UNIT – I

INTRODUCTION TO AUDIO VISUAL AIDS

INTRODUCTION

Audio visual material must be seen in their relationship to teaching and to the
learning process, until the teacher understands the relationship between audio visual
material and teaching learning process.
Audio visual materials are produced, distributed and used as planned
components of educational programs. It helps the process of learning that is motivation,
classification and stimulation. A.V. aids are multi sensory materials which motivate and
stimulate the individual. It makes dynamic learning experience more concrete realistic
and clear. It provides significant gains in thinking and reasoning.
Audio visual aids are sensitive tools used in teaching and as avenues for learning.
These are planned educational materials that appeal to the senses of the people and
quicken learning facilities for clear understanding.

DEFINITIONS

1. According to Kinder S. James: Audio visual aids are any device which can be used
to make the learning experience more concrete, more realistic and more dynamic.
2. According to Burton: audio visual aids are those sensory objects or images which
initiate or stimulate and reinforce learning.
3. According to Carter.v.Good: audio visual aids are those aids which help in
completing the triangular process of learning that is motivation, classification and
stimulation.

PURPOSES

To supplement and enrich teachers in teaching to make teaching-learning more

concrete.
To serve an instructional role.
To create interest among the group.
To make teaching as an effective process.

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ADVANTAGES

A.V.Aids helps in effective perceptual and conceptual learning.

A.V.Aids helps in capturing and sustaining attention of students.
A.V.Aids arouses interest and motivates students to learn.
A.V.Aids is helpful in new learning.
A.V.Aids helps in saving energy and time of both the teacher’s and students.
A.V.Aids provides near realistic experience
A.V.Aids can meet individual demands.
A.V.Aids is useful in education of masses.

DISADVANTAGES

It is an aid for teaching but not a substitute for teaching.

It is not essential for all the instructional programmes.
It requires more time for planning and preparing
Tempts the teacher to narrow down the subject
Audio visual aids are not end but means.

CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD TEACHING AIDS

Teaching aids should be:

Meaningful and purposeful

Motivates the learners
Accurate in every aspect
Simple and cheap
Improvised
Large
Up-to-date
Easily portable

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 UNIT- II
COMMUNICATION PROCESS

DEFINITION OF COMMUNICATION

Communication can be defined in many ways. In simple terms communication is:

❖ Information transmitted
❖ A verbal or nonverbal message
❖ A process by which information is exchanged between individuals through a
common system of symbols, signs, or behaviour

COMMUNICATION TOOLS

There are four basic communication tools:

❖ Listening
❖ Speaking
❖ Reading
❖ Writing
NEED OR PURPOSE
To share the ideas, values and thoughts of one person with the others.
❖ For social life
❖ To establish interpersonal relationship
❖ To help change attitude of persons and groups
❖ It helps to achieve desired result

TYPES

1. VERBAL 2. NONVERBAL

1. Verbal – Language is the chief vehicle of communication

2. Non – Verbal – Communication of ideas through gestures, body movements,

postures, facial expressions etc

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HOW WE GET AND USE INFORMATION
How much information we retain in the communication process depends on
many factors. It is important for each of us to recognize how we learn best. Do we
remember most of what we read? Most of what we hear? Do we learn more if someone
shows us?

Typically, we retain information at these rates:

❖ 10 percent of what we read
❖ 20 percent of what we hear
❖ 30 percent of what we see
❖ 50 percent of what we see and hear
❖ 70 percent of what we see and discuss
❖ 90 percent of what we do

Another way to think about how we retain information is:

❖ Tell me and I will probably forget,
❖ Show me and I might remember,
❖ Involve me and I will learn.

ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
Communication Process’ includes the following elements:
❖ Sender : The person who sends the message. Also known as the source.
❖ Message : Subject matter of communication. It may contain facts, ideas,
feelings or thoughts.
❖ Channel : The medium through which the message can be communicated/sent
❖ Receiver : The person who receives the message.
❖ Feedback : Receiver’s response or reaction or reply to the message, which is
directed towards the sender.

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WAYS OF COMMUNICATION
❖ One way – when sender sends the message and receiver receives.
❖ Two-way – when the receiver provides with feedback based on which is the
senders message
❖ Serial – where the message is passed on like a chain from person to person
❖ Mechanical – message is sent by using mechanical devices
❖ Physiological – internal response of the body to an external stimulus received.
❖ Psychic – Extra sensory perception or prediction of the future

BARRIERS IN COMMUNICATION
1. Semantic barriers – the block that arise from choice of words
2. Physical barriers – these are: distance, time, defects in channel, defects in
material, loud noise, strange surroundings, natural calamities etc
3. Physiological barrier – ill health of encoder or decoder, poor listening, poor
retention, hearing or visual defects, expression difficulties etc
4. Mechanical barrier – functional defects in machines, interruptions in projection,
inadequate facilities to arrange the instructional media
5. Psychological barrier – emotional barrier, perceptual barrier, selectivity barrier,
inattention or lack of concentration, distrust, premature evaluation, lack of
creativity
6. Socio-psychological barrier – Social differences, strained or discomfort in
interpersonal relationship, rumours, educational difference, illiteracy
7. Cultural barrier – Racism, influence of ethnic, religion, caste, traditions,
customs, beliefs, language variations, social distance etc.
8. Organizational barrier – Hierarchical barriers, specialization of work force,
wrong choice of medium

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 UNIT -III CONE OF EXPERIENCE
INTRODUCTION
Edgar Dale in his book ‘Audio – Visual Methods in Teaching’ (1946) described
the ‘Cone of Experience’ in a pictorial device – ‘Pinnacle form’. In the cone from base to
top, every aid has been arranged in the order of ‘increasing abstractness or decreasing
directness.’ The elements of the cone are the 2 M’s of instruction namely Media and
Material. It guides teachers in choosing instructional materials in teaching.
The experiences included in the cone are:
1. Enactive – direct experiences
Direct, purposeful experience: First hand experiences with direct
participation in the outcome eg., working in homeless shelter
Contrived experience: It is a working model which is an editing of reality
and differs from the original in size and complexity, eg., models, objects,
specimens, mock-ups etc
Dramatic participation: Real events are presented through a play,
pageant, pantomime, tableau and puppets
2. Iconic – pictorial experiences
Demonstrations: A visualized explanation of an important fact, idea or
process by us of photographs, Drawings, Films, Displays, Guided motions
etc
Study trips: Educational visits conducted to observe an event that in
unavailable within the classroom
Exhibits: These are displays either readymade or home-made consisting
of working models, charts and posters.
Educational television: Immediate interaction with things around the
world eg; live coverage of 9/11
Motion pictures: Recreates events with simplistic drama that even slower
students can grasp
Recordings, radio, still pictures: Understood by those who cannot read
eg: magazine, radio broadcast, music
3. Symbolic – highly abstract experiences: use of words or printed materials
which no longer resemble the object under study.
Visual symbols: Does not involve reproducing real situations eg:
chalkboard, overhead projector, charts, maps, diagrams etc
Verbal symbols: Do not contain visual clues to their meaning. Eg: book

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 UNITI -IV
LETTERING TECHNIQUE
LETTERING TECHNIQUE
There are over hundred lettering techniques and aids in the market today. Each
is designed to assist the producer to make chart, graphs, maps, poster, transparencies,
etc. but only few of them are most effective, one can with little practice, produce
professional looking lettering. While lettering, the following points to be observed:

❖ Legible : so that letter can be read easily

❖ Visible : so that letter can be seen and perceived easily
❖ Simple : should be plain, straight forward and ordinary
❖ Spacing : It should appear to have equal or uniform distance letters. Spacing
Should be eye measurement, not mechanical. Badly spaced letters
make words difficult to read. Good spacing is the result of diligent
Practice.
❖ Layout : The arrangement and form given to letters, contribute a great deal to
the preparation of visual materials.
❖ Design : It should be brief, simple, and meaningful and attract the minds of
readers.
❖ Colour : Limit the number of colours and make sure that your lettering stands
out well from the background. Black and yellow is the combination with most
contrast.

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TECHNIQUE OF LETTERING

1. Rule of ‘8’ for formulating principle of legibility

Distance Size
64” 2”
32” 1”
16” ½”
8” ¼”

2. Contrast : High contrast - Black & White

Medium contrast - Black & pale green
Low contrast - blue & red

3. Spacing : Mechanical spacing, Optical spacing

4. Styles : Informal styles

Formal styles
Decorative styles
PRINCIPLES
1. Follow the rule of ‘ 8’ for letting
2. Letter end in order
3. Too much order give monotony
4. Headings are better with bold letters
5. Space letters evenly
6. Colour should be pleasing for contrast and determination.

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 UNIT – V
COLOURING

Colour is an important element in preparing the instructional materials.

Synonyms of colour are chrome, hue, lint and linge. It has universal appeal irresistible
charm.

USE OF COLOURS
■ To contrast parts, differentiate, discriminate
■ To emphasize points
■ To show relationship
■ To get a realistic effect
■ To attract attention
■ To create interest
■ To achieve harmony
■ To increase carrying power of message

TYPES OF COLOURS

Warm colours : Stand out, attract, attention and to advance.

Eg: red, orange, yellow

Cool colors: Appear to recede and make better background.

Eg: pale blue, green and violet.

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COLOUR & VISIBILITY
Colour contrast will have an effect on visibility using black as background.
Visibility is reported as follows;
❖ Purple is least visible
❖ Yellow has 12 times visibility of purple
❖ Orange 9 times visibility of purple
❖ Green 7 times visibility of purple
❖ Red 5 times visibility of purple
❖ Blue 3 times visibility of purple

COLOUR & HARMONY

Monochromatic harmony: involves use of various shades Eg; Deep blue, light blue &
various shades of blue.

Complimentary harmony: involves use of combination of contrast colours like red and
green. This provides a visual shock. Combined effect may be harsh but could be made
effective used sparingly.

Analogous harmony: involves use of neighbouring colours on the spectrum. Eg : Red,

Orange, yellow or green , blue, indigo, violent.

HINTS ON USING COLOURS

● Keep colour scheme simple.

● Achieve harmony in colour scheme
● Use minimum number of colour to emphasize the instructional message.

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 UNIT – VI
CLASSIFICATION OF A.V. AIDS

Audio visual aids can be classified in various ways

Classification of A.V.Aids

I) Auditory aids
Audio materials are those which can be heard, eg., radio, tape recorder, walkman,
Headphones.

II) Visual aids: these are helpful to visualize the things, eg., graphic aids, 3d-aids,
display boards, and print material.

III) Audio visual aids: these aids can be heard and seen simultaneously. Ex: -
projected aids, TV, films.

IV) Activity aids: these are aids in which there is active participation and requires
doing eg., field trips, exhibition, dramatization, experimentation, preparation of models
etc

V) Traditional media: these includes use of traditional cultural practices in imparting

knowledge eg., puppets, dramas, folksongs, folkdance etc

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PRINCIPLES TO BE FOLLOWED FOR THE EFFECTIVE USE OF A.V. AIDS

❖ Audio visual materials should function as an integral part of the educational

program.
❖ A.v. aids should be centralized, under specialized direction and leadership in
educational programs.
❖ An advisory committee consisting of representative from all areas of curriculum
should be appointed to assist in selection and coordination of a.v. materials.
❖ An education program should be flexible.
❖ A.v. material should be carefully located to eliminate duplication, easy
accessibility and convenient use.
❖ A.v. material should be available whenever and wherever they needed for
effective utilization as an integral part of curriculum.
❖ Budget appropriations should be made regularly for a.v. education programs.
❖ Periodic evaluation to be done to assess the function of, utilization and
expenditure of the program.

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 UNIT- VII

AUDITORY AIDS

TAPE RECORDER:

A tape recorder is a portable electronic gadget to record, reproduce, erase and re-
record sound on a magnetic tape. This device can be used without much fuss by any
body by operating the following press buttons attached to the recorder, viz, stop, play,
wind, rewind, record, pause, and eject.

Uses:
➢ It is used to learn foreign languages, rhymes, and songs with clarity.
GRAMAPHONES Like radio gramophones are also important teaching devices.
➢ Helps to listen to famous speeches.
➢ To teach good pronunciation in a foreign.

RADIO:
Characteristics of audio experiences through radio and recordings

Uses:
1) To develop increased skills in listening, participation and evaluating what is heard.
2) To set the stage for students discussions by presenting options of outside experts
from remote sources.
3) To provide interest and varied sources of new knowledge and to the development of
appreciation and attitudes.
4) Radio can help the nurse with back ground and understanding for listening
attentively.
5) To call attention to social problems which frequently involve health.
6) Broadcasts are effective means of presenting music, drama and discussion for study
and appreciation.
7) It is one of the mass media that can be used to inform the public of the objectives and
the needs of nursing and nursing education.

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DISC RECORDER:

This unique new magnetic disc recorder is especially suited to home and family
use. It will record ‘sound albums’ of anniversaries, engagements, children’s first words,
birth day parties, correspondence in sound from distant friends and relatives. It will
record direct from radio, phonograph and TV and can be used for business recording.

PHONOGRAM:

Usually two letters , which when joined together form a completely new sound,
organized in this series as “families”. Each programme is colour code by sound,
providing intrinsically interesting , self teaching opportunities , including clues to the
relationship
● GRAMPHONE
● MEGAPHONE

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 UNIT- VIII

VISUAL AIDS

I) NON - PROJECTED VISUAL AIDS

a) GRAPHIC AIDS:
It is a combination of graphic and pictorial material designed for the orderly and
logical visualizing of relationships between key facts and ideas ex: comparisons, relative
amounts developments, processes, classification or organization. It includes the
following

∞ CHARTS

Introduction:
These visual symbols used for summarizing, comparing, contrasting or
performing other services in explaining subject matter. A chart is a combination of
pictorial, graphic, numerical or vertical material, which presents a clear summary.
Definition:
Chart is defined as a visual aid which depicts pictorial and written key information
in systematic way to summarize, compare, ex: anatomical charts and figure, diagrams
etc.

Purposes:
❖ To visualize an item, it is otherwise difficult to explain only in words.
❖ To highlight important points.
❖ To provide outline for materials covered in presentation.
❖ To show continuity in process.
❖ For creating problems and stimulating thinking.
❖ For showing development of structure.

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 Types of charts

Ø Narrative chart: Arrangement of facts and ideas for expressing the events in the
process or development of a significant issue to its point of resolution or we can show
an improvement over a period of years.

Ø The chain chart: arrangement of facts and ideas for expressing transitions or cycles.

Ø The evolution chart: facts and ideas for expressing changes in specific items from
beginning data and its projections in to future.

Ø Strip tease chart:

❖ it enables speaker to present the information step by step.
❖ It increases the interest and imagination of the audience.
❖ The information on the chart is covered with thin paper strips to which it has been
applied either by wax, tape or sticky substance or pins.
❖ As the speaker wishes to visually reinforce a point with words or symbols, he
removes the appropriate strip or paper. It produces interest.
❖ It increases learning and aids recall.

Ø Pull chart:
❖ it consists of written messages which are hidden by strips of thick paper.
❖ The message can be shown to the viewer, one after another by pulling out the
concealing strips.

Ø Flow chart: Diagrams used to show organizational elements or administrative or

functional relationships. In this chart lines, rectangles, circles, are connected by lines
showing the directional flow.

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Ø Tabulation chart:
❖ It shows the schedule of an activity or of an individual ex: time-table of a class.
❖ These are very valuable aid in the teaching situation where breakdown of a fact
or a statement is to be listed.
❖ Also it is a useful aid for showing points of comparison, distinction, and contrasts
between two or more things. While making the table charts the following points
must be kept in the mind.
❖ The chart should be 50 X 75 cm or more in size.
❖ The chart should be captioned in bold letters.
❖ The vertical columns should be filled in short phrases rather than complete
sentences.

Ø Flip chart:
❖ A set of charts related to specific topic have been tagged together and hang on a
supporting stand.
❖ The individual charts will carry a series of related materials or messages in
sequence.
❖ The salient features of specific topic will be presented.

Ø Pie chart:
❖ A circle will be drawn and divisions will be made into different sections, each
section will be coded differently and code key will be given at right corner of the
chart as legend.
❖ The circumference is divided into suitable sections. It is relevant for showing the
component part.

Ø Wall chart: It is a type of large poster often displaying information for educational
use or entertainment. One popular use of wall chart is to track progress of sports teams
in cup events

Ø Cause and effect T chart: It helps students identify, understand and remember
multiple causes and effects.

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Ø Bar chart: It is a chart that presents categorical data with rectangular bars with
heights or lengths proportional to the values that they represent. The bars can be drawn
vertically or horizontally

Ø Time table chart: This is a handy way of quickly viewing of all the tables, eg., school
timetable, multiplication tables etc

Ø Geneology / Ancestory/ family tree / pedigree chart: It is a tree showing the

ancestors of an individual and closely resembling a tree in shape, being wider at the top
than the bottom.

Ø Job chart: It help to remind the students of their role and responsibilities within the
classroom.

Ø Tree chart: It is a type of graphic organizer that shows how items are related to one
another.
❖ The tree’s trunk represents the main topic and the branches represent relevant
facts, factors, influences, traits, outcomes etc
❖ It prompts the students to state a decision that needs to be made by listing the
possible options and the pros and cons of each option
❖ It combines the probabilities, decisions, costs and pay outs of a decision and
provide a strategic answer

Ø Overlay chart: It is a type of chart that is created by placing one data chart over the
other. In other words an overlay chart helps in merging two sets of data into a single
chart

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 ∞ FLASH CARDS
Definition:
“Flash cards are a set of pictured paper cards of varying sizes that are flashed
one by one in a logical sequence.”
‘’Flash cards can be self made or commercially prepared and are made up of
chart or drawing paper, plane paper using colours or ink on them for drawings.’’
Purposes:
1. To teach the students.
2. To give health education.
3. Useful for small group.
4. Used in group discussions.
Principles:
❖ The messages can be brief, simple line drawing or photographs, cartoons and
the content will be written in few lines at the back of each card.
❖ 10” X 12” or 22” X 28” is commonly used size.
❖ 10-12 cards can be used for a talk. It should not be less than 3 and more than
20.
❖ Prepare a picture for each idea which will give visual impact to the idea.
❖ The height of writing on the flash card is to be approximately 5cm for better
visualization.
Using the flashcards:
The following steps are used while displaying flash cards.
1. Give brief introduction about the lesson to students.
2. Give instructions to students about their actions while you flash the cards.
3. Flash the card in front of the class by holding it high with both your hands so that all
the students can see it.
4. Let the student respond as per instructions already given.
5. Review the lesson by selectively using flash cards.
Advantages:
➢ Flash cards can be used to introduce and present topics.
➢ It can be used to apply information already gained by students to new situations
➢ It can be used to review a topic.
➢ Can be used for drill and practice in elementary classes
Disadvantages: - Cannot be used for a large group
- Prone to get spoiled soon
- Preparation is time consuming.
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 ∞ GRAPHS

Definition:
Graphs are the visual teaching aids for presenting statistical data and contrasting
the trends or changes of certain attributes.

Method of preparation:

❖ Before making the bar graph make a rough sketch of it in a note book.
❖ For drawing the bar graph use the chart paper of 50x 72 cm size.
❖ Use two different color shades for the two contrasting groups.
❖ The bars should be equi-spaced.
❖ Write the key to the bar graph in a box on the right hand side corner of the chart
paper.
❖ Numbers specifying the magnitude of the bars should be on the top on the
bars.

TYPES:

Pie graph
❖ These are called as circle diagram. The data are presented thorough the
sections of portions of a circle.
❖ In determining the circumference of a circle we have to take in to consideration a
quantity known as pie (π)
❖ The surface area of a circle is to cover 360 degree.
❖ The total frequencies or value is equated to 360 degree and then the angles
corresponding to component parts are calculated.
❖ After determining their angle, the required sectors in the circle are drawn.

Bar graph:
➢ The graphic presentation extends the scale horizontally along the length of bars.
➢ Each bar must be of the same width, height. The height of the bar over a period
represents the corresponding time of the variable.
➢ Graphs are available in 2 forms that is vertical and horizontal

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Line graph:
➢ To show the trends and relationships ex: single line shows the relation and the
variation in the quantity.
➢ Quantitative data are plotted or when the data is continuous.
➢ The concepts are represented with the help of lines drawn either horizontally or
vertically.
➢ The plotted points are connected to one another, instead of the base thus
producing the curve.

Pictorial graph:
➢ It is an out standing method of graphic representation.
➢ Pictures are used for the expression of ideal; they are more attractive and easily
understood.
➢ Vivid pictures will be used to create rapid association with the graphic message;
each visual symbol may be used to indicate quantity.

Histogram:
➢ It is widely used in statistics
➢ It is an accurate representation of the distribution of neumerical data.
➢ It is an estimate of the probability distribution of a continuous variable

Frequency Polygon:
➢ It almost identical to histogram which is used to compare a set of data or display
a cumulative frequency distribution
➢ It uses a line graph to represent a quantitative data

Cumulative frequency curve:

➢ A curve that represents the cumulative frequency distribution of grouped data on
a graph is called a cumulative frequency curve or an Ogive
➢ There are two types of cumulative frequency curves i.e less than and more than
cumulative frequency curve

Cumulative frequency graph:

➢ It is a running total of the frequencies
➢ On a graph it can be represented by a cumulative frequency polygon, where
straight lines join up the points, or a cumulative frequency curve
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 ∞ MAPS

Definition:
A map is a graphic aid representing the proportionality as a diagram, the surface
of the earth, world or parts there of. It conveys the message by lines, symbols, words
and colors.

Types of maps:

➢ Political maps: these maps show political divisions of the world, a continent, a
nation.

➢ Physical maps: shows the physical contour of a place, area, and region.

➢ Relief maps: it shows the actual elevations and depressions in a place, area, and
region.

➢ Weather maps: shows the amount of rains, temperature extremes, humidity in an

area, region country.

➢ Population maps: shows the distribution of population in various parts of region,

country

➢ Picture or tourist maps: shows historical spots monumental sites. etc.

➢ Road maps: shows the roads of a region connecting various parts and points
together.

➢ Railway maps: shows the railway links between various points.

➢ Air maps: shows the air routes between various points.

➢ Sea root maps: shows the sea routes between various sea ports

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 ∞ CARTOONS

The word cartoon has various meanings, based on several very different forms
of visual art and illustration. The term has evolved over time. The original meaning was
in fine art, and there cartoon meant a preparatory drawing for a piece of art such as a
painting.

Definition:
A cartoon is humorous caricature which gives a subtle message.
In a cartoon the features of objects and people are exaggerated along with
generally recognized symbols.

Principles:
The quality of the drawing should be high primarily for visual effectiveness.
The symbols used should be familiar and represent a concept or idea to which
students can react intellectually.

Advantages:
A cartoon can be effectively used to initiate certain lesson.
It can be used for making a lesson lively and interesting.
Fantasy
Satire
Exaggeration.

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 ∞ COMIC STRIPS

Definition:
A comic strip is a graphic depiction of a series of pictures or sketches of some
character and events full of action.
This medium of communication is found very interesting and exciting by children.

Uses:

❖ Comic strips fire the imagination of children

❖ It boosts the courage of children and builds up the spirit of adventure.
❖ It gives detailed and vivid communication.
❖ It stimulates reality and involvement.

Limitations:

❖ Comic strips misguide children by depicting characters with supernatural powers

divorced from the hard realities of life.
❖ Comic strips hamper the development of language of children.
❖ Classics brought out in the form of comics develop the tendency in children to ignore
or by-pass the original work.
❖ Comics can soon become an obsession with young children and they tend to avoid
serious studies

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 ∞ PRINTED MATERIAL
1. NEWS PAPERS

It can furnish health messages in local languages which can reach to the public
easily. The information will be available in low cost, easy to read and understandable
simple language. The people may learn to read and interpret the contents along with
pictures to enhance easy grasping.

Advantages
Best method to reach a large group
Pictures will help in easy understanding
Attractive and easy to understand
Lot of information can be obtained in various fields

Disadvantages

useful for literates only

detailed information cannot be produces

2. BOOKS

A book is a set or collection of written, printed illustrated or blank sheets, made of

paper, parchment or other material, usually fastened together to hinge attack one side.
A single sheet within a book is called a leaf and each side of a leaf is called a page. A
book produced in electric format is known as an e-book.

3. MAGAZINES

Magazines, periodicals, glosses or serials or publications, generally published on a

regular schedule, containing a variety of articles, generally financed by advertising, by a
purchase price, by pre-paid magazine subscriptions or all three.

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 4. LEAF LET

Simple sheet of paper folded to make a full page of printed matter on single side.

5. PAMPHELETS

Paper can be folded in to two or three or five, the matter will be printed either on
single side or both the sides.

6. HANDOUTS

The briefing of a session in a single sheet, use simple, clear language with short
sentences. If needed sketches, graphs should be drawn and labelled. Hand -outs may
be given well in advance to orient interested objectives of the presentation or after the
completion of presentation to leave a record of lesson and for follow up.

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 7. POSTERS

Definition:
“Posters are the graphic aids with short quick and typical messages with
attention capturing paintings.”
Purposes:
➢ To provide general motivation.
➢ To create an aesthetic or atmospheric effect.
➢ To communicate a more general idea.
➢ To thrust the message for leading to action.
➢ For the class room and community.
Preparation and rules:
➢ Should do a special job.
➢ Must promote one point.
➢ Support local demonstration.
➢ Planned for specified people
➢ Tell the message at single glance.
➢ Use bold letters.
➢ Use pleasing colours.
➢ It should be placed where people pass or gather.
Features of a good poster:
➢ Brevity: message should be concise.
➢ Simplicity: message should be easily understandable.
➢ Idea: should base on single idea and it should be relevant.
➢ Colour: suitable colour and combination should be used to make the poster
attractive and eye catching.
➢ Display: while displaying one should be sure to find a place where there is
adequate light and where the larger population will see it.
Advantages:
➢ It attracts attention.
➢ It conveys the message very quickly.
➢ It does not require a detailed study.
➢ Good poster leads to action with good motivation.
➢ It can stand alone and is self - explanatory.

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 b) 3 DIMENTIONAL AIDS

∞ MODELS
Definition: a model is a recognizable representation of a real thing three dimensionally,
that is height, width, and depth is felt as reality.

Types of models:
1. Solid models: it is the replica of an original thing made with some suitable material
like clay, plaster of Paris, wood, iron etc. to show the external parts of the things. Ex:
globe, clay model of human and animal.
2. Cutaway and x-ray models: are the replicas of the original things to show internal
parts of a thing. Cross sectional models are difficult to make in the class room or
institutions as they require expertise to construct them. Ex: cross sectional model of
human body.
3. Working models: these models are either actual working things or their miniature
replicas. For illustrating an operation. Ex: a motor, a generator.
4. Sand models: made by using sand, clay, saw dust, ex: a tribal village, a forest area.

Advantages:
❖ Models heighten reality of things and make learning direct and meaningful as
they are three dimensional.
❖ Models illustrate the application side of certain principles and laws.
❖ Models explain the complex and intricate operations in a simplified way and thus
make comprehension easier.
❖ Models are lasting and ultimately work out to be cheaper teaching aids.
❖ Still models are easy to make with the help of discarded materials like empty
boxes, pins, clips, nails, and clay.
❖ Models are of reasonable size and convenient to handle.
❖ Models involve the use of all the five senses and thus make learning effective.

Limitations:
❖ It requires expertise to make.
❖ Time consuming.
❖ Some of the models may be very expensive

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 ∞ OBJECTS AND SPECIMENS

Definition:
A collection of real things for instructional use refers to objects.
A specimen is a sample of the real object or a material.
Using objects and specimens: while using the specimen and objects as teaching
aids, a teacher must

Keep the following points in her mind.

❖ Plan your teaching with certain simple and direct observations of the object or
specimen being referred to.
❖ Ask questions from the students to elicit more details of the features of the
object or specimen under observation.
❖ Clarify and emphasize important structural details of the object or specimen
under observation
❖ Provide review and practice to make learning permanent.

Sources of objects and specimens:

❖ Local markets
❖ Manufacturers and factories
❖ Discarded material from the houses
❖ Specimen found in the nature can be collected by students from field trips and
nature hunt
❖ Plasters casts can be purchased
❖ Wild flowers, leaves shells, stones butterflies moths, insects can also be
procured.

Mounting the Objects and Specimens:

Objects and specimens should be mounted in shallow boxes in an artistic way
and the boxes should be covered with cellophane paper. Also label each object or
specimen using self - adhesive paper.

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Advantages of objects and specimens:
❖ Collection of objects and specimens by students requires interaction with others
leading to development of social skills and values.
❖ Students when collect and display objects and specimens derive satisfaction of
contributing to the school and teacher something worthwhile.
❖ Student’s power of observation and first - hand experiences is enhanced by
collection of objects and specimens.
❖ Student’s personal collection of objects and specimens can be good source of
doing investigatory projects.
❖ Collection of objects and specimens become an interesting educational pursuit of
the teacher and students alike.
❖ It arouses some interest among students in learning
❖ Objects and specimens involve all the five senses in the process of learning
❖ It heightens the reality in the class room
❖ It makes teaching lively.

∞ MOCK UPS
It emphasizes the functional relationship between the device reality and its
workability. Certain element of the original reality is emphasized to make it more
meaningful for instruction.
In common usage, a mockup is a scale model of a structure or device,
usually used for teaching, demonstration, testing a design, etc.
Mockups are also used in the Consumer goods industry, as part of the
product development process, when the size, impression and/or artworks have to
be tested and approved.
Mockup is also a frequently used term when talking about an early layout
or sketch of a Web site or GUI program.
Ex: An artificial kidney to demonstrate dialysis.

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 ∞ MOULAGE
Mould can be made up of plastic material to stimulate some life in objects.
ex: body which shows evidence of trauma, infection, disease, surgical
intervention.

IMAGE PERSPECTIVES' MOULAGE PROCESS

The basic material we use to create our soft tissue injuries is very
inexpensive; it costs only pennies per simulation.
If someone walks off with a simulation it can be recreated in a matter of
minutes
You are not limited to mass-produced latex or plastic "one-size-fits-all injuries".

You determine the type, scope and Size of the injuries and create as
many as you wish, in whatever size you need.

Simulations can be handled and bandaged, with care, as you would a real
injury. The simulations will not shift and/or be damaged. When bandages are
removed, the injury simulation will remain intact.

The simulations can be made liquid-proof, and with care – reusable

∞ MUSEUMS
Definition:
A museum is a building displaying a collection of historical relics, antiques,
curiosities, works of arts, works of science, literature and other artefacts of general
interest.
Museums can be useful both for public education and specific class room
instructions.

Setting up school museum:

❖ School should have enough space

❖ Take the help of students, collect old and new objects and articles
❖ Accept donations from various organizations who donates the articles

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 ❖ Students can be guided to prepare the exhibits
❖ All the collected and prepared articles should be displayed and labelled
❖ A detailed report book should be maintained giving a brief description of each
museum pieces
❖ The museum rooms should be well lighted
❖ It should be cleaned and maintained timely

∞ DIORAMAS
Definitions:
A diorama is a three-dimensional arrangement of related objects, models, and
cut outs to illustrate a central theme or concept.
The objects and models are generally placed in a big box or show case with a
glass covering and background printed with a shade or a scene. Ex: a harvest scene, a
planting scene etc.
Advantages:
❖ Provide a good opportunity to learn
❖ It gives the appearance of actual things which cannot be brought to the class
room
❖ Interesting and enhance creativity
❖ Live things also can be shown in diorama ex: aquarium
❖ Provides students to do project works

Disadvantages:
❖ Sometimes cost effective
❖ Needs expatriation for the preparation
❖ Require budget
❖ Sometimes it may misguide the student if is not the replica of actual thing.

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 c) DISPLAY BOARDS
∞ CHALK BOARD

Definition :
❖ A chalkboard or blackboard is a reusable writing surface on which text or
drawings are made with chalk or other erasable markers.
❖ Blackboards were originally made of smooth, thin sheets of black or dark grey
slate stone.
❖ Modern versions are often green or brown and are thus sometimes called a
green board or brown board instead.
❖ A blackboard can simply be a piece of board painted with matte dark paint
(usually black or dark green).
❖ A more modern variation consists of a coiled sheet of plastic drawn across two
parallel rollers, which can be scrolled to create additional writing space while
saving what has been written.
❖ The highest-grade chalkboards are made of rougher version porcelain enameled
steel (black, green, blue or sometimes other colors).
❖ Porcelain is very hard wearing, and chalkboards made of porcelain usually last
10-20 years in intensive use.
Blackboards have disadvantages:
❖ They produce a fair amount of dust, depending on the quality of chalk used.
Some people find this uncomfortable or may be allergic to it, and there has been
speculation about links between chalk dust and respiratory problems.
❖ The dust also precludes the use of chalk in areas shared with dust-sensitive
equipment such as computers. However, these alternative methods of displaying
information have drawbacks of their own.
❖ The scratching of fingernails on a blackboard is a sound that is well-known for
being extremely irritating.
❖ Blackboards are also used in many establishments (typically public houses) as a
form of advertising often for upcoming events and menus - as well as to keep the
score in darts matches

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 ∞ FLANNEL BOARD
Meaning:
Sometimes called a flannel graph.
This teaching tool is called by different names:
Visual Board, Frick Board, Slap Board, Felt Board, Choreograph, Video graph

Flannel graph:
Is a storytelling system that uses a board covered with flannel fabric, usually
resting on an easel. It is very similar to Fuzzy felt, although its primary use is as a
storytelling medium, rather than as a toy
How to use
The principle involved is the inter looking of fibers of two rough or fairy surfaces,
so that the pieces pressed on to a background which is hard and vertical will
stay.
It can be illustrated on a larger scale by pressing two tooth brushes or hair
brushes together, so the bristle inter-1ook.
In case of flannel graph similar principle of friction helps an object to cling to the
surface of the board.

The flannel board is usually painted to depict a background scene appropriate to the
story being told. Paper cutouts of characters and objects in the story are then place on
the board, and moved around, as the story unfolds. These cut outs are backed, either
with flannel, or with some other substance that adheres lightly to the flannel
background, such as coarse sandpaper.

Advantages
1) Permits numerous and varied arrangements of visual materials.
2) Permits the use of either chart or small pieces of material Materials can be packed
and transported complete notes.
3) Permits the development of a complete story.
4) Promotes conscientious planning, which must precede the development of the
material in the first place.
5) Challenges one to develop symbols to portray such things as abstractions.
6) Easier to construct materials for flannel board than to make slides or movies.
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Disadvantages:
1) Transportation and storing of boards and materials is a problem. Suitable tables to
support boards must be available.
2) Time and cost of making material for presentation present a problem.
3) Cost of boards themselves can't be overlooked.
4) Presentation is limited a new idea involves a lapse of time before the new material
can be added
5) Might tend to deter one from using other more effective methods and techniques
when it is evident that other methods might be more appropriate.

∞ BULLETIN BOARD

Definition
It is a soft board which will hold pins or tags almost suitable. Simple device
placed either indoor or outdoor. Items generally displayed are photographs,
publications, posters, newspaper cut outs.

Advantages
➢ Explains important events Reports special activities

Disadvantages
➢ Not effective for illiterate group.
➢ Takes lot of preplanning and preparation

A bulletin board (pin board or notice board in British English) is a place where
people can leave public messages, for example, to advertise things to buy or sell
announce events or provide information. Dormitory corridors, well-trafficked hallways,
lobbies, and freestanding kiosks often have cork boards attached to facilitate the
posting of notices.
At some universities, lamp posts, bollards, trees, and walls often become
impromptu poster sites in areas where official boards are sparse in number.

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 ∞ PEG BOARD

It is a type of board which contains small holes to fix certain letters into the holes
which is used especially in the offices to display certain items, name of the personal or
faculty member.

MAGNETIC BOARD

It is a framed iron sheet carrying porcelain coating in some dark colour generally
black or green. It can be used to display pictures, cut-outs and light objects with disc
magnets or magnetic holders.

Advantages
➢ Movement of visual material is easy.

II. PROJECTED

a) OVER HEAD PROJECTOR

The over head projector is the most used in all A.V. aids. It projects
transparencies with brilliant screen images suitable for use in a lighted room. The
teacher can write or draw diagrams on the transparency while he teaches; these are
projected simultaneously on the screen by the OHP.

Purposes:
To develop concepts and sequences in a subject matter area.
To make marginal notes on the transparencies for the use of the teacher that can
carry with out exposing them to the class.
To test students’ performances, while other classmates observe.
To show relationships by means of transparent overlays in contrasting colour.
To give the illusion of motion in the transparency.
Advantages:
It permits the teacher to stand in front of the class while using the projector, thus
enabling her to point out features appearing on the screen by pointing to the
materials at the projector it self and at the same time, to observe the students
reactions to her discussion.
Gains attention of the student

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Principles:
Light falls on refreshed lens / images goes on plates
Projection lens then comes on the screen

Disadvantages:
“Key stone” affect can be corrected by tilting the screen.

b) OVER HEAD TRANSPERENCIES

Transparencies are popular instructional medium. They are simple to prepare

and easy to prepare and easy to operate with the over head projector which is light
weight.
A 10*10 inches sheet with printed, written or drawn material is placed on the
platform of the projector and a large image is projected on a screen behind you.

The projector is used from near to the front of the room with the teacher standing
or sitting beside facing the student.

Guidelines for making effective transparencies:

❖ Follow the rule of 7 i.e., not more than 7 words in one line and not more
than 7 lines on one transparency
❖ For title limit the use to five words or less
❖ Do not use faded pens for writing texts, it decreases clarity
❖ Don’t use Red color pen sparingly for headings for underlining or
highlighting
❖ The best color to write on a transparency are black and blue
❖ Have one main idea on each transparency.
❖ Include only related figures and diagrams.
❖ Use simple lettering style in writing.
❖ Use diagrams in proposition to its lettering.
❖ Keep the message clear and simple.
❖ Emphasize the key messages.
❖ Use colour and lettering with discretion.

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Advantages:
❖ Permits face to face interaction with the students.
❖ Can be used in daylight conditions.
❖ Can present information in systemic developmental sequences.
❖ Requires limited planning and can be prepared in variety of inexpensive
methods.
❖ Easily available.

c) SOUND FILMS
Sound film is a motion picture with synchronized sound, or sound
technologically coupled to image, as opposed to a silent film. The first known
public exhibition of projected sound films took place in a Paris in 1900, but
decades would pass before reliable synchronization was made commercially
practice.
The first commercial screening of movies with fully synchronized sound
took place in New York City in April 1923.

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 d) THE OPAQUE PROJECTOR/ EPIDIASCOPE

Opaque projector is the only projector on which you can project a variety of
materials ex: - book pages, objects, coins, postcards, or any other similar flat material
that is non-transparent.
The opaque projector will project and simultaneously enlarge, directly from the
originals, printed matter, all kinds of written or pictorial matter in any sequence derived
by the teacher. It requires a dark room, as projector is large and not reality movables.

Advantages:

❖ Stimulates attention and arouses interest.

❖ Can project a wide range of materials like stamps, coins, specimen, when
one copy is available.
❖ Can be used for enlarging drawings, pictures and maps.
❖ Does not require any written or typed materials, hand-written material can
be used.
❖ Helps students to retain knowledge for longer period.
❖ Review instructional problems.
❖ Test knowledge and ability.
❖ Simple operation.

Disadvantages:

❖ Costly equipment.
❖ Needs to use it with care.
❖ Needs a dark room for projection.

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 e) SLIDE PROJECTOR

A slide is a small piece of transparent material on which a single pictorial image

or scene or graphic image has been photographed or reproduced otherwise.
Slides are a form of projected media that are easy to prepare. They are still
picturing on positive film which you can process and mount individually yourself or send
to a film laboratory. The standard size of the slides is 2“X 2“, any 35mm camera will
make satisfactory slides.

Types of slides
1. Photographic slides: 2” X 2” 3” X 4”
a) Black and white
b) Colored
2. Hand made slides: can be made with
a) Acetate sheet
b) Cellophane
c) Etched glass
d) Plain glass
e) Lumarith

Slides can be made from photographs and pictures by teachers and pupils taking
photographs and snapshots when they go on fieldtrips for historical, geographical,
literacy or scientific excursions.
The arrangement of slides in proper sequence, according to the topic discussed,
is an important aspect of teaching with them.

Advantages:
1. Requires only filming, processing and mounting by self or laboratory.
2. Results in colourful, realistic, reproduction original subject.
3. Preparation with any 35mm camera for most uses.
4. Easy to revise and up-date.
5. Easily handled, stored and re-arranged for various uses.
6. Can be combined with tape narration or can control time for discussion.
7. May be adapted to group or individual use

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 f) FILM STRIPS

Film strips are sequence of transparent still pictures with individual frames on
35mm film. A tap recorded narration can be synchronized with film strip.
Each strip contains from 12 to 18 or more pictures. It is a fixed sequence of
related stills on a roll of 35mm film or 8mm film.

PRINCIPLES
1. Preview filmstrips before using them and selected carefully to meet the needs of
the topic to be taught.
2. Show again any part of the filmstrip needing more specific study.
3. Use filmstrip to stimulate emotions, build attitudes and to point up problems.
4. It should be introduced appropriately and its relationship to the topic of the study
brought out.
5. Use a pointer to direct attention, to specific details on the screen.

TYPES OF FILMSTRIP:

1. Discussion filmstrip: it is continuous strip of film consisting of individual frames

arranged in sequence usually with explanatory titles.
2. Sound slide film: it is like filmstrip but instead of explanatory titles or spoken
discussion recorded explanation is audible, which is synchronized with the
pictures.

ADVANTAGES:
❖ Are compact, easily handled and always in proper sequence.
❖ Can be supplemented with recordings.
❖ Are inexpensive when quantity reproduction is required.
❖ Are useful for group or individual study at projection rate are controlled by
instructor or user.
❖ Are projected with simple light weight equipment.

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 UNIT – IX
AUDIO – VISUAL AIDS

TELEVISION
Television is the electronic means by which sound and light energy are
transmitting from one place to another. Television is the electronic black board of the
future, which is brought to life.
It offers vitality and newness, which attracts newness, attention, creates interest.
And television is a multi dimensional and general medium of communication.
It is an instrument of encoding, transforming, transmitting or projecting and then
presenting the encoded pattern of meaningful information.

Two kinds of licensed television stations are :

1. Commercial
2. Educational
❖ Instructional television
❖ Enrichment television

VIDEO

A sequence of images processed electronically into an analogue or digital format

and displayed on a screen with enough rapidity as to create the illusion of motion and
continuity.
It is an electronic medium for the recording, copying, playback, broadcasting and
display
Video can be used not only for teaching but also for learning in and outside the
classroom. Video is often attractive as a means to capture lecture content and present
direct instruction

COMPUTER

A computer is a machine that manipulates a list of instructions.

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 UNIT- X -ACTIVITY AIDS

There are certain learning situations in which student participation through direct
experiences can be easily incorporated, these are called activity aids. The activity
teaching aids are really of great value as they put students in a role of active seekers of
knowledge. There are five important activity teaching aids, which are listed below:-
1) Field trips
2) Demonstrations
3) Experiments
4) Dramatizations
5) Exhibition

FIELD TRIPS
Definition: -
According to Hedgerken Field trip may be defined as “an educational procedure
by which the student studies first-hand objects and materials in their natural
environment.”

Types of field trips: -

Depending on the place of visit and its duration, field trips are mainly of the following
four types, namely:-
a) Local school trips
b) Community trip
c) Educational trips
d) The natural hunt

Advantages of field trip:

Field trip provides learning experience in the real-life situation by direct contact
with objects, process, and systems and thus has many advantages which are
enumerated as follows:
-> It provides accurate information objects, process, and systems in their real-life
setting.
-> It provides meaningful direct experience and hence results in lasting learning.
-> The students learning can be easily diverted towards effective learning.

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-> Field trips are valuable aids to what students are curious about the natural and man-
made process and objects.
-> Field trips can effectively supplement the classroom learning through application and
reviewing the experiences of student.

Limitations of field trip:

o A field trip may be occasional activity which at best supplement some learning
segments of the syllabus.
o They can be expensive and out of reach for many disadvantaged and poor
students.
o Field trips require proper and detailed planning to make them meaningful
otherwise the trip leads to confusion and fails to fulfil the requirements.

DEMONSTRATIONS

Demonstration method is a concrete visual aid, because of its wide use in the
teaching of nurses. In nursing education, it is used for this purpose and for clinics,
conferences, laboratory classes, symposia, autopsies, and teaching of health to
patients. The demonstration method teaches by explanation and exhibition. In short, it is
a performance to show a process or activity to others. When a teacher demonstrates,
students observe and imitate to learn

Advantages of demonstration: -

The following are the advantages of demonstration method.

➢ It activates several senses. This increases learning, because it gives a better
opportunity for observational learning.
➢ It clarifies the underlying principles by demonstrating the ‘why’ or ‘how’ of the
procedure.
➢ It provokes interest by use of concrete illustrations.
➢ It correlates theory with practice engages student’s attention and concentration.
➢ It encourages student’s participation in learning through questions and answers
as the teacher performs.

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 DRAMATIZATION

Dramatization is a very potent method of keeping the class room instruction lively
and interesting. When a teacher dramatizes a lesson, the students become both the
spectators and participants. This makes learning easy and permanents.

Types of dramatizations
suitable for class room instruction: -
1) Role-play
2) Play lets
3) Pageant
4) Pantomime
5) Tableau

Advantages of dramatization:

1) Dramatization gives an added advantage of students working as both observers

(spectators) and doers (participants) unlike in experiment where there are just
doers and in demonstration where there are just observers.
2) Dramatization makes learning a pleasure, children love to act and show off.
3) Dramatization involves students totally and they appreciate the lessons
remember it better
4) Dramatization develops the social skills required for them such as cooperation,
co-ordination, punctuality, and human relations etc.
5) Dramatization makes students creative, sensitive, and alert.

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 EXHIBITIONS

Many times, in the school, a department of the school or a class put up their work
for showing it to the people outside the school, and such a show is called exhibitions.
The pieces of work done by the students for an exhibition are called exhibits.
Requisites for exhibition:
The exhibition should have a central theme with a few sub themes to focus
attention to a concept
The exhibits should be clean, labelled properly
The concepts of contrast in colour and size should be used for laying out the
exhibitions
The exhibits should be so placed so that majority visitors can see them
The place and exhibits should be well lighted
To capture attention and interest of visitors, both motion and sound should be
utilized
The exhibition should have some exhibits with operative mechanism such as
switches, handles, to be operated by the visitors to observe some happenings.
The exhibition should include lot of demonstrations as they involve deeply the
students and the visitors
The exhibition should be able to relate various subjects’ areas to provide
integrated learning.
Advantages:
Exhibitions inspire the students to learn by doing things themselves and they get
a sense of involvement
Exhibitions give students a sense of accomplishment and achievement
Exhibitions develop social skills of communication, cooperation, coordination
Exhibitions foster better school community relations and make community
members conscious about the school
Exhibitions couple information with pleasure
Exhibitions foster creativity among students.
Disadvantages:
Requires thorough preparation
Time consuming
Require funds or budget.

46
 UNIT- XI TRADITIONAL MEDIA

PUPPETS
One of the old and popular arts in Indian villages is puppetry. Puppetry is an
education cum entertaining aid in which puppets manipulated by the performer is a
person termed as a character in a story to be depicted.
Definition:
A puppet is a manipulative doll dressed as a character and the performer is a
person termed as a puppeteer. A good puppeteer must blend his art with dramatization
to produce the desired effect. It is used as an effective teaching aid for languages and
social sciences.
Types of puppets
1. String or marionettes puppets: -Marionettes consist of puppets with hinged body
parts which are controlled by nine strings produces required movements in the puppet.
These puppets are mainly manipulated by professional puppeteers.
2. Stick puppets: - stick puppet are the painted cut-outs attached by sticks. The actions
of these puppets are manipulated by the teacher and students by hiding behind a
screen so that only puppets are visible to the audience or the class.
3. Shadow puppets: - shadow puppets are silhouettes of cardboard which produce
shadows on white screen. The motion of these silhouettes is manipulated by the
teacher and students.
4. Finger puppet: - Finger puppets are round balls painted as heads with overflowing
colourful costumes. These are worn on fingers which operate their movements. These
are operated from below the stage.
Selection:
A short puppet play is always preferable.
Advantages:
❖ Creates interest
❖ Gives the knowledge in a brief period
❖ Puppet is an effective method in teaching.
❖ Motivate students
❖ Easy to carry and operate
Disadvantages
❖ Needs group cooperation and coordination
❖ Requires skills in preparation and supply
❖ Skills needed in presentation

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 FOLKDANCE
A folk dance is developed by people that reflect the life of people of a certain
country or region. It is a traditional dance originating among the common people of a
nation or a region.
Folk dancing represents the dance forms of the common people as opposed to
those from the upper classes. Thus, forms an excellent aid in reaching out and
educating the common people
The term folk dance describes dances that share some or all the following
attributes:
1) Dances performed at social functions by people by little or no professional
training often to traditionally based music
2) Dances not generally esigned for public performance or the stage, though
maybe later arranged and set for stage performances
3) Execution dominated by an inherited tradition rather than innovation
4) New dancers learn informally by observing others and/ or receiving help
from others

FOLKSONG
Folk music includes both traditional music and the genre that evolve from it
during the 20th century folk revival.
Music had been used in ancient times to pass on information and knowledge
from one generation to the other. Thus, it can still be used as a teaching aid by
integrating folksong with educative lyrics
Folksongs are basically daily life activities and experiences of common people
that are put into music and sung along with fellow men and women. These songs are
passed over the generations and pose as the basic directives of life for the common
man of a country or region with similar settings and language.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

1) B.T.Bavantappas “Nursing Education”, first edition, 2003, Jaypee brothers’

publication, New Delhi.

2) Francis M. Quinn’s” The principles and practice in nursing education”, third edition,
1997, Stanley thrones publications ltd., United Kingdom.

3) Loretta E. Heidgerken’s” Teaching and Learning in Nursing Education” twelfth

impression, 2003, Konark publishers ltd, Delhi.

4) KP, Neeraja’s “Text book of Nursing Education” first edition,2003, Jaypee brothers
medical publishers, Delhi,

5) Web site: Adrom audio visual aids.

6) WEB: Google search

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