Ruis 1v11 Grodi
Mirip dalam bentuk persamaan Timur adalah dua persamaan yang diterbitkan oleh
Wyllie dan Rose. Mereka adalah sebagai berikut:
and
3 )2
79<P
k = ( Swi (Dry gas)
Note that in the Wyllie and Rose equations, both the porosity and
water saturation are in fractional units. A modified version of these
o.I- 5- 1.0 - z.e
ao i--1--1 I
w
"' 10
60
..
! 50 1---+l H-·l+--I·
ii 4D i---1--11-1--+ ,1-1+--1
I
i 30
;;;
r
7.-.Y--t--/--t---t-;i"'t--t--::Y't""-
.20 t-t-1f-/-.,.._f-tf---V- A u::1
"'
*" 60<ll
k, Perm
_,, -rn;ab;'!Jy, ---,--- --- --1
c:
2
§ 50-
:;:;
'iii
c:
ct! -
40-
<ll
>
0
_Q
ct!
§ 30
::i
ro
20
..<ll. .
( f )
ro
10
J
00 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
cp , Porosity, p.u.
Figure 14.6 Permeability from porosity and irreducible water saturation - after
Wyllie and Rose Omage courtesy Schlumberger)
is smaller, and more water can be held in the pore maintaining the con
stant cp Sw-irr product.
Terlihat pada plot Gambar 14.6 adalah garis sekunder dari konstanta<Produk PSw-
irr. Ini adalah tambahan yang signifikan untuk pantat ahli petrofisika. Ketika suatu
formasi berada di atas zona transisi, dan dengan demikian pada saturasi air tak
tereduksi, produk <P dan Sw adalah konstanta yang disebut sebagai volume curah air
pada tak tereduksi (BVW). Variasi porositas normal pada skala lokal. Jika dikurangi,
sebagian besar pori-pori tenggorokan kecil
satu atau hanya ada lebih sedikit pori-pori tenggorokan. Either way, jari-jari rata-rata
r lebih kecil, dan lebih banyak air dapat ditahan di pori mempertahankan produk cp
Sw-irr konstan
Reservoirs may thus be characterized by the B VW product, and this
can be used as a basis for predicting production characteristics. For points
not at irreducible saturation, some water production is to be expected
depending on the mobility ratio (fewµ 0 /k 0JLw) for the particular fluids
present. Fig. 14.7 shows the cpSw product at irreducible saturation for a
number of formations. Note that in a low-porosity, low-permeability for
mations, surprisingly high water saturations can be tolerated without fear
of water production. Conversely, in formations with good porosity and
permeability, even when they have moderate values of Sw, water produc
tion can be expected.
Reservoir dengan demikian dapat dicirikan oleh produk B VW, dan ini
dapat digunakan sebagai dasar untuk memprediksi karakteristik produksi.
Untuk titik-titik yang tidak berada pada saturasi tak tereduksi, beberapa
200 Formation Evaluation with Pre-Digital Well Logs
produksi air diharapkan tergantung pada rasio mobilitas (sedikitµ 0 /k 0JLw)
untuk cairan tertentu yang ada. Gambar 14.7 menunjukkan produk cpSw
pada saturasi tak tereduksi untuk a jumlah formasi. Perhatikan bahwa dalam
porositas rendah, permeabilitas rendah untuk mation, saturasi air yang
sangat tinggi dapat ditoleransi tanpa takut produksi air. Sebaliknya, dalam
formasi dengan porositas dan permeabilitas yang baik, bahkan ketika
memiliki nilai Sw yang sedang, produksi air dapat diharapkan.
An interesting variation on this theme is the empirical permeability
chart that was published by Elgen. Fig. 14.8 shows Sw-irr on the Y-axis
and lines of constant cp across the body of the plot and the output read as
k on the X-axis.
Variasi yang menarik dari tema ini adalah grafik permeabilitas empiris yang diterbitkan oleh
Elgen. Gambar 14.8 menunjukkan Sw-irr pada sumbu Y dan garis konstan cp di seluruh
tubuh plot dan output dibaca sebagai
k pada sumbu X.
-+- Pleistocene
... - ··
x
"....... ........_
"""
' .............. 1 '- -Miocene
' I "°' r-...
30
20
'
.... ' k
r--.. '
I " ' r-.. ',
-.x- Frio Ohnos
-- Wilcox
' r-. t'......: R' -Red caw
'
10 20 50 100
Sw-irr.%
100
•
90
00
10
00
00
..
•o "a:....'..
)0
"
..
"e'
20
10
w
J
..
0. . : .
' ......
.
;:;
:>
0
...
"'
10,000.0
10
§ 00.0
'+:l
u 1
c:
..El 00.0
;...
c:
ll.)
N
1
0 0.0
LO
and
2
140
k = ¢ h( pw _ Pg) for water-gas systems
{ }
Note that the water, oil, and gas densities are in g/cc, h is in ft, poros
ity is fractional, and k is in mD.
Perhatikan bahwa massa jenis air, minyak, dan gas dalam g/cc, h dalam ft,
porositas dalam pecahan, dan k dalam mD.
k = 10CHU-4)
While this fit worked well for Archie in Mercy Texas, it may not be
applicable elsewhere, and the reader is urged to build custom correlations
where core permeabilities and SP logs are available to suite particular plays
of interest.
14.9 Summary
There are a number of relatively simple methods for determine perme
ability :from pre-digital well logs. The required inputs can be as simple as
a resistivity log or may require additional porosity information coupled
with some knowledge of reservoir fluids. The reader is referred to
Chapter 3 for help on resistivity logs and to Section III for pointers on
porosity estimation from Chapters 4 through 9.
Further reading
Carman, P.C., 1938. The detennination of the specific surface of powders. J. Soc. Chem.
Ind. Trans. 57, 225.
Carman, P.C., 1956. Flow of Gases Through Porous Media. Butterworths Scientific
Publications, London.
Coates, G.R., Dumanoir, J. L., 1973. A new approach to improved log-derived perme
ability. SPWLA Fourteenth Annual Logging Symposium, 6-9 May.
Kozeny, J., 1927. Ueber kapillare Leitung des Wassers im Boden. Wien, Akad. Wiss. 136
(2a), 271.
Morris, R.L., Biggs, W.P., 1967. Using log-derived values of water saturation and poros
ity. Transactions of the SPWLA 8th Annual Logging Symposium.
Raymer, L.L., Freeman, P.M., 1984. In-situ determination of capillary pressure, pore
throat size and distribution, and permeability from wireline data. SPWLA Twenty
Fifth Annual Logging Symposium, 10-13June.
Rose, W., Wyllie, M.RJ., 1949. A note on the theoretical description of wetting liquid
relative permeability data. Pet. Trans. AlME, 1 (9).
Timur, A., 1968. An investigation of permeability, porosity, & residual water saturation
relationships for sandstone reservoirs. Log Analyst IX (4), SPWLA-1968-vIXn4a2.
Wyllie, M.RJ., Gregory, A.R., 1955. Fluid flow through unconsolidated porous aggre
gates, effects of porosity and particle shape on kozeny-carman constant. Indus, Eng.
Chem. 47, 1379-1388.
Wyllie, M.RJ., Rose, W.D., 1950. Application of the Kozeny equation to consolidated
porous media. Nature 165, 972.
Wyllie, M.RJ., Splanger, M.B., 1952. Application of electrical resistivity measurements to
problem of fluid flow in porous media. Bull. Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol. 36, 359-403.