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TABLE OF CONTENTS

DETERMINANTS & MATRICES

Theory ................................................................................................................................................ 8

Solved examples ............................................................................................................................... 20

Exercise - 1 : Basic Objective Questions............................................................................................ 38

Exercise - 2 : Previous Year JEE MAIN Questions ........................................................................... 45

Exercise - 3 : Advanced Objective Questions .................................................................................. 55

Exercise - 4 : Previous Year JEE Advanced Questions ..................................................................... 64

Answer Key ........................................................................................................................................ 198

PROBABILITY

Theory ................................................................................................................................................ 70

Solved examples ............................................................................................................................... 78

Exercise - 1 : Basic Objective Questions............................................................................................ 92

Exercise - 2 : Previous Year JEE MAIN Questions ........................................................................... 99

Exercise - 3 : Advanced Objective Questions .................................................................................. 106

Exercise - 4 : Previous Year JEE Advanced Questions ..................................................................... 114

Answer Key ........................................................................................................................................ 200

 7

VECTORS AND 3-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY

Theory ................................................................................................................................................ 120

Solved examples ............................................................................................................................... 132

Exercise - 1 : Basic Objective Questions............................................................................................ 152

Exercise - 2 : Previous Year JEE MAIN Questions ........................................................................... 163

Exercise - 3 : Advanced Objective Questions .................................................................................. 174

Exercise - 4 : Previous Year JEE Advanced Questions ..................................................................... 185

Answer Key ........................................................................................................................................ 202

DETERMINANTS & MATRICES
 Chapter 01 9

DETERMINANTS & MATRICES

1.3 Evaluation of Determinant

1. INTRODUCTION TO DETERMINANTS
Value of any determinant can be obtain by adding product
1.1 Definition of all elements of a row (or column) to their corresponding
cofactors.
(i) The determinant consisting two rows and two

a1 b1 a11 a12 a13

columns is D = . Its value is given by :
a2 b2 e.g. D = a21 a22 a23
a31 a32 a33
D = a1 b 2 – a2 b 1
(ii) A determinant which consists of 3 rows and 3 columns D = a11 C11 + a12 C12 + a13 C13
is called a 3rd-order-determinant and is of the = a21 C21 + a22 C22 + a23 C23
following form.
= a31 C31 + a32 C32 + a33 C33

a11 a12 a13 = a11 C11 + a21 C21 + a31 C31

D = a 21 a 22 a 23 = a12 C12 + a22 C22 + a32 C32
a31 a 32 a 33 = a13 C13 + a23 C23 + a33 C33ERMINAN

It’s value is : 2. PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANTS

D = a11 a22 a33 + a12 a23 a31 + a21a32a13
(i) The value of a determinant remains unaltered; if the
– a13a22a31 – a23a32a11–a12a21a33 rows and columns are interchanged,
1.2 Minors and Cofactors
a1 b1 c1 a1 a 2 a3
D = a2 b2 c 2 = b1 b 2 b3
a11 a12 a13
a3 b3 c3 c1 c 2 c3
Let D = a 21 a 22 a 23
a 31 a 32 a 33 (ii) If any two rows (or columns) of a determinant be
interchanged, the value of determinant changes in
Here aij = Element in ith row and jth column of D. sign only.
Minor of aij :
a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2
It is defined as the value of the determinant obtained by
eleminating the ith row and jth column of D. D = a2 b2 c 2 and D’ = a 1 b1 c1
We donote the minor of aij by Mij . a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3

a 22 a 23 D’ = – D.
e.g. M11 = minor of a11 = = a22 a33 – a32 a23
a 32 a 33 (iii) If a determinant has all the elements zero in any row
(or column) then its values is zero.
Cofactor of aij : Denoted by Cij
Cofactor of aij (Cij) = (–1)i + j Minor of aij 0 0 0

e.g. Cofactor of a11 (C11) = (–1)1+1 M11 = M11 D = a2 b2 c2 = 0

a3 b3 c3

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(iv) If a determinant has any two rows (or columns)

3. CRAMER’S RULE
identical or proportional, then its values is zero.
(Not in CBSE Syllabus)
a1 b1 c1
(i) Two Variables
D = ka1 kb1 kc1 = 0
If a1x + b1y = c1 ... (i)
c1 c2 c3
a2x + b2y = c2 ... (ii)

(v) If all the elements of any row (or column) are multiplied Dx Dy
by the same number, then the determinant is then x = ,y=
D D
multiplied by that number.
a1 b1
a1 b1 c1 Ka1 Kb1 Kc1 values of x, y are unique, if D ¹ 0. where, D = ,
a2 b2
D = a2 b2 c 2 ; and D’ = a 2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3 c1 b1 a1 c1
Dx = , Dy =
c2 b2 a2 c2
Then D’ = KD
(vi) If each element of any row (or column) can be Similarly ‘n’ equations in ‘n’ variables can be solved.
expressed as a sum of two terms then the determinant (ii) Three Variables
can be expressed as the sum of two determinants, i.e. Let, a1x + b1y + c1z = d1 .................(i)
a2x + b2y + c2z = d2 .................(ii)
a1 + x b1 + y c1 + z a1 b1 c1 x y z
a3x + b3y + c3z = d3 .................(iii)
a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2
= +
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3 Dx Dy D
Then, x = ,y = ,z = z
D D D
(vii) The value of determinant is not altered by adding to
the elements of any row (or column) a constant
a1 b1 c1 d1 b1 c1
multiple of the corresponding elements of any other
row (or column). Where, D = a 2 b2 c 2 ; Dx = d 2 b2 c2 ;
a3 b3 c3 d3 b3 c3
e.g.
R1 ® R1 + mR2 (change R1 as sum of R1 and m (R2)).
a1 d1 c1 a1 b1 d1
R3 ® R3 + nR2 (change R3 as sum of R3 and n (R2)).
Dy = a 2 d2 c 2 and Dz = a 2 b2 d2
a1 b1 c1 a3 d3 c3 a3 b3 d3
a b2 c2
D= 2 and Consistency of a System of Equations
a3 b3 c3
(i) If D ¹ 0 then the given system of equations are
a 1 + ma 2 b1 + mb 2 c1 + mc 2 consistent and have unique solution.

D’ = a2 b2 c2 (ii) If D = 0 but at least one of Dx, Dy, Dz is not zero then

a 3 + na 2 b 3 + nb 2 c 3 + nc 2 the equations are inconsistent and have no solution.
(iii) If D = Dx = Dy = Dz = 0 then the given system of
Then D’ = D. equations are consistent and have infinite solution
except the case of parallel planes when there is no
solution.
(iv) If d1= d2 = d3 = 0 then system of equation is called
Homogenous system of equations.

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(v) Solution of Homogenous Equations is always

5. SOME MORE PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANT
consistent, as x = 0 = y = z is always a solution. This
is known as TRIVIAL solution. (i) Determinant of a skew-symmetric matrix of odd order
(vi) For Homogenous Equations, if D ¹ 0. Then is zero.
x = 0 = y = z is the only solution.
(vii) For Homogenous Equations, if D = 0, then there exists
non zero solutions [NON TRIVIAL SOLUTONS] 0 2 9
also. e.g. D = - 2 0 log a b = 0
æ1ö
4. APPLICATION OF DETERMINANTS - 9 log a ç ÷ 0
èbø
Following examples of short hand writing of large
expressions are : (ii) Determinant of a skew-symmetric matrix of even order
(i) Area of triangle whose vertices are (xr, yr) ; r = 1, 2, 3, is: is always a perfect square.

0 5
x1 y1 1 e.g. D = = 25
1 - 5 0 2´2
D = | x2 y2 1 |
2
x3 y3 1 (iii) Dn–1, where n is order of the determinant is equal to the
determinant made from cofactors of elements of D.
If D = 0 then the three points are collinear.
3-1
(ii) Equation of straight line passing through (x1, y1) & a1 b1 c1 A1 B1 C1
a2 b2 c2 A B2 C2
x y 1 e.g. = 2
a3 b3 c 3 3´3 A 3 B3 C3
(x2, y2) is x1 y1 1 = 0
x2 y2 1 Where Ai’s are co-factors of ai’s
(iv) Determinant of a diagonal matrix is product of its
(iii) The lines :
diagonal elements
a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 ...........(1)
a2x + b2y + c2 = 0............(2) 5 0 0
a3x + b3y + c3 = 0............(3) e.g. D = 0 2 0 = 5 × 2 × 6 = 60
0 0 6
a1 b1 c1
are concurrent if, a2 b2 c2 = 0 (v) If a determinant considered as a polynomial becomes
a3 b3 c3 zero when x = a, then x – a is factor of this. (This is an
application of Factor Theorem)
This is condition for the consistency of simultaneous
linear equation in two variables. x a a2
(iv) ax2 + 2 hxy + by2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 represents a pair D= a x x2
of straight lines if : a x a

a h g Because D = 0 when x = a so x – a is factor of D.

abc + 2 fgh – af2 – bg2 – ch2 = h b f =0 (vi) The sum of the products of the elements of the ith
g f c row/column with the co-factor of the corresponding
elements of kth row/column is zero provided i ¹ k.
(v) To find the variable (x, y, z etc) in linear equations
(Cramer’s rule)

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n
1 1 1
i.e. (i) åa C ij kj =0; if i ¹ k
j=1
(iii) a b c = (a – b) (b – c) (c – a) (a + b + c)
a3 b3 c3
n
(ii) åa C
i=1
ij ik =0 if j ¹ k
1 1 1
(vii) | AB | = | A | | B|
(iv) a2 b2 c 2 = (a – b) (b – c) (c – a) (ab + bc + ca)
5 -2 -2 -3 - 2 - 17 a3 b3 c3
i.e. A = ; B= ; AB =
-1 -1 -4 1 6 2
7. MULTIPLICATION OF TWO DETERMINANTS
|A| = – 7 | B | = – 14
| A | | B | = – 7 × –14 = 98,
a1 b1 l1 m1 a1l1 + b1l 2 a1m1 + b1m2
| AB | = – 4 + 102 Þ| AB| = 98. (a) ×
a2 b2 l 2 m 2 = a 2 l1 + b 2 l 2 a 2 m1 + b2 m2
(viii) Determinant of a triangular matrix is product of its
diagonal elements only.
a1 b1 c1 l1 m1 n1
3 2 1 (b) a2 b2 c2 ´ l 2 m2 n2 =
D = 0 4 3 = 3 × 4 × – 1 = – 12 a3 b3 c3 l 3 m3 n3
0 0 -1
a1l1 + b1l 2 + c1l 3 a1m1 + b1m 2 + c1m3 a1n1 + b1n 2 + c1n 3
5 0 0 a 2l 1 + b 2l 2 + c 2 l 3 a 2 m1 + b 2 m 2 + c 2m 3 a 2 n1 + b 2 n 2 + c 2 n 3
a 3l 1 + b 3l 2 + c 3l 3 a 3 m1 + b 3m 2 + c3m 3 a 3 n1 + b 3 n 2 + c 3 n 3
D’ = 4 9 0 = 5 × 9 × 1 = 45
3 2 1
8. SUMMATION OF DETERMINANTS
6. SPECIAL DETERMINANTS
f (r ) a l
(i) Circulant Determinants :
Let Dr = g (r ) b m
The elements of the rows (or columns) are in cyclic h (r) c n
arrangement
Where a, b, c, l, m and n are constants independent
a b c of r, then
b c a = – (a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc).
c a b n

= – (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ac)
å f (r)
r =1
a l
n n

1 1 1 å D = å g (r )
r =1
r
r=1
b m

(ii) a b c = (a – b) (b – c) (c – a) n

a2 b2 c2 å h (r )
r =1
c n

Here functions of r can be the elements of only one

row or column. None of the elements other than row
or column should be dependent on r.

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9. DIFFERENTIATION AND INTEGRATION Sol. We have

OF DETERMINANT
4
- x3 cos 2 x 2x
5
f1 ( x ) f 2 ( x ) f 3 ( x ) f(–x) = - tan x 1 sec 2 x = – f(x)
3 4
- sin x x 5
g (x ) g 2 ( x) g 3 (x )
D(x) = 1
h1 ( x ) h 2 ( x ) h 3 ( x )
p/2
\ f ( x )dx = 0 . (since f(x) is an odd function)
Then ò-p / 2

f1 ' ( x ) f 2 ' ( x ) f 3 ' ( x ) f1 ( x ) f 2 ( x ) f 3 ( x )

x 3 sin x a
D’(x) = g1 ( x ) g 2 ( x ) g 3 ( x ) + g1 ' ( x ) g 2 ' ( x ) g 3 ' ( x )
h1 ( x ) h 2 ( x ) h 3 ( x ) h1 ( x ) h 2 ( x ) h 3 ( x )
Example : If f(x) =
1 2
, then ò f (x ) dx is
-a

1 1
f1 ( x ) f 2 ( x ) f 3 ( x ) (a) 0 (b) (c) 3 (d) -
2 2
g (x ) g 2 ( x ) g 3 ( x )
+ 1
h1 ' ( x ) h 2 ' ( x ) h 3 ' ( x ) a a
a
x 3dx ò sin xdx = 10 0
Integration of determinant Sol. ò f (x ) dx = ò -a -a 1
=0
-a 1 2
f (x ) g( x )
If D(x) = ,
l1 l2 Hence (a) is correct answer.

b
b b
MATRICES
then ò D(x) dx = ò f (x) dx ò g(x) dx
a a
.
a
l1 l2 1. INTRODUCTION TO MATRICES

Here f (x) and g (x) and functions of x and l1, l 2 are constants. A set of (m × n) numbers arranged in the form of an ordered set
of m rows and n columns is called a matrix of order m × n.
NOTES : A = [a ij ]m´n

This formula is only applicable if there is a variable only in

one row or column, otherwise expand the determinant and é a11 a12 ... a1n ù
then integrate. êa ... a 2 n úú
ê 21 a 22
or A = ê a 31 a 32 ... a 3n ú is a matrix of order m×n.
ê ú
x3 cos 2 x 2x
4
ê ... ... ... ... ú
p/ 2 êa
5 ë m1 a m 2 ... a mn úû
Example : If f(x) = tan x 1 sec 2 x then
sin 3 x x4 5
ò f (x)dx =
-p / 2
NOTES :

(a) 2 (b) –2 (c) 0 (d) none of these The matrix is not a number. It has no numerical value. But it is
an arrangement of numbers.

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A square matrix A = [aij]n×n is called identity or unit matrix if

2. TYPES OF MATRICES
(i) aij = 0 for all i ¹ j, and
2. 1 Row Matrix (ii) aii = 1 for all i Î {1, 2, ..., n}
The identity matrix of order n is denoted by In.
A matrix having only one row is called a row matrix or a row
vector.
é1 0 0ù
é1 0 ù ê ú
e.g. A = [1 2 –1 –2] is a row matrix of order 1×4. e.g. I2 = ê , I =
ú 3 ê0 1 0ú
ë 0 1 û
2.2 Column Matrix êë0 0 1úû

A matrix having only one column is called a column matrix or 2. 7 Null Matrix
a column vector.
A matrix whose all elements are zero is called a null matrix or
é3ù a zero matrix, represented by O.
é1ù ê2ú
e.g. A = êê 2 úú and B = ê ú are column matrices or order é 0 0 ù é0 0 0 ù
ê5ú e.g. ê0 0 ú , ê ú
êë-1úû ê ú ë û ë0 0 0 û
ë4û

3×1 and 4×1 respectively. 2.8 Upper Triangular Matrix

2.3 Square Matrix A square matrix A = [aij] is called an upper triangular matrix
if aij = 0 " i > j.
A matrix in which the number of rows is equal to the number
of column, say (n × n) is called a square matirx of order n. é5 4 3ù
ê ú
e.g A = ê0 2 1ú
é2 1 - 1ù
êë0 0 6úû
e.g. the matrix ê3 - 2 5 ú is square matrix of order 3.
ê ú
êë1 5 - 3úû
2.9 Lower Triangular Matrix
Sum of diagonal elements of a square matrix is called its A square matrix A = [aij] is called lower triangular
trace (tr (A)). Here tr(A) = 2-2-3= -3
if aij = 0 i < j.
2.4 Diagonal Matrix
é2 0 0ù
A square matix is called a diagonal matrix if all the elements, ê ú
e.g A = ê3 2 0ú
except those in the leading diagonal, are zero.
êë4 5 3úû
A = [aij]n×n , aij = 0 for all i ¹ j

2.5 Scalar Matrix 2.10 Singular Matrix

A diagonal matrix in which all the diagonal elements are A square matrix with zero determinant is called a singular
equal is called the scalar matrix. matrix.
A square matrix A = [aij]n×n is called a scalar matrix if.
(i) aij = 0 for all i ¹ j and 3. EQUALITY OF MATRICES
(ii) aii = C for all i Î {1, 2, ..., n}
Two matrices A = [aij]m×n and B = [bij]r×s are equal if
2.6 Identity or Unit Matrix (i) m = r, i.e., the number of rows in A equals the number
of rows in B.
A square matrix each of whose diagonal element is unity
and each of whose non diagonal element is equal to zero is (ii) n = s, i.e., the number of columns in A equals the
called an identity or unit matrix. number of columns in B.

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(iii) aij = bij for i = 1, 2, ..., m and j = 1, 2, ..., n.

6. MATRIX MULTIPLICATION
If two matrices A and B are equal, we write A = B,
otherwise we write A ¹ B. If A = [aij]m×p and B = [bjk]p×n

4. SUM OF MATRICES
Then Am×p × Bp×n = (AB)m×n
Let A = [aij], B = [bij] be matrices of the same order m×n.
p
Then C = A + B = [cij], is a matrix of order m×n.
Where, [cij] = [aij + bij]
or C = AB = [cik]m×n where cik = åa bj=1
ij jk

é1 2 4ù é7 3 2 ù For multiplication number of columns of first matrix should

e.g. A = ê0 5 3ú and B = ê5 1 9 ú be equal to number of rows of second matrix.
ë û ë û
i.e. cik = ai1 b1k + ai2b2k + ... aipbpk
é1 + 7 2 + 3 4 + 2ù é8 5 6 ù In other words cik = Sum of the products of ith row of A
A+B= ê ú = ê ú
ë0 + 5 5 + 1 3 + 9 û ë5 6 12û (having p elements) with kth column of B (having p elements).

é1 - 7 2 - 3 4 - 2ù é- 6 - 1 2 ù é2 3ù
A – B = ê0 - 5 5 - 1 3 - 9 ú = ê - 5 4 - 6ú é 1 - 2 3ù ê ú
e.g. If A = ê ú and B = ê4 5ú
ë û ë û
ë- 4 2 5û 2´3 êë2 1úû
3´2
Properties of Matrix Addition
(i) Matrix addition is commutative Compute AB and show that AB ¹ BA. A is 2×3 type and B is
A+ B = B +A 3×2 type and hence both AB and BA are defined because
the number of columns in pre factor is equal to the number
(ii) Matrix addition is associative
of rows in post factor.
A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C.
Sol.
5. SCALAR MULTIPLE OF A MATRIX
é 1.2 - 2.4 + 3.2 1.3 - 2.5 + 3.1 ù é 0 - 4ù
AB = ê -4.2 + 2.4 + 5.2 -4.3 + 2.5 + 5.1ú = ê10 3 ú
If A be a given matrix and k is any scalar number real or ë û ë û 2´2
complex.
Then matrix kA is a matrix of same order, where all the elements é2 3ù é- 10 2 21ù
of kA are k times of the corresponding elements of A. ê ú é 1 - 2 3ù ê ú
BA = ê4 5ú ê - 4 2 5ú = ê- 16 2 37 ú
é2 3 1 ù êë2 1úû ë û 2´3 êë - 2 - 2 11 úû
3´2 3´3
e.g. If A = ê5 2 4ú
ë û
Hence A B ¹ BA.
é3.2 3.3 3.1ù é 6 9 3 ù
Then 3A = ê ú =ê ú 7. PROPERTIES OF MATRIX MULTIPLICATION
ë3.5 3.2 3.4 û ë15 6 12û
(i) Multiplication of matrices is distributive with
Properties of Multiplication by a Scalar respect to a addition of matrices.

If A = [aij] and B = [bij] are matrix of the same order and a and A (B + C) = AB + AC and (A + B) C = AC + BC
b are any scalars, then (ii) Matrix multiplication is associative if conformability
(i) a (A + B) = aA + aB is assured.

(ii) (a + b) A = aA + bA i.e. A (BC) = (AB) C.

(iii) a (bA) = (ab) A. (iii) The multiplication of matrices is not always

commutative. i.e. AB is not always equal to BA.
(iv) If A is a square matrix of order ‘n’
Then|kA| = kn |A|

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(iv) Multiplication of a matrix A by a null matrix Properties of Transpose

conformable with A for multiplication is a null matrix
i.e. AO = O. (i) (A')' = A.
In particular if A be a square matrix and O be square (ii) (kA)' = kA'. k being a scalar.
null matrix of the same order, then OA = AO = O. (iii) (A + B)' = A' + B'.
(v) If AB = O then it does not necessarily mean that (iv) (AB)' = B'A'.
A = O or B = O.
(v) (ABC)' = C'B'A'.
é 0 0 ù é1 0 ù é 0 0 ù
ê ú ê ú = ê ú 9. SYMMETRIC AND SKEW SYMMETRIC MATRICES
ë0 1 û ë0 0 û ë0 0 û
(i) A sqaure matrix A = [aij] will be called symmetric if
None of the matrices on the left is a null matrix whereas
AT = A.
their products is a null matrix.
i.e. every ijth element = jith element.
(vi) Multiplication of matrix A by a unit matrix I :
Let A be a m × n matrix.
éa h g ù
Then AIn = A and Im A = A..
e.g. A = êêh b f úú
(vii) If A and B are square matrices of order ‘n’ êëg f c úû
3´3
Then |AB| = |A| |B|
(viii) Positive Integral Powers of Matrix (ii) A square matrix A = [a ij ] will be called
skew symmetric if AT = –A.
Let A be any square matrix of order n.
i.e. every ijth element = -(jith element).
Then A2 = A.A
(iii) For any square matrix A, A + AT is symmetric and
A3 = A.A.A
A – AT is skew - symmetric.
Am = A.A.A ... m times
(iv) Any square matrix can be uniquely expressed as a
All are square matrix of order n. sum of a symmetric matrix and a skew-symmetric
(i) Am . An = (A.A.A ... m times) (A.A.A ... n times) matrix.
= A.A.A.... (m + n) times
1
= Am+n A + AT is symmetric
2
(ii) (Am)n = Amn
1
Also, we define A0 = I and A - AT is skew-symmetric
2
8. TRANSPOSE OF A MATRIX (v) Let A and B be symmetric matrices of the same order.
Then the following hold:
If A be a given matrix of the order m × n then the matrix
obtained by changing the rows of A into columns and 1. An is symmetric for all positive integers n.
columns of A into rows is called Transpose of matrix A and 2. AB is symmetric if and only if AB = BA.
is denoted by A' or AT. Hence the matrix A' is of order 3. AB + BA is symmetric.
n × m.
4. AB – BA is skew - symmetric
é 3 4ù
ê ú é3 2 5 ù
e.g. A = ê2 1ú then AT = A' = ê ú NOTES :
êë5 9úû ë4 1 9û 2´3
3´2
For a skew symmetric matrix :
aii = – aii for all values of i
[i = j when elements are diagonals].

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2aii = 0  aii = 0 (vi) Let A, B, C be square matrix of the same order n. If A is

Hence the diagonal elements of skew symmetric matrix are non–singular matrix then
zero. (a) AB = AC  B = C (left cancellation law)
(b) BA = CA  B = C (right cancellation law)
0 h g

e.g.  h 0 f  is a skew symmetric matrix (vii) If A is non singular matrix such that A is symmetric
then A–1 is also symmetric.
  g  f 0

12. ELEMENTARY TRANSFORMATIONS

10. ADJOINT
Any one of the following operations on a matrix is called an
If A is a square matrix, then transpose of a matrix made from elementary transformation.
cofactors of elements of A is called adjoint matrix of A. It’s
denoted by adj A. (i) Interchanging any two rows (or column).
(ii) Multiplication of the elements of any row (or column)
Properties of Adjoint Matrix by a non zero scalar quantity.
(i) A. (Adj A) = | A | In = (adj A) . A (iii) Addition of constant multiple of the elements of any
row (or column) to the corresponding element of any
(ii) |adj A | = | A |n–1
other row (or column).
(iii) adj (adj A) = |A|n–2 A
Two matrices are said to be equivalent if one is obtained
(iv) (adj A)T = adj (AT) from the other by elementary transformation. The sysmbol  is
(v) adj (AB) = (adj B) . (adj A) used for equivalence.
(iv) Adj (A–1) = (adj A)–1 Method to Find Inverse by Elementary Transformations :
2 Row Transformation
(vii) |(adj (adj (A)) | = |A|(n-1)
(i) A–1 exists if |A|  0.
(ii) To find A–1 by row transformation, then we write
11. INVERSE OF MATRIX (A) IA = A.

11. 1 A square matrix A of order n is said to be invertible or non- (iii) Apply row transformations to the pre-factor I on
singular if there exists a square matrix B of order n such that L.H.S. & to A on R.H.S. such that A becomes a unit
matrix.
AB  I n  BA (iv) Now equation becomes BA = I, so B = A-1
where In is the identity matrix of order n, B is called inverse
of A and is denoted by A–1.
13. SOLUTION OF A SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATION
BY MATRIX METHOD
1
A–1 = adj(A) Consider a system of linear equation
|A|
a11 x1 + a12x2 + ....................... a1n xn = b1
11. 2 Properties of Inverse Matrices
a21 x1 + a22x2 + ....................... a2n xn = b2
(i) (AT)–1 = (A–1)T
(ii) (AB)–1 = B–1 A–1 .....................................................................

(iii) (A–1)–1 = A .....................................................................

an1 x1 + an2x2 + ....................... ann xn = bn
1
(iv) |A-1|=
|A|

1 –1
(v) (kA)–1 = A if k  0.
k

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We can express these equations as a single matrix equation.

a1 b1 c1
a2 b2 c2
é a 11 a 12 ...... a 1n ù é x1 ù é b1 ù =0
êa a3 b3 c3
ê 21 a 22 ...... a 2 n úú êx ú êb ú
ê 2ú ê 2ú
ê ..... ..... ..... ú ê.....ú ê.....ú
ê ú ê ú =ê ú 14. SOME OTHER TYPES OF MATRICES
ê ..... ..... ..... ú ê.....ú ê.....ú
êa a n2 a nn úû êx ú ê b ú
ë n1 ë nû ë nû (a) Orthogonal Matrix : A square matrix A is called an orthogonal
matrix if the product of the matrix A and its transpose A’ is
A X B identity matrix.
Let | A | ¹ 0 so that A–1exists uniquely AA’ = I
pre-multiplying both sides of AX = B by A–1 we get NOTES :
A–1 (AX) = A–1 B Þ (AA–1) X = A–1 B
(i) If AA’ = I then A–1 = A’
Þ I X = A–1 B Þ X = A–1 B
(ii) If A and B are orthogonal then AB is also orthogonal.
Criterion of Consistency
(iii) All above properties are defined for square matrix only.
Let AX = B be a system of n linear equation in n variables.
(iv) Elements of all 3 rows (or columns) of orthogonal matrix of
(i) If | A | ¹ 0 then the system of the equations is
order 3 × 3 represent unit vectors.
consistent and has a unique solution given by
X = A–1 B.
(b) Idempotent Matrix : A matrix ‘A’ such that A2 = A is called
(ii) If | A | = 0 and (adj A) B = O then the system of idempotent..
equations is consistent and has infinitely many
* Only square matrix can be idempotent matrix.
solutions except the case of parallel planes when
there is no solution. * Identity matrix (unit matrix) is also idempotent matrix.

(iii) If | A | = 0 and (adj A) B ¹ O then the system of

é1 0 0ù
equations is inconsistent i.e. it has no solution. ê ú
Example : A = ê0 1 0ú
Homogeneous Equation
êë0 0 0úû
The system of equations AX = B is said to be homogeneous
if the constants b1, b2, b3..... bn are all zero. That is if the
matrix B is a zero matrix and the system is of the form é1 0 0ù é1 0 0ù é1 0 0ù
ê 0 1 0 ú ê 0 1 0 ú ê0 1 0 ú
AX = O A2 = ê ú ê ú = ê ú
êë0 0 0úû êë0 0 0úû êë0 0 0úû
Where O is the null matrix of order n × 1.
(i) If | A | ¹ 0 then its only solution X = 0 is called trivial (c) Periodic Matrix : A matrix ‘A’will be called a periodic matrix if
solution. (x = y = z = 0) Ak+1 = A where k is +ve integer and k is least positive integer
(ii) If | A | = 0 then AX = O have both trivial and non for which Ak+1 = A, then k is said to be the period of A.
trivial type solutions. In this case number of (d) Nilpotent Matrix : A matrix ‘A’ will be called nilpotent matrix
solutions will be Infinite. if Ak = 0 (null matrix), k is least positive integer and k is
(iii) The condition for called index of the nilpolent matrix.
a1x + b1y + c1z = 0; (e) Involutary Matrix : A matrix ‘A’ will be called an involutary
a2x + b2y + c2z = 0 and matrix if A2 = I (Unit Matrix). Unit matrix is also involuntary
matrix.
a3x + b3y + c3z = 0
to have non-zero or non-trivial solutions is :

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15.4 (Cayley-Hamilton) Every square matrix satisfies its

15. SOME IMPORTANT APPLICATION
characteristic equation; that is, if A is a square matrix of
order n and
15.1 Let f x = a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2 + .... + am x m be a polynomial in x
f x = A - xI = a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2 + ..... + an x n = 0
where a0 , a1 , a2 ,......, am are real numbers, such that a0 ¹ 0 .
If A is a non-singular matrix such that is its characteristic equation, then
f(A) = 0, then
f A = a0 I n + a1 A + a2 A2 + ... + an An = O
-1
A-1 = a1 + a2 A + a3 A2 + ... + am Am -1 Also if a0 ¹ 0 , then
a0

15. 2 To find the inverse of a square matrix A, or to express A–1 in -1

A- 1 = a1 I + a2 A + a3 A2 + ... + an An -1
terms of A, the concept of a characteristic polynomial of a a0
square matrix and the much known Calyely-Hamilton
Note that A–1 exists if and only if the constant term of the
Theorem are useful, especially for 2×2 and 3×3 matrices.
characteristic of A is non-zero.
15. 3 If A is a square matrix and I is the corresponding unit matrix,
then the polynomial |A – xI| in x is called characteristic
polynomial of A and the equation |A – xI| = 0 is called the
characteristic equation of the matrix A.

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SOLVED EXAMPLES

Example – 1
1 2
M 31 = ; A31 = (–1)3+1 M31
Find minors and cofactors of elements of the following 0 1
determinants
=1–0=1 =1

0 1 2 -1 0 4 0 2
(i) 3 0 1 (ii) -2 M 32 = ; A32 = (–1)3+2 M32
1 3 3 1
2 3 0 0 -4 2
= 0 – 6 = –6 =6

0 1 2 0 1
M 35 = ; A35 = (–1)3+3 M35
Sol. (i) D = 3 0 1 3 0
2 3 0 = 0 – 3 = –3 = –3

Minors Cofactors
-1 0 4
0 1 (ii) D = -2 1 3
M11 = ; A11 = (–1)1+1 M11 0 -4 2
3 0

=0–3=–3 =–3 Minors Cofactors

3 1 1 3
M12 = ; A12 = (–1)1+2 M12 M11 = ; A11 = (–1)1+1 M11
2 0 -4 2

=0–2=–2 =2 = 2 + 12 = 14 = 14

3 0 -2 3
M13 = ; A13 = (–1)1+3 M13 M12 = ; A12 = (–1)1+2 M12
2 3 0 2

=9–0=9 =9 = –4 –0 = –4 =4

1 2 -2 1
M 21 = ; A21 = (–1)2+1 M21 M13 = ; A13 = (–1)1+3 M13
3 0 0 -4

= 0 – 6 = –6 =6 = 8 –0 = 8 =8

0 2 0 4
M 22 = ; A22 = (–1)2+2 M22 M 21 = ; A21 = (–1)2+1 M21
2 0 -4 2

= 0 – 4 = –4 = –4 = 0 + 16 = 16 = 16

0 1 A23 = (–1)2+3 M23 -1 4

M 23 = ; M 22 = ; A22 = (–1)2+2 M22
2 3 0 2

= 0 – 2 = –2 =2 = –2 + 0 = –2 = –2
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES
21

Example – 3
-1 0 2+3
M 23 = ; A23 = (–1) M23
0 -4 Evaluate

= 4 –0 = 4 = –4 16 29 35
(i) 50 100 110
0 4
M 31 = ; A31 = (–1)3+1 M31 82 158 180
1 3

= 0 – 4 = –4 = –4 5 13 17
(ii) 30 68 105
-1 4
M 32 = ; A32 = (–1)3+2 M32 25 66 84
-2 3

=–3+8=5 = –5 16 29 35
Sol. (i) D = 50 100 110
-1 0
M 33 = ; A33 = (–1)3+3 M33 82 158 180
-2 1

= –1 + 0 = –1 = –1
Using æ 1 R ö ,
ç 2÷
Example – 2 è 10 ø

16 29 35
x -y y-z z-x
D = 10 5 10 11
Show that y - z z - x x - y = 0
82 158 180
z-x x-y y-z
R1 = R1 –3R2, R3 ® R3 – 16 R2

x-y y-z z-x 1 -1 2

Sol. D = y - z z-x x-y D = 10 5 10 11 = 0
z-x x-y y-z 2 -2 4

C3 ® C3 + C2 + C1 gives Q (R3 º 2 × R1)

x-y y-z 0 5 13 17
D = y-z z-x 0 (ii) D = 30 68 105
z-x x-y 0 25 66 84

R2 ® R2 – 6R1, R3 ® R3 – 5R1
=0
[ Q all elements of C3 are zero.] 5 13 17
\ D = 0 -10 3
0 1 -1

= 5 (10 – 3)
(Expanding along 1st colum) = 35
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES
22

Example – 4
1 x x2 1 x x2
2
= -1 1 y y 2 + xyz 1 y y 2
10 24 36
1 z z2 1 z z2
Show that 36 10 24 is divisible by 35.
24 36 10 (Using C3 « C2 and then C1 « C2)

1 x x2
10 24 36
= 1 y y 2 1 + xyz
Sol. D = 36 10 24
1 z z2
24 36 10

R1 ® R1 + R2 + R3
1 x x2
= 1 + xyz 0 y - x y2 - x 2
70 70 70
\ 0 z-x z2 - x 2
D = 36 10 24
24 36 10
(Using R2 ® R2 – R1 and R3 ® R3 – R1)
Taking out common factor (y – x) from R2 and (z – x) from R3,
1 we get
Using R , we get
35 1
1 x x2
2 2 2 D = (1 + xyz) (y – x) (z – x) 0 1 y+x
D = 35 36 10 24 0 1 z+x
24 36 10
= (1 + xyz) (y – x) (z – x) (z – y) (on expanding along C1)
All elements in determinant are natural numbers
Since D = 0 and x, y, z are all different, i.e., x – y ¹ 0,
\ Its value will be whole number
y – z ¹ 0, z – x ¹ 0, we get 1 + xyz = 0
\ D is multiple of 35 i.e. it is divisible by 35.
Example – 6
Example – 5
If l, m, n are pth, qth and rth terms of an arithmetic progression

x x 2 1 + x3 l p 1
2 3
If x, y, z are different and D = y y 1 + y = 0, respectively, prove that m q 1 = 0
z z2 1 + z3 n r 1

then show that 1 + xyz = 0 Sol. In arithmetic progression

Sol. We have T1 = a
T2 = a + d
x x 2 1 + x3
(where d is constant difference)
D = y y 2 1 + y3
T3 = a + 2d
z z 2 1 + z3
Tn = a + (n – 1) d
\ l = Tp = a + (p – 1) d = a + pd – d
x x2 1 x x2 x3
m = Tq = a + (q–1) d = a + qd – d
= y y2 1 + y y2 y3
(Using Property 6) n = Tr = a + (r – 1)d = a + rd – d
z z2 1 z z2 z3
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES
23

l p 1 1 x2 1
\ L.H.S = m q 1 xyz
D= 1 y2 1
n r 1 xyz
1 z2 1

a + pd - d p 1 = 0 (Q C1 º C3 )
= a + qd - d q 1
a + rd - d r 1 0 b c
(ii) D = -b 0 a
gives C1 ® C1 – d × C2
-c -a 0
a -d p 1
L.H.S. = a - d q 1 0 - b -c
3
a -d r 1 = (-1) b 0 -a (Taking –1 common from R1, R2 & R3)
c a 0
æ 1 ö
Using ç ÷ C1 , we get
èa -dø 0 - b -c
So D = – b 0 -a
1 p 1 c a 0
L.H.S. = (a–d) 1 q 1
1 r 1
0 b c
=0 (Q C1 º C3) = – - b 0 a (Interchanging rows with columns & vice-versa.
-c - a 0
Example – 7
=–D
Without expanding the determinants, show that
\ 2D = 0 Þ D = 0.
1/ x x yz 0 b c Example – 8
(i) 1/ y y zx = 0 (ii) -b 0 a = 0
-c -a 0 Show that
1/ z z xy

1 x yz
1/ x x yz 1 y zx = (x – y) (y – z) (z – x)
Sol. (i) D = 1/ y y zx 1 z xy
1/ z z xy

using xR1, yR2 and zR3, we get 1 x yz

Sol. D = 1 y zx
1 x2 xyz 1 z xy
1
D= 1 y2 xyz
xyz R1 ® R1 – R3, R2 ® R2 – R3 , gives
1 z2 xyz
0 x - z - y(x - z)
D = 0 y - z - x(y - z)
Using æ 1 ö C3, we get
ç ÷ 1 z xy
è xyz ø
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES
24

R1 ® R1 + R2 gives
æ 1 ö æ 1 ö
Using ç ÷ R1 and ç ÷ R2 , we get
èz-xø è y-zø 0 0 -(a + b)
D = (b +c) (c + a) -1 1 -a
0 -1 y 1 1 a+b+c
D = (z – x) (y – z) 0 1 - x
1 z xy = (b + c) (c + a) × [–(a+b) (–1 –1)]
= 2 (a + b) (b + c) (c + a)
R1 ® R1 + R2 gives
= R.H.S.

0 0 y-x Example – 10
D = (z – x) (y – z) 0 1 - x
Show that
1 z xy
1+ a 1 1
0 1 æ 1 1 1ö
\ D = (z–x) (y–z) (y–x) 1 1 + b 1 = abc ç1+ + + ÷ = abc + bc + ca + ab
1 z è a b cø
1 1 1+ c
= (z–x) (y–z) (y–x) (0–1)
Sol. Taking out factors a,b,c common from R1, R2 and R3, we get
= (x–y) (y–z) (z–x)
= R.H.S. 1 1 1
+1
Example – 9 a a a
1 1 1
L.H.S. = abc +1
Show that b b b
1 1 1
a +b+c -c -b +1
c c c
-c a +b+c -a
-b -a a+b+c Applying R1 ® R1 + R2 + R3, we have

= 2 (a + b) (b + c) (c + a)
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1+ + + 1+ + + 1+ + +
a +b+c -c -b a b c a b c a b c
1 1 1
Sol. D = -c a+b+c -a D = abc +1
b b b
-b -a a+b+c
1 1 1
+1
c c c
C1 ® C1 + C3 ; C2 ® C2 + C3 gives

a+c -(b + c) -b
D = - (a + c) b+c -a
1 1 1
a+c b+c a +b+c
æ 1 1 1ö 1 1 1
= abc ç1 + + + ÷ +1
è a b cø b b b
æ 1 ö æ 1 ö 1 1 1
Using ç ÷ C1 and ç b + c ÷ C2 we get +1
èa +cø è ø c c c

1 -1 -b Now applying C2 ® C2 – C1, C3 ® C3 – C1, we get

D = (a + c) (b + c) -1 1 -a
1 1 a +b+c
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES
25

Example – 12

Find x, if
1 0 0
æ 1 1 1ö 1 1 x x2 1 2x 4x 2
D = abc ç1 + + + ÷ 1 0
è a b cø b
(i) 1 2 4 =0 (ii) 1 4 16 = 0
1
0 1 4 6 9 1 1 1
c

1 x x2
æ 1 1 1ö Sol. (i) 1 2 4 =0
= abc ç1 + + + ÷ éë1 1 - 0 ùû
è a b cø 4 6 9

æ 1 1 1ö \ 1(18 – 24) – x (9 – 16) + x2 (6 – 8) = 0

= abc ç1 + + + ÷ = abc + bc + ca + ab = R.H.S.
è a b cø \ – 6 + 7x + 2x2 = 0
\ 2x2 – 7x + 6 = 0
Example – 11
\ (2x – 3) (x – 2) = 0

Prove that \ 2x – 3 = 0 or x – 2 = 0

3
\ x= or x = 2
a + bx c + dx p + qx a c p 2
2
D = ax + b cx + d px + q = 1 - x b d q
u v w u v w 1 2x 4x 2
(ii) Given 1 4 16 = 0
Sol. Applying R1 ® R1 – x R2 to D, we get 1 1 1

2 Here a13 = (a12)2 (element in third column is equal to square of

a 1- x2 c 1- x p 1 - x2
respective element in 2 nd column)
D= ax + b cx + d px + q We know, when two rows are identical then the determinant
u v w is zero.
\ for R1 º R2, 2x = 4 i.e. x = 2

1
a c p \ for R1 º R3, 2x = 1 i.e. x =
2
= 1 - x 2 ax + b cx + d px + q
u v w 1
\ solution is x = ,2
2
Applying R2 ® R2 –x R1, we get if we expand the given determinant, we get
1 (4 – 16) – 2x (1–16) + 4x2 (1–4) = 0
a c p \ –12 –2x + 32x – 12x2 = 0
D = 1- x2 b d q \ –12 x2 + 30x – 12 = 0
u v w \ 4x2 – 10x + 4 = 0
\ (4x – 2) (x – 2) = 0
\ 4x – 2 = 0 or x – 2 = 0

1
\ x= or x = 2
2
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES
26

Example – 13 Example – 14

Solve the following equations using Cramer’s Rule Show that the following equations are consistent
x + 2y – z = 3, 3x – y + 2z = 1, 2x + 3y + 1 = 0, x + 2y + 1 = 0, x + y = 0
2x – 2y + 3z = 2 Sol. Given
Sol. The given equations are 2x + 3y + 1 = 0
x + 2y – z = 3 x + 2y + 1 = 0
3x – y + 2z = 1 x+y= 0
2x – 2y + 3z = 2 By condition of consistency consider

1 2 -1 a1 b1 c1 2 3 1
D = 3 -1 2 a2 b2 c2 = 1 2 1
2 -2 3 a3 b3 c3 1 1 0

= 1 (–3 +4) – 2 (9 – 4) – 1 (–6 + 2) R1 ® R1 – R2 gives

= 1 – 10 + 4 = –5
1 1 0
3 2 -1 = 1 2 1 =0 (QR1 º R3)
D x = 1 -1 2 1 1 0
2 -2 3
\ The given equations are consistent.
= 3 (–3 + 4) –2 (3 – 4) – 1 (–2 +2)
Example – 15
=5
Find k, if the following equations are consistent
1 3 -1
(k – 2) x + (k – 1) y = 17,
D y = 3 +1 2
(k – 1) x + (k – 2) y = 18,
2 2 3
x+y= 5
= 1 (3 – 4) – 3 (9 – 4) – 1 (6 – 2) Sol. The given equation are
= – 20 (k–2)x + (k–1) y – 17 = 0
(k–1) x + (k–2) y – 18 = 0
1 2 3
x+y– 5 =0
D z = 3 -1 1
Q The equations are consistent
2 -2 2

= 1 (–2 +2) – 2 (6 –2) + 3 (–6 + 2) a1 b1 c1 k - 2 k - 1 -17

a2 b2 c 2 = k - 1 k - 2 -18 = 0
= – 20
a3 b3 c3 1 1 -5
By Cramer’s Rule

Dx 5 R1 ® R1 – R2 gives
x= = = -1
D -5
-1 1 1
Dy -20 = k - 1 k - 2 -18 = 0
y= = =4
D -5 1 1 -5

Dz -20 C2 ® C2 + C1, C3 ® C3 + C1 gives

z= = =4
D -5
\ Solution is x = –1, y = 4, z = 4
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES
27

-1 0 0 -3 1 1
1
k - 1 2k - 3 k - 19 A (DPRS) = 2 1 1
2
1 2 -4 0 3 1

\ –1 (–8k + 12 – 2k + 38) = 0
1
\ 10k – 50 = 0 = [–3 (1–3) – 1 (2 –0) + 1 (6 –0)
2
\ k=5
1
Example – 16 = [6 – 2 + 6]
2
Find k if the area of the triangle ABC is 35 sq. units, where = 5 sq. units
A º (2, 6), B º (5, 4) and C º (k, 4) \ A(PQRS) = 5 + 5 = 10 Sq. units.

2 6 1 Example – 18
1
Sol. Area = 5 4 1 = 35 sq. units
2 The sum of first and second numbers is greater than the
k 4 1 third number by 5. The sum of first and third numbers is
more than the second number by 7. The sum of second
1 and third numbers is greater than the first number by 2.
Þ (k - 5) 2 = ± 35
2 Find such three numbers.

Þ k – 5 = ± 35 Sol. Let the numbers be x, y, z respectively. We get the following

equations.
Þ k = 40, – 30.
x+y– z=5
Example – 17
x– y+z= 7
Find the area of the quadrilateral whose vertices are –x+y+z=2
P (–3, 1), Q(1, –1), R(2, 1), S(0, 3).
1 1 -1 2 0 0
\ D = 1 -1 1 = 1 -1 1
-1 1 1 -1 1 1
Sol.
= 2 (–1 –1)
=–4
A(PQRS) = A (DPQR) + A (DPRS)
5 1 -1 12 0 0
-3 1 1 D x = 7 -1 1 = 7 -1 1
1 2 1 1 2 1 1
A(DPQR) = 1 -1 1
2
2 1 1
= 12 (–1 –1)
= – 24
1
= [–3 (–1 –1) –1 (1–2) + 1 (1 + 2)]
2 1 5 -1
Dy = 1 7 1
1
= (6 + 1 + 3) -1 2 1
2
= 5 Sq. units = 1 (7 –2) – 5 (1 + 1) – 1 (2 + 7)
= – 14
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES
28

1 1 5 é 0 1ù
A + 3B = ê ú ... (ii)
Dz = 1 -1 7 ë -1 0 û
-1 1 2 From 3 × (i) + (ii), we get

=1 (–2–7) –1 (+2 +7) + 5 (1–1) é 3 -3 ù é 0 1 ù

7A = ê ú+ê ú
= – 18 ë 0 3 û ë -1 0 û
By Cramer’s Rule
é3 + 0 -3 + 1ù é 3 -2 ù
D -24 =ê ú=ê ú
x= x = =6 ë 0 - 1 3 + 0 û ë -1 3 û
D -4

Dy 1 é 3 -2 ù é 3 / 7 -2 / 7 ù
-14 7 \ A= =
y= = = 7 êë -1 3 úû êë -1/ 7 3 / 7 úû
D -4 2

D z -18 9 é1 -1ù
z= = = \ B = 2A - ê ú ... (i)
D -4 2 ë0 1 û

7 9
\ The numbers are 6, 2 and 2 respectively.. é 3 / 7 -2 / 7 ù é1 -1ù
\ =2ê ú-ê ú
ë -1/ 7 3 / 7 û ë 0 1 û
Example – 19
é 6 / 7 -4 / 7 ù é1 -1ù
=ê ú-ê ú
é 2 2ù é6 2ù ë -2 / 7 6 / 7 û ë 0 1 û
If A = -3 1 andB = ê1 3ú , find matrix C such that
ê ú
ê ú ê ú
êë 4 0úû êë0 4úû é -1/ 7 3 / 7 ù
=ê ú
ë -2 / 7 -1/ 7 û
A + B + C = 0, where 0 is the zero matrix.
Sol. Given, A + B + C = 0 Example – 21
\ C = – [A + B]
é cos a sin a ù
If A a = ê ú , show that Aa.Ab = Aa+b
ë - sin a cos a û
é 2 2 ù é6 2 ù
A + B = êê -3 1 úú + êê1 3 úú é cos a sin a ù
Sol. A a = ê ú
êë 4 0 úû êë0 4 úû ë - sin a cos a û

é cos b sin b ù
é 8 4 ù é -8 -4 ù then Ab = ê ú
ë - sin b cos b û
C = – [A + B] = – ê -2 4 ú = ê 2 -4 ú
ê ú ê ú
êë 4 4úû êë -4 -4 úû
é cos a sin a ù é cos b sin b ù
A a .A b = ê úê ú
ë - sin a cos a û ë - sin b cos b û
Example – 20

Find matrices A and B, where é cos a cos b - sin a sin b cos a sin b + sin a cos b ù
=ê ú
ë - sin a cos b - cos a sin b - sin a sin b + cos a cos bû
é1 -1ù é 0 1ù
2A–B = ê ú and A + 3B = ê ú
ë0 1 û ë -1 0 û é cos(a + b) sin(a + b) ù
=ê ú
ë - sin( a + b) cos ( a + b) û
é1 -1ù
Sol. Given 2A – B = ê ú ... (i) = A (a+b)
ë0 1 û
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES
29

Example – 22
é 29 - 15 - 14 -25 + 25 + 0 ù
=ê ú
ë -20 + 20 - 0 24 - 10 - 14 û
é 2 1ù é1 2 ù
If A = ê ú ,B=ê ú , verify that |AB| = |A| |B|.
ë 0 3û ë 3 -2 û é0 0 ù
=ê ú
ë0 0 û
é 2 1ù é1 2 ù
Sol. AB = ê úê ú
ë 0 3û ë 3 -2 û \ A2 – 4A + 3I = 0

Example – 24
é2 + 3 4 - 2ù
=ê ú
ë0 + 9 0 - 6 û é0 1 ù é 0 -1ù
If A = ê ú and B = ê ú
ë1 0û ë1 0 û
é5 2 ù
\ AB = ê ú
ë9 -6 û show that (A+B).(A–B) ¹ A2 – B2.
Sol. (A + B) (A – B) = A2 – AB + BA – B2
2 1
|A|= =6–0=6 é 0 1 ù é 0 -1ù é 0 + 1 0 + 0 ù
0 3 AB = ê úê ú=ê ú
ë 1 0 û ë 1 0 û ë 0 + 0 -1 + 0 û
1 2
|B| = = –2 – 6 = – 8 é1 0 ù
3 -2 =ê ú
ë0 1 û
5 2
| AB | = = – 30 – 18 = – 48 0 -1ù é 0 1 ù
9 -6 And, BA = éê úê ú
ë1 0 û ë1 0û
Also, |A| . |B| = 6(–8) = – 48
Hence, |AB| = |A| . |B| is verified. é 0 - 1 0 + 0 ù é -1 0 ù
=ê ú=ê ú
Example – 23 ë0 + 0 1 + 0 û ë 0 1û

Q AB ¹ BA
é 3 -5 ù 2 \ –AB + BA ¹ 0
If A = ê ú , show that A – 5A – 14I = 0
ë -4 2 û \ (A + B) (A – B) ¹ A2 – B2

é 3 -5 ù Example – 25
Sol. A = ê ú
ë -4 2 û
é -3 2 ù é1 xù 2 2
If A = ê ú ,B=ê ú , and (A + B).(A–B)=A –B ,
é 3 -5 ù é 3 -5ù ë 2 -4 û ëy 0û
\ A2 = A . A = ê úê ú
ë -4 2 û ë -4 2 û find x and y
Sol. Condition given
é 9 + 20 -15 - 10 ù é 29 -25 ù (A+B) (A–B) = A2 – B2
=ê ú=ê ú
ë -12 - 8 20 + 4 û ë -20 24 û
\ A2 – AB + BA – B2 = A2 – B2
\ – AB + BA = 0
é 29 -25ù é 3 -5 ù é 1 0ù
\ A2 – 5A – 14I = ê ú -5ê ú - 14 ê ú \ AB = BA
ë -20 24 û ë -4 2 û ë0 1 û

\ é -3 2 ù é 1 x ù é 1 x ù é -3 2 ù
é 29 -25 ù é 15 -25 ù é14 0 ù ê 2 -4 ú ê y 0 ú = ê y 0 úû êë 2 -4úû
=ê ú-ê ú-ê ú ë ûë û ë
ë -20 24 û ë -20 10 û ë 0 14 û
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES
30

é -3 + 2y -3x + 0 ù é -3 + 2x 2 - 4x ù é -11 6 -1ù

\ ê 2 - 4y =
ë 2x + 0 úû êë -3y + 0 2y + 0 úû | AB |= êê -22 12 -2 úú = 0 (Q R1 = R 3 )
Comparing corresponding elements. êë -11 6 -1úû

–3x = 2 – 4x and –3y = 2 – 4y Similarly,

\ x=2 y = 2
[\ x = y = 2] é 1 -1 1 ù é 1 2 3 ù
BA = êê -3 2 -1úú êê 2 4 6 úú
Example – 26
êë -2 1 0 úû êë 1 2 3 úû

é 2 -1ù 3
If A = ê ú , find A
ë 3 -2 û é 1- 2 +1 2-4+2 3-6+ 3 ù
= ê -3 + 4 - 1 -6 + 8 - 2 -9 + 12 - 3úú
ê

é 2 -1ù êë -2 + 2 + 0 -4 + 4 + 0 -6 + 6 + 0 úû
Sol. A = ê ú
ë 3 -2 û
é0 0 0ù
é 2 -1ù é 2 -1ù = êê 0 0 0 úú
\ A2 = A . A = ê úê ú
ë 3 -2 û ë 3 -2 û êë 0 0 0 úû

é 4 - 3 -2 + 2 ù é1 0 ù \ |BA| = 0 ( Q it is zero matrix)

=ê ú=ê ú=I
ë 6 - 6 -3 + 4 û ë 0 1 û Hence, AB and BA both are singular.

Example – 28
é 2 -1ù
\ A3 = A . A2 = A . I = A = ê ú
ë 3 -2 û
é 2 -2 -4 ù
Example – 27 ê ú
Express the matrix B = ê -1 3 4 ú as the sum of a
êë 1 -2 -3 úû
é1 2 3ù é 1 -1 1 ù
symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix.
If A = ê 2 4 6ú , B = ê -3 2 -1ú ,
ê ú ê ú Sol. Here
êë1 2 3úû êë -2 1 0 úû

é 2 -1 1 ù
show that AB and BA are both singular matrices.
B¢ = êê -2 3 -2 úú
é1 2 3ù é 1 -1 1 ù ëê -4 4 -3 úû
ê úê ú
Sol. AB = ê 2 4 6ú ê -3 2 -1ú
ëê1 2 3ûú êë -2 1 0 ûú
é -3 -3 ù
ê2 2 2ú
é 4 -3 - 3 ù ê ú
é 1 - 6 - 6 -1 + 4 + 3 1 - 2 + 0 ù 1 1 ê ú ê -3
Let P = B + B¢ = ê -3 6 2 ú = ê 3 1 ú
= êê 2 - 12 - 12 -2 + 8 + 6 2 - 4 + 0 úú 2 2 2 ú
êë -3 2 -6 úû ê ú
êë 1 - 6 - 6 -1 + 4 + 3 1 - 2 + 0 úû ê 3
-
1 -3 ú
ëê 2 ûú

é -11 6 -1ù
= êê -22 12 -2 úú
êë -11 6 -1úû
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES
31
Example – 29
é -3 -3 ù
ê2 2 2ú
The sum of three numbers is 6. If we multiply third number
ê ú by 3 and add second number to it, we get 11. By adding
-3
Now P ¢ = ê 3 1 ú=P first and third numbers, we get double of the second
ê2 ú
ê ú number. Represent it algebraically and find the numbers
ê -3 1 -3 ú using matrix method.
ëê 2 ûú
Sol. Let first, second and third numbers be denoted by x, y and
z, respectively. Then, according to given conditions, we
1 have
Thus P = B + B¢ is a symmetric matrix.
2 x+y+z=6
Also, let y + 3x = 11
x + z = 2 y or x – 2y + z = 0
é -1 -5 ù This system can be written as A X = B, where
ê0 2 2ú
é 0 -1 - 5ù ê ú
1 1 1
Q = B - B¢ = êê1 0 6 úú = ê 0 3ú é 1 1 1ù éx ù é6ù
ê ú
2 2 2 A = ê0 1 3ú , X = ê y ú and B = êê11úú
ê ú ê ú
ëê5 -6 0 ûú ê 5 ú
ê -3 0ú êë1 -2 1úû êë z úû êë 0 úû
êë 2 úû
Here |A| = 1 (1 + 6) – (0 – 3) + (0 – 1) = 9 ¹ 0. Now we find adj A
A11 = 1 (1 + 6) = 7, A12 = – (0 – 3) = 3, A13 = – 1
é 1 5ù
ê0 A21 = – (1 + 2) = – 3, A22 = 0, A23 = – (–2 – 1) = 3
2 3ú
ê ú A31 = (3 – 1) = 2, A32 = –(3 – 0) = –3, A33 = (1 – 0) = 1
-1
Then Q¢ = êê 0 -3ú = -Q
ú
2
ê ú é 7 -3 2 ù
ê 5
-
3 0ú ê ú
êë 2 úû Hence adjA = ê 3 0 -3ú
êë -1 3 1 úû

1
Thus Q = B - B¢ is a skew symmetric matrix. é 7 -3 2 ù
2 1 1ê
Thus A = -1
adj A = ê 3 0 -3úú
|A| 9
Now ëê -1 3 1 úû
–1
Since X = A B
é -3 -3 ù é -1 -5 ù
ê2 2 2ú ê
0
2 2 ú é 2 -2 -4 ù é 7 -3 2 ù é 6 ù
ê ú ê ú 1ê
P+Q = ê
-3
3 1 ú+ê
1
0 3 ú = êê -1 3 4 úú = B X = ê 3 0 -3úú êê11úú
ê2 ú ê2 ú 9
êë -1 3 1 úû êë 0 úû
ê ú ê ú êë 1 -2 -3úû
ê -3 1 -3 ú ê
5
-3 0 ú
êë 2 úû êë 2 úû
éxù é 42 - 33 + 0 ù é 9 ù é1 ù
ê y ú = 1 ê 18 + 0 + 0 ú = 1 ê18 ú = ê 2 ú
Thus, B is represented as the sum of a symmetric and a or ê ú 9ê ú 9ê ú ê ú
skew symmetric matrix. ëê z ûú ëê -6 + 33 + 0 ûú ëê 27 ûú ëê 3 ûú

Thus x = 1, y = 2, z = 3
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES
32

Example – 30 Example – 31

é1 -1 2 ù é -2 0 1 ù é1 1 1ù
Use product ê0 2 -3ú ê 9 2 -3ú to solve the é2 3ù
ê úê ú Given A = ê 2 4 1ú , B = ê ú.
ê ú
êë3 -2 4 úû êë 6 1 -2 úû êë 2 3 1úû ë3 4û

system of equations
x – y + 2z = 1 é1 0 1 ù
Find P such that BPA = ê ú.
2y – 3z = 1 ë0 1 0 û

3x – 2y + 4z = 2
é1 0 1 ù
Sol. Given BPA = ê ú.
é1 -1 2 ù é -2 0 1 ù ë0 1 0 û
ê úê ú
Sol. Consider the product ê0 2 -3ú ê 9 2 -3ú Pre-multiplying both sides by B–1
êë3 -2 4 úû êë 6 1 -2 úû
é1 0 1 ù
B–1 BPA = B–1 ê ú
ë0 1 0 û
é -2 - 9 + 12 0 - 2 + 2 1 + 3 - 4 ù é1 0 0ù
= êê 0 + 18 - 18 0 + 4 - 3 0 - 6 + 6 úú = êê0 1 0úú é1 0 1 ù
êë -6 - 18 + 24 0 - 4 + 4 3 + 6 - 8 úû êë0 0 1úû Þ IPA = B–1 ê ú
ë0 1 0 û

-1 é1 0 1 ù
é1 -1 2 ù é -2 0 1 ù Þ PA = B–1 ê ú ... (i)
ê
Hence ê0 2 -3ú
ú = êê 9 2 -3 úú ë0 1 0 û
êë3 -2 4 úû êë 6 1 -2 úû To find B–1.

Now, given system of equations can be written, in matrix é2 3ù

Now B = ê ú
form, as follows ë3 4û

é1 -1 2 ù é x ù é1 ù 2 3
ê0 2 -3ú ê y ú = ê1 ú |B|= = 8 – 9 = –1 ¹ 0. As | B | ¹ 0
ê úê ú ê ú 3 4
ëê3 -2 4 ûú êë z ûú ëê 2 ûú
so it is non-singular matrix and hence inverse of B exists.

-1
é x ù é 1 -1 2 ù é1 ù é -2 0 1 ù é 1 ù Adj.B é -4 3 ù
Þ B1 = =ê ú
ê y ú = ê 0 2 -3 ú ê 1 ú = ê 9 2 -3 ú ê 1 ú |B| ë 3 -2 û
or ê ú ê ú ê ú ê úê ú
êë z úû êë 3 -2 4 úû êë 2 úû êë 6 1 -2 úû êë 2 úû
NOTES :

é -2 + 0 + 2 ù é 0ù For a 2×2 matrix, adjoint can be obtained by swapping

diagonal elements and changing the sign of non-diagonal
= êê 9 + 2 - 6 úú = êê5 úú
elements.
ëê 6 + 1 - 4 ûú ëê 3ûú
Now from (i),
Hence x = 0, y = 5 and z = 3
é -4 3 ù é1 0 1 ù
PA = ê ú´ê ú
ë 3 -2 û ë0 1 0 û
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES
33
Þ D = D1 = D2 = D3 = 0
é -4 3 -4 ù
Þ PA = ê ú Þ infinite solutions
ë 3 -2 3 û
consider x + 2y + z = 2
Post-multiplying both sides by A–1
2x – 3y + 4z = 1
é -4 3 -4 ù -1 Let z = k
PAA -1 = ê úA
ë 3 -2 3 û
ì x + 2y = 2 - k
Þ í
é - 4 3 - 4 ù -1 î 2x - 3y = 1 - 4k
Þ PI = ê úA
ë 3 -2 3 û 3 + 2k 8 - 11k
Þ y= and x =
7 7
é -4 3 -4 ù -1
\ P=ê úA ... (ii)
ë 3 -2 3 û é 8 - 11k 3 + 2k ù
Hence : ê x = ,y= and z = k ú
ë 7 7 û
For A–1 :
where k is an arbitrary constant.
é1 1 1ù
ê ú Example – 33
since A = ê 2 4 1ú . Now |A| = –1 ¹ 0
êë 2 3 1úû Obtain the inverse of the following matrix using elementary
operations
Þ it is non-singular matrix and hence A–1 exists
é0 1 2ù
é 1 2 -3ù A = êê1 2 3úú
adj.(A) = êê 0 -1 1 úú êë 3 1 1 úû
êë -2 -1 2 úû
Sol. Write A = I A, i.e.,
é -1 -2 3 ù
Adj.A ê é 0 1 2ù é 1 0 0 ù
A -1
= = ê 0 1 -1úú ê1 2 3 ú = ê 0 1 0 ú A
|A| ê ú ê ú
ëê 2 1 -2 úû êë 3 1 1 úû êë 0 0 1 úû
Now From (ii),
é1 2 3 ù é 0 1 0 ù
é -1 -2 3 ù or ê0 1 2ú = ê1 0 0 ú A (appplying R « R )
é -4 3 -4 ù ê ú ê ú ê ú 1 2
P=ê ú ê 0 1 -1ú
´ êë 3 1 1 úû êë 0 0 1 úû
ë 3 -2 3 û ê
ë 2 1 -2úû

é1 2 3 ù é 0 1 0 ù
é -4 7 -7 ù ê0 1 2 ú = ê1 0 0 ú A
Þ P=ê or
ë 3 -5 5 û
ú ê ú ê ú (applying R3 ® R3 – 3R1)
êë0 -5 -8 úû êë 0 3 1 úû
Example – 32
é1 0 -1ù é -2 1 0 ù
Solve the system of equations : ê0 1 2 ú = ê 1 0 0 ú A (applying R ® R – 2R )
or
x + 2y + z = 2 ê ú ê ú 1 1 2
êë0 -5 -8 úû êë 0 -3 1 úû
2x – 3y + 4z = 1
3x + 6y + 3z = 6
é1 0 -1ù é -2 1 0 ù
Sol. 1 and 3rd equations are integral mutiple of each other.
st
ê0 1 2 ú = ê 1 0 0 ú A (applying R ® R + 5R )
or
(dependent equations) ê ú ê ú 3 3 2

êë0 0 2 úû êë 0 -3 1 úû
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES
34

Example – 35
é ù If S is a skew-symmertric matrix of order n and I + S is
é1 0 -1ù ê -2 1 0ú
ê0 1 2 ú = ê 1 ú 1 non-singular, then prove that
or ê ú ê 0 0 ú A (applying R3 ® R3 ) –1
2 A = (I – S) (I + S) is an orthogonal matrix of order n.
êë0 0 1 úû ê 5 -3 1ú
ê ú
ë2 2 2û T -1 T
Sol. A éë I + S ùû
T
I -S
–1 T
= (I – S) (I + S), since S
é1 -1 1ù
é1 0 0 ù ê 2 = – S; S being skew symmertric.
2 2ú
or ê0 1 2ú = ê 1 0
ú
0 ú A (applying R1 ® R1 + R3) \
T –1
A A = (I – S) (I + S) (I – S) (I + S)
–1

ê ú ê –1 –1
êë0 0 1 úû ê 5 -3 1ú = (I – S) (I – S) (I + S) (I + S) ,
ê ú
ë2 2 2û since (I + S) (I – S) = (I – S) (I + S)
=I
\ A is orthogonal, I – S is a square matrix of order n.
é1 -1 1 ù
–1
é1 0 0 ù ê 2 2 2ú \ A = (I – S) (I + S) is a square matrix of order n.
or ê0 1 0 ú = ê -4 ú
3 -1ú A (applying R2 ® R2 –2 R3)
ê ú ê Example – 36
êë0 0 1 úû ê 5 -3 1 ú
ê ú
ë2 2 2û If A and B are n-rowed non-zero square matrix such that
AB = 0, then show that both A and B are singular. If both
A and B are singular and AB = 0, does it follows that
é1 -1 1 ù BA = 0.
ê2 2 2ú Justify your answer.
ê ú
Hence A -1 = ê -4 3 -1ú Sol. (i) AB = 0 and A non-singular implies
ê5 -3 1 ú –1 –1
ê ú A AB = A (0) = 0
ë2 2 2û –1
Þ (A A) B = 0

Example – 34 Þ IB = 0 Þ B = 0 [Note true]

(ii) AB = 0 and B non-singular implies
If M is a 3 × 3 matrix, where MT M = I and det (M) = I, then –1 –1
ABB = 0 (B) = 0 Þ AI = 0
prove that det (M – I) = 0.
Þ A = 0 [Not true]
Sol. (M – I)T = MT – I = MT – MTM = MT (I – M)
\ Both A and B are singular.
Þ | (M – I)T | = | M – I | = | MT || I – M |
(iii) Consider the counter example
= | I – M| Þ |M – I| = 0.
æ0 1ö æ1 0ö
Alternate Method : A=ç ÷ and B = ç ÷
è 0 0 ø è 0 0ø
det (M – I) = det (M – I) det (M T)
æ 0 1öæ1 0ö æ 0 0ö
= det (MMT – MT) AB = ç ÷ç ÷=ç ÷
è 0 0øè 0 0ø è 0 0ø
= det (I – MT) = – det (MT – I)
æ1 0ö æ0 1ö æ0 1ö
= – det (M – I)T = – det (M – I) whereas BA = ç ÷ç ÷=ç ÷¹0
è0 0ø è0 0ø è0 0ø
Þ det (M – I) = 0.
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES
35

Example – 37
é cos q sin q ù é cos rq sin rq ù
=ê úê ú
Let A and B be matrix of order n. Prove that if (I – AB) is ë - sin q cos q û ë - sin rq cos rq û
invertible, then (I – BA) is also invertible and
–1 –1
(I – BA) = I + B (I – AB) A. é cos q cos rq - sin q sin rq cos q sin rq + sin q sin rq ù
=ê
Sol. I – BA = BIB – BABB
–1 –1
ë - sin q.cos rq - cos q sin r q - sin q sin rq + cos q cos rq úû
–1
= B (I – AB) B ...(i)
–1 é cos(q + rq) sin(q + rq) ù
Hence, |I – BA| = |B| |I – AB| |B | =ê ú
–1 ë - sin(q + rq) cos( q + rq) û
= |I – AB| |B| |B |
–1
= |I – AB| |B| |B | é cos(r + 1)q sin(r + 1)q ù
=ê ú
= |I – AB| ...(ii) ë - sin(r + 1)q cos(r + 1)qû
–1 –1
Since |B| |B | = |BB | = |I| = I
i.e. An is true for n = r + 1,
If I – AB is invertible, |I – AB| has to be non-zero.
\ An is true for n = 1
Hence, |I – BA| ¹ 0 and therefore I – BA is also invertible
–1
And An is true for n = r + 1, if it is true for n = r
Now (I – BA) {I + B (I – AB) A}
–1
\ An is true for all n Î N
= (I – BA) + (I – BA) B (I – AB) A
= (I – BA) + {B (I – AB) B } B (I – AB) A
–1 –1 é cos nq sin nq ù
\ An = ê ú for all n Î N.
(Using (i)) ë - sin nq cos nq û
–1
= (I – BA) + B (I – AB) ( I – AB) A Example – 39
= I – BA + BA = I
–1 –1
Hence, (I – BA) = I + B (I – AB) A ...(iii) éa 2 ù
éa 0 1 ù éa 1 1 ù éf ù
ê ú
Example – 38 A = êê1 c b úú , B = êê0 d c úú , U = êê g úú , V = ê 0 ú , ab ¹ 1
êë1 d b úû êëf g h úû êë h úû ê0ú
ë û
é cos q sin q ù
If A = ê ú , prove that If there is vector matrix X, such that AX = U has infinitely
ë - sin q cos q û
many solutions, then prove that BX = V cannot have
unique solution. If afd ¹ 0 then prove that BX = V has no
é cos nq sin nq ù
An = ê ú for all n Î N solution.
ë - sin nq cos nq û
Sol. AX = U has infinite solutions

é cos nq sin nq ù Þ |A| = 0

Sol. Consider A n = ê ú
ë - sin nq cos nq û
a 0 1
1 c b =0
é cos q sin q ù
for n = 1, A1 = ê ú, 1 d b
ë - sin q cos q û

it is true as given Þ ab = 1 or c = d
n
\ A is true for n = 1
a 0 f
Let An is true for n = r, where r Î N
| A1 |= 1 c g = 0
and
ré cos rq sin rq ù 1 d h
\ A =ê ú
ë - sin rq cos rq û
Þ g = h; [Here A1 is actually D1 for A : Cramer’s Rule in
then, Determinants section]
Ar+1 = A . Ar
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES
36

Sol. First part :

a f 1
| A 2 |= 1 g b = 0 Þ g = h æ A 0 ö æ A -1 0 ö
As ç ÷ ç -1 -1 ÷
1 h b è B C ø è -C BA C -1 ø

f 0 1 æ AA-1 0 ö æ I 0ö
ç -1 -1 -1 ÷= ç ÷
Þ | A 3 |= g c b = 0 Þ g = h, c = d è BA - CC BA CC-1 ø è 0 I ø
h d b
æ A -1 0 öæA 0 ö
Þ c = d and g = h and ç -1 -1 ÷ç ÷
è -C BA C -1 ø è B C ø
So, for infinite solutions c = d and g = h
BX = V æ A -1 A 0 ö æI 0ö
ç -1 -1 -1÷ =ç ÷
è -C B + C B C Cø è0 Iø
a 1 1
| B |= 0 d c = 0 (Since C2 and C3 are equal) æ A -1 0 ö æA 0 ö
f g h Hence ç -1 -1 -1 ÷ is the inverse of ç ÷ = I.
è C BA C ø è B Cø

Þ BX = V has no unique solution Second Part :

a2 1 1 æ1 0 0 0ö
and | B1 |= 0 d c = 0 (since c = d, g = h) ç ÷
ç1 1 0 0÷ æ A 0 ö
=ç
0 g h ç1 ÷
1 1 0÷ è B Cø
ç ÷
è1 1 1 1ø

a a2 1
| B 2 |= 0 0 c = a 2 cf = a 2 df (since c = d) æ1 0 ö æ1 1 ö æ1 0 ö
where A = ç ÷, B = ç ÷,C = ç ÷.
f 0 h è 1 1 ø è 1 1 ø è1 1 ø

æ1 0 0 0ö æ 1 0 0 0ö
a 1 a2 ç ÷ ç ÷
1 1 0 0 ÷ ç -1 1 0 0÷
| B3 |= 0 d 0 = a 2 df Inverse of ç =
ç1 1 1 0 ÷ ç 0 -1 1 0÷
f g 0 ç ÷ ç ÷
è1 1 1 1 ø è 0 0 -1 1ø
Since if adf ¹ 0 then |B2| = | B3| ¹ 0. Hence no solution exists.

Example – 40 –1 –1 æ 1 0 öæ 1 1 ö æ 1 0 ö æ 0 1 ö
since C BA = ç ÷ç ÷ç ÷=ç ÷
è -1 1 øè 1 1ø è -1 1 ø è 0 0 ø

æA 0 ö æ A -1 0 ö
Prove that the inverse of ç ÷ is ç -1 -1 -1 ÷
è B Cø è - C BA C ø
where A, C are non-singular matrix and hence find the

æ1 0 0 0ö
ç ÷
ç1 1 0 0÷
inverse of ç1 1 1 0÷
ç ÷
è1 1 1 1ø
Teacher’s Note:

'Obvious' is the most dangerous word in mathematics. It is music

of the Reason.

"Samajh ayega to mazaa ayega,

Mazaa ayega to samajh ayega".

Pulkit Sir loves teaching Mathematics, he has been a

pioneer in producing Top Ranks in JEE and Olympiads.
He has personally taught and mentored AIR 1,6,7
(JEE ADVANCED), and thousands of more students who
have successfully cleared these competitive exams
in the last few years.
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 38

EXERCISE - 1 : BASIC OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

3
Determinants 6. If , & are the roots of the equation x  + px + q = 0 then
the value of the determinant

18 40 89
  
1.   40 89 198  is equal to
   
89 198 440
  
(a) 1 (b) – 1
(a) p (b) q
(c) zero (d)  2 2
(c) p  – 2q (d) none
2
1  
2. The value of   2
 1 , being a cube root of unity, is 2 1 0 2 2 0
2 1  7. If  P  3 1 2 , then 9 6 6  is equal to
5 2 3 5 4 3
(a) 0 (b) 1
(a) 2P (b) 3P
(c)  2 (d)  
(c) 5P (d) 6P
3. If a + b + c = 0, one root of :
8. Given a, b, c are in A.P. Then determinant
ax c b
c bx a  0  is x 1 x  2 x  a
b a cx x  2 x  3 x  b  in its simplied form is :
x 3 x 4 x c
(a) x = 1 (b) x = 2
(c) x = a2 + b2 + c2 (d) x = 0 (a) x3 + 3ax + 7c (b) 0
(c) 15 (d) 10x2 + 5x + 2c
0 pq ab
4.   qp 0 x  y  is equal to 11 12 13
ba yx 0 9. 12 13 14  is equal to
13 14 15
(a) 0 (b) a + b
(c) x + y (d) p + q (a) 1 (b) 0
(c) –1 (d) 67
b1  c1 c1  a1 a1  b1
5. The determinant  b  c c2  a 2 a 2  b2  10. If every element of a third order determinant of value  is
2 2
multiplied by 5, then the value of new determinant is
b 3  c3 c3  a 3 a 3  b3
(a)  (b) 5 

a1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1 (c) 25  (d) 125 
(a)  a 2 b2 c2 (b) 2 a 2 b2 c2 11. 2
If A  – A + I = 0, then the inverse of A is
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3 (a) A (b) A + I
(c) I – A (d) A – I
a1 b1 c1
(c) 3 a 2 b2 c2 (d) none of these
a3 b3 c3
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 39
16. A matrix A = [ai j] of order 2 × 3 whose elements are such that
1 0 1 0
12. If A  =    and I  0 1 , then  which  one  of  the ai j = i + j is -
1 1   
following  holds  for  all  n    1,  by  the  principle  of 2 3 4 2 3 4
(a)    (b)   
mathematical induction ? 3 4 5 5 4 3
(a) An = 2n–1 A – (n – 1) I
2 3 4
(b) An = nA – (n – 1) I (c)    (d) none of these
n n–1 5 5 3
(c) A  = 2  A + (n – 1) I
(d) An = nA + (n – 1) I 17. In the following, singular matrix is -

 2 3 3 2
(a)   1 3 (b)   2 3 
r 2r  1 3r  2    
13. If  n   then  the
n 1 a , 1 2  2 6 
2 (c)    (d)   
1 1 1 0   4 12 
n  n  1  n  12  n  1 3n  4 
2 2
7 4 1 2 
18. If A + B =   and A  B     then the value of A
A
n 1 8 9  0 3
value of   r : is-
r 1

(a)  depends only on a  3 1 4 3
(a)    (b)   
(b) depends only on n  4 3 4 6
(c) depends both on a and n
(d) is independent of both a and n. 6 2  7 6 
(c)    (d)   
8 6  8 6 
Types of Matrices and Algebra of Matrices

14. If  X  and  Y  two  matrices  are  such  that 2 3 1   x 

19. If [1 x 2]   0 4 2  1   = O, then the value of x is
 3 2 1 2     
XY    and X  Y     then Y is given by  0 3 2  1
 1 0  3 4 
(a) –1 (b) 0
2 0  1 2 
(a)   1 2  (b)   3 4  (c) 1 (d) 2
   
1 2   x   5 
20. If        then
 1 2  2 1   y  4
(c)    (d) None of these
2 2
(a) x = 2, y = 1 (b) x = 1, y = 2
(c) x = 3, y = 2 (d) x = 2, y = 3
1 3 2 
15. If A   2 k 5   is a singular matrix, then k is equal to  1 2 
21. If A =   A2 is -
  then element a21 of A
 4 2 1   3  4 

(a) –1 (b) 8 (a) 22 (b) –15

(c) 4 (d) –8 (c) –10 (d) 7
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 40

 cos  sin    p q  r s
22. If E       , then value of E () . E () is - 29. If A    , B   s r  then
  sin  cos     q p   

(a) E (0°) (b) E (90°) (a) AB = BA (b) AB  BA

(c) E ( + ) (d) E ( – ) (c) AB = – BA (d) none of these

0 1 1   x  0 1 
30. If A     and a and b are arbitrary constants then
23. The root of the equation   x 1 2 1 0 1   1  O is 0 0 
  
1 1 0  1  (aI + bA)2 =
(a) a2I + abA (b) a2I + 2abA
(a) 1/3 (b) -1/3
(c) a2I+b 2A (d) none of these
(c) 0 (d) 1
24. If A,  B,  C  are  matrices  of  order  1  ×  3,  3  ×  3  and  3  ×  1 Transpose, Symmetric and Skew Symmetric Matrices
respectively, the order of ABC will be -
(a) 3 × 3 (b) 1 × 3 1 2  3 4 
31. If  A    and B   T
  then (AB)  equals -
 3 0  1 6 
(c) 1 × 1 (d) 3 × 1
25. If A and B are 3 × 3 matrices, then AB = O implies :
5 16  5 9
(a) A = O and B = O (a)    (b)   
9 16  16 12 
(b) |A| = 0 and |B| = 0
(c) either |A| = 0 or |B| = 0 5 9
(c)    (d) none of these
(d) A = O or B = O  4 3

0 1   2 1 4 1 
26. If A =   A4 =
 , the A T T
1 0 
32. If A    and B     then B A  is equal to –
 7 4  7 2 

1 0  1 1  1 0  1 1
(a)  0 1  (b)  0 0  (a)    (b)  
    0 1  1 1

0 0  0 1  0 1  1 0 
(c)  1 1  (d)  1 0  (c)    (d)   
    1 0  0 0

 1 7 
a h g  x  33. If A    , then skew–symmetric part of A is –
     2 3
27. The order of [x    y    z]  h b f     y   is
g f c   z   1 9 / 2   0 5 / 2 
(a)   9 / 2 3  (b)  5 / 2 0 
(a) 3 × 1 (b) 1 × 1   

(c) 1 × 3 (d) 3 × 3  1 9 / 2   0 5 / 2
(c)   (d)  
28. If A = [aij] is a square matrix of order n × n and k is a scalar, 9 / 2 3   5 / 2 0 

then | kA | =
(a) kn | A | (b) k | A | 0 5 7 
(c) kn–1 | A | (d) none of these 34. Matrix  5 0 11  is a 

 7 11 0 

(a) diagonal matrix (b) upper triangular matrix
(c)  skew–symmetric matrix (d) symmetric matrix
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 41
35. If A and B are square matrices of same order, then which of
the following is skew–symmetric – 1 2 3 
40. If A   0 3 1  , then A (adj A) equals -
A  AT A T  BT  2 1 2 
(a)  (b) 
2 2

AT - BT B - BT 9 0 0 9 0 0
(c)  (d)   
2 2 (a)  0 9 0 (b)   0 9 0
 
0 0 9 0 0 9
36. If A is symmetric as well as skew symmetric matrix, then -
(a) A is a diagonal matrix (b) A is a null matrix
(c) A is a unit matrix (d) A is a triangular matrix 0 0 9
 
37. If A =  [  aij]  is  a  skew-symmetric  matrix  of  order  n,  then (c)  0 9 0 (d) none of these
aii = 9 0 0

(a) 0 for some i (b) 0 for all i = 1, 2, ...... n 41. If A  and  B  are  invertible  matrices  of  the  order  n,  then
(c) 1 for some i (d) 1 for all i = 1, 2, ......, n. (AB)–1 is equal to
(a) AB–1 (b) A–1B
1 2  3 4 
38. If A    ; B   then which of the following (c) B–1A–1 (d) A–1B–1
3 0  1 6 
statements is true - 2 3 
42. If  A   A–1 is equal to
 , then 19 A
(a) AB = BA 2
(b) A  = B  5 2 

T 5 9 (a) A’ (b) 2A
(c)   AB     (d) none of these
16 12  1
(c)  A (d) A
2
Adjoint and Inverse of Matrix
43. If A is an invertible matrix of order n, then the determinant of
Adj. A =
1 3 5
(a) |A|n (b) |A|n + 1
39. If A  3 5 1  , then adj. A is equal to -
5 1 3 (c) |A|n–1 (d) |A|n + 2

1
  6 5
 14 4 22  44.  7 6 =
 14 4 22  
   4 22 14
(a)   4 22 14  (b)  
 22 14 4   22 14 4    6 5  6  5
(a)    (b)   
  7 6  7 6 
 14 4 22
 4 22 14 6 5  6  5 
(c)    (d) none of these (c)  7 6 (d)  7  6
   
 22 14 4 

 2 3
45. Inverse matrix of     is -
 4 2 

1  2 3 1  2 4
(a)    (b)   
8  4 2  8  3 2 

1 2 3 2 3
(c)   4 2  (d)   4 2 
8   
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 42

0 1 1 2 3 
 0 1 2   –1 50. If A   5 0 4  then adj A is equal to -
46. If A    , B  1 0  and M = AB, then M  is
 2 2 0  1 1   2 6 7 
 

equal to –  24 4 8   24 4 8 

 4 2   4
(a)   1 (b)   1 11 
 2 2   1/ 3 1/ 3 
(a)    (b)     8 11 11  30 2 10
2 1   1/ 3 1/ 6 

 1/ 3 1/ 3  24 4 8 
1/ 3 1/ 3
(c)    (d)    (c)  27 1 11 
 (d) none of these
1/ 3 1/ 6   1/ 3 1/ 6   
 30 2 10
1
 1  tan  / 2   1 tan  / 2 
47.  tan  / 2    is equal to 1 0 
 1    tan  / 2 1  51. If A   A–n is equal to -
  then A
1 1 

 sin   cos    cos  sin   1 0 1 0

(a)    (b)    (a)   n 1  (b)    n 1
cos  sin     sin  cos      

cos   sin    1 0
(c)   sin  cos   (d) none of these (c)    n 1  (d) none of these
   

1 2  1 0 System of Linear Equations

48. If A    , B    and  X  is  a  matrix  such  that
3 5 0 2 
52. With the help of matrices, the solution of the equations
A = BX, then X equals -
3x + y + 2z = 3, 2x – 3y – z = – 3, x + 2y + z = 4 is given by
1  2 4  1 2 4 
(a)    (b)   (a) x = 1, y = 2, z = – 1 (b) x = – 1, y = 2 z = 1
2  3 5  2  3 5
(c) x = 1, y = – 2, z = – 1 (d) x = – 1, y = – 2, z = 1
2 4  53. The system of linear equations x + y +z = 2, 2x + y – z = 3,
(c)    (d) none of these
 3 5  3x + 2y + kz = 4 has a unique solution if

(a) k  0 (b) –1 < k < 1
  1 4 
(b) –2 < k < 2 (d) k = 0
49. Matrix  3 0 1   is not invertible if -
 1 1 2 54. If the system of equations x + y + z = 6, x + 2y + 3z = 10 and
x + 2y + z =  has no solution, then the values of and are
(a)  = – 15 (b)  = – 17
(a)  = 3,  = 10 (b)  = 3,   10
(c)  = – 16 (d)  = – 18
(c)   3,  = 10 (d)   3,   10
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 43
55. Consider the system of equations a 1x + b 1y + c1z = 0, 59. The  number  of  values  of  k,  for  which  the  system  of
a2x + b2y + c2z = 0, a3x + b3y + c3z = 0 if equations
(k + 1) x + 8y = 4k
a1 b1 c1 kx + (k + 3) y = 3k – 1
a2 b2 c 2  = 0, then the system has has no solution, is
a3 b3 c3 (a) infinite (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) 3
(a) more than two solutions
60. If a, b, c are non-zero real numbers and if the system of
(b) only non trivial solutions equations
(c) no solution (a - 1) x = y + z,
(d) only trivial solution (0, 0,0). (b - 1) y = z + x,
56. Solution of (c  -1)z = x + y,

x + 3y – 2z = 0 has a non-trivial soltuion, then ab + bc + ca equals:
(a) a + b + c (b) abc
2x – y + 4z = 0
(c) 1 (d) -1
x – 11y + 14z = 0 is
Numerical Value Type Questions
x y z x y z
(a)     (b)    
8 10 7 10 8 7
109 102 95
61. 6 13 20  is equal to
x y z
(c)     (d) None of these 1 6 13
7 8 10

57. Consider the system of linear equations 62. If  f(x)  =  tan  x  and A,  B,  C  are  the  angles  of      then

x1 + 2x2 +x3 = 3 f ( A) f ( / 4) f ( / 4)
2x1 + 3x2 + x3 = 3 f ( / 4) f ( B) f ( / 4) is equal to
3x1 + 5x2 + 2x3 = 1 f ( / 4) f ( / 4) f (C )
The system has
1 1
(a) Infinite number of solutions 63. If A =  1 1 and det (An – I) = 1 – n, nN, then  is equal
 
(b) Exactly 3 solutions to
(c) A unique solution 64. If    (  1)  is  a  cube  root  of  unity,  then
(d) No solution
1 1  i  2 2
58. If the trivial solution is the only solution of the system of
1 i 1 2  1 
equations
 i  i   1 1
x – ky + z = 0
kx + 3y – kz = 0
cos 2  cos  sin   sin 
3x + y – z = 0

65. Let f (  )   cos  sin  sin 2  cos  then f   
Then, the set of all values of k is 6
sin   cos  0
(a) {2, –3} (b) R – {2, –3}
(c) R – {2} (d) R – {–3}
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 44

3x x 1 x 1  3 0 3  x   8   2 y 
3  2 
66. If ax + bx + cx + d   x  3 2 x x2 70. If   2 1 0   y    1    z  , then find the value  of
x3 x4 5x  4 0 2  z   4   3 y 

be  an  identity  in  x,  where  a,  b,  c  are  constants,  then  the y z
value of –d is x 
2 3
67. If l, m, n are the pth, qth and rth term of a G.P. all positive, then
71. If  p  and  q  are  real  so  that  the  system  of  equations
log  p 1 px + 4y + z= 0, 2y + 3z = 1 and 3x – qz = –2 has infinite
log m q 1 solutions then  q 2 – p 2  is equal to -
equals
log n r 1
72. The system of equations x + y + z = 1, x + y + z =  and
x + y + z = have no solution. Then the value of 4 is
yz x x 73. The system of equations kx + y + z = 1, x + ky + z = k and
2
68. If  y zx y  k  xyz  ,  then k is equal to x + y + kz = k  have no solution if –k equals
z z xy 74. Let a, b, c be any real numbers. Suppose that there are real
numbers  x,  y,  z  not  all  zero  such  that  x  =  cy  +  bz,
y = az + cx and z = bx + ay. Then a2 + b2 + c2 + 2abc is equal to
 2 1
69. If  A =   A2 – 4A – nI = 0, then –n is equal to -
  and A 75. The number of values of k for which the linear equations
 1 2  4x + ky + 2z =0, kx + 4y + z = 0 and 2x + 2y + z = 0 posses a
non-zero solution is
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 45

EXERCISE - 2 : PREVIOUS YEAR JEE MAIN QUESTIONS

1. The set of all values of  for which the system of linear
 5a b 
equations: (2015) 6. If  A   T
  and A adj A = AA , then 5a + b is equal
3 2
2x1 – 2x2 + x3 = x1
to:
2x1 – 3x2 + 2x3 = x2
(2016)
–x1 + 2x2 = x3
(a) 5 (b) 4
has a non-trivial solution,
(c) 13 (d) –1
(a) contains two elements
(b) contains more than two elements.
 3 1 
(c) is an empty set.   1 1
If   P  
2 2  T T
7. , A   and Q = PAP , then P
(d) is a singleton.  1 3 0 1
 
 2 2 
0 1
2. If  A=   ,  then  which  one  of  the  following
1 0  Q2015 P is (2016/Online Set–1)
statements is not correct ? (2015/Online Set–1)
0 2015  2015 1 
3
(a) A  – I = A(A – I) (b) A  + I = A(A3 – I)
3 (a)  0 0  (b)   0 2015 
  
(c) A2 + I = A(A2 – I) (d) A4 – I = A2 + I
3. The  least  value  of  the  product  xyz  for  which  the  2015 0  1 2015
(c)   1 2015  (d)  0 1 
  
x 1 1
1 y 1 8. The  number  of  distinct  real  roots  of  the  equation,
determinant  is non-negative is:
1 1 z
cos x sin x sin x
  
(2015/Online Set–1) sin x cos x sin x  0  in the intervals    4 , 4   is:
 
(a) – 8 (b) –1 sin x sin x cos x

(c) –2 2 (d) –16 2 (2016/Online Set–1)

4. If A is a 3 × 3 matrix such that |5. Adj A| = 5, then |A| is equal (a) 4 (b) 3

to : (2015/Online Set–2) (c) 2 (d) 1
1 1 9. Let A be a 3 × 3 matrix such that  A 2 -5A+7I=O.
(a)    (b)  
5 25
1
(c) ±1 (d) ±5 Statement – I : A -1 = (5I-A).
7
5. The system of linear equations (2016)
x  y – z  0 Statement – II : The Polynomial  A 3 -2A 2 -3A+I  can be
x – y – z  0 reduced to 5 (A – 4I). Then : (2016/Online Set–2)

x  y – z  0 (a) Statement-I is true, but Statement-II is false.
(b) Statement-I is false, but Statement-II is true.
has a non-trivial solution for :
(c) Both the statements are true.
(a) exactly one value of  .
(d) Both the statements are false.
(b) exactly two values of  .
(c) exactly three values of  .
(d) infinitely many values of  .
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 46

 4 4   2 3
10. If  A    ,   then  the  determinant  of  the  matrix 15. If  A   2
 ,  then adj (3A  + 12A) is equal to:
3 1  4 1 

(A2016  2A 2015  A 2014 )  is : (2017)

(2016/Online Set–2)  72 84   51 63

(a)    (b)   
(a) 2014 (b) –175  63 51  84 72 
(c) 2016 (d) –25
11. If S is the set of distinct values of ‘b’ for which the following  51 84   72 63
(c)  63 72  (d)   84 51 
system of linear equations (2017)    
x + y + z = 1
16. For two 3 × 3  matrices A and B, let A + B =  2B  and
x + ay + z = 1 3A + 2B = I3, where  B  is the transpose of B and I3 is
ax + by + z = 0 3 × 3 identity matrix. Then : (2017)
has no solution, then S is : (a) 5A + 10B = 2I3 (b) 10A + 5B = 3I3
(a) an empty set (c) B + 2A = I3 (d) 3A + 6B = 2I3
(b) an infinite set 17. The number of real values of  for which the system of
(c) a finite set containing two or more elements linear equations
(d) a singleton 2x + 4y – z = 0
12. Let  be a complex number such that 2 + 1= z where 4x + y + 2z = 0
x + 2y + 2z = 0
z  3.  If (2017)
has infinitely many solutions, is        (2017/Online Set–1)
1 1 1 (a) 0 (b) 1
1 2  1 2  3k,  then k is equal to: (c) 2 (d) 3
1 2 7 18. If the system of linear equations

(a) –z (b) z x  ky  3z  0
(c) –1 (d) 1
3x  ky  2z  0
13. Let A be any 3×3 invertible matrix. Then which one of the
following is not always true ? (2017) 2x  4y  3z  0
(a) adj A) = |A|. A–1
xz
(b) adj (adjA))= |A|. A has a non-zero solution (x, y, z), then   is equal to :
y2
2 –1
(c) adj (adjA)) = |A| . (adj(A))
(2018)
(d) adj (adj(A)) = |A|. (adj(A))–1
(a) 30 (b) -10
(c) 10 (d) -30
 0 cos x  sin x 
 
14. If  S   x   0, 2: sin x 0 cos x  0  ,  then
x  4 2x 2x
 cos x sin x 0  2
  19. If  2x x  4 2x   A  Bx  x  A  ,   then  the
2x 2x x4
 

xS
tan   x   is equal to :
 3 
(2017) ordered pair (A, B) is equal to : (2018)
(a) (4, 5) (b) (-4, -5)
(a)  4  2 3 (b)  2  3
(c) (-4, 3) (d) (-4, 5)
(c)  2  3 (d)  4  2 3
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 47

1 2 
20. Let A be matrix such that  A    is a scalar matrix and 1 0 0 
0 3   
25. Let  A = 1 1 0  and  B  = A
A20.  Then  the  sum  of  the
|3A| = 108. Then A2 equals : (2018/Online Set–1) 1 1 1 

 4 32  36 0 
(a)  0 36  (b)   32 4  elements of the first column of B is :
   
(2018/Online Set–3)
 4 0 36 32  (a) 210 (b) 211
(c)   32 36  (d)   0 4 
    (c) 231 (d) 251
26. The number of values of k for which the system of linear
cos x x 1 equations,
f ' x
21. If  f  x  = 2 sin x x 2 2 x , then  lim
x 0 x (k+2) x + 10 y = k
tan x x 1
kx + (k+3) y = k–1
(2018/Online Set–1) has no solution, is : (2018/Online Set–3)
(a) does not exist (a) 1 (b) 2
(b) exists and is equal to 2
(c) 3 (d) infinitely many
(c) exists and is equal to 0
27. The greatest value of  c  R for which the system of linear
(d) exists and is equal to -2
equations
22. Let S be the set of all real values of k for which the system
of linear equations x-cy-cz = 0
x + y + z = 2
cx-y+cz=0
2x + y – z = 3
3x + 2 y + k z = 4 cx+cy-z=0
has a unique solution. Then S is :
has a non-trivial solution, is : (2019-04-08/Shift-1)
(2018/Online Set–1)
(a) an empty set (b) equal to {0} 1
(a)  -1 (b) 
2
(c) equal to R (d) equal to R -{0}
23. Suppose  A  is  any  3×3  non-singular  matrix  and (c)  2 (d)  0
(A - 3I) (A -5I) = O, where I = I3 and O = O3.
28. Let  the  numbers  2,  b,  c  be  in  an  A.P.  and
If   A +  A-1 = 4 I , then   +   is equal to :
(2018/Online Set–2) 1 1 1
2 b c  .
(a) 8 (b) 7 A =     If det(A)  [2, 16], then c lies in the
 4 b 2 c 2 
(c) 13 (d) 12
24. If the system of linear equations interval : (2019-04-08/Shift-2)
x + ay + z = 3
(a)  [2, 3) (b)  (2 + 23/4 , 4)
x + 2y + 2z = 6
x + 5y + 3z = b (c)  [4, 6] (d)  [3, 2 + 23/4 ]
has no solution, then : (2018/Online Set–2)

(a) a = -1, b = 9 (b)  a = - 1, b  9

(c)  a  - 1, b  9 (d)  a =1, b  9

DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 48
29. If the system of linear equations
x sin  cos 
x  2 y  kz  1 33. If  1   sin  x 1  and
cos  1 x
2x  y  z  2

3x  y  kz  3 x sin 2 cos 2
  2   sin 2 x 1 ,x0
has  a  solution  (x, y, z), z    0,   then  (x, y)   lies  on  the
cos 2 1 x
straight line whose equation is : (2019-04-08/Shift-2)
(a)  3x  4 y  1  0 (b)  4 x  3 y  4  0  
then for all  1     0,  : (2019-04-10/Shift-1)
(c)  4 x  3 y  1  0 (d)  3x  4 y  4  0  2

(a)  1   2  2x3
1 1 1 2  1 3 1 n  1 1 78
30. If  0 1· 0 1 · 0 1   0 
1  0 1  then (b)  1   2  x(cos 2  cos 4 )
    

1 n 
the inverse of     is (2019-04-09/Shift-1)
3

(c)  1   2  2 x  x  1 
0 1 
(d)  1   2  2x3
 1 0 1 13 34. Let   be  a real  number for  which the  system  of  linear
(a)  12 1  (b)  0 1  equations:
   
x yz 6
1 12   1 0
(c)  0 1  (d)  13 1  4x   y   z    2
   
3x  2 y  4 z  5
 0 2y 1  has  infinitely  many  solutions.  Then    is  a  root  of  the

The total number of matrics A  2 x
 quadratic equation: (2019-04-10/Shift-2)
31.
 y 1
 2x  y 1  (a)   2  3  4  0 (b)   2  3  4  0
 
(c)   2    6  0 (d)   2    6  0
( x, y  R, x  y ) for which  AT A  3I3  is: 35. The  sum  of  the  real  roots  of  the  equation

(2019-04-09/Shift-2) x 6 1
(a)  2 (b)  3 2 3 x x  3  0 , is equal to: (2019-04-10/Shift-2)
3 2x x2
(c)  6 (d)  4
32. If the system of equations  2x + 3y - z = 0, x + ky - 2z = 0 and (a)  6 (b)  0
2x  -  y  +  z  =  0  has  a  non-trivial  solution  (x,y,z),  then (c) 1 (d)  -4
x y z 36. If  A is a symmetric matrix and B is a skew-symmetric
   k is equal to (2019-04-09/Shift-2)
y z x 2 3 
matrix such that  A+B=   , then AB is equal to :
 5 -1
3 1
(a)  (b)  (2019-04-12/Shift-1)
4 2
 4 1  4 2 
1 (a)   1 4  (b)   1 4 
(c)   (d) -4    
4
 4 2   4 2 
(c)  1 4  (d)   1 4 
   
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 49
41. If the system of linear equations
5 2 1
If   B   0 x - 4y + 7z = g
37.
 2 1  is the inverse of a 3 x 3 matrix A,
 3 1 3y - 5z = h
then the sum of all values of  for which det (A) + 1 = 0 , -2x + 5y-9z = k
is (2019-04-12/Shift-1)
(a)  0 (b) 1 is consistent, then : (2019-01-09/Shift-2)
(c) 1 (d)  2 (a) g + 2h + k = 0 (b)  g + h + 2k = 0

38.
 
A value of     0,  , for which (c)  2g + h + k = 0 (d)  g + h + k = 0
 3
 et e t cos t e t sin t 
1  cos 2  sin 2  4 cos 6  
cos 2  1  sin 2  4 cos 6  = 0 is _____. 42. If  A  et e t cos t  et sin t e t sin t  e t cos t 
 t 
cos 2  2
sin  1  4 cos 6 e 2et sin t 2et cos t 

(2019-04-12/Shift-2) then A is: (2019-01-09/Shift-2)

  (a) invertible for all  t  R
(a)  (b) 
9 18 (b) invertible only if  t  π
7 7 (c) not invertible for any  t  R
(c)  (d) 
24 36
39. The system of linear equations

(d) invertible only if  t=
2
x+ y + z = 2
43. If the system of equations
2x + 3y + 2z = 5
x yz 5
2x + 3y + (a 2  – l)z = a + 1 (2019-01-09/Shift-1)
(a) is inconsistent when  a = 4 x  2 y  3z  9

(b) has a unique solution for  | a | 3 x  3y   z  

(c) has infinitely many solutions for  a = 4 has infinitely many solutions, then      equals:

(d) is inconsistent when  | a | 3 (2019-01-10/Shift-1)

cos   sin    44. The number of values of    (0,  )  for which the system

40. If  A   sin  A-50 when  
cos   , then the matrix A
 12 of linear equations
is equal to (2019-01-09/Shift-1) x  3y  7z  0

 1 3  3 1 x  4 y  7z  0
     
 2 2   2 2
(sin 3 ) x  (cos 2 ) y  2 z  0  has a non-trivial solution,
(a)   3 1  (b)   1 3
    is (2019-01-10/Shift-2)
 2 2   2 2 
(a) three (b) two
(c) four (d) one
 3 1   1 3
   
 2 2   2 2 
(c)   1 3 (d)   3 1 
   
 2 2   2 2 
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 50
49. Let A and B be two invertible matrices of order  3  3 . If
2 b 1
 2  det(ABA T ) = 8  and det(AB–1)= 8 then  det (BA-1  BT )  is
45. Let  A =  b b +1 b   where  b > 0 . Then the minimum
1 b 2  equal to : (2019-01-11/Shift-2)

1
det  A (a)  (b) 1
4
value of   is: (2019-01-10/Shift-2)
b
1
(a)  2 3 (b)  2 3 (c)  (d) 16
16

(c)   3 (d)  3 50. An ordered pair  ()  for  which the  system  of linear

equations
46. Let  a1 , a2 , a3 , , a10   be  in  G.P.  with  ai  0 for
1    x   y  z  2,
i  1, 2,  ,10  and  S  be the set of pairs (r, k), r, k  N (the
set of natural numbers) for which  x  1    y  z  3,

log e a1r a2 k log e a2 r a3k log e a3r a4 k  x   y  2z  2

r k r k r k
log e a4 a5 log e a5 a6 log e a6 a7 0  has a unique solution, is: (2019-01-12/Shift-1)
r k r k r k
log e a7 a8 log e a8 a9 log e a9 a10 (a)  (2, 4) (b)  (3,1)

Then the number of elements in  S , is : (c)  (4, 2) (d)  (1, 3)

(2019-01-10/Shift-2)
 1 sin  1 
(a) 4 (b) infinitely many
A    sin  1 sin  
51. If  ;  then  for  all
(c)  2 (d) 10  1  sin  1 
47. If the system of linear equations
2x + 2y + 3z = a  3 5 
  ,  , det(A)  lies in the interval :
 4 4 
3x -y + 5z = b
(2019-01-12/Shift-2)
x-3y+ 2z = c
 5 5 
(a)  1,  (b)   , 4 
where,  a, b, c  are non-zero real numbers, has more than  2 2 
one solution, then : (2019-01-11/Shift-1)
(a) b – c + a = 0 (b) b – c – a = 0  3 3 
(c)   0,  (d)   ,3
 2 2 
(c) a + b + c = 0 (d) b + c – a = 0
52. The set of all values of  for which the system of linear
a bc 2a 2a equations
48. If  2b bca 2b x  2 y  2z   x
2c 2c cab x  2y  z   y
x  y   z
 (a  b  c)( x  a  b  c)2 , x  0 and  a  b  c  0 ,
 has a non-trivial solution : (2019-01-12/Shift-2)
then x is equal to : (2019-01-11/Shift-2)
(a) is a singleton
(a) abc (b)  (a  b  c) (b) contains exactly two elements
(c)  2( a  b  c) (d)  2( a  b  c ) (c) is an empty set
(d) contains more than two elements
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 51

53. Let A be a 2 × 2 real matrix with entries from  0,1  and x2 2x  3 3x  4

3 2
| A |  0 . Consider the following two statements : 57. If    2 x  3 3 x  4 4 x  5  Ax  Bx  Cx  D,
3x  5 5 x  8 10 x  17
(P) If  A  I 2 , then  | A |  1

(Q) If  | A |  1, then  tr ( A)  2, then  B + C  is equal to : (2020-09-03/Shift-1)

Where I2  denotes 2 × 2 identity matrix and tr (A) denotes (a) 1 (b) –1

the sum of the diagonal entries  of A. Then : (c) –3 (d) 9
(2020-09-02/Shift-1)
 x 1 4
(a) Both (P) and (Q) are false 58. Let A    , x  R  and  A   aij  . If  a11  109,  then
1 0
(b) (P) is true and (Q) is false
(c) Both (P) and (Q) are true a 22  is equal to ……… . (2020-09-03/Shift-1)
(d) (P) is false and (Q) is true
 2 1 1 
54. Let  S  be the set of all   R for which the system of linear  
equations 59. Let A be a  3  3  matrix such that   adj A   1 0 2   
 1 2 1
2x  y  2z  2

x  2 y   z  4 T
and B  adj (adjA) . If  | A |   and  B1   μ  then the
xy z  4
ordered pair,  (|  |, )  is equal to : (2020-09-03/Shift-2)
has no solution. Then the set  S (2020-09-02/Shift-1)
(a) is an empty set.  1  1
(a)   9,  (b)   9, 
(b) is a singleton.  81   9
(c) contains more than two elements.
 1
(d) contains exactly two elements. (c)   3,  (d)  (3,81)
 81 
Let  A= X=(x,y,z) :PX=0   and  x 2 +y 2 +z 2 =1} ,  where
T
55.
60. Let  S  be the set of all integer solutions,  (x, y, z) , of the
1 2 1 system  of  equations
P  2 3 4  , then the set A : (2020-09-02/Shift-2) x  2 y  5z  0
 1 9 1
2 x  4 y  z  0
(a) contains more than two elements
(b) is a singleton. 7 x  14 y  9 z  0
(c) contains exactly two elements
such  that  15  x 2  y 2  z 2  150.  Then,  the  number  of
(d) is an empty set.
elements in the set S is equal to ……..
56. Let  a,  b,  c   R be  all  non-zero  and  satisfy
(2020-09-03/Shift-2)
a b c
   cos  i sin      a b 
3 3 3
a  b  c  2 If  the  matrix  A   b c a  satisfies 61. If A    ,     and  A5   ,
c a b i sin  cos    24  c d 
 

A T A = I , then a value of abc can be : where  i  1  then  which one  of  the  following  is  not
(2020-09-02/Shift-2) true ? (2020-09-04/Shift-1)
2 2 2
(a)  a  d  0 (b)  a 2  c 2  1
(a)  (b) 3
3
2 2 1
1 (c) 0  a 2  b 2  1 (d)  a  b 
(c) a – b (d)  2
3
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 52
62. If the system of equations 65. If the minimum and the maximum values of the function

x  2 y  3z  9 π π 
f :  ,   R , defined by
4 2
2x  y  z  b

x  7 y  az  24
 sin 2 θ 1  sin 2 θ 1
has infinitely many solutions, then  a  b  is equal to…… f (θ )   cos 2 θ 1  cos 2 θ 1
(2020-09-04/Shift-1) 12 10 2

63. Suppose the vectors x1, x2 and x3 are the solutions of the
system of linear equations, Ax = b when the vector b on
are m and M respectively, then the ordered pair  (m,M)  is
the right side is equal to b1, b2 and b3 respectivly.
equal to:

1 0  0  (2020-09-05/Shift-1)
x1  1 , x 2   2  , x 3  0  ,
   
(a)  (0,4) (b)  (-4,0)
1 1  1 
(c)  (-4,4) (d)  (0,2 2)

1  0  0  66. Let     R .The system of linear equations

b1  0  , b2   2   and b3   0  ,
2 x1  4 x2  λx3  1
 0 0   2 
x1  6 x2  x3  2
If then the determinant of A is equal to:
(2020-09-04/Shift-2) λx1  10 x2  4 x3  3

is inconsistent for: (2020-09-05/Shift-1)
(a)  2 (b) 
1
2    (a) exactly two values of  

(b) exactly one negative value of  
3
(c)  (d)  4
2 (c) every value of  
64. If the system of equations
(d) exactly one positive value of  
x yz  2
67. a  x  b  y  c  z  1 , where  a,b,c,x,y,z  are non-zero
2x  4 y  z  6
x a y xa
3x  2 y  λz  μ
distinct real numbers, then y b  y y  b is equal to:
has infinitely many solutions, then z c y zc
(2020-09-04/Shift-2)
(2020-09-05/Shift-2)
(a)  λ  2 μ  5 (b)  2 λ  μ  14
(a)  y(a-b) (b)  0
(c) λ  2 μ  14 (d)  2 λ  μ  5
(c)  y(b-a) (d)  y(a-c)
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 53
68. If the system of linear equations 72. The sum of distinct values of  for which the system of
equations
x  y  3z  0
   1 x   3  1 y  2 z  0
x  3y  k 2 z  0
   1 x   4  2  y     3 z  0
3x  y  3z  0

has  a  non-zero  solution  (x,y,z)   for  some  k  R ,then 2 x   3  1 y  3    1 z  0,   has  non-zero  solutions,
is  _________ (2020-09-06/Shift-2)
y
x     is equal to: (2020-09-05/Shift-2)
z 73. Let  α be the root of the equation  x 2  x  1  0  and the

(a) 9 (b)  9 1 1 1
1  2
(c)  3 (d)  3 matrix  A  A31 is equal
1     , then the matrix  A
3 2 
69. The  values  of    and    for  which  the  system  of  linear 1  4
equations
to, (2020-01-07/Shift-1)
x yz  2 2
(a) A (b) A
x  2 y  3z  5 (c) A 3
(d) I3

x  3y   z   74. If the system of linear equations

has infinitely many solutions are, respectively: 2 x  2ay  az  0
(2020-09-06/Shift-1) 2 x  3by  bz  0
(a) 6 and 8 (b) 5 and 8
2 x  4cy  c  0
(c) 5 and 7 (d) 4 and 9
70. Let m and M be respectively the minimum and maximum Where  a, b, c  R   are  non-zero  and  distinct;  has  non-
zero solution, then (2020-01-07/Shift-1)
2 2
cos x 1  sin x sin 2 x (a)  a + b + c = 0 (b) a,b,c are A.P.
2 2
values of  1  cos x sin x sin 2 x
1 1 1
cos2 x sin 2 x 1  sin 2 x (c)  , ,  are in A.P.. (d) a, b, c are in G. P.
a b c

Then the ordered pair (m, M) is equal to: 75. A   aij   and  B  bij   be two 3 × 3 real matrices such

(2020-09-06/Shift-1)
that  bij   3 
i j 2
a ji ,where i, j = 1, 2, 3. If the determi-
(a)  (-3, -1) (b)  (-4, -1)
nant of B is 81, then the determinant of A is :
(c)  (1, 3) (d)  (-3, 3) (2020-01-07/Shift-2)

π  cos  sin   1 1
71. Let  θ   and A   If  B = A + A 4, then (a)  (b) 
5   sin  cos   9 81
det (B): (2020-09-06/Shift-2)
1
(a) is one (b) lies in (1, 2) (c)  (d)  3
3
(c) lies in (2, 3) (d) is zero
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 54
76. If system of linear equations 81. If for some  and in R, the intersection of the following
three  planes
x yz 6
x  4 y  2z  1
x  2 y  3z  10
x  7 y  5z  
3x  2 y   z  
x  5y  z  5
has  more  than  two  solutions,  then    2 is  equal  to
is a line in R3, then     is equal to:
________. (2020-01-07/Shift-2)
(2020-01-09/Shift-1)
77. For  which  of  the  following  ordered  pairs  ,   ,  the
(a) 0 (b) 10
system of linear equations
(c) –10 (d) 2
x  2 y  3z  1
1 1 2 
3x  4 y  5 z  
82. If the matrices A  1 3 4  ,  B  adj A  and  C  3 A ,
 
4x  4 y  4z   1 1 3 

is  inconsistent? (2020-01-08/Shift-1)

adj B
(a) (4, 6) (b) (3, 4) then is equal to: (2020-01-09/Shift-1)
C
(c) (1, 0) (d) (4, 3)
78. The number of all 3×3 matrices A, with entries from the (a) 16 (b) 2

set  {-1, 0, 1}  such that the sum of the diagonal elements (c) 8 (d) 72

of (AAT) is 3, is_____. (2020-01-08/Shift-1)
xa x2 x 1
 2 2 1 0  83. Let  a  2b  c  1 . If f  x   x  b x  3 x  2 , then:
-1
79. If A     and  I    , then 10A  is equal to:
9 4 0 1  xc x4 x3

(2020-01-08/Shift-2) (2020-01-09/Shift-2)
(a) 6I  A (b)  A  6 I (a)  f (50)  501 (b)  f (50)  10
(c)  4I  A (d)  A  4 I
(c)  f (50)  1 (d)  f (50)  501
80. The system of linear equations
84. The following system of linear equtions
 x  2 y  2z  5
7 x  6 y  2 z  0,
2 x  3 y  5z  8
3x  4 y  2 z  0,
4 x   y  6 z  10 has: (2020-01-08/Shift-2)
x  2 y  6 z  0 , has (2020-01-09/Shift-2)
(a) no solution when  = 2
(a) infinitely many solutions, (x,y,z) satisfying y=2z
(b) infinitely many solutions when  = 2
(b) infinitely many solutions (x,y,z) satisfying x=2z
(c) no solution when    8
(c) no solution
(d) a unique solution when    8
(d) only the trivial solution
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 55

EXERCISE - 3 : ADVANCED OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

Objective Questions I [Only one correct option]

n 1 5 N
2
1. If A = diag (d1, d2, d3, ........ dn ), then An is equal to 6. If Un =  n 2 N  1 2 N  1 , then  U n is equal to
n3 3N 2 3N  1
n 1
(a) diag  (d1n 1 , d n2 1 , d 3n 1 ,.....d nn 1 )

(b) diag  (d1n , d n2 , d 3n ,...d nn ) N N

2

(c) A
(a)  2  n 1
n (b)  2 n
n 1

(d) none of these
N
2. If f(x), g (x) and h (x) are three polynomials of degree 2, 1 2

then
(c) 
2 n
n 1
(d) 0

f ( x) g( x ) h(x ) a 1 1
(x) =  f ' ( x ) g' ( x ) h ' ( x )  is a polynomial of degree 1 1 1
7. D =  1 b 1  = 0, then the value of     is :
f " ( x ) g" ( x ) h" ( x ) 1 a 1 b 1 c
1 1 c

(a) 2 (b) 3 (a) – 1 (b) 0

(c) 4 (d) none of these (c) 1 (d) none of these
3. If n is not a multiple of 3 and 1, , are the cube roots of
unity,  then x 2  2x  3 7x  2 x4
8. If  2x  7 2  =
x x2 3x
1 n 2n 2
3 2x  1 x  4x  7
2n
 =   1 n  is equal to
n 2 n 1 ax6 + bx5 + cx4 + dx3 + ex2 + fx + g the value of g is
(a) 2
(a) 0 (b) 
(b) 1
(c)  (d) 1
(c) –2
4. If a, b, c > 0 & x, y, z R then the determinant
(d) none of these
9. If a2 + b2 + c2 = –2 and
x 2 x 2
a x
a  a x
a  1
2 2 1  a 2 x (1  b 2 ) x (1  c 2 ) x
b y
 b y  b y
 b y  1 2 2
f (x) =  (1  a ) x 1  b x (1  c ) x
2
2 2
c z
 c z  c z
 cz  1 (1  a 2 ) x (1  b 2 ) x 1  c 2 x

x y z –x –y –z 2x 2y 2z
Then f (x) is a polynomial of degree :
(a) a  b  c (b) a  b  c (c) a  b  c (d) zero
(a) 2 (b) 3
p qy rz (c) 0 (d) 1
p q r
5. If  p  x q r  z  = 0, then the value of     is
x y z
px qy r

(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) 4qpr
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 56

16. The system of equation –2x + y + z = 1,
cos x  sin x 0
x –2y + z = –2, x + y + z = 4 will have no solution if
10. If F (x) =   sin x cos x 0  and
  (a) = – 2 (b)  = – 1
 0 0 1
(c)  = 3 (d) none of these
17. The system of equations x + 2y + 3z = 4, 2x + 3y + 4z = 5,
 cos y 0 sin y  3x + 4y + 5z = 6 has
 0   then [F (x) G (y)]–1 is equal to
G (y) =   0 1
(a) Infinitely many solutions
  sin y 0 cos y 
(b) No solution
(a) F (–x) G (– y) (b) F (x–1) G (y–1) (c) A unique solution
(c) G (–y) F (–x) (d) G (y–1) F (x–1) (d) None of these
11. Which one of the following is correct ? If A is non-singular 18. If m is a positive integer and
matrix, then, :
m
2r  1 Cr 1
1 2
(a) det (A–1) = det (A)  (b) det (A–1) =  r = m  1 2m m 1
det(A )
sin 2 (m 2 ) sin 2 (m) sin 2 (m  1)
(c) det (A–1) = 1 (d) none of these
m
 1 tan x 
12. If A =  
1 
, then the value of |ATA–1| is Then the value of   r  is
 tan x r 0

(a) cos 4x (b) sec2 x (a) 0 (b) m2 – 1

(c) – cos4x (d) 1 (c) 2m (d) 2m sin2 (2m)
13. For what value of x, the matrix
a 2r 216  1
3  x 2 2  19. Let  Dr  =  b 3(4 r ) 2(416  1) ,      then  the  value  of
 2 1   is singular..
 4x c 7(8r ) 4(816  1)
  2  4  1  x 
16
(a) x = 1, 2 (b) x = 0, 2 D
k 1
k  is
(c) x = 0, 1 (d) x = 0, 3.
14. If the system of linear equations (a) 0 (b) a + b + c
x + 2ay + az = 0 (c) ab + bc + ca (d) none of these
x + 3by + bz = 0
a1 b1 c1
x + 4cy + cz = 0
a2 b2 c2
20. Suppose D =   and
has a non-zero solution, then a, b, c : a3 b3 c3
(a) are in AP (b) are in GP
(c) are in HP (d) satisfy a + 2b + 3c = 0
a1  pb1 b1  qc1 c1  ra1
15. The system of equations
 D’ = a 2  pb 2 b 2  qc 2 c 2  ra 2 . Then
x + y + z =  – 1 a 3  pb 3 b 3  qc 3 c 3  ra 3
x + y + z =  – 1
x + y + z =  –1 (a) D’ = D (b) D’ = D (1 – pqr)

has no solution, if  is : (c) D’ = D (1 + p + q + r) (d) D’ = D (1 + pqr)

(a) 1 (b) not – 2
(c) either –2 or 1 (d) –2
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 57

Objective Questions II [One or more than one correct option]

 4 x  2
21. If A =  2 x  3 x  1   is symmetric, then x =
  27. If  f(x)  and  g(x)  are  functions  such  that
(a) 3 (b) 5 f (x + y) = f(x) g(y) + g(x) f (y), then

(c) 2 (d) 4
f( ) g( ) f(   )
f( ) g( ) f(   )
x 3 6 2 x 7 4 5 x   is independent of
f(  ) g(  ) f(   )
22. If  3 6 x =  x 7 2 = 5 x 4 = 0 then x is equal to
6 x 3 7 2 x x 4 5 (a)  (b) 

(a) 9 (b) –9 (c)  (d) 

(c) 0 (d) None of these
1 a a2
23. Let ax7 + bx6 + cx5 + dx4 + ex3 + fx2 + gx + h
28. cos( xz  yz) cos xz cos( xz  yz)  depends on
sin( xz  yz) sin xz sin( xz  yz)
( x  1) ( x 2  2) ( x 2  x )
2 2
=  ( x  x ) ( x  1) ( x  2) . Then (a) x (b) y
( x 2  2) ( x 2  x ) x 1
(c) z (d) a

(a) g = 3 and h = – 5 (b) g = –3 and h = – 5 2 3
29. If x   N and  x Ci , x Ci  and  x Ci , (i = 1, 2, 3) are binomial
(c) g = – 3 and h  – 9 (d) None of these
coefficients, then

p 2  i i 1 x x x
C1 C2 C3
24.  =  2  i q 3  i  is always
x2 x2 x2
1 i 3  i r 12 C1 C2 C 3  is divisible by
x3 x3 x3
C1 C2 C3
(a) real (b) imaginary
(c) zero (d) none of these (a) x3 (b) x6
(c) x9 (d) x12
1 a bc 1 a a 2 30. The digits A, B, C are such that the three digit numbers A
25. If  =  1 b ca =  1 b b 2 . then 88, 6B8,  86C are  divisible by 72, then the determinant
1 c ab 1 c c 2
A 6 8
(a)  = (a – b) (b – c) (c – a) 8 B 6  is divisible by
8 8 C
(b) a, b, c are in G.P.
(c) b, c, a are in G.P. (a) 72 (b) 144
(d) a, c, b are in G.P. (c) 288 (d) 216

 cos 2  cos  sin  

26. If E() =     and  and  differ by a a2 0
cos  sin  sin 2  
31. Let f (a, b) =  1 (2a  b) (a  b) 2 , then
an odd multiple of 2, then E(). E() is a 0 1 (2a  3b)
(a) Null matrix
(b) Unit matrix (a) (a + b) is a factor of f (a, b)
(c) Diagonal matrix (b) (a + 2b) is a factor of f (a, b)
(d) none of these. (c) (2a + b) is a factor of f (a, b)
(d) a is a factor of f (a, b)
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 58

32. a, b, c are non-zero real numbers. Then 37. Let f1 (x) = x + a, f2 (x) = x2 + bx + c and

bc ca ab 1 1 1
ca ab bc  = 0, if  =  f1 ( x1 ) f1 ( x 2 ) f1 ( x 3 ) , then
ab bc ca f 2 ( x1 ) f 2 ( x 2 ) f 2 ( x 3 )

(a)  is independent of a
1 1 1 1 1 1
(a)    0 (b)    0 (b)  is independent of b and c
a b c2 a b2 c
(c)  is independent of x1, x2, x3
1 1 1 (d) none of the above
(c)    0 (d) none of these
a b  2 c
38. Let A  be  a  symmetric  matrix  such  that  A5  =  O  and
B = I + A + A2 + A3 + A4, then B is
1 / x In x xn
dn (a) symmetric (b) singular
33. Let f (x) =  1  1 / n (1) n , then  n  f (x) at x = 1 is
dx (c) non-singular (d) skew symmetric
1 a a2
39. Let 0 <  < /2 and

(a) independent of a (b) independent of n
x tan  cot 
(c) independent of a and n (d) zero  (x, )   tan   x 1
cot  1 x
x2  x x 1 x2
2 then
34. If  2x  3x  1 3x 3x  3  = Ax + B, where A and B
x 2  2x  3 2x  1 2x  1 (a) (0, ) = 0
(b)  (x, /4) = x2 + 1
are  constants,  then
Min  (1, )  2
(c)  0 
(a) A + B = 12 (b) A – B = 36 / 2

(c) A2 + B2 = 720 (d) A + 2B = 0 (d) (x, ) is independent of x

35. If a2 + b2 + c2 = 1, then
a2  x2 ab ac
2 2 2
a  (b  c ) cos  ab(1  cos ) ac(1  cos )
40. The  determinant    =  ab b2  x 2 bc   is
ba (1  cos ) b 2  (c 2  a 2 ) cos  bc(1  cos )
ac bc c2  x 2
ca (1  cos ) cb(1  cos ) c 2  (a 2  b 2 ) cos 
divisible by
is independent of
(a) x (b) x2
(a) a (b) b
(c) x3 (d) x4
(c) c (d) 
36. Let A and  B be  two matrices  different from I such that 1 1 1
AB = BA and An – Bn is invertible for some positive integer 41. If f() =  1 e
i
1  then
n. If An – Bn = An + 1 – Bn + 1 = An + 2 – Bn + 2, then 1  1  e i
(a) I – A is singular
(b) I – B is singular / 2 / 2

(c) A = B (a)  
 / 2

f ()d  2 f ()d
0
(d) (I – A) (I – B) is non-singular
(b) f() is purely real
(c) f(/2) = 2
(d) None of these
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 59
42. Let A, B and C be 2 × 2 matrices with entries from the set of
real numbers. Define * as follows : ex sin x 1
47. If    cos x log e (1  x ) 1  a  bx  cx 2 then
2

1 x x2 1
A*B (AB  AB)
2
(a) a = 0 (b) a = 1
(a) A * B = B * A
(c) b = –1 (d) b = –2
(b) A * A = A2
Assertion Reason
(c) A * (B + C) = A * B + A * C
(d) A * I = A + A’ (A) If both assertion and reason are correct and reason is
the correct explanation of assertion.
43. The value of the determinant (B) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not
the correct explanation of assertion.
6 2i 3 6 (C) If assertion is true but reason is false.
12 3  8i 3 2  6i (D) If assertion is false but reason is true.
, where i =   1 , is
18 2  12i 27  2i  cos   sin  2 sin  
48. Let  A ()   
  2 sin  cos   sin  
(a) complex number (b) real number
 

(c) irrational number (d) rational number Assertion : A (/3)3 = –I

Reason : A () A () = A (+ )
2 2 (a) A (b) B
1  sin x cos x 4 sin 2x
2 2
44. If  f (x) =  sin x 1  cos x 4 sin 2x , (c) C (d) D
2 2
sin x cos x 1  4 sin 2 x
a b
49. Suppose  X   satisfies  the  equation
f (a) and f (b) be the least and greatest value of f (x), then c d
X2 – 4X + 3I = O.
(a) f (a) = 2, f (b) = 6 (b) f (a) = – 2, f (b) = 6
Assertion : If a + d  4, then there are just two such matrix
(c) f (a) = 2, f (b) = – 6 (d) period of f (x) is  X.
a b c Reason : There are infinite number of matrices X, satisfying
45. Eliminating a, b, c from  x  ,y ,z , X2 – 4X + 3I = O.
bc ca ab
(a) A (b) B
we get
(c) C (d) D
1 x x 1 x x 2
a2  x2 ab  cx ac  bx x c b
(a)  y 1 y  = 0 (b)  1 1  y  = 0
50. Assertion : ab  cx b2  x 2 bc  ax =  c x a
1 z z 1 z 1 ac  bx bc  ax c2  x 2 b a x
Reason : c = n–1 where n is order of determinant, and c
1 x x is the determinant of cofactors of .
(c)  y 1  y  = 0 (d) none of these (a) A (b) B
(c) C (d) D
z z 1
(1  x ) 21 (1  x ) 22 (1  c) 23
46. If a > b > c and the system of equations ax + by + cz = 0, 31
51. Assertion : f (x) = (1  x ) (1  x ) 32 (1  x ) 33 , then
bx + cy + az = 0, cx + ay + bz = 0 has a non trivial solution,
then both the roots of the quadratic equation at2 + bt + c = 0 (1  x ) 41 (1  x ) 42 (1  x ) 43
are coefficient of x in f (x) is zero.
(a) real (b) of opposite sign Reason : If F (x) = A0 + A1x + A2x2 + ....... + Anxn, then
(c) positive (d) complex A1 = F’ (0), when dash denotes the differential coefficient.
(a) A (b) B
(c) C (d) D
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 60

Assertion : = 0
f1 ( x ) f 2 ( x )
52. Assertion : If (x) = , then Reason : can be written as product of two determinants.
g1 ( x ) g 2 ( x )
(a) A (b) B

f1 ' ( x ) f 2 ' ( x ) (c) C (d) D

’ (x)  g ' ( x ) g ' ( x )
1 2 Numeric Value Type Questions

d d d
Reason : {f ( x )g ( x )}  f ( x ) g( x ) x 3 6 2 x 7 4 5 x
dx dx dx
3 6 x x 7 2 5 x 4
(a) A (b) B 57. If  =  =   = 0,
6 x 3 7 2 x x 4 5
(c) C (d) D
53. Assertion :  The  system  of  equations  possess  a  non  then x2 is equal to .................
trivial solution over the set of rationals x + ky + 3z = 0,
3x + ky – 2z = 0, 2x + 3y – 4z = 0, then the value of k is 31/2, x sin x cos x
f '(x)
Reason : For non trivial solution  = 0. 58. If f (x) =  x 2 tan x  x 3 , then  lim   is ..............
x 0 x
(a) A (b) B 2x sin 2x 5x

(c) C (d) D
1 a a 2  bc
cos(  ) cos(  ) cos(   ) 2
59. The value of the determinant  1 b b  ca  is ..............
54. Assertion :  sin(  ) sin(  ) sin(   )  is
1 c c 2  ab
sin(   ) sin(   ) sin(  )

independent of  . 1 x 1 1
Reason : If f () = c, then f () is independent of . 60. If x 0, y  0, z  0 and  1  y 1  2y 1  0, then
(a) A (b) B 1  z 1  z 1  3z
(c) C (d) D
–(x–1 + y–1 + z–1) is equal to
55. Suppose a, b, c are distinct real numbers.
Paragraph Type Questions
3 3 2 2
x a x a xa
Use the following passage, solve Q. 61 to Q. 65
Let f (x)  x 3  b3 x 2  b2 xb
x 3  c3 x 2  c2 xc PASSAGE

Assertion : f (x) is a polynomial of degree 3. Let  = 0 and c denotes the determinant of cofactors, then

c = n – 1, where n (> 0) is the order of .
Reason : a, b, c are zeros of f(x).
On  the  basis  of  above  information,  answer  the  following
(a) A (b) B
questions  :
(c) C (d) D
61. If a, b, c are the roots of the equation x3 – px2 + r = 0, then
56. Let ai, bi, ci N for i = 1, 2, 3 and let the value of

1  a13 b13 1  a13 b32 1  a13 b33 bc  a 2 ca  b 2 ab  c 2

1  a1b1 1  a1 b 2 1  a1 b 3 ca  b 2 ab  c 2 bc  a 2  is
1  a 32 b13 1  a 32 b32 1  a 32 b33 ab  c 2 bc  a 2 ca  b 2

1  a 2 b1 1  a 2 b2 1  a 2 b3
1  a 33 b13 1  a 33 b32 1  a 33 b33 (a) p2 (b) p4
1  a 3 b1 1  a 3b2 1  a 3 b3 (c) p6 (d) p9
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 61
62. If  l1,  m1,  n1  ;  l2,  m2,  n2  ;  l3,  m3,  n3  are  real  quantities Use the following passage, solve Q. 66 to Q. 69
satisfying the six relations : PASSAGE

 12  m12  n12 =   22  m22  n 22 =  23  m 32  n 32 = 1 Consider a system of linear equations in three variables x, y, z

l2 l3 + m2 m3 + n2 n3 = l3 l1 + m3 m1 + n3 n1 = a1x + b1y + c1z = d1 ;

l1 l2 + m1 m2 + n1 n2 = 0, then the value of a2x + b2y + c2z = d2 ;
a3x + b3y + c3z = d3
1 m1 n1 The system can be expressed by matrix equation
2 m2 n 2  is
3 m3 n3  a1 b1 c1   x   d1 
a b2 c 2   y    d 2  or AX  B
 2
(a) 0 (b) ± 1  a 3 b3 c3   z   d 3 

(c) ± 2 (d) ± 3 If A is non-singular matrix then the solution of above system can

63. If a, b, c are the roots of the equation x3 – 3x2 + 3x + 7 = 0, be found by X = A–1B. The solution in this case is unique.
then the value of  If A is a singular matrix i.e. |A| = 0, then the system will
have

2bc  a 2 c2 b2 – no unique solution if (Adj A) B = 0
c2 2ac  b 2 a2  is – no solution (i.e. it is inconsistent) if (Adj A) B 0
b2 a2 2ab  c 2
where Adj A is the adjoint of the matrix A, which is obtained by
taking transpose of the matrix obtained by replacing each element
of matrix A with corresponding cofactors.
(a) 9 (b) 27
Now consider the following matrix.
(c) 81 (d) 0
64. If a2 + b2 + c2 = 2, then the value of a 1 0 a 1 1
A   1 b d  , B   0 d
 c  ,
a 2  2 ab  c ca  b  c b  1 b c   f g h 
2 2
ab  c b   bc  a  c  a
×  is
ac  b bc  a c 2  2 b a  a 2 
f  x 
 
U   g  , V   0  , X   y 
 
(a) 86 (b) 279  h  0  z 
 
(c) 89 (d) 27
66. The system AX = U has infinitely many solution if
65. Suppose a, b, c  R, a + b + c > 0, A = bc – a2  B = ca – b2
and C = ab – c2 and (a) c = d, ab = 1 (b) c = d, h = g
(c) ab = 1, h = g (d) c = d, h = g, ab = 1
A B C a b c 67. If AX = U has infinitely many solutions then the equation
B C A = 49, then  b c a  equals BX = V has
C A B c a b (a) unique solution
(b) infinitely many solution
(a) –7 (b) 7 (c) no solution
(c) –2401 (d) 2401 (d) either infinitely many solutions or no solution
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 62

68. If AX = U has infinitely many solutions then the equation matrix is defined as its RANK.

BX = V is consistent if
(a) a = 0 (b) d = 0 1 2 3 
(c) f = 0 (d) adf  0 For example we can reduce the matrix  A   2 4 7  into
 3 6 10 
69. Consider the following statements :
A : If AX = U; has infinite solutions and cf  0, then one echelon  form  using  following  elementary  row
solution of BX = V is (0, 0, 0) transformation.
R : If a system has infinite solutions then one solution
must be trivial. Then  1 2 3
(i) R2    R2 – 2R1 and R3    R3 – 3 R1  0 0 1
(a) A and R are both correct and R is correct explanation of A  
0 0 1
(b) A and R both are correct but R is not correct explanation of A
(c) A is correct R is wrong
1 2 3 
(d) A and R are both wrong
(ii) R2  R2 – 2 R1  0 0 1 
Use the following passage, solve Q. 70 to Q. 72  
0 0 0
PASSAGE
This is the echelon form of matrix A
Elementary Transformation of a matrix :
Number of non zero rows in the echelon form = 2
The following operation on a matrix are called elementary
 Rank of the matrix A is 2
operations (transformations)
1. The interchange of any two rows (or columns) 1 1 1 
2. The  multiplication  of  the  elements  of  any  row  (or 70. Rank of the matrix  1 1 1  is
 
column) by any non zero number 3 1 1 
The addition to the elements of any row (or column)
(a) 1 (b) 2
the  corresponding  elements  of  any  other  row  (or
(c) 3 (d) 0
column) the corresponding elements of any other row
(or column) multiplied by any number 1 1 1 1
Echelon from of matrix : 71. Rank of the matrix  1 2 4 4   is
 
A matrix A is said to be in echelon from if 3 4 5 2 
(i) every row of A which has all its elements 0, occurs (a) 1 (b) 2
below row, which has a non-zero elements (c) 3 (d) 4
(ii) The first non zero element in each non-zero row is 1.
1 3 4 3
(iii) the number of zeros before the first non zero elements
in a row is less than the number of such zeros in the 72. The echelon form of the matrix  3 9 12 9  is
 
next row. 1 3 4 1 
[A row of matrix is said to be a zero row if all its elements
are zero] 1 3 4 3  1 2 4 3 
   
Note : Rank of a matrix does not change by application of any (a)  0 0 0 1  (b)  0 0 0 0 
elementary operations. 0 0 0 0  0 0 0 2 

1 1 3   1 1 3 6 
     3
For example  0 1 2  ,  0 1 2 2  are echelon forms 1 3 4  2 
1 3 4 3 
0 0 0   0 0 0 0  
(c)  0 0 0 2 
 
(d)  0 0 0 1 


0 0 0 0  0 0 0 0 
The number of non-zero rows in the echelon form of a  
 
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 63
Match the Following 74. Match the following List-I and List-II
Column–I Column–II
Each question has two columns. Four options are given
representing matching of elements from Column-I and (A) If 2 is the root of the equation (P) e
Column-II. Only one of these four options corresponds |A–xI|=0, (where A is a non singular
to a correct matching.For each question, choose the option
corresponding to the correct matching. |A|
matrix),  a root of |B–xI|=0,
2
73. Match the following List-I and List-II
then B can be
Column–I Column–II
(B) If ei is the root of |A–yI| = 0 then (Q) adj(A)
 1 tan x  a root of  A'-xI  0 is (where A is
(P) If  A   ,  then the (1) 10
  tan x 1 
a non singular matrix)
value of |AT A-1| is
(C) Let Aij be a 2×2 non singular matrix (R) cos -i sin 
(Q) If x, y, z are cube root of unity and (2) 1
where i, j N and

x2  y2 z2 z2
D x2 y2  z2 x2 A11 A12 ..... A1n
y2 y2 z 2  x2 0 A 22 ....... A 2n
0 0 A 33 ... A 3n
then real part of ID is B
...........................
2 2 ...........................
b c
(R) If any triangle the area  A1  , (3) 4
 0.................... A nn

then largest possible numerical
quantity  is then |B - I| = 0 has root as
(S) The equation x4 - 4x + c has no real (4) 0 (D) Consider a matrix such that  A'=A (S) |A11|
roots, then minimum integral value then the equation |A – xI| = 0 can
of c2  can be have root as (where A is a non
Codes : singular matrix)
P Q R S Correct matching is
(A) 2 4 1 3 (a) A–Q; B–R; C–S; D–P
(B) 1 2 3 4 (b) A–R; B–Q; C–S; D–P
(C) 4 3 2 1
(c) A–Q; B–S; C–R; D–P
(D) 2 4 3 1
(d) A–Q; B–R; C–P; D–S
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 64

EXERCISE - 4 : PREVIOUS YEAR JEE ADVANCED QUESTIONS

Objective Questions I [Only one correct option]
 2 
1. If the system of equations x – ky – z = 0, kx – y – z = 0, 7. If A =   2    and |A3| = 125 then the value of  is
 
x + y – z = 0 has a non–zero solutions, then possible value
of k are (2000) (2004)
(a) –1, 2 (b) 1, 2 (a) ± 1 (b) ± 2
(c) 0, 1 (d) –1, 1 (c) ± 3 (d) ± 5
2. The number of distinct real roots of
1 0 0
sin x cos x cos x  
  8. If A =  0 1 1,  6A–1 = A
A2 + c A + d I, then (c, d) is
cos x sin x cos x  0  in the interval    x  is 0  2 4
4 4
cos x cos x sin x
(2005)
(2001)
(a) 0 (b) 2 (a) (–11, 6) (b) (–6, 11)

(c) 1 (d) 3 (c) (6, 11) (d) (11, 6)

3. The  number  of  values  of  k  for  which  the  system  of
equations  3 1 
 
(k + 1) x + 8y = 4k 2 2 , A  1 1
9. If  P  =  1 3
0 1   and  Q  =  PAP T ,  then
kx + (k + 3) y = 3k – 1  
 2 2 
has infinitely many solution, is (2002)
(a) 0 (b) 1 PT (Q2005) P is equal to (2005)
(c) 2 (d) infinite
 3 
 0  1 0 1  1 2005
4. If A =   1 1  and B =  5 1, then value of  for which (a)   2  (b)  0 1 
    0 2005 
A2 = B, is (2003)
(a) 1 (b) –1
 3   1 2005
(c) 4 (d) no real values  2005  
(c)   2  (d)   3 1 
5. If the system of equations x + ay = 0, az + y = 0 and  1 0   2 
ax + z = 0 has infinite solutions, then the value of a is
(2003) 10. The number of 3×3 matrices A whose entries are either
(a) –1 (b) 1
(c) 0 (d) no real values  x  1 
0 or 1 and for which the system  A  y   0  has exactly
6. Given 2x  – y – z = 2, x – 2y + z = – 4, x + y + z = 4 then the    
vaue of  such that the given system of equation has no  z  0 
solution, is (2004)
two distinct solutions, is (2010)
(a) 3 (b) – 2
9 
(a) 0 (b) 2 –1
(c) 0 (d) – 3
(c) 168 (d) 2
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 65
11. Let  1 be a cube root of unity and S be the set of all non- 16. For  3×3  matrices  M  and  N,  which  of  the  following
statement(s) is (are) not correct ? (2013)
1 a b
singular matrices of the form    1 c  , where each of (a) NTM N is symmetric or skew-symmetric, according as
2  1  M is symmetric or skew-symmetric
(b) MN – NM is skew symmetric for all symmetric matrices
a, b and c is either  or 2. Then, the number of distinct
M and N
matrices in the set S is (2011)
(c) M N is symmetric for all symmetric matrices M and N
(a) 2 (b) 6
(c) 4 (d) 8 (d) (adj M) (adj N) = adj (MN) for all invertible matrices M
and N
12. How many  3  3 matrices M with entries from {0, 1, 2} are
there, for which the sum of the diagonal entries of MTM is 17. Let M and N be two 3 × 3 matrices such that MN = NM.
5 ? (2017) Further, if M    N2 and M2 = N4, then (2014)
(a) 126 (b) 198 (a) determinant of (M2 + MN2) is 0
(c) 162 (d) 135
(b) there is a 3 × 3 non-zero matrix U such that (M2 + MN2)
 sin 4  1  sin 2   U is the zero matrix
13.    I   M ,  where
1
Let M   2 4
1  cos  cos   (c) determinant of (M2 + MN2)     1

   ( ) and     ( )  are real numbers and I is the 2×2 (d) for a 3 × 3 matrix U, if (M2 + MN2) U equals the zero

identity matrix. matrix then U is the zero matrix
18. Let M be a 2 × 2 symmetric matrix with integer entries.
If   *  is the minimum of the set  { ( ) :   [0, 2 )} and
Then M is invertible if (2014)
 * is the minimum of the set  { ( ) :   [0, 2 )} ,  then
(a) the first column of M is the transpose of the second
* *
the value of      is (2019) row of M
(b) the  second  row  of  M  is  the  transpose  of  the  first
37 29
(a)  (b)  column of M
16 16
(c) M is a diagonal matrix with nonzero entries in the main
31 17 diagonal
(c)  (d) 
16 16 (d) the product of entries in the main diagonal of M is not
the square of an integer
Objective Questions II [One or more than one correct option]
19. Which of the following values of  satisfy the equation
14. Let M and N be two 3×3 non-singular skew-symmetric
matrices such that MN = NM. If PT denotes the transpose  
    2   3 


of P, then M2N2 (MT N)–1 (MN–1)T is equal to (2011)   
 2     2  2   2  3    648  ?
(2015)
(a) M2 (b) –N2  
 3     3  2   3  3 


(c) – M2 (d) MN
(a)  (b) 
1 4 4 
  (c)  (d) 
15. If the adjoint of a 3×3 matrix P is   2 1 7  ,  then the
20. Let  X  and Y  be  two  arbitrary,  3  ×  3,  non-zero,  skew-
1 1 3 
symmetric matrices and Z be an arbitrary 3 × 3, non zero,
possible value(s) of the determinant of P is/are (2012) symmetric matrix. Then which of the following matrices is
(a) –2 (b) –1 (are) skew symmetric ? (2015)
3 4 4 3 44 44
(c) 1 (d) 2 (a) Y Z   Z Y (b) X   Y
(c) X4Z3  Z3X4 (d) X23  Y23
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 66

 3 1 2  0 1 a   1 1 1
21. Let P =   2 0   ,  where    R.  Suppose Q = [qij]    
  24. Let M  1 2 3  and adj M   8 6 2   Where a
 3 5 0 
 3 b 1   5 3 1
is a matrix such that PQ = kI, where  k  R, k  0  and I is
and b are real numbers. Which of the following options
k is /are correct? (2019)
the  identity  matrix  of  order  3.  If  q 23  =     and  det
8 (a) det (adj M2)=81

k2 (b) a + b=3
(Q) =  , then (2016)
2
(a)  = 0, k = 8 (b) 4 k + 8 = 0    1 
   
(c) If M       2  , then        3
(c) det (P adj (Q)) = 29 (d) det (Q adj (P)) = 213
    3 
22. Which of the following is(are) NOT the square of a 3×3
matrix with real entries? (2017)
(d)  (ad j M ) -1 + ad j M -1 = -M
1 0 0  -1 0 0 
  25. Let x  R and let
(a)  0 1 0  (b)   0 -1 0 
 
0 0 -1  0 0 -1
1 1 1  2 x x
P  0 2 2  , Q   0 4 0 
 
and R =PQP-1
1 0 0  1 0 0  0 0 3   x x 6 
   
(c)  0 1 0  (d)  0 -1 0 
0 0 1  0 0 -1 Then which of the following is/are correct (2019)
(a) There exists a real number x such that PQ= QP
 b1 
 
23. Let  S be  the  set  of all column matrices   b 2  such  that 2 x x 
 b3  (b) det R = det   0 4 0   + 8 for all x R
 x x 5 
b 1,  b 2,  b 3   R  and  the  system  of  equations  (in  real
variables)
–x + 2y + 5z = b1 (c) For x = 1 there exists a unit vector   i   j   k for
2x – 4y + 3z = b2
x – 2y + 2z = b3    0 
   
has at least one solution. Then, which of the following which are R       0 
system(s)  (in  real  variables)  has  (have)  at  least  one     0 

 b1 
solution for each   b 2   S? (2018)
  1  1 
 b3  a   6 a 
(d) For x = 0 if R      then a + b = 5
 b   b 
(a) x + 2y + 3z = b1, 4y + 5z = b2 and x + 2y + 6z = b3
(b) x + y + 3z = b1, 5x + 2y + 6z = b2 and –2x – y – 3z = b3
(c) –x + 2y – 5z = b1, 2x – 4y + 10z = b2 and x – 2y + 5z = b3
(d) x + 2y + 5z = b1, 2x + 3z = b2 and x + 4y – 5z = b3
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 67

26. Let 28. The value of |U| is (2006)

(a) 3 (b) – 3
1 0 0  1 0 0  0 1 0
P1  I   0 1 0  , P2  0 0 1  , P3  1 0 0 
    (c) 3/2 (d) 2
 0 0 1  0 1 0   0 0 1  29. The sum of the elements of U–1 is (2006)
(a) – 1 (b) 0
0 1 0 0 0 1  0 0 1  (c) 1 (d) 3
P4   0 0 1  , P5  1 0 0  , P6   0 1 0  ,
   
1 0 0  0 1 0  1 0 0  3
 
30. The value of [3 2 0] U  2 is (2006)
0
6
2 1 3
  T
and X =   Pk 1 0 2  Pk .
k 1
 3 2 1  (a) 5 (b) 5/2
(c) 4 (d) 3/2
T
Where  P denotes the transpose of matrix Pk. Then which
K Using the following passage, solve Q.31 to Q.33
of the following options is/are correct? (2019)
(a) X is a symmetric matrix Passage
(b) The sum of diagonal entries of X is 18.
Let p be an odd prime number and Tp be the following set
of 2×2 matrices
1 1
   
(c)  if X 1   1 , then α=30
 a b  
1 1 Tp  A    ; a, b, c{0, 1, 2,... p  1} (2010)
 c a  
(d) X – 30I is an invertible matrix
27. Let M be a 3 × 3 invertible matrix with real entries and let 31. The number of A in Tp such that A is either symmetric or
I denote the 3 × 3 identity matrix. If M–1 = adj (adj M), then skew-symmetric or both, and det (A) is divisible by p is
which of the following statement is/are ALWAYS TRUE ?
(a) (p – 1)2 (b) 2(p –1)
(2020)
(a) M = I (b) det M = 1 (c) (p – 1)2 + 1 (d) 2 p – 1
(c) M2 = I (d) (adj M)2 = I 32. The  number  of A  in  Tp  such  that  the  trace  of A  is  not
Paragraph Type Questions divisible by p but det (A) is divisible by p is

Using the following passage, solve Q.28 to Q.30 [Note : The trace of a matrix is the sum of its diagonal

entries]
Passage
(a) (p–1) (p2– p + 1) (b) p3 – (p – 1)2
1 0 0 (c) (p – 1)2 (d) (p – 1) (p2 – 2)
A  2 1 0,   If  U 1,  U2    are  U3  are  columns  matrices
3 2 1 33. The number of A in Tp such that det (A) is not divisible by
p, is

1 2  2 (a) 2p2 (b) p3 – 5p

satisfying  AU1  0 , AU 2  3 and AU3  3   and U is
   
      (c) p3 – 3p (d) p3 – p2
0 0 1

3 × 3 matrix when columns are U1, U2, U3 then answer the
following questions.
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 68
Assertion & Reason 37. Let a, b, c are real numbers with a2 + b2 +c2 = 1. Show that
the equation represents a straight line. (2001)
(A) If ASSERTION is true, REASON is true, REASON is
a correct explanation for ASSERTION. ax  by  c bx  ay cx  a
(B) If ASSERTION is true, REASON is true, REASON is bx  ay ax  by  c cy  b 0
not a correct explanation for ASSERTION. cx  a cy  b ax  by  c
(C) If ASSERTION is true, REASON is false
(D) If ASSERTION is false, REASON is true
a b c 
b c a 
34. Consider the system of equations 38. If matrix A =    where a, b, c are real positive
x – 2y + 3z = – 1, –x + y – 2z = k, x– 3y + 4z = 1  c a b 
Assertion : The system of equations has no solution for
numbers, abc = 1 and AT A = I, then find value of
k  3.
a3 + b3 + c3 . (2003)
1 3 1 39. If M is a 3 × 3 matrix, where det (M) = 1 and MMT = I, then
Reason : The determinant.   1  2 k   0, for k  3 prove that det (M – I) = 0 (2004)
1 4 1
40. Let k be a positive real number and let
(1997)
(a) A (b) B  2k  1 2 k 2 k  0 2k  1 k 
   
(c) C (d) D A  2 k 1 2k  and B  1  2k 0 2 k
   
35. Consider the system of equations  2 k 2k 1    k 2 k 0 
x – 2y + 3z = –1,
x – 3y + 4z = 1 and – x + y – 2z = k If det (adj A) + det (adj B) = 106, then [k] is equal to....
Assertion : The system of equations has no solution for (2010)
k  3. 41. The number of all possible values of   , where 0 <   <   ,
for which the system of equations
1 3 1
Reason : The determinant  1 2 k  0, for k  3 (y + z) cos 3 = (xyz) sin  3
1 4 1
2cos 3 2sin 3
(2008) x sin 3  
y z
(a) A (b) B
(c) C (d) D and (xyz) sin 3  = (y + 2z) cos 3 y sin 3 have a solution
(x0, y0, z0) with y0z0   0, is ..... (2010)
Subjective Questions
2 2
36. Prove that for all values of  42. Let   be the complex number cos   i sin . Then the
3 3
number  of  distinct  complex  number  z  satisfying

sin  cos  sin 

 2   2   4  z 1  2
sin     cos    sin     0 (2000)
 3   3   3   z  2 1  0  is equal to..... (2010)
 2   2   4  2 1 z
sin     cos    sin    
 3   3   3 
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 69
43. Let M be a 3×3 matrix satisfying 45. The  total  number  of  distinct  x    R  for  which

 0  1 1 1 1  0  x x2 1  x3

M 1    2  , M  1   1  , and M 1   0 
        2x 4x 2 1  8x 3  10  is (2016)
 0  3   0   1 1 12  3x 9x 2 1  27x 3

Then, the sum of the diagonal entries of M is..... (2011) 46. For  a  real  number  ,  if  the  system

1  3i 1  2   x   1 
44. Let  z  ,  where  i  1,  and r, s  {1, 2, 3}.  
2  1    y  =  -1 of  linear  equations,  has
 2  1  -z   1 

( z) r z 2s 
Let  P     and I be the  identity matrix of
2s infinitely many solutions, then 1 + + 2 = (2017)
 z zr 
47. The trace of a square matrix is defined to be the sum of its
order 2. Then the total number of ordered pairs (r, s) for diagonal entries. If A is a 2 × 2  matrix  such  that  the  trace
which P2 = –I is (2016) of A is  3  and  the  trace  of A3 is  -18,  then  the  value  of
the  determinant  of A is _____ (2020)

DETERMINANTS & MATRICES

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PROBABILITY
 Chapter 02 71

PROBABILITY

INTRODUCTION DEFINITIONS AND TYPES OF EVENTS

1. Factorial notation : 1. Random experiment :

If n Î N, then the product 1 × 2 × 3 × ......× n is defined as If an act or an experiment has more than one possible results
factorial n which is denoted by n ! or n which are known in advance and it is not possible to predict
which one is going to occur, then such an experiment is
i.e., n ! = 1 × 2 × 3 × ......× n called a random experiment.
We also define 0 ! = 1 The following are some random experiments :
(i) Tossing of a coin
NOTES : (ii) Throwing a six-faced die

n ! = n(n-1) ! (iii) Drawing a card from a well-shuffled pack of cards

(iv) Ten horses run a race
2. Permutation :
(v) Two persons are selected out of 10 persons to form a
If n objects are given and we have to arrange r(r £ n) out of committee.
them such that the order in which we are arranging the (vi) A ball is drawn from a bag containing 7 balls.
objects is important, then such an arrangement is called
2. Outcome :
permutation of n objects taking r at a time. This is denoted
by The result of a random experiment is called an outcome.

n! 3. Sample space :
n
Pr = (n - r)!
The set of all possible outcomes of a random experiment is
called a sample space and its elements are called sample
3. Combination :
points. A sample space is usually denoted by S.
If n objects are given and we have to choose r(r £ n) out of Illustrations ;
them such that the order in which we are choosing the objects (i) When a fair coin is tossed, then either head or tail
is not important, then such a choice is called combination of will turn up.
n objects taking r at a time. This is denoted by Hence S = {H,T} S contains 2 sample points.
n! (ii) When a six-faced die is thrown, then only one of
n
Cr = r!(n - r)! 1,2,3,4,5,6 will turn up.
Hence S = {1,2,3,4,5,6}. S contains 6 sample points.
4. Fundamental Principle of Counting : (iii) Suppose a bag contains 7 balls.
If an event can occur in ‘m’ different ways following which Consider the sample points.
another event can occur in ‘n’ different ways following which (a) The experiment is : one ball is drawn. We can draw
another event can occur in ‘p’ different ways then the total one ball out of the 7 balls in 7C1 = 7 ways.
number of ways of simultaneous occurence of all these The sample space for this experiment contains 7
\
events in a definite order is m × n × p. sample points.
(where the events are independent of each other )

SCAN CODE
Probability
PROBABILITY
72

(b) The experiment is : two balls are drawn. We can draw 8. Intersection of events :
7´6 If A and B are two events of the sample space S then
2 balls out of the 7 balls in 7C2 = = 21 ways
1´ 2 A Ç B or A .B is the event that both A and B take place.
\ the sample space for this experiment contains
9. Mutually Exclusive events :
21 sample points.
(c) The experiment is : three balls are drawn. Two events A and B of the sample space S are said to be
The sample space for this experiment contains mutually exclusive if they cannot occur simultaneously. In
such case A Ç B is a null set.
7
7´6´5
C3 = = 35 sample points 10. Exhaustive events :
1´ 2 ´ 3

4. Event : Two events A and B of the sample space S are said to be

exhaustive if A È B = S i.e. A È B contains all sample points.
Any subset of a sample space is called an event.
11. Probability of an event :
Example :
In a single throw of a die, the event of getting a prime number Let A be an event in a sample space S. Then the probability
is E º {2,3,5} The sample space of the event A denoted by P(A) is defined as,

S º {1,2,3,4,5,6} number of sample point sin A n(A)

P(A) = =
\ E Í S Þ E is an event number of sample point sin S n(S)

5. Complementary event : Theorem :

If E is an event of a sample space S, prove that 0 £ P(E) £ 1
Let A be an event in a sample space S. Then A is a subset of
S We can hence think of the complement of A in S, i..e., S-A. and P(E’ ) = 1 - P(E), where E’ is the complementary event of E.
This is also a subset of S and hence an event in S. This Proof :
event is called the complementary event of A and is denoted Suppose the sample space S contains n sample points and
by A or A’
m
Now, suppose S contains n sample points, A contains m the event E contains m sample points. Then P(E) =
n
sample points, Then A’ will contain
m
n - m sample points. Now, 0 £ m £ n \ 0 £ £1
n
6. Impossible event :
\ 0 £ P(E) £ 1
Let S be a sample space. Since f Í S, So f is an event, Further E’ contains n - m sample points,
called an impossible event. \ P(E’) = 1 - P(E)
12. Equally likely event :
NOTES :
The events are said to be equally likely if none of them is
The event E and E’ are such that only one of them can occur
expected to occur in preference to the other.
in a trial and at least one of them must occur.
Ex :- When a die is thrown, then all the side faces are equally
likely to come.
7. Union of events :

If A and B are two events of the sample space S then A È B

or A + B is the event that either A or B (or both) take place.

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73

13. Odds in favour of A : It is defined as P(A) : P(A) NOTES :

Odds against A : It is defined as P(A) : P(A) If one coin is tossed n times or n coins are tossed once the
sample space consists of same number of sample points.
If P(A) : P(A) = x : y then i.e. n(S) = (2)n
Prime numbers are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, ...
x y
P(A)= and P(A)= 1 card is picked n(S) = 52C1 = 52
x+ y x+ y
2 cards are drawn. n(S) = 52C2= 1326
EXPERIMENT NO 1 : TOSSING COINS
EXPERIMENT NO 3: PACK OF CARDS
Tossing one coin :
Let S be the sample space S º {H,T}, n (S) = 2 1. There are 4 suits (spade, heart, diamond and club)
each having 13 cards.
Tossing two coin :
2 There are two colours red (heart and diamond) and
Let S be the sample space S º {HH, HT, TH, TT} Þ n (S) = 4
black (spade and club) each having 26 cards.
Tossing three coin : 3. Jack, Queen and King are face cards. Therefore face
Let S be the sample space cards are 12 in pack of cards. Face card is also called
S º {HHH,HHT, HTH, HTT, THH, THT, TTH, TTT} a picture card.
Þ n (S) = 8 4. There are four aces. Ace is not a picture card.
5. Face cards and Ace cards are known Coloured Cards.
NOTES :
Theorem 1
1. No head means all tails. If E is an event of sample space S then 0 £ P(E) £ 1
2. At least one head means one head or two heads or three Proof :
heads
As E Í S
3. At most two heads means two heads or one head or no
head (all tail). \ 0 £ n(E) £ n(S)

0 n(E) n(S)
EXPERIMENT NO 2 : THROWING DIE / DICE £ £
\ n(S) n(S) n(S) (Q n(S) ¹ 0.

One six faced die is thrown : \ 0 £ P(E) £ 1

S º {1,2,3,4,5,6} Þ n(S) = 6
Two dice are thrown : NOTES :

P(E) = 0 if and only if E is an impossible event and

ì(1,1), (2,1), (3,1), (4,1), (5,1), (6,1) ü P(E) = 1 if and only if E is a certain event
ï(1, 2), (2,2), (3,2),(4,2), (5,2), (6, 2) ï
ï ï
ïï(1, 3), (2,3), (3,3),(4,3), (5,3), (6,3) ïï Theorem 2
í ý
(1, 4), (2, 4), (3, 4),(4, 4), (5, 4), (6, 4)ï If E is an event of sample space S and E’ is the event that
Sº ï
ï(1,5), (2,5), (3,5),(4,5), (5,5), (6,5) ï E does not happen then
ï ï
ïî(1, 6), (2,6), (3,6),(4,6), (5,6), (6,6) ïþ P(E’) = 1 - P(E)
Proof :
Þ n(S) = 1326 E’ is the event that E does not happen.
Q E and E’ are complements of each other.

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74

\ n(E) + n(E’) = n(S) Dividing by n(S), (Q n(S) ¹ 0.) 4. If A, B and C are independent events with non-zero
probabilities then P(A Ç B Ç B) = P(A) . P(B) . P(C)
n(E ) n(E' ) n(S )
\ + = 5. If A1, A2, A3,... An are independent events with non-zero
n(S ) n(S ) n(S )
probabilities, then
\ P(E) + P(E’) = 1
P (A1 Ç A2 Ç A3 Ç......Ç An) =P (A1) . P (A2)... P (An)
\ P(E’) = 1 - P(E)
6. P [exactly one of A or B occurs]
Theorem 3
= P(A Ç B’) + P (A’ Ç B)
(i) If A and B are two events of sample sapce S, prove that
= P(A È B) – P (A Ç B)
P (A È B) = P(A) + P(B) – P (A Ç B).
(ii) P(A È B È C) = P(A) + P(B) + P (C) – P (A Ç B) = P(A) + P(B) – 2P (A Ç B)

– P (B Ç C) – P (C Ç A) + P (A Ç BÇC) 7. P(A’ Ç B’) = P (A È B)’ = 1 – P (A È B)

Theorem 4 8. P(A’ È B’) = P (A Ç B)’ = 1 – P (A Ç B)

Show that if A and B are independent events defined on S 9. P(A) = P(A Ç B) +P (A Ç B’)
then 10. P(B) = P(A Ç B) + P(A’ Ç B)
(i) A & B’ (ii) A’ & B (iii) A’ & B’ are 11. P(A È B È C) = P(A) + P (B) + P (C)
independent events where A and B are mutually exclusive
– P(A Ç B) – P(B Ç C) – P (C Ç A)
events of A’ and B’ respectively.
+ P (A Ç B Ç C)
Ans. Since A and B are known to be independent events.
We have P(AÇB) = P(A) . P(B) 12. P (A È B È C) = P(A) + P(B) + P(C) if A, B and C are mutually
exclusive.
(i) P(A Ç B’ ) = P(A) – P (A Ç B) = P(A) – P (A). P(B)
= P (A) (1 – P(B)) 13. If A and B are mutually exclusive and exhausive events then
P(A) + P(B) = 1
= P (A) . P(B’)
\ A and B’ are independent events 14. If A, B and C are mutually exclusive and exhaustive events
then
(ii) P(A’ Ç B) = P(B) – P(A Ç B) = P(B) – P(A) . P(B)
P (A) + P(B) + P(C) = 1
= P (B) (1–P(A)) = p(B) . P(A’)
\ A’ and B are independent events CONDITIONAL PROBABILITY
(iii) P(A’ Ç B’) = P (A È B)’ = 1 – P (A ÈB)
Let A and B be two events associated with a random
= 1 – [P(A) + P(B) – P (A Ç B)] experiment. Then, the probability of occurrence of event A
= 1 – [P(A) + P(B) – P (A) . (B)] under the condition that B has already occurred and
= 1 – PA – P(B) + P(A) . P (B) P (B) ¹ 0, is called the conditional probability of event A and
it is denoted by P (A/B). Thus, we have
= [1–P(A)] – P(B) [1–P(A)]
P (A/B) = Probability of occurence of A given that B has
= [1–P(A)] [1–P(B)] = P(A’) . P(B’)
already occurred.
\ A’ and B’ are independent events.
Number of elementary events favourable A Ç B
IMPORTANT RESULTS P (A / B) =
Number of elementary events favourable to B

1. A and B are mutually exclusive if P(AÇB) = 0.

n ( A Ç B)
Þ P ( A / B) =
2. They are independent if P (A Ç B) = P(A) . P(B) n (B)
3. Two independent events with non-zero probabilities cannot
be mutually exclusive. P (A Ç B)
Þ P (A/B)=
P (B)

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75

Theorem
THE LAW OF TOTAL PROBABILITY
If A and B are two events associated with a random
experiment, then Theorem : (Law of Total Probability) Let S be the sample space
P (A Ç B) = P (A) P (B/A), if P (A) ¹ 0 and let E1, E2, ..., En be n mutually exclusive and exhaustive
events associated with a random experiment. If A is any
NOTES : event which occurs with E1 or E2 or ... or En, then
P (A) = P (E1) P (A/E1) + P (E2) P (A/E2) + ... + P (En) P (A/En)
1. 0 £ P(A/B) £ 1
2. P (A/A) = 1

INDEPENDENT EVENTS

Definition :
Events are said to be independent, if the occurrence or non-
occurrence of one does not affect the probability of the
occurrence or non-occurrence of the other.
Theorem 1 :
If A and B are independent events associated with a random
experiment, then P (A Ç B) = P (A) P (B).
Theorem 2 : STATEMENT OF BAYES’ THEOREM
If A1, A2, ..., An are independent events associated with a If B1, B2, B3,... Bn are mutually exclusive and exhaustive events
random experiment, then & if A is an event consequent to these Bi’s then for each i,
P (A1 Ç A2 Ç A3 ... Ç An) = P (A1) P (A2) ... P (An) where i = 1, 2, 3...., n
Theorem 3 :
P (B i ) P æç A ö÷
If A and B are independent events associated with a random Bi è Bi ø
P æç ö=
è A ÷ø æ A ö æ ö æ ö
experiment, then P( B 1 ) P ç ÷ + P (B 2 ) P ç B ÷ ..... + P ( B n ) P ç A B ÷
A
è B1 ø è 2 ø è n ø

(i) A and B are independent events

(ii) A and B are independent events P (Bi ) P æç A ö÷

B
P æç i ö÷ = è Bi ø
è Aø n
(iii) A and B are also independent events.
å P (Bi ) P æç A ö÷
i =1 è Bi ø
MULTIPLICATION THEOREM (OR) PRODUCT
THEOREM (OR) THEROREM OF COMPOUND
PROBABILITY

If A and B are two events in a sample space S such that

P(A) ¹ 0 & P(B) ¹ 0, then the probability of simultaneous
occurence of the two events A and B is given by
P (A Ç B) = P(A) . P(B/A) = P(B) . P (A/B).
* For three events A, B and C P(A Ç B Ç C)
RANDOM VARIABLE AND PROBABILITY
= P(A) . P (B/A) . P (C/A Ç B) DISTRIBUTION
* For four events A, B, C and D P(AÇBÇCÇD)
= P(A) . P(B/A). P(C/AÇB).P(D/AÇBÇC) 1. Random Variable : Let S be a sample space associated with
a random experiment. Then a real valued function X: S®R is
called a random function or random variable.

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76

2. Discrete Random Variable : A real valued function defined 2. Variance (s2) or second moment about mean or 2nd central
on discrete sample space S is called a discrete random moment = m2.
variable. s2 = m2 = E{x - E (x)}2
3. Continuous Random Variable : A random variable X defined = E(x2) - {E(x)}2
on continuous sample space S, which can take all real values
= m21(0) - m11 (0)2
in an interval (a, b) is called a continuous random variable.
4. Discrete Random Variable : If a discrete variable X can = Sxi2 P(xi) - {Sxi P(xi)}2
assume values X1, X2, X3,....Xn with respective probabilities
BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION
P(X1), P(X2), P(X3) ..... P(Xn) such that P(Xi) ³ 0, " i and
SP(Xi) = 1, then X is said to be a discrete random variable. 1. Bernoulli Trials : Trials of a random experiment are called
5. Probability Mass Functions : If X is a discrete random Bernoulli trials if they satisfy the following conditions :
variable which can assume values Xi; i = 1, 2, 3, .... With (i) They are finite in number.
respective probabilities P i; i = 1, 2, 3.... such that
(ii) They are independent of each other.
¥
(iii) Each trial has exactly two outcomes : success or
å P = 1, then P(X = x ) = P ; i = 1, 2,3,.... is called probability
i i i
i =1 failure.
mass function of a discrete random variable X. (OR) If any (iv) The probability of success or failure remains same in
function P(X=x) gives the probabilities of various values of each trial.
a discrete random variable X in its range, then that function
(v) The probability of success is p and failure is q such
is called probability mass function. that p + q = 1
6. Probability Distribution : The set of ordered pairs {xi, P(xi)}
(vi) The probability of r successes in n trails in any order
is called the probability distribution of a discrete random
is given by nCr pr qn–r.
variable X.
2. Binomial Distribution : Let X denote the random variable
MEANS AND VARIANCE which associates every outcome to the number of successes
in it. Then, X assumes values 0, 1, 2, ..., n such that
If {xi, P(xi)} is the probability distribution of a discrete random P (X = r) = nCr pr qn–r, r = 0, 1, 2, ..., n.
variable X, then its:
The probability distribution of the random variable X is
1. Mean or Average : ( x or m ) : Expected value of x or therefore given by
mathematical expectation of x:E(x) or First moment about X: 0 1 2 ... r ... n
origin: m1’(0) is defined as x = m = m1 '(0) = å xi P( xi ) . P(X) : nC0p0qn–0 n
C1p1qn–1 nC2 p2qn–2 ... nCrp rq n–r ... n
Cnpnqn – n
3. Mean & Variance :
Mean = np
Variance = npq

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Teacher’s Note:

Mathematics is the most beautiful and most powerful creation of

human being, you love mathematics and it will open the doors to

success and happiness in your life.

"Samajh ayega to mazaa ayega,

Mazaa ayega to samajh ayega".

Pulkit Sir loves teaching Mathematics, he has been a

pioneer in producing Top Ranks in JEE and Olympiads.
He has personally taught and mentored AIR 1,6,7
(JEE ADVANCED), and thousands of more students who
have successfully cleared these competitive exams
in the last few years.
PROBABILITY
78

SOLVED EXAMPLES

Example – 1 20 1
P(B) = 20% = =
100 5
5 letters are to be posted in 5 post boxes. If any number of
letters can be posted in 5 post boxes, what is the probability Since the chances of having rashes, if the child is suffering
that each box contains only one letter? from measles is 0.95 and the chances of having rashes, if the
Sol. Since any number of letters can be posted in all 5 post boxes, child has flu is 0.08,
each letter can be posted in 5 different ways.
95
\ n(S) = 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 ×5 = 55 P (C / B) = 0.95 =
100
Let A º the event that each box contains only one letter..
8
The first letter can be posted in 5 post boxes in 5 different and P (C / A) = 0.08 =
100
ways. Since each box contains only one letter, the second
letter can be posted in the remaining 4 post boxes in 4 different By Baye’s Theorem, probability that the child has measles
ways. provided he has the rashes is given by
Similarly, the third letter can be posted in 3 different ways,
P (B) . P(C / B)
the fourth letter can be posted in 2 different ways and the P (B / C) =
P(A).P (C / A) + P(B).P(C / B)
fifth letter can be posted in 1 way.
\ n(A) = 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 5 !
æ 1 ö æ 95 ö
ç ÷ç ÷
n( A) 5! è 5 ø è 100 ø
\ P(A) = = =
n(S) 55 æ 4 ö æ 8 ö æ 1 ö æ 95 ö
ç 5 ÷ ç 100 ÷ + ç 5 ÷ ç 100 ÷
è øè ø è øè ø
5 ´ 4 ´ 3´ 2 ´1 24
= =
5 ´ 54 625 95 95
= =
32 + 95 127
Example – 2
= 0.748
A doctor is called to see a sick child. The doctor has prior Example – 3
information that 80% of sick children in that area have the
flu, while the other 20% are sick with measles. Assume Suppose you have a large barrel containing a number of
that there is no other disease in that area. A well-known plastic eggs. Some eggs contain pearls, the rest contain
symptom of measles is a rash. From the past records it is nothing. Some eggs are painted blue, the rest are painted
known that, chances of having rashes given that sick child
5
is suffering from measles is 0.95. However, occasionally red. Suppose that 40% of the eggs are painted blue, of
13
children with flu also develop rash, whose chances are
0.08. Upon examining the child, the doctor finds a rash. the eggs painted blue contain pearls and 20% of the red
What is the probability that the child has measles? eggs are empty. What is the probability that an egg
containing pearl is painted blue ?
Sol. Let A º event that the child is sick with flu
Sol. Let event A = An egg is painted blue.
B º event that the child is sick with measles
event B = An egg is painted red.
C º event that the child has rash
The barrel contains egg with blue paint as 40% and red
80 4 paint as 60%.
\ P(A) = 80% = =
100 5
PROBABILITY
79

40 2 [p = 1 - q]
\ P(A) = 40% = =
100 5 Putting p = 2/3 in np = 4, we get

60 3 2
\ P(B) = 60% = = n´ =4Þn =6
100 5 3
Let event C = an egg selected contains a pearl. Thus, we have
Then C/A = A blue painted egg contains pearl. given that P
(C/A) = 5/13. 2 1
n = 6, p = and q =
3 3
P(C/B) = A red painted egg contains pearl. given that 20% of
red eggs are empty. r 6-r
æ 2ö æ1ö
i.e. 80% of red eggs contain pearls. \ P (X = r) = nCr pr qn–r Þ P (X = r) = 6Cr ç ÷ ç ÷ ,
è 3ø è3ø
80 4
\ P(C / B) = 80% = = r = 0, 1, 2, ..., 6
100 5
Now, P (X ³ 1) = 1 – P (X < 1)
\ Required probability, that an egg containing pearl is painted
Þ P (X ³ 1) = 1 – P (X = 0)
blue is
0 6 6
P(A).P(C / A) æ2ö æ1ö æ1ö 1 728
P(A / C) = Þ P(X ³ 1) = 1 - 6 C0 ç ÷ ç ÷ = 1 - ç ÷ = 1 - =
P(A).P(C / A) + P(B).P(C / B) 3 3
è ø è ø 3
è ø 729 729

Example – 5
2 5
´
= 5 13 Events A, B, C are mutually exclusive events such that
2 5 3 4
´ + ´ 3x + 1 1- x 1 - 2x
5 13 5 5 P (A) = , P (B) = and P (C) = . Then
3 4 2
set of possible values of x are in the interval
2
50
= 13 = 1 2 é 1 13 ù
206 206 (a) éê , ùú (b) ê , ú
ë3 3 û ë3 3 û
13 ´ 25

é1 1 ù
25 (c) [0, 1] (d) ê , ú
= = 0.243 ë3 2 û
103
Ans. (d)
Example – 4
Sol. A, B, C are mutually exclusive
The mean and variance of a binomial distribution are 4 \ P(A) + P(B) + P(C) £ 1 ..(1)
and 4/3 respectively, find P (X ³ 1). 0 £ P(A), P(B), P(C) £ 1 ...(ii)
Sol. Let X be a binomial variate with parameters n and p. Then, Now on solving (i) and (ii), we get
Mean = np and Variance = npq
3x + 1 1 – x 1 – 2 x
+ + £1
4 3 4 2
Þ np = 4 and npq =
3 12x + 4 + 3 – 3x + 6 – 13 × < 12
13 – 3 × < 12
4
[QMean = 4, Var (X) = (Given)]
3 1
Þ x³
3
4
npq 3 1 1 2 Also, P(C) > 0
Þ = Þ q = Þ p = 1- =
np 4 3 3 3
PROBABILITY
80

Þ 1 – 2x > 0 (Use P(X = r) = n Cr p r q n -r )

2x < 1
8
1 æ1ö 8 1
Þ x< \ P X = 1 = 8C1 ç ÷ = =
2 è 2 ø 16 ´ 16 32

1 1 Example – 8
Þ £x£ .
3 2
The mean and the variance of a binomial distribution
Example – 6 are 4 and 2 respectively. Then the probability of 2
successes is
Five horses are in a race. Mr. A selects two of the horses
at random and bets on them. The probability that Mr. A (a) 128/256 (b) 219/256
selected the winning horse, is (c) 37/256 (d) 28/256
(a) 3/5 (b) 1/5 Ans. (d)
(c) 2/5 (d) 4/5
Sol. Given np = 4 and npq = 2
Ans. (c)
Sol. Let two horses salected are A and B. npq 2 1 1 1
q= = = Þ p = 1- =
np 4 2 2 2
4 3
=p A p B ´
5 4 Now npq = 2 \n=8
No. of horses = 5 \ Binomial Distribution is given by
\ Probability that A can’t win the race P(X = r) = 8Cr pr qn–r
1 1 8
Where p(A) = and P(B) = æ1ö8 28
5 4 \ P X = r = 2 = C2 ç ÷ = .
2
è ø 256

Probability that ‘A’ must win the race = 1 – P A P B Example – 9

A pair of fair dice is thrown independently three times.
12 2
= 1- = . The probability of getting a score of exactly 9 twice, is
20 5
(a) 8/729 (b) 8/243
Example – 7
(c) 1/729 (d) 8/9
The mean and variance of a random variable X having a Ans. (b)
binomial distribution are 4 and 2 respectively, then
P (X = 1) is Sol. Possibility of getting 9 are (5, 4), (4, 5), (6, 3), (3, 6)
(a) 1/16 (b) 1/8 Probability of getting score 9 in a single throw =
(c) 1/4 (d) 1/32 4 1
p= =
Ans. (d) 36 9
Sol. Given mean np = 4, npq = 2
Required probability = probability of getting score 9
npq 2 1 1
Þ = Þq= \ q = p = and n = 8 2
np 4 2 2 3 æ1ö æ8ö 8
exactly twice = C2 ç ÷ ´ ç ÷ = .
è 9 ø è 9 ø 243
8– r
æ1ö
Now P(X = r) = 8 C r p r ç ÷
è2ø
PROBABILITY
81

Example – 10 Example – 12

A die is thrown. Let A be the event that the number One hundred identical coins, each with probability p,
obtained is greater than 3, Let B be the event that the of showing up heads are tossed once. If 0 < p < 1 and
number obtained is less than 5. Then P(A È B) is the probability of heads showing on 50 coins is equal
to that of heads showing on 51 coins, then the value of
2 3 p is
(a) (b)
5 5
(a) 1/2 (b) 49/101
(c) 0 (d) 1 (c) 50/101 (d) 51/101
Ans. (d) Ans. (d)
Sol. A = {4, 5, 6} Sol. Lex X be the number of coins showing heads. Let X be
Also B = {1, 2, 3, 4} a binomial variate with parameters n = 100 and p.
We have AÈB = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} = S Since, P (X = 50) = P (X = 51)
Where S is the sample space of the experiment of throwing
Þ 100 C50 p 50 (1 - p )50 = 100 C51 ( p)51 (1 - p) 49
a die. P(S) = 1, for it is a sure event.
Hence P(AÈB) = 1 (100)! (51!) ´ (49!) p
Þ g =
Example – 11 (50!)(50!) 100! 1- p

A set S contains 7 elements. A non-empty subset A of S p 51 51

and an element x of S are chosen at random. Then the Þ = Þ p=
1 - p 50 101
probability that x Î A is
Example – 13
1 64
(a) (b)
2 127 Three of the six vertices of a regular hexagon are chosen
at random. The probability that the triangle with three
63 31 vertices is equilateral, equals
(c) (d)
128 128 (a) 1/2 (b) 1/5
Ans. (b) (c) 1/10 (d) 1/20
Sol. S = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g } Ans. (c)
A can be selected in (27 – 1) ways Sol. Three vertices out of 6 can be chosen in 6C3 ways.
Hence, the number of non-empty subsets of S can be So, total ways = 6C3 = 20
chosen in
Only two equilateral triangles can be formed
7C + 7C + 7C + .... + 7C = 128 – 1 ways
1 2 3 7
DAEC and DBFD
= 127
Now, any x if not included in A can happen in 26 – 1 ways
\ Number of sets which include x are
= (27 – 1) – (26 – 1)
= 26(2 – 1) = 64 ways
Hence, probability that xÎA is

64 64
7
= .
2 -1 127

\ Favourable ways = 2
2 1
So, required probability = =
20 10
PROBABILITY
82

Example – 14 = P (M) + P(N) - 2P (M Ç N)

Also, P (exactly one of them occurs)
If the integers m and n are chosen at random between 1
and 100, then the probability that a number of the form = 1- P M Ç N 1- P M È N
7m + 7n is divisible by 5, equals

1 1 = P M È N - P M Ç N = P M + P N - 2P M Ç N
(a) (b)
4 7 Hence, (a) and (c) are correct answers.
1 1 Example – 16
(c) (d)
8 49
For two given events A and B, P(A Ç B) is
Ans. (a)
(a) not less than P (A) + P (B) – 1
Sol. 71 = 7, 72 = 49, 73 = 343, 74 = 2401, …
(b) not greater than P(A) + P(B)
There fore, for 7r, r Î N then number ends at unit
(c) equal to P(A) + P (B) – P (A È B)
Place 7, 9, 3, 1, 7, ...
(d) equal to P(A) + P(B) + P (A È B)
\ 7m + 7n will be divisible by 5 if it end at 5 or 0.
Ans. (a,b,c)
But it cannot end at 5.
Sol. We know that,
Also for end at 0.
P(A Ç B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A È B)
For this m ad n should be as follows
Also, P(A È B) £ 1
m n
\ P(A Ç B)min, when P(A È B)max = 1
1 4r 4r - 2
Þ P(A Ç B) ³ P(A) + P(B) - 1
2 4r - 1 4r - 3
\ Option (a) is true.
3 4r - 2 4r
Again, P (A È B) ³ 0
4 4r - 3 4r - 1
\ P(A Ç B)max, when P(A È B)min = 0
For any given value of m, there will be 25 values of n.
Þ P(A Ç B) £ P(A) + P(B)
Hence, the probability of the required event is
\ Option (b) is true.
100´ 25 1 Also, P(A Ç B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A È B), Thus, (c) is also
= =
100 ´100 4 correct.

Example – 15 Hence, (a), (b),(c) are correct options.

Example – 17
If M and N are any two events, then the probability that
exactly one of them occurs is If E and F are independent events such that
(a) P (M) + P (N) – 2P (M Ç N) 0 < P (E) < 1 and 0 < P (F) < 1, then
(a) E and F are mutually exclusive
(b) P(M) + P(N) - P (M È N)
(b) E and Fc (the complement of the event F) are
(c) P(M) + P(N) - 2P (M Ç N) independent
(c) Ec and Fc are independent
P (M Ç N) - P (M Ç N)
(d) (d) P (E/F) + P(Ec/F) = 1
Ans. (a,c) Ans. (b,c,d)
Sol. P(exactly one of M, N occurs) Sol. Since, E and F are independent events. Therefore,
P(EÇF) = P (E) . P (F) ¹ 0, so E and F are not mutually
= P MÇN È MÇN = P MÇN +P MÇN exclusive events.
= P (M) - P (M Ç N) + P(N) - P (M Ç N)
PROBABILITY
83

Now, P (E Ç F ) = P(E) - P(E Ç F) = P(E) - P(E). P(F) The choice (b) holds only for disjoint i.e. P(A Ç B) = 0
Finally, P(A È B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A Ç B)
= P(E) [1 - P(F)] = P (E) . P F
= P(A) + P(B) - P(A) . P(B),
if A, B are independent
and, P E Ç F = P E È F = 1 - P E È F
= 1- 1-P A 1-P B = 1 - P A .P B
= 1 - éë1 - P E .P F ùû
Hence, option (c) is correct, but option (d) is not correct.
[Q E and F are independent] Example – 19
= P E .P F
Let E and F be two independent events. The probability
that both E and F happen is 1/12 and the probability
So, E and F as well as E and F are independent events.
that neither E nor F happen is 1/2. Then,
(a) P(E) = 1/3, P (F) = 1/4
P EÇF +P EÇF
Now, P E/F + P E / F = (b) P(E) = 1/2, P (F) = 1/6
P F
(c) P (E) = 1/6, P (F) = 1/2
P F (d) P (E) = 1/4, P (F) = 1/3
= =1
P F Ans. (a,d)

1
Example – 18 Sol. Both E and F happen Þ P E Ç F =
12
For any two events A and B in a sample space
1
and neither E nor F happens Þ P E Ç F =
æ A ö P(A) + P(B) - 1 2
(a) P ç ÷ ³ , P (B) ¹ 0 is always true
è Bø P(B) But for independent events, we have

(b) P (A Ç B) = P (A) – P(A Ç B) does not hold 1

P EÇF = P E P F = ...(i)
12
(c) P (A È B) = 1 – P ( A ) P ( B ), if A and B are
independent
and P E Ç F = P E P F
(d) P (A È B) = 1 – P ( A ) P ( B ), if A and B are disjoint
= {1 – P(E}.{1-P(F)}
Ans. (a,c)
= 1 – P(E) – P(F) + P(E)P(F)
Sol. We know that,
1 1
æ A ö P A ÇB P A +P B - P A È B Þ = 1 - {P( E ) + P ( F )} +
Pç ÷= = 2 12
è Bø P B P B
1 1 7
Since, P (A È B) < 1 Þ P E + P F = 1- + = ...(ii)
2 12 12
Þ -P(A È B) > -1
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
Þ P(A) + P(B) - P(A È B) > P(A) + P(B) - 1
either P E = 1 and P F = 1 .
P A +P B - P A È B P A +P B -1 4 3
Þ >
P B P B
1 1
or, P E = and P F =
æ A ö P A +P B -1 3 4
Þ Pç ÷>
èBø P B

Hence, option (a) is correct.

PROBABILITY
84

Example – 20 Þ pm – pcm + pc – pcm + cm – pcm + pcm = 0.5

Þ (pm + pc + mc) – 2pcm = 0.5 ...(ii)
The probabilities that a student passes in Mathematics,
Physics and Chemistry are m, p and c respectively. Of From Eq. (ii),
these subjects, the students has a 75% chance of pm + pc + mc - 3pcm = 0.4 …(iv)
passing in at least one, a 50% chance of passing in at From Eq.(i),
least two, and a 40% chance of passing in exactly two.
0.25 = 1 - (m + p + c) + (pm + pc + cm) - pcm …(v)
Which of the following relations are true?
On solving Eqs. (iii), (iv) and (v), we get
19 27
(a) p + m + c = (b) p + m + c = 27
20 20 p+m+c = 1.35 =
20
1 1
(c) pmc = (d) pmc = Therefore, option (b) is correct.
10 4
Ans. (b,c) 1
Also, from Eqs, (ii) and (iii), we get pmc =
10
Sol. Let A, B and C respectively denote the events that the
student passes in Maths, Physics and Chemistry. Hence, option (c) is correct.
It is given.
Example – 21
P(A) = m, P(B) = p and P(C) = c and
If p & q are chosen randomly from the set
P (passing atleast in one subject) = P(A È B È C) = 0.75
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} with replacement. Determine
Þ 1 - P(A ¢ Ç B¢ Ç C¢) = 0.75 the probability that the roots of the equation
x2 + px + q = 0 are real.
Q [P(A) = 1 - P(A)] Ans. (31/50)
Sol. The required probability = 1- (probability of the event
and [P(A È B È C] = P(A¢ Ç B¢ Ç C¢)] that the roots of x2 + px + q = 0 are non-real).
Þ 1 – P(A’). P(B’). P(C’) = 0.75 The roots of x2 + px + q = 0 will be non-real if and
(Q A, B and C are independent events, therefore A’, only if p2 – 4q < 0, i.e. if p2 < 4q
B’ and C’ are independent events) The possible values of p and q can be possible according
Þ 0.75 = 1 – (1 – m)(1 – p)(1 – c) to the following table.

Þ 0.25 = (1 – m)(1 – p)(1 – c) ...(i) Value of q Value of p Number of pairs of p,q

Also, P(passing exactly in two subjects) = 0.4 1 1 1

2 1, 2 2
Þ P(A Ç B Ç C È A Ç B Ç C È A Ç B Ç C) = 0.4
3 1, 2, 3 3

Þ P(A Ç B Ç C) + P(A Ç B Ç C) + P(A Ç B Ç C) = 0.4 4 1, 2, 3 3

5 1, 2, 3, 4 4
Þ P(A) P(B) P(C) + P(A) P(B) P(C) 6 1, 2, 3, 4 4
7 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 5
+P(A) P(B) P(C) = 0.4
8 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 5
Þ pm (1 – c) + p(1 – m)c + (1 – p)mc = 0.4
9 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 5
Þ pm - pmc + pc – pmc + mc – pmc = 0.4 ....(iii)
10 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 6
Again, P(passing atleast in two subjects) = 0.5
Therefore, the number of possible pairs = 38
Þ P(A Ç B Ç C) + P(A Ç B Ç C) + P(A Ç B Ç C) Also, the total number of possible pairs is 10 × 10 = 100

+ P(A Ç B Ç C) = 0.5 38
\ The required probability = = 1 - = 1 - 0.38 = 0.62
100
Þ pm (1 – c) + pc(1 – m) + cm(1 – p) + pcm = 0.5
PROBABILITY
85

Example – 22
p(1 - p)
= q  = (1 - p) =
There is 30% chance that it rains on any particular day. 1 - q3
What is the probability that there is at least one rainy
Again, we have
day within a period of 7  days ? Given that there is at
least one rainy day, what is the probability that there 1
are at least two rainy days ?
p + p (1 - p )
  = 1 - ( +  ) = 1 -
1   0.7   7 C  0.3  0.7 
7 6 1 - q3
7
 1 
Ans. 1–(0.7) ,
1   0.7 
7
p + p (1 - p )
= 1-
1 - (1 - p )3
Sol. Probability of rain on any particular day = 0.3
Probability of no rain on any particular day
1 - (1 - p )3 - p - p(1 - p)
=
= 1 - 0.3 = 0.7 1 - (1 - p )3
Probability of no rain for 7 days = (0.7)7
probability for atleast one rainy day = 1 - (0.7)7 1 - (1 - p )3 - 2 p + p 2 p - 2 p2 + p3
= =
Now let A = there are atleast two rainy days 1 - (1 - p )3 1 - (1 - p )3
B = there is atleast one rainy day.
p p (1 - p )
Also,  = , =
 A  P(A  B) 1- (0.7) - C1 (0.3)(0.7) 
7 7 6
3
1 - (1 - p ) 1 - (1 - p )3
P = =
B P(B) 1- (0.7)7
Example – 24
Example – 23
Eight players P1, P2, P3, ............P8 play a knock-out
3 players A, B & C toss a coin cyclically in that order tournament. It is known that whenever the players
(that is A, B, C, A, B, C, A, B, ......) till a head shows. Let Pi and Pj play, the player Pi will win if i < j. Assuming
p be the probability that the coin shows a head. Let , that the players are paired at random in each round,
 &  be respectively the probabilities that A, B and what is the probability that the player P4 reaches the
C gets the first head . Prove that final.
= (1  p). Determine ,  &  (in terms of p). Ans. (4/35)
Sol. The number of ways in which P1,P2,…P8 can be paired in
p (1  p ) p (1  p ) 2 p
Ans.  ,  ,  four pairs
1  (1  p )3 1  (1  p )3 1  (1  p )3
1 8
= [( C2 )(6 C2 )( 4 C2 )(2 C2 )]
Sol. Let q = 1 - p = probability of getting the tail. We have 4!
= probability of A getting the head on tossing firstly
1 8! 6! 4!
= P(H1 or T1T2T3H4 or T1T2T3T4T5T6H7 or …) =    1
4! 2!6! 2!4! 2!2!
= P(H) + P(H)P(T)3 + P(H)P(T)6 + …
1 8 7 6 5 4 3 8 7  6 5
=
P(H)
=
p =    = = 105
4! 2! 1 2!  1 2!  1 2.2.2.2
1 - P(T)3 1 - q3
Now, atleast two players certainly reach the second
Also,
round between P1,P2 and P3 and P4 can reach in final if
= probability of B getting the head on tossing secondly exactly two players play against each other between P1,
= P(T1H2 or T1T2T3H4H5 or T1T2T3T4T5T6T7H8 or …) P2,P3 and remaining player will play against one of the
= P(H)[P(T)+P(H)P(T)4 + P(H)P(T)7 + …] remaining three from P5 …P8.

= P(T)[P(H)+P(H)P(T)3 + P(H)P(T)6 + …] This can be possible in

PROBABILITY
86

3 Example – 26
C2 ´ 4 C1 ´ 3 C1 = 3.4.3 = 36 ways
A box contains 2 black, 4 white and 3 red balls. One ball
\ Probability that P4 and exactly one of P5 ...P8 reach
is drawn at random from the box and kept aside. From
second round
the remaining balls in the box, another ball is drawn at
36 12 random and kept beside the first. This process is
= =
105 35 repeated till all the balls are drawn from the box. Find
the probability that the balls drawn are in the sequence
If P1, Pi, P4 and Pj, where i = 2 or 3 and j = 5 or 6 or 7 reach
of 2 black, 4 white and 3 red.
the second round, then they
1
1 4 2
Ans.
can be paired in 2 pairs in ( C2 )( C2 ) = 3 ways. 1260
2!
Sol. Since, the drawn balls are in the sequence black, black,
But P4 will reach the final, if P1 plays
white, white, white, white, red, red and red.
Against Pi and P4 plays against Pj,
Let the corresponding probabilities be p1,p2,…p9
Hence, the probability that P4 will reach the final round
2 1 4 3 2
1 Then, p1 = , p2 = , p3 = , p4 = , p5 = ,
from the second = 9 8 7 6 5
3

1 3 2
12 1 4 p6 = , p7 = , p8 = , p9 = 1
\ Probability that P4 will reach the final is ´ = 4 3 2
35 3 35
\ Required probability
Example – 25
æ 2 ö æ 1 öæ 4 öæ 3 ö æ 2 öæ 1 ö æ 3 öæ 2 ö 1
p1 . p2 . p3 ... p9 = ç ÷ ç ÷ ç ÷ ç ÷ ç ÷ ç ÷ ç ÷ ç ÷ (1) =
Four cards are drawn from a pack of 52 playing cards. è 9 ø è 8 øè 7 øè 6 ø è 5 øè 4 ø è 3 øè 2 ø 1260

Find the probability (correct upto two places of

Example – 27
decimals) of drawing exactly one pair.
Ans. (0.3) An anti-aircraft gun can take a maximum of four shots
Sol. Total number of outcomes = 52C4 at an enemy plane moving away from it. The probabilities
of hitting the plane at the first, second, third and fourth
Now there are exactly 13 group of cards each group
shot are 0.4, 0.3, 0.2, and 0.1 respectively. What is the
containing card having equal number. Choose any one
probability that the gun hits the plane ?
group and in that group out of 4 cards choose any two
cards which will make exactly one pair. Now rest of 12 Ans. (0.6976)
groups select one card from each group. Hence Sol. Let P(H1) = 0.4, P(H2) = 0.3, P(H3) = 0.2, P(H4) = 0.1
P (gun hits the plane)
Favourable outcomes = 13 C1 × 4 C2 × 12C2 × 4 C1 × 4 C1

Required probability = 1 - P(H1 ).P(H 2 ).P(H3 ).P(H 4 )

13
= 1 - (0.6) (0.7) (0.8) (0.9) = 1- 0.3024 = 0.6976
C1 × 4 C 2 × 12 C 2 × 4 C1 × 4 C1
= 52
= 0.3
C4
PROBABILITY
87

Example – 28 Example – 30

Cards are drawn one by one at random from a well In a certain city only two newspapers A and B are
shuffled full pack of 52 playing cards until 2 aces are published, it is known that 25% of the city population
obtained for the first time. If N is the number of cards reads A and 20% reads B, while 8% reads both A and B.
required to be drawn, then show that It is also known that 30% of those who read A but not B
look into advertisements and 40% of those who read B
(n - 1) (52 - n) (51 - n) but not A look into advertisements while 50% of those
Pr N = n =
50 ´ 49 ´ 17 ´ 13 who read both A and B look into advertisements. What
where 2 < n £ 50. is the percentage of the population reads an
advertisement ?
Sol. P(Nth draw gives 2nd ace)
Ans. (13.9%)
= P{1 ace and (n–2) other cards are drawn in (N–1)draws}
Sol. Let P(A) and P(B) denote respectively the percentage of
×P{Nth draw is 2nd ace}
city population that reads newspapers A and B. Then,
4C1 ´ 48Cn –2 ´ 3C1
= 25 1 20 1
52Cn –1 ´ 53 – n P(A) = = , P(B) = = ,
100 4 100 5

4.(48)!.( n - 1)!(53 - n)! 3 8 2

= . P(A Ç B) = = ,
(52)!.( n - 2)!(50 - n)! (53 - n) 100 25

4( n - 1)(52 - n)(51 - n).3 1 2 17

= P(A Ç B) = P(A) - P(A Ç B) = - = ,
52.51.50.49 4 25 100

( n - 1)(52 - n)(51 - n ) 1 2 3
= P(A Ç B) = P(B) - P(A Ç B) = - =
50.49.17.13 5 25 25
Let P(C) be the probability that the population who reads
Example – 29 advertisements.
A, B, C are events such that \ P(C) = 30% of P(A Ç B) + 40% of P(A Ç B)
Pr (A) = 0.3, Pr (B) = 0.4, Pr (C) = 0.8,
+ 50% of P(AÇB)
Pr(AB) = 0.08, Pr(AC) = 0.28, Pr(ABC) = 0.09.
[since, AÇ B , A Ç B and A ÇB are all mutually
If Pr (A È B È C) ³ 0.75, then show that Pr(BC) lies in the
interval 0.23 £ x £ 0.48. exclusive]

Sol. We know that, 3 17 2 3 1 2 139

Þ P(C) = ´ + ´ + ´ = = 13.9%
P(A) + P(B) + P(C) – P(AÇB) – P(BÇC) – (CÇA) 10 100 5 25 2 25 1000
+ P(A Ç B Ç C) = P(A È B È C)
Example – 31
Þ 0.3 + 0.4 + 0.8 – {0.08 + 0.28 + P(BC)} + 0.09
= P(A È B È C) In a multiple-choice question there are four alternative
answers, of which one or more are correct. A candidate
Þ 1.23 – P(BC) = P(A È B È C)
will get marks in the question only if he ticks the correct
where, 0.75 £ P(A È B È C) £ 1 answers. The candidate decides to tick the answers at
Þ 0.75 £ 1.23 – P(BC) £ 1 random. If he is allowed upto three chances to answer
Þ –0.48 £ – P(BC) £ –0.23 the questions, find the probability that he will get marks
in the question.
Þ 0.23 £ P(BC) £ 0.48
Þ 0.23 < x < 0.48 1
Ans.
5
Sol. The total number of ways to answer the question
PROBABILITY
88

= 4C1 + 4C2 + 4C3 + 4C4 = 24 - 1 = 15 Example – 33

P(getting marks) = P(correct answer in I chance)
A man takes a step forward with probability 0.4 and
+ P(correct answer in II chance) backwards with probability 0.6. Find the probability that
+ P(correct answer in III chance) at the end of eleven steps he is one step away from the
starting point.
1 æ 14 1 ö æ 14 13 1 ö 3 1
= + . + . . = = Ans. (11C6 (0.24)5)
15 çè 15 14 ÷ø çè 15 14 13 ÷ø 15 5
Sol. The man will be one step away from the starting point, if
Example – 32 (i) either he is one step ahead or (ii) one step behind the
starting point
A lot contains 20 articles. The probability that the lot
The man will be one step ahead at the end of eleven
contains exactly 2 defective articles is 0.4 and the
steps, if he moves six steps forward and five steps
probability that the lot contains exactly 3 defective
backward. The probability of this event is 11C6 (0.4)6
articles is 0.6. Articles are drawn from the lot at random
(0.6)5.
one by one without replacement and are tested till all
defective articles are found. What is the probability The man will be one step behind at the end of eleven
that the testing procedure ends at the twelfth testing ? steps, if he moves six steps backward and five steps
forward. The probability of this event is 11C6 (0.6)6 (0.4)5.
99
Ans. \ Required probability = 11C6 (0.4)6 (0.6)5
1900
Sol. The testing procedure may terminate at the twelfth testing +11 C6 (0.6)6 (0.4)5 = 11C6 (0.24)5
in two mutually exclusive ways.
I : When lot contains 2 defective articles. Example – 34
II : When lot contains 3 defective articles. An urn contains 2 white and 2 blacks balls. A ball is
Let A = testing procedure ends at twelfth testing drawn at random. If it is white it is not replaced into the
A1 = lot contains 2 defective articles urn. Otherwise it is replaced along with another ball of
the same colour. The process is repeated. Find the
A2 = lot contains 3 defective articles
probability that the third ball drawn is black.
\ Required probability = P(A1). P(A/A1) + P(A2).
P(A/A2) 23
Ans.
Here, P(A/A1) = probability that first 11 draws contains 30
10 non-defective and one-defective and twelfth draw Sol. Let Bi = ith ball drawn is black.
contains a defective article.
Wi = ith ball drawn is white, where i = 1, 2
18 2
C10 × C1 1 and A = third ball drawn is black.
= 20
× ...(i)
C11 9 We observe that the black ball can be drawn in the third
draw in one of the following mutually exclusive ways.
P(A/A2) = probability that first 11 draws contains
i) Both first and second balls drawn are white and third
9 non-defective and 2-defective articles and twelfth draw
ball drawn is black.
17
C9 × 3 C 2 1 i.e. (W1 Ç W2) Ç A
contains defective = 20
× ...(ii)
C11 9 ii) Both first and second balls are black and third ball
\ Requiredprobability = (0.4)P(A/A1) + 0.6P(A/A2) drawn is black.
i.e. (B1 Ç B2) Ç A
18 2 17 3
0.4× C10 × C1 1 0.6× C 9 × C 2 1 99 iii) The first ball drawn is white, the second ball drawn is
= 20
× + 20
× =
C11 9 C11 9 1900 black and the third ball drawn is black
i.e. (W1 Ç B2) Ç A
iv) The first ball drawn is black, the second ball drawn is
PROBABILITY
89

white and the third ball drawn is black n+7

C5 -10(n+2)
i.e. (B1 Ç W2) Ç A \ Required probability = n+7
C5
\ P(A) = P[{(W1 Ç W2) Ç A} È {(B1 Ç B2) Ç A}
È {(W1 Ç B2) Ç A} È {(B1 Ç W2) Ç A} 10(n+2)
= 1- n+7
= P[{(W1 Ç W2) Ç A} + P{(B1 Ç B2) Ç A} C5
+ P {(W1 Ç B2) Ç A} + P{(B1 Ç W2) Ç A}
Example – 36
= P{(W1 Ç W2)}. P(A/(W1 Ç W2))+ P(B1 Ç B2)
\ P(A/(B1 Ç B2)) + P(W1 Ç B2). P(A/(W1 Ç B2)) Suppose the probability for A to win a game against B
is 0.4. If A has an option of playing either a “best of 3
+ P(B1 Ç W2). P(A/(B1 Ç W2))
games” or a “best of 5 games” match against B, which
æ 2 1ö æ 2 3ö 4 æ 2 2ö 3 æ 2 2ö 3 option should choose so that the probability of his
= ç ´ ÷ ´1 + ç ´ ÷ ´ + ç ´ ÷ ´ + ç ´ ÷ ´ winning the match is higher ? (No game ends in a draw).
è 4 3 ø è 4 5ø 6 è 4 3ø 4 è 4 5ø 4
Ans. (best of 3 games)
1 1 1 3 23 Sol. Case I When A plays 3 games against B.
= + + + =
6 5 4 20 30
In this case, we have n = 3, p = 0.4 and q = 0.6
Example – 35
Let X denote the number of wins. Then,
A box contains 2 fifty paise coins, 5 twenty five paise P(X = r) = 3Cr(0.4)r (0.6)3-r; r = 0, 1, 2, 3
coins and a certain fixed number n (³ 2) of ten and five
paise coins. Five coins are taken out of the box at random. \ P1 = probability of winning the best of 3 games
Find the probability that the total value of these 5 coins = P(X ³ 2)
is less than one rupee and fifty paise.
= P(X = 2) + P(X = 3)
10 (n + 2) = 3C2 (0.4)2 (0.6)1 + 3C3 (0.4)3 (0.6)0
Ans. 1- n+7
C5
= 0.288 + 0.064 = 0.352
Sol. There are (n + 7) coins in the box out of which five coin
Case II When A plays 5 games against B.
can be taken out in n+7C5 ways.
The total value of 5 coins can be equal to or more than In this case, we have n = 5, p = 0.4 and q = 0.6
one rupee and fifty paise in the following ways. Let X denote the number of wins in 5 games.
i) When one 50 paise coin and four 25 paise coins are
Then,
chosen.
ii) When two 50 paise coins and three 25 paise coins P(X = r) = 5Cr(0.4)r (0.6)5-r; where r = 0, 1, 2,…,5
are chosen. \ P2 = probability of winning the best of 5 games
iii) When two 50 paise coins, 2 twenty five paise coins
= P(X ³ 3)
and one from n coins of ten and five paise
\ The total number of ways of selecting the coins = P(X = 3) + P(X = 4) + P(X = 5)

so that the total value of the coins is not less than one = 5C3 (0.4)3 (0.6)2 + 5C4 (0.4)4 (0.6) + 5C5 (0.4)5 (0.6)0
rupee and fifty paise is = 0.2304 + 0.0768 + 0.1024 = 0.31744
2 5 n 2 5 n 2 5 n
( C1 . C4 . C0) + ( C2 . C3 . C0) + ( C2 . C2 . C1) = 10 +10
Clearly, P1 > P2. Therefore, first option i.e. ‘best of
+ 10n = 10 (n + 2)
So, the number of ways of selecting five coins, so that 3 games’ has higher probility of winning the match.
the total value of the coins is less than one rupee and
fifty paise is n+7C5 – 10 (n + 2)
PROBABILITY
90

Example – 37
æ 1 1 ö æ 1 1 ö 1 1 17
\ P(E1 ) = ç ´ ÷ + ç ´ ÷ = + =
An unbiased coin is tossed. If the result is a head, a pair è 2 6 ø è 2 11 ø 12 22 132
of unbiased dice is rolled and the number obtained by
adding the numbers on the two faces is noted. If the æ 1 5 ö æ 1 1 ö 1 æ 91 ö 91
and P(E 2 ) = ç ´ ÷ + ç ´ ÷ = ç ÷=
result is a tail, a card from a well shuffled pack of eleven è 2 36 ø è 2 11 ø 2 è 396 ø 792
cards numbered 2, 3, 4, ...., 12 is picked and the number
on the card is noted. What is the probability that the Now, E1 and E2 are mutually exclusive events.
noted number is either 7 or 8 ? Therefore,

193 17 91 193
Ans. P(E1 or E 2 ) = P(E1 ) + P(E 2 ) = + =
792 132 792 792

Sol. Let, E1 = the event that the noted number is 7 Example – 38

E2 = the event that the noted number is 8
In how many ways three girls and nine boys can be
H = getting head on coin
seated in two vans, each having numbered seats, 3 in
T = getting tail on coin the front and 4 at the back ? How many seating
\ By law of total probability, arrangements are possible if 3 girls should sit together
P(E1) = P(H). P(E1/H) + P(T). P(E1/T) in a back row on adjacent seats ? Now, if all the seating
arrangements are equally likely, what is the probability
and P(E2) = P(H). P(E2/H) + P(T). P(E2/T)
of 3 girls sitting together in a back row on adjacent
Where, P(H) = 1/2 = P(T) seats ?
P(E1/H) = probability of getting a sum of 7 on two dice.
Here, favourable cases are 14! 1
Ans. , 2 ´ 2 ´ 3! ´ 11 P9 ,
2! 91
{(1, 6), (6, 1), (2, 5), (5, 2), (3, 4), (4, 3)}.
Sol. We have 14 seats in two vans and there are 9 boys and
6 1 3 girls. The number of ways of arranging 12 people on 14
\ P(E1 /H) = =
36 6
seats without restriction is
Also, P(E1/T) = probability of getting 7 numbered card
14 14!
out of 11 cards P12 = =7(13!)
2
1 Now, the number of ways of choosing back seats is 2.
=
11 and the number of ways of arranging 3 girls on adjacent
P(E2/H) = probability of getting a sum of 8 on two dice seats is 2(3!) and the number of ways of arranging 9
boys on the remaining 11 seats is 11P9 ways.
Here, favourable cases are
Therefore, the required number of ways.
{(2, 6), (6, 2), (4, 4), (5, 3), (3, 5)}
4.3!11!
5 =2.(2.3!).11P9 = =12!
\ P(E 2 /H) = 2!
36
Hence, the probability of the required event
P(E2/T) = probability of getting ‘8’ numbered card out of
11 cards 12! 1
= =
= 1/11 7.13! 91
PROBABILITY
91

Example – 39 \ Probability of S1, S2 being in the same pair

Sixteen players S1, S2,..., S16 play in a tournament. They (14)! .(2!)8 . 8! 1
are divided into eight pairs at random. From each pair a = 7
=
(2!) .7! . (16)! 15
winner is decided on the basis of a game played between
the two players of the pair. Assume that all the players The probability of any one wining in the pairs of
are of equal strength. S1, S2 = P (certain event) = 1
(a) Find the probability that the players S1 is among \ The pairs of S1, S2 being in two pairs separately and
the eight winners. S1 wins, S2 loses + The probability of S1, S2 being in two
(b) Find the probability that exactly one of the two pairs separately and S1 loses, S2 wins.
players S1 and S2 is among the eight winners.
é (14)! ù é (14)! ù
1 8 ê (2!)7 .7! úú 1 1 êê (2!)7 .7! úú 1 1
Ans. ( a ) (b ) = ê1 - ´ ´ + 1- ´ ´
2 15 ê (16)! ú 2 2 ê (16)! ú 2 2
ê (2!) 8 . 8! úû ê (2!)8 . 8! úû
Sol. i) Probability of S1 to be among the eight winners ë ë
= (Probability of S1 being a pair) × (Probability of S1
winning in the group) 1 14 ´ (14)! 7
= ´ =
2 15 ´ (14)! 15
1 1
= 1 ´ = [since, S1 is definitely in a group)
2 2
1 7 8
\ Required probability = + =
ii) If S1 and S2 are in the same pair, then exactly one 15 15 15
wins.
If S1 and S2 are in two pairs separately, then exactly Example – 40
one of S1 and S2 will be among the eight winners. If S1
A determinant is chosen at random from the set of all
wins and S2 loses or S1 loses and S2 wins.
determinants of order 2 with elements 0 or 1 only. The
Now, the probability of S1, S2 being in the same pair and probability that the value of the determinant chosen is
one wins positive, is....
= (Probability of S1, S2 being in the same pair)
3
× (Probability of any one winning in the pair) Ans.
16
n(E) Sol. Since, determinat is of order 2 × 2 and each element is 0
and the probability of S1, S2 being the same pair = n(S)
or 1 only.
where, n(E) = the number of ways in which 16 persons \ n(S) = 24 = 16
can be divided in 8 pairs.
1 0 1 1 1 0
and the determinat is positive are 0 1 , 0 1 , 1 1
(14)! (16)!
\ n(E) = 7
and n(S) =
(2!) .7! (2!) 8 . 8!
\ n(E) = 3

3
Thus, the required probability =
16
PROBABILITY 92

EXERCISE - 1 : BASIC OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

Basic problems on n(E)/n(S) 1
6. Let A and B be two events such that  P ( A  B )  ,
1. Three houses are available in a locality. Three persons 6
apply  for  the  houses.  Each  applies  for  one  house
1 1
without consulting others. The probability that all the P ( A  B)   and  P( A)  ,   where  A   stands  for
4 4
three apply for the same house, is
the complement of the event A. Then the events A and
1 B are :
2
(a)  (b)  (a) independent and equally likely
9 9
(b) mutually exclusive and independent
7 8
(c)  (d)  (c) equally likely but not independent
9 9
(d) independent but not equally likely
2. A problem in mathematics is given to three student A,
Addition Theorem Based Probability
B,  C  and  their  respective  probability  of  solving  the
problem is 1/2, 1/3 and 1/4. Probability that the problem 7. If from each of the three boxes containing 3 white and 1
is solved, is black, 2 white and 2 black, 1 white and 3 black balls, one
(a) 3/4 (b) 1/2 ball is drawn at random, then the probability that 2 white
and 1 black balls will be drawn, is
(c) 2/3 (d) 1/3
3. The probability that A speaks  truth is 4/5, while this 13 1
(a)  (b) 
probability  for  B  is  3/4.  The  probability  that  they 32 4
contradict each other when asked to speak on a fact, is
1 3
(a) 7/20 (b) 1/5 (c)  (d) 
32 16
(c) 3/20 (d) 4/5
Based on both Total probability law and Baye's Theorem
Independent and Dependent events
8. A letter is known to have come either from LONDON or
4. If  A  and  B  are  independent  events  such  that CLIFTON; on the postmark only the two consecutive
0 < P (A) < 1 and 0 < P (B) < 1, then which of the following letters ON are legible. The probability that it came from
is not correct ? LONDON is

(a) A and B are mutually exclusive 5 12
(a)  (b) 
(b) A and B’ are independent 17 17
(c) A’ and B are independent 17 3
(d) A’ and B’ are independent (c)  (d) 
30 5
1 9. For k = 1, 2,3 the box Bk contains k red balls and (k + 1)
5. Let A and B be two events such that  P (A  B)  ,
6 1 1 1
white balls. Let  P(B1 )  , P(B2 )  and P(B3 )  . A
1 1 2 3 6
P (A  B)    and  P (A)  ,   where  A   stands  for box is selected at random and a ball is drawn from it. If a
4 4
red ball is drawn, then the probability that it has come
complement of event A. Then events A and B are from box B2, is
(a) equally likely but not independent
35 14
(b) equally likely and mutually exclusive (a)  (b) 
78 39
(c) mutually exclusive and independent
(d) independent but not equally likely 10 12
(c)  (d) 
13 13
PROBABILITY 93
10. In an entrance test there are multiple choice questions. 14. One bag contains 5 white and 4 black balls. Another bag
There  are  four  possible  answers  to  each  question  of contains 7 white and 9 black balls. A ball is transferred
which one is correct. The probability that a student knows from the first bag to the second and then a ball is drawn
the answer to a question is 90%. If he gets the correct from second. The probability that the ball is white, is
answer to a question, then the probability that he was (a) 8/17 (b) 40/153
guessing,  is
(c) 5/9 (d) 4/9
37 1 15. Three groups A, B, C are competing for positions on the
(a)  (b) 
40 37 Board of Directors of a company. The probabilities of
their winning are 0.5, 0.3, 0.2 respectively. If the group A
36 1 wins, the probability of introducing a new product is 0.7
(c)  (d) 
37 9 and the corresponding probabilities for group B and C
are 0.6 and 0.5 respectively. The probability that the new
11. Two  coins  are  available,  one  fair  and  the  other  two
product will be introduced, is
headed. Choose a coin and toss it once assume that the
(a) 0.18 (b) 0.35
3
unbiased coin is chosen with probability  . Given that (c) 0.10 (d) 0.63
4
16. A survey of people in a given region showed that 20%
the outcome is head, the probability that the two-headed
were smokers. The probability of death due to lung cancer,
coin was chosen is
given that a person smoked, was 10 times the probability
3 2 of death due to lung cancer, given that a person did not
(a)  (b)  smoke. If the probability of death due to lung cancer in
5 5
the region is 0.006, what is the probability of death due
1 2 to lung cancer given that a person is a smoker
(c)  (d) 
5 7 (a) 1/140 (b) 1/70

12. The probabilities of four cricketers A, B, C and D scoring (c) 3/140 (d) 1/10

17. A, B and C are contesting the election for the post of
1 1 1 1
more than 50 runs in a match are  , ,  and  . It is secretary of a club which does not allow ladies to become
2 3 4 10
members. The probabilities of A, B and C winning the
known that exactly two of the players scored more than
50 runs in a particular match. The probability that players 1 2 4
election are  , and  respectively. The probabilities
were A and B is 3 9 9
of introducing the clause of admitting lady members to
27 5 the club by A, B and C are 0.6, 0.7 and 0.5 respectively.
(a)  (b) 
65 6 The probability that ladies will be taken as members in
the club after the election is
1
(c)  (d) none of these 26 5
6
(a)  (b) 
45 9
13. A  man  is  known  to  speak  truth  3  out  of  4  times.  He
throws a dice and reports that it is six. The probability
19
that it is actually six is (c)  (d) none of these
45
3 1 18. A certain player, say X, is know to win with probability
(a)  (b) 
8 5 0.3 if the track is fast and 0.4 if the track is slow. For
Monday, there is a 0.7 probability of a fast-track and 0.3
3 probability of slow track. The probability that player X
(c)  (d) none of these
5 will win on Monday, is
(a) 0.22 (b) 0.11
(c) 0.33 (d) none of these
PROBABILITY 94
By making Infinite GP 24. In a certain town, 40% of the people have brown hair,
25% have brown eyes and 15% have both brown hair
19. An unbiased die is tossed until a number greater than 4 and brown eyes. If a person selected at random from the
appears. The probability that an even number of tosses town, has brown hair,  the probability that he also has
is needed is brown eyes, is

1 2 1 3
(a)  (b)  (a)  (b) 
2 5 5 8

1 2 1 2
(c)  (d)  (c)  (d) 
5 3 3 3
20. Ram and Shyam throw with one dice for a prize of Rs 88 25. A  pair  of  numbers  is  picked  up  randomly  (without
which is to be won by the player who throws 1 first. If replacement) from the set{1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 12, 13, 17, 19}.
Ram starts, then mathematical expectation for Shyam is The probability that the number  11 was picked  given
(a) Rs 32 (b) Rs 40 that the sum of the numbers was even, is nearly :
(c) Rs 48 (d) none of these (a)  0.1 (b)  0.125
(c)  0.24 (d)  0.18
Conditional probability
26. For a biased die the probabilities for the diffferent faces to
21. Assume that in a family, each child is equally likely to be turn up are given below :
a boy or a girl. A family with three children is chosen at Faces : 1 2 3 4 5 6
random.  The probability that the eldest  child is a  girl
given that the family has atleast one girl is Probabilities : 0.10 0.32 0.21 0.15 0.05   0.17
The die is tossed & you are told that either face one or face
1 1 two has turned up. Then the probability that it is face one
(a)  (b) 
2 3 is :
(a) 1/6 (b) 1/10
2 4 (c) 5/49 (d) 5/21
(c)  (d) 
3 7
27. The probability that an automobile will be stolen and found
22. Let A = {2, 3, 4, ...., 20, 21}. A number is chosen at random within one week is 0.0006. The probability that an automobile
from the set A and it is found to be a prime number. The will be stolen is 0.0015. The probability that a stolen automobile
probability that it is more than 10 is will be found in one week is
(a) 0.3 (b) 0.4
9 1
(a)  (b)  (c) 0.5 (d) 0.6
10 10
Geometrical probabilities
1
(c)  (d) none of these 28. A square is inscribed in a circle. If p1 is the probability
2
that a randomly chosen point of the circle lies within
23. Three distinguishable balls are distributed in three cells.
the square and p2 is the probability that the point lies
The probability that all three occupy the same cell, given
outside the  square  then
that atleast two of them are in the same cell, is
(a)  p1  p 2
1 1
(a)  (b) 
7 9 2 2 1
(b)  p1  p 2 and p1  p 2 
3
1
(c)  (d) none of these
6 (c)  p1  p 2
(d) none of these
PROBABILITY 95
Multiplication theorem of probability Probability distribution

34. A coin is tossed 7 times. Each time a man calls head.
3
29. Let  A  and  B  be  two  events  such  that P (A)  , The probability that he wins the toss on more occasions
8
is
5 3
P (B)   and  P (A  B)  ,  then P (A/B) P (A’/B) is
8 4 1 5
(a)  (b) 
equal to 4 8

2 3 1
(a)  (b)  (c)  (d) none of these
5 8 2

3 35. If  X  and  Y  are  the  independent  random  variables

6
(c)  (d) 
20 25  1  1
B   5,   and B  7,  , then  P(X  Y  1) 
30. Three persons A, B and C fire at a target in turn, starting  2   2
with A. Their probabilities of hitting the target are 0.4,
0.3 and 0.2 respectively. The probability of two hits is 4095 309
(a)  (b) 
(a) 0.024 (b) 0.188 4096 4096
(c) 0.336 (d) 0.452
4032
31. A box contains 3 orange balls, 3 green balls and 2 blue (c)  (d) none of these
balls.  Three  balls  are  drawn  at  random  from  the  box 4096
without replacement. The probability of drawing 2 green 36. The mean and variance of a random variable X having a
balls and one blue ball is binomial  distribution  are  4  and  2  respectively,  then
2 3 P (X = 1) is
(a)  (b) 
21 28
1 1
(a)  (b) 
4 32
1 167
(c)  (d) 
28 168
1 1
32. A pair of dice is rolled again and again till a total of 5 or (c)  (d) 
16 8
a  total  of  7  is  obtained.  The  chance  that  a  total  of  5
comes before a total of 7 is 37. 6 ordinary dice are rolled. The probability that at least
half of them will show at least 3 is
2 3
(a)  (b) 
5 7 24 24
(a)  41  (b) 
36 36
3
(c)  (d) none of these
13
24
33. The probability that certain electronic component fails (c)  20  (d) none of these
36
when first used is 0.10. If it does not fail immediately,
the  probability  that  it  lasts  for  one  year  is  0.99.  The 38. The probability that an event A happens in one trial of
probability that a new component will last for one year an  experiment  is  0.4.  Three  independent  trials  of  the
is experiments are performed. The probability that the event
(a) 0.891 (b) 0.692 A happens at least once is
(c) 0.92 (d) none of these (a) 0.936 (b) 0.784
(c) 0.904 (d) None of these
PROBABILITY 96

39. India  plays  two  matches  each  with  West  Indies  and 45. A coin is tossed n times. The probability of getting at
Australia. In any match the probabilities of India getting least  one  head  is  greater  than  that  of  getting  at  least
points 0, 1 and 2 are 0.45, 0.05 and 0.50 respectively.
Assuming  that  the  outcomes  are  independent,  the 5
two tails by  . Then n is
probability of India getting at least 7 points, is 32

(a) 0.8750 (b) 0.0875 (a) 5 (b) 10

(c) 0.0625 (d) 0.0250 (c) 15 (d) none of these
40. An unbiased die with faces marked 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 is
Use of PnC to find probability
rolled four times. Out of four face values obtained, the
probability that the minimum face value is not less than
46. A determinant is chosen at random from the set of all
2 and the maximum face value is not greater than 5, is
determinants of order 2 with elements 0 or 1 only. The
(a) 16/81 (b) 1/81 probability  that  value  of  the  determinant  chosen  is
(c) 80/81 (d) 65/81 positive is
41. Which  of  the  following  can  serve  as  a  probability
function  of  a  discrete  random  variable  for  the  range 16 7
(a)  (b) 
{1, 2, 3, 4} ? 81 16

x2 x2 3
(a)  P (x)  (b)  P (x)  (c)  (d) none of these
18 2 16
2
47. An unbiased cubic die marked with 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3 is rolled
(c)  P (x)  x (d) none of these
15 3 times. The probability of getting a total score of 4 or 6
is
42. The probability of guessing correctly atleast 8 out of 10
answers on a true-false type examination is
16 50
(a)  (b) 
7 7 216 216
(a)  (b) 
64 128
60
(c)  (d) none
45 7 216
(c)  (d) 
1024 41
48. One hundred identical coins, each with probability, p, of
43. Suppose  that  a  random  variable  X  follows  Binomial showing up heads are tosses once. If 0 < p < 1 and the
distribution with parameters n and p, where 0 < p < 1. If probability of heads showing on fifty coins is equal to
P (X = r)/P (X = n – r) is independent of n and r, then p is that of heads showing on 51 coins, then the value of p is:
equal to
(a) 1/2 (b) 49/101
1 1 (c) 50/101 (d) 51/101
(a)  (b) 
2 3
49. If the integers m and n belongs to set of first hundred
natural numbers then the probability that a number of
1 1
(c)  (d)  the form 7m + 7n is divisible by 5 is
5 7

44. How many times must a man toss a fair coin so that the 1 1
(a)  (b) 
probability of having atleast one head is more than 90%? 5 7
(a) 2 (b) 3
(c) 4 (d) 5 1 1
(c)  (d) 
4 49
PROBABILITY 97
50. Fifteen coupons are numbered 1, 2, ..., 15, respectively. 55. Four tickets marked 00, 01, 10 and 11 respectively are
Seven coupons are selected at random one at a time with placed in bag. A ticket is drawn at random five times,
replacement.  The  probability  that  the  largest  number being replaced each time. The probability that the sum
appearing on a selected coupon is 9, is of the numbers on the ticket is 15, is
6 7
 9 8 3 5
(a)    (b)    (a)  (b) 
 16   15  1024 1024

7 7
3 (c)  (d) none of these
(c)    (d) None of these 1024
5
56. 2n  boys  are  randomly  divided  into  two  subgroups
51. Seven  white  balls  and  three  black  balls  are  randomly
containing  n boys  each.  The  probability that  the  two
placed in a row. The probability that no two black balls
tallest boys are in different groups is
are placed adjacently, equals
n n 1
1 7 (a)  (b) 
(a)  (b)  2n  1 2n  1
2 15
2n  1
2 1 (c)  (d) none of these
(c)  (d)  4n 2
15 3
52. An Urn contains 'm' white and 'n' black balls. All the balls 57. A binary number is made up of 8 bits. The probability of
an incorrect bit appearing is p and the errors in different
except for one ball, are drawn from it. The probability
bits are independent of one another. The probability of
that the last ball remaining in the Urn is white, is
forming an incorrect number is
m n
(a)  (b)  P
mn mn (a)  (b) p8
8
1 mn (c) 1 – (1 – p)8 (d) (1 – p)8
(c)  (m  n)! (d)  (m  n)!
58. Fifteen coupons are numbered 1 to 15. Seven coupons
53. A Urn contains 'm' white and 'n' black balls. Balls are are selected at random, one at a time with replacement.
The probability that the largest number apearing on a
drawn one by one till all the balls are drawn. Probability
selected coupon be 9 is
that the second drawn ball is white, is
6 7
m n(m  n  1)  9 8
(a)    (b)   
(a)  (b)  (m  n)(m  n  1)  16   15 
mn
7
m(m  1) mn 3
(c)  (m  n)(m  n  1) (d)  (m  n)(m  n  1) (c)    (d) none of these
5

54. The  number  'a'  is  randomly  selected  from  the  set 59. Three of the six vertices of a regular hexagon are  chosen
{0, 1, 2, 3, ...... 98, 99}. The number 'b' is selected from the at random. The probability that the triangle with three
same set. Probability that the number 3a + 7b has a digit vertices is equilateral equals
equal to 8 at the units place, is
1 1
(a)  (b) 
1 2 2 5
(a)  (b) 
16 16
1 1
(c)  (d) 
4 3 10 20
(c)  (d) 
16 16
PROBABILITY 98
60. x1, x2, x3, ...... x50 are fifty numbers such that xr < xr + 1 for Use of set theory properties
r = 1, 2, 3, ...., 49. Five numbers out of these are picked
up  at  random.  The  probability  that  the  five  numbers 63. A, B, C are three events for which P(A) = 0.6, P(B) = 0.4,
have x20 as the middle number is P(C)  =  0.5,  P(A  B)  0.8 ,  P(A  C)  0.3   and
20
C2  30 C2 30
C2  19 C2 P(A  B  C)  0.2 .  If  P(A  B  C)  0.85 then  the
(a)  50 (b)  50
C2 C5 interval of values of  P(B  C)  is
(a) [0.2, 0.35] (b) [0.55, 0.7]
19
C2  31C3 (c) [0.2, 0.55] (d) none of these
(c)  50 (d) none the these
C5
64. A and B are two events. Odds against A are 2 : 1. Odds
61. 5 girls and 10 boys sit at random in a row having 15 in favour of  A  B  are 3 : 1. If  x  P(B)  y , then the
chairs numbered  as 1  to 15.  Find the  probability that ordered pair (x, y) is
end  seats  are  occupied  by  the  girls  and  between  any
two girls odd number of boys sit, is 5 3 2 3
(a)   ,  (b)   , 
 12 4  3 4
20  10! 5! 20  10!
(a)  (b) 
15! 15!
1 3
(c)   ,  (d) none of these
3 4
20  5!
(c)  (d) none of these
15!
3 1 4
65. If  P (B)  , P(A / B)    and  P (A  B)  , then
62. The probability that the birthdays of six different people 5 2 5
will fall in exactly two calendar months is P ((A B)’) + P (A’ B) =

1 12 26 1 4
(a)  (b)  C2  6 (a)  (b) 
6 12 5 5

12 26  1 341 1
(c)  C2  (d)  5
(c)  (d) 1
6 2
12 12
PROBABILITY 99

EXERCISE - 2 : PREVIOUS YEAR JEE MAIN QUESTIONS

1. If 12 identical balls are to be placed in 3 identical boxes,
2
then  the  probability  that  one  of  the  boxes  contains 5. If A and B are any two events such that  P  A    and
5
exactly 3 balls is: (2015)

12 11 3
1 1 P  A  B  ,  then  the  conditional,  probability,,
(a)  220   (b)  22   20
3 3

P  A |  A '  B '  , where A’ denotes the complement of

11 10
55  2  2
(c)    (d)  55   A, is equal to : (2016/Online Set–1)
3 3 3

2. Let X be a set containing 10 elements and P(X) be its 1 5
(a)  (b) 
power set. If A and B are picked up at random from P(X), 4 17
with replacement, then the probability that A and B have
equal number of elements, is : (2015/Online Set–1) 8 11
(c)  (d) 
17 20
(a) 
2 10
– 1
(b) 
20
C10
2 20
210 6. An experiment succeeds twice as often as it fails. The
probability of at least 5 successes in the six trials of this
experiment is : (2016/Online Set–2)
(c) 
2 10
– 1
(d)  20
20
C10
210 2
240 192
(a)  (b) 
3. If the lengths of the sides of a triangle are decided by the 729 729
three throws of a single fair die, then the probability that
the triangle is of maximum area given that it is an isosceles 256 496
(c)  (d) 
triangle, is : (2015/Online Set–2) 729 729

1 1 7. For three events A, B and C, P(Exactly one of A or B
(a)   (b)  
21 27 occurs)
= P(Exactly one of B or C occurs)
1 1
(c)   (d) 
15 26 1
= P(Exactly one of C or A occurs)    and P (All the
4
4. Let  two  fair  six-faced  dice  A  and  B  be  thrown
simultaneously. If E1 is the event that die A shows up
1
four, E2 is the event that die B shows up two and E3 is three events occur simultaneously)   .
16
the event that the sum of numbers on both dice is odd,
then which of the following statements is NOT true ? Then  the  probability  that  at  least  one  of  the  events
(2016) occurs, is: (2017)
(a) E2 and E3 are independent.
7 7
(b) E1 and E3 are independent. (a)  (b) 
32 16
(c) E1, E2 and E3 are independent.
(d) E1 and E2 are independent. 7 3
(c)  (d) 
64 16
PROBABILITY 100

8. If  two  different  numbers  are  taken  from  the  set 12. Let E and F be two independent events. The probability
{0, 1, 2, 3,……, 10}; then the probability that their sum
1
as well as absolute difference are both multiple of 4, that both E and F happen is   and the probability that
12
(2017)
1 P(E)
6 12 neither E nor F happens is  ,  then a value of  P(F)  is:
(a)  (b)  2
55 55
(2017)
14 7
(c)  (d)  4 3
45 55 (a)  (b) 
3 2
9. Three  persons  P,  Q  and  R  independently  try  to  hit  a
target. If the probabilities of their hitting the target are 1 5
(c)  (d) 
3 12
3 1 5
, and   respectively, then the probability that the
4 2 8 13. A bag contains 4 red and 6 black balls. A ball is drawn at
target is hit by P or Q but not by R is : (2017) random  from the  bag,  its  colour is observed and  this
ball along with two additional balls of the same colour
21 9 are returned to the bag. If now a ball is drawn  at random
(a)  (b) 
64 64 from the bag, then the probability that this drawn ball is
red, is: (2018)
15 39
(c)  (d) 
64 64 3 3
(a)  (b) 
4 10
10. An unbiased coin is tossed eight times. The probability
of obtaining at least one head and at least one tail is :
2 1
(2017) (c)  (d) 
5 5

255 127 14. A  box  ‘A’  contains  2  white,  3  red  and  2  black  balls.
(a)  (b) 
256 128 Another box ‘B’  contains 4 white, 2 red  and 3 black
balls.  If  two  balls  are  drawn  at  random,  without
63 1 replacement, from a randomly selected box and one ball
(c)  (d) 
64 2 turns out to be white while the other ball turns out to be
red, then the probability that both balls are drawn from
11. From a group of 10 men and 5 women, four member
box ‘B’ is : (2018/Online Set–1)
committees are to be formed each of which must contain
at  least  one  woman.  Then  the  probability  for  these 9
committees to have more women than men, is (2017) (a) 
16

21 3
(a)  (b)  7
220 11 (b) 
16

1 2
(c)  (d)  9
11 23 (c) 
32

7
(d) 
8
PROBABILITY 101

15. A  player  X  has  a  biased  coin  whose  probability  of 19. Minimum number of times a fair coinmust be tossed so

showing heads is p and a player Y has a fair coin. They that the probability of getting at least one head is more
start  playing  a  game  with  their  own  coins  and  play than 99% is: (2019-04-10/Shift-2)
alternately. The player who throws a head first is a winner. (a) 5 (b) 6
If X starts the game, and the probability of winning the (c) 8 (d) 7
game by both the players is equal, then the value of ‘p’ is:
20. If three of the six vertices of a regular hexagon are chosen
(2018/Online Set–2) at random, then theprobability that the triangle formed
with these chosen vertices is equilateral is :
1 1
(a)  (b)  (2019-04-12/Shift-1)
5 3

1 1
2 1 (a)  (b) 
10 5
(c)  (d) 
5 4
3 3
16. Two different families A and B are blessed with equal (c)  (d) 
10 20
number of children. There are 3 tickets to be distributed
amongst the children of these families so that no child 21. Let a random variable X have a binomial distribution
gets more than one ticket. If the probability that all the k
with mean 8 and variance 4. If  P  X  2   , then k
1 216
tickets go to the children of the family B is  ,  then the
12 is equal to _____. (2019-04-12/Shift-1)
number of children in each family is : 22. For an initial screening of an admission test, a candidate
is given fifty problemsto solve. If the probability that
(2018/Online Set–3)
(a) 3 (b) 4 4
the  candidate  can  solve  any  problem  is  ,  then  the
5
(c) 5 (d) 6
probability  that  he  is  unable  tosolve  less  than  two
17. The  minimum number  of times one has  to toss a  fair
problems is : (2019-04-12/Shift-2)
coin  so  that the probability  of  observing at  least  one
49 48
head is at least 90% is: (2019-04-08/Shift-2) 201  1  316  4 
(a)    (b)   
(a) 5 (b) 3 5 5 25  5 

(c) 4 (d) 2
49 48
54  4  164  1 
18. Four persons can hit a target correctly with probabilities (c)    (d)   
5 5 25  5 
1 1 1 1
, , and respectively.  If  all  hit  at  the  target 23. A person throws two fair dice. He winsRs. 15 for throwing
2 3 4 8
a doublet (same numbers on the two dice), wins Rs. 12
independently, then the probability that the target would when the throw results in the sum of 9, and loses Rs. 6
be hit, is: (2019-04-09/Shift-1) for any other outcomeon the throw. Then the expected
gain/loss (in Rs.) of the person is _____.
25 7
(a)  (b)  (2019-04-12/Shift-2)
192 32
1 1
(a)  gain (b)  loss
1 25 2 4
(c)  (d) 
192 32
1
(c)  loss (d)  2 gain
2
PROBABILITY 102

24. Two  cards  are  drawn  successively  with  replacement 28. Two  integers  are  selected  at  randomfrom  the  set
from a well-shuflled deck of 52 cards. Let X denote the {1, 2, .... , 11} . Given thatthe sum of selected  numbers
random variable of number of aces obtained in the two is  even,the  conditional  probability  that  both  the
drawn cards. Then P(X = 1) + P(X = 2) equals: numbers are even is: (2019-01-11/Shift-1)
(2019-01-09/Shift-1)
7 1
(a) 49/169 (b) 52/169 (a)  (b)
10 2
(c) 24/169 (d) 25/169
25. An urn contains 5 red and 2 green balls. A ball is drawn 2 3
at random from the urn . If the drawn ball is green, then (c)  (d) 
5 5
a red ball is added to the urn and if the drawnball is red,
then a green ball is added to the urn; the original ball is 29. A bag contains 30 white balls and 10red balls. 16 balls
not returnedto the urn. Now, a second ball is drawnat are  drawn  one  by  one    randomly  from  the  bag  with
random from it. The probability thatthe second ball is replacement. If X be the number of white balls drawn,the
red is: (2019-01-09/Shift-2)
 mean of X 
21 27    is equal to:
(a)  (b)   standard deviation of X 
49 49
(2019-01-11/Shift-2)
26 32
(c)  (d)  (a) 4 (b)  4 3
49 49

26. An unbiased coin is  tossed.  If  the  outcome is  a  head

4 3
then a pair of unbiased dice is rol1ed and the sum of the (c)  3 2 (d)
3
numbers obtained on them is noted. If the toss of the
coin results in tail then a card from a well-shuffled pack 30 Let S = {l, 2, ... .. , 20}. A subset B of  S is said to be
of ninecards num bered 1,2,3, …, 9 is randomly picked “nice”, if the sum of the elements  of B is 203. Than the
and the number on the card is noted. The probability probability that a randomly chosen subset of S is “nice”
that thenoted number is either 7 or 8 is: is : (2019-01-11/Shift-2)
(2019-01-10/Shift-1)
7 5
13 15 (a)  (b) 
(a)  (b)  220 220
36 72
4 6
19 19 (c)  (d) 
(c)  (d)  220 220
72 36
31. In a game, a man wins Rs100 if he gets 5 or 6 on a throw
27. If the probability of hitting a target by a shooter, in any
of a fair die and loses Rs 50 forgetting any other number
1 on the die. If  hedecides to throw the die either till he
shot, is  , then the minimum number of independent
3 gets a fiveor a six or to a maximum of three throws,then
shots at the target required by him so that the probability his expected gain/loss (in rupees) is:

5 (2019-01-12/Shift-2)
of hitting the target at least once is greater than  , is
6
400
(2019-01-10/Shift-2) (a)  loss (b) 0
9
(a)  3 (b) 6
(c) 5 (d) 4 400 400
(c)  gain (d)  loss
3 3
PROBABILITY 103

32. In a class of 60 students, 40 opted for NCC, 30 opted for 36. The probability that a randomly chosen 5-digit number

NSS  and 20  opted for both NCC  and NSS.  If one of is made from exactly two digits is :
these students is selected at random, then the probability (2020-09-03/Shift-2)
that  the  studentSelected  has  opted  neither  for  NCC
norfor NSS is : (2019-01-12/Shift-2) 134 121
(a)  4 (b) 
10 104
1 1
(a)  (b) 
6 3
135 150
(c)  4 (d) 
10 104
2 5
(c) (d) 
3 6
1
37. The  probability  of  a  man  hitting a  target  is  .  The
33. Box I contains 30 cards numbered 1 to 30 and Box II 10
contains 20 cards numbered 31 to 50. A box is selected least number of shots required, so that the probability
at random and a card is drawnfrom it. The number on
the  card  isfound  to  be  a  non-prime  number.  The 1
of his hitting the target at least once is greater than  ,
probability that the card was drawn from Box I is : 4
(2020-09-02/Shift-1) is…. (2020-09-04/Shift-1)
38. In a game two players A and B take turns in throwing a
4 8
(a)  (b)  pair of fair dice starting withplayer A and total of scores
17 17
on the two dice, in each throw is noted. A wins the game
ifhe throws a total of 6 before B throws a total of 7 and
2 2
(c)  (d)  B wins the game if he throws atotal of 7 before A throws
5 3
a total of six. The game stops as soon as either of the
34. Let  EC denote the complement of an event E. Let E1, E2 playerswins. The probability of A winning the game is:

and  E 3  be  any  pairwiseindependent  events  with (2020-09-04/Shift-2)

P (E1) > 0 and  P (E1  E 2  E3 )  0. Then  is equalto :

5 31
(a)  (b) 
(2020-09-02/Shift-2) 31 61

(a)  P (E3C )  P (E C
2) (b)  P (E3 )  P (EC
2) 30 5
(c)  (d) 
61 6
(c)  P (E3C )  P (E 2 ) (d)  P (E C
2 )  P (E 3 )
39. Four fair dice are thrown independently 27 times. Then
35. A  die  is  thrown  two times  and the  sum of the  scores the expected number of times, at least two dice shown
appearing on the die is observed to be a multiple of 4. up a three or a five, is ………….
Then the  conditional  probability  that  the  score  4 has
(2020-09-05/Shift-1)
appeared atleast once is : (2020-09-03/Shift-1)
40. In a bombing attack, there is 50% chance that a bomb
1 1 will  hit  the  target. At  least  two  indepen  dent  hits  are
(a)  (b) 
3 4 required  to  destroy  the  target  completely.  Then  the
minimum number of bombs, that  must be dropped to
1 1 ensure that there is at least 99% chance of completely
(c)  (d) 
8 9 destroying  the  target,  is________
(2020-09-05/Shift-2)
PROBABILITY 104

41. Out of 11 consecutive natural numbers if three numbers 44. In  a  workshop,  there  are  five  machines  and  the
are  selected  at  random  (without  repetition),  then  the probability of any one of them to be out of service on a

probability that they are in A.P. with positive common 1
day is  . If the probability that at most two machines
difference, is: (2020-09-06/Shift-1) 4

3
10 5 3
(a) (b)  will be out of service on the same day is    k, then k
99 33 4
is equal to : (2020-01-07/Shift-2)
15 5
(c)  (d)  17
101 101 (a)  (b) 4
2

42. The probabilities of three events A, B and C are given
17 17
by P(A) = 0.6, P(B) = 0.4 and P(C) = 0.5. IfP(A   B)=0.8, (c)  (d)
4 8

P AC  0.3, P A B C  0.2, 45. Let A  and  B  be  two  independent  events  such  that

1 1
P  B  C    and P  A  B  C    , where P  A  and  P  B   .Then, which of the following
3 6
is TRUE? (2020-01-08/Shift-1)
0.85    0.95,then   lies in the interval:
1 1
(2020-09-06/Shift-2) (a)  P  A /  A  B    (b)  P  A / B ' 
4 3
(a) [0.36,0.40]
2 1
(b) [0.25, 0.35] (c)  P  A / B   (d)  P  A '/ B ' 
3 3
(c) [0.35, 0.36]
46. Let  A  and  B be two events such that the probability
(d) [0.20, 0.25]
2
43. An  unbiased  coin  is  tossed  5  times.  Suppose  that  a that exactly one of them occurs is and theprobability
5
variable x is assigned the value k when k consecutive
heads are obtained for k = 3, 4, 5, otherwise x takes the 1
that A or B occurs is , then the probability of both of
2
value -1. The expected value of x, is
them occur together is (2020-01-08/Shift-2)
(2020-01-07/Shift-3)
(a) 0.10 (b) 0.20

1 3 (c) 0.01 (d) 0.02
(a)  (b)  16
8 47. In a box, there are 20 cards out of which 10 are labelled
as A and remaining 10 are labelled as B Cards are drawn
at random, one after the other and with replacement, till
1 3
(c)   (d)   a  second A-card  isobtained.  The  probability  that  the
8 16
second A-card appears before the third B-card is:
(2020-01-09/Shift-1)
(a) 15/16 (b) 9/16
(c) 13/16 (d) 11/16
PROBABILITY 105
48. If 10 different balls has to be placed in 4 distinct boxes 49. A  random  variable  X  has  the  following  probability
at random, then the probability that two of these boxes distribution:
contain exactly 2 and 3 balls is :(2020-01-09/Shift-2) X 1 2 3 4 5

965 945 P(X) K2 2K K 2K 5K2

(a)  (b) 
210 210
Then P  X  2   is equal to (2020-01-09/Shift-2)

945 965
(c)  (d)  7 23
211 211 (a)  (b) 
12 36

1 1
(c)  (d) 
36 6
PROBABILITY 106

EXERCISE - 3 : ADVANCED OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

Objective Questions I [Only one correct option] 5. Mr.  Dupont is a  professional wine taster. When given a

French wine, he will identify it with probability 0.9 correctly
1. A purse contains 2 six sided dice. One is a normal fair die, as French, and will mistake it for a Californian wine with
while the other has 2 ones, 2 threes, and 2 fives. A die is probability 0.1. When given a  Californian wine, he will
picked  up  and  rolled.  Because  of  some  secret  magnetic identify it with probability 0.8 correctly as Californian, and
attraction of the unfair die, there is 75% chance of picking will mistake it for a French wine with probability 0.2. Suppose
the unfair die and a 25% chance of picking a fair die. The that Mr. Dupont is given ten unlabelled glasses of wine,
die is rolled and shows up the face 3. The probability that three with French and seven with Californian wines. He
a fair die was picked up, is randomly picks a glass, tries the wine, and solemnly says :
"French".  The  probability  that  the  wine  he  tasted  was
1 1
(a)  (b)  Californian, is nearly equal to
7 4
(a) 0.14 (b) 0.24
1 1 (c) 0.34 (d) 0.44
(c)  (d) 
6 24 6. A box contains a normal coin and a double headed coin. A
coin selected at random and tossed twice, fell headwise on
2. An  instrument  consists  of  two  units.  Each  unit  must
both the occasions. The probability that the drawn coin is
function for the instrument to operate. The reliability of
the first unit is 0.9 & that of the second unit is 0.8. The a double headed coin is
instrument is tested & fails. The probability that "only the 2 5
first unit failed & the second unit is sound" is : (a)  (b) 
3 8
(a)  1/7 (b)  2/7
(c)  3/7 (d)  4/7 3 4
(c)  (d) 
3. A box has four dice in it. Three of them are fair dice but the 4 5
fourth one has the number five on all of its faces. A die is 7. A box contains 5 red and 4 white marbles. Two marbles are
chosen at random from the box and is rolled three times drawn successively from the box without replacement and
and  shows  up  the  face  five  on  all  the  three  occassions. the  second  drawn  marble  drawn  is  found  to  be  white.
The chance that the die chosen was a rigged die, is Probability that the first marble  is also white is

216 215 3 1
(a)  (b)  (a)  (b) 
217 219 8 2
216 1 1
(c)  (d) none (c)  (d) 
219 3 4
4. On a Saturday night 20% of all drivers in U.S.A. are under 8. Events A and C are independent. If the probabilities relating
the influence of alcohol. The probability that a driver under A, B and C are P (A) = 1/5;
the influence of alcohol will have an accident is 0.001. The
P (B) = 1/6 ; P (A  C) = 1/20 ; P (B  C) = 3/8 then
probability  that  a  sober  driver  will  have  an  accident  is
0.0001. If a car on a saturday night smashed into a tree, the (a) events B and C are independent
probability  that  the  driver  was  under  the  influence  of (b) events B and C are mutually exclusive
alcohol, is (c) events B and C are neither independent nor mutually
(a) 3/7 (b) 4/7 exclusive
(c) 5/7 (d) 6/7 (d) events B and C are equiprobable
PROBABILITY 107

9. Assume that the birth of a boy or girl to a  couple to be 14. A number x is chosen at random from the set {1, 2, 3,

equally  likely,  mutually  exclusive,  exhaustive  and 4..... 100}. Define the event: A = the chosen number x
independent of the other children in the family. For a couple
having 6 children, the probability that their "three oldest satisfies 
 x  10  x  50 
 0.  Then P(A) is:
are boys" is  x  30 
20 1 (a) 0.71 (b) 0.70
(a)  (b) 
64 64 (c) 0.51 (d) 0.20
15. Three identical dice are rolled. The probability that the
2 8
(c)  (d)  same number will appear on each of them, is
64 64
10. A  and  B  are  two  events  such  that  P(A)  =  0.2  and 1 1
(a)  (b) 
6 36
P  A  B   = 0.7. If A and B are independent events then
P(B) equals 1 3
(c)  (d) 
18 28
(a) 2/7 (b) 7/9
(c) 5/8 (d) none of these 16. A  die  is  tossed  5  times.  Getting  an  odd  number  is
11. Box A  contains  3  red  and  2  blue  marbles  while  box  B considered a success. Then the variance of distribution
contains 2 red and 8 blue marbles. A fair coin is tossed. If of success  is
the coin turns up heads, a marble is drawn from A, if it (a) 8/3 (b) 3/8
turns up tails, a marble is drawn from bag B. The  probability (c) 4/5 (d) 5/4
that a red marble is chosen, is
17. A fair die is tossed repeatedly. A wins if it is 1 or 2 on
1 2 two consecutive tosses and B wins if it is 3, 4, 5 or 6 on
(a)  (b)  two consecutive tosses. The probability that A wins if
5 5
the die is tossed indefinitely, is
3 1
(c)  (d)  1 5
5 2 (a)  (b) 
3 21
12. Lot A consists of 3G and 2D articles. Lot B consists of 4G
and 1D article. A new lot C is formed by taking 3 articles 1 2
from A and 2 from B. The probability that an article chosen (c)  (d) 
4 5
at random from C is defective, is
18. A  and  B  play  a  game  of  tennis.  The  situation of  the
1 2 game is as follows; if one scores two consecutive points
(a)  (b) 
3 5 after a deuce he wins; if loss of a point is followed by
win of a point, it is deuce. The chance of a server to win
8 a point is 2/3. The game is at deuce and A is serving.
(c)  (d) none
25 Probability  that A  will  win  the  match  is,  (serves  are
13. A  bowl  has  6  red  marbles  and  3  green  marbles.  The changed after each pt)
probability that a blind folded person will draw a red marble (a) 3/5 (b) 2/5
on the second draw from the bowl without replacing the (c) 1/2 (d) 4/5
marble from the first draw, is
19. Two aeroplanes I and II bomb a target in succession.
2 1 The probabilities of I and II scoring a hit correctly are
(a)  (b)  0.3 and 0.2, respectively. The second plane will bomb if
3 4
the first misses the target. The probability that the target
1 5 is hit by the second plane, is
(c)  (d) 
2 8 (a) 0.2 (b) 0.7
(c) 0.06 (d) 0.14
PROBABILITY 108

20. It  is  given  that  the  event  A  and  B  are  such  that 24. A  child  throws  2  fair  dice.  If  the  numbers  showing  are
1 A 1 B 2 unequal, he adds them together to get his final score. On
P(A)  , P     and  P    . Then P (B) is
4 B 2 A 3 the other hand, if the numbers showing are equal, he throws
2 more dice & adds all 4 numbers showing to get his final
1 1 score. The probability that his final score is 6 is:
(a)  (b) 
2 6
145 146
1 2 (a)   (b) 
(c)  (d)  1296 1296
3 3
21. Let  A  and  E  by  any  two  events  with  positive 147 148
(c)  (d)  
probabilities: 1296 1296
Statement 1 : P(E/A) P(A/E) P(E)
25. A examination consists of 8 questions in each of which
Statement 2 : P(A/E)  P(AE)
one  of  the  5  alternatives  is  the  correct  one.  On  the
(a) Both the statements are false assumption that a candidate who has done no preparatory
(b) Both statements are True work  chooses  for  each  question  any  one  of  the  five
(c) Statement–1 is true, Statement–2 is false alternatives with equal probability, the probability that he
(d) Statement–1 is false, Statement–2 is true gets more than one correct answer is equal to :
22. If A  and  B  are  two  independent  events  such  that (a)  (0.8)8 (b)  3 (0.8)8
P (A) > 0, and P (B) 1, then  P (A / B)  is equal to (c)  1  (0.8)8 (d)  1  3 (0.8)8
26. A number is chosen at random from the numbers 10 to 99.
(a) 1  P  A / B  (b) 1  P (A / B)
By seeing the number a man will laugh if product of the
digits is 12. If he choose three numbers with replacement
1  P (A  B) P (A)
(c)  (d)  then the probability that he will laugh at least once is
P (B) P (B)
3 3
23. Indicate  the  correct  order  sequence  in  respect  of  the  3  43 
following : (a) 1    (b)   
5  45 
I. If the probability that a computer will fail during the
first hour of operation is 0.01, then if we turn on 100
3 3
computers,  exactly  one  will  fail  in  the  first  hour  of  4   43 
operation. (c) 1    (d) 1   
 25   45 
II. A man has ten keys only one of which fits the lock.
He tries them in a door one by one discarding the one 27. A fair die is tossed eight times. Probability that on the eighth
he has tried. The probability that fifth key fits the lock throw a third six is observed is,
is 1/10.
III.  Given  the  events A  and  B  in  a  sample  space.  If 8 55
P(A) = 1, then A and B are independent. (a)  C3
68
IV. When a fair six sided die is tossed on a table top, the
bottom face can not be seen. The probability that the 7
product of the numbers on the five faces that can be
C 2 .55
(b) 
seen is divisible by 6 is one. 68
(a) FTFT (b) FTTT
7
(c) TFTF (d) TFFF C 2 .55
(c) 
67

(d) none of these
PROBABILITY 109
28. Two cards are drawn from a well shuffled pack of 52 playing 31. From an urn containing six balls, 3 white and 3 black ones,
cards one by one. If a person selects at random an even number of balls (all the
A : the event that the second card drawn is an ace and different  ways  of  drawing  an  even  number  of  balls  are
B : the event that the first card drawn is an ace card. considered equally probable, irrespective of their number).
Then the probability that there will be the same number of
then which of the following is true?
black and white balls among them
4 1
(a) P (A) =   ; P (B) =  4 11
17 13 (a)  (b) 
5 15
1 1
(b) P (A) =   ; P (B) =  11 2
13 13 (c)  (d) 
30 5
1 1 32. One purse contains 6 copper coins and 1 silver coin ; a
(c) P (A) =   ; P (B) = 
13 17
second purse contains 4 copper coins. Five coins are drawn
from the first purse and put into the second,  and then 2
16 4
(d) P (A) =   ; P (B) =  coins are drawn from the second and put into the first. The
221 51
probability that the silver coin is in the second purse is
29. There  are  n  different  gift  coupons,  each  of  which  can
occupy  N(N  >  n)  different    envelopes,  with  the  same 1 4
(a)  (b) 
probability 1/N 2 9
P1: The probability that there will be one gift coupon in each
of n definite envelopes out of N given envelopes 5 2
(c)  (d) 
9 3
P2: The probability that there will be one gift coupon in each
of n arbitrary envelopes out of  N given envelopes
(1  3p) (1  p) (1  2p)
Consider the following statements 33. If   , &  are the probabilities of three
3 4 2
n! mutually exclusive events defined on a sample  space S,
(i) P1 = P2 (ii) P1 = 
Nn then the true set of all values of  p  is

N! 1 1  1 
(iii) P2 =  n (a)   ,  (b)   ,1
N (N-n)! 3 2  3 

n! N! 1 1 1 1
(iv) P2 =  (v) P1 =  (c)   ,  (d)   , 
n
N (N-n)! Nn  4 3 4 2
Now, which of the following is true 34. The  probabilities  of  events, A    B, A,  B  & A    B  are
(a) Only (i) (b) (ii) and (iii) respectively in A.P. with probability of second term equal
(c) (ii) and (iv) (d) (iii) and (v) to the common difference. Therefore the events A and B
30. A bag contains 3 R & 3 G balls and a person draws out 3 at are
random. He then drops 3 blue balls into the bag & again (a) compatible
draws out 3 at random. The chance that the 3 later balls
(b) independent
being all of different colours is
(a) 15% (b) 20% (c) such that one of them must occur
(c) 27% (d) 40% (d) such that one is twice as likely as the other
PROBABILITY 110

Objective Questions II [One or more than one correct option] 40. Two real numbers, x & y are selected at random. Given that
35. A  bag  initially  contains  one  red  &  two  blue  balls. An 0  x  1 ; 0  y  1. Let A be the event that  y2  x ;  B be the
experiment consisting of selecting a ball at random, noting
event that  x2  y,  then :
its colour & replacing it together with an additional ball of
the same colour. If three such trials are made, then :
1
(a) probability that atleast one blue ball is drawn is 0.9 (a)  P (A  B) = 
3
(b) probability that exactly one blue ball is drawn is 0.2
(c) probability  that all the drawn balls are red given (b)  A & B are exhaustive events
that all the drawn balls are of same colour is 0.2
(c)  A & B are mutually exclusive
(d) probability that atleast one red ball is drawn is 0.6.
(d)  A & B are independent events.
36. If  E 1  and  E 2  are  two  events  such  that  P(E 1)  =  1/4,
41. If  A & B are two events such that P(B)  1, BC  denotes the
P(E2/E1) =1/2  and P(E1/ E2) = 1/4
event complementry to B, then
(a) then E1 and E2 are independent
(b) E1 and E2 are exhaustive
P (A) - P (A  B)
(c) E2 is twice as likely to occur as E1 
(a)   P A BC   1 - P (B)
(d) Probabilities of the events  E1  E2 ,  E1 and  E2 are in
G.P. (b)  P (A  B)  P(A) + P(B)  1
37. Let  0 < P(A) < 1 ,  0 < P(B) < 1  &
P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B)  P(A). P(B), then :  
(c)  P(A) > P A B   if  P A B  > P(A)
C

(a)  P(B/A) = P(B)  P(A)
(b)  P(AC  BC) = P(AC) + P(BC)  C
 C C
(d)  P A B  + P A B  = 1 
(c)  P((A  B)C) = P(AC). P(BC)
42. For any two events  A & B  defined on a sample space ,
(d)  P(A/B) = P(A)
38. If  M  &  N  are  independent  events  such  that
P(A) + P(B)-1
0 < P(M) < 1 & 0 < P(N) < 1, then : (a)  P(A/B)  , P (B)  0  is  always  true
P(B)
(a)  M & N are mutually exclusive
(b)  M &  N  are independent
(b) P   A  B   = P (A) - P (A  B)
(c)   M  &  N  are independent
(c) P (A  B) = 1 - P (Ac). P (Bc), if  A & B are independent
(d)  P  M N   + P  M N   = 1
(d) P (A  B) = 1 - P (Ac). P (Bc),  if  A & B are disjoint
39. If  E and  F are  the  complementary  events  of  E  and  F
43. For two given events A & B, P (A  B) is :
respectively and if 0 < P (F) < 1, then
(a) not less than P(A) + P(B) – 1
(a) P (E/F) + P( E /F) = 1
(b) not greater than P(A) + P(B)
(b) P (E/F) + P(E/ F ) = 1
(c) equal to P(A) + P(B) – P (A  B)
(c) P ( E /F) + P(E/ F ) = 1
(d) equal to P(A) + P(B) + P (A  B)
(d) P (E/ F ) + P( E / F ) = 1
PROBABILITY 111
Assertion Reason Type Match the Following

(A) If both assertion and reason are correct and reason is Each question has two columns. Four options are given
the correct explanation of assertion. representing matching of elements from Column-I and
Column-II. Only one of these four options corresponds
(B) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not
to a correct matching.For each question, choose the option
the correct explanation of assertion. corresponding to the correct matching.
(C) If assertion is true but reason is false.
49. A determinant  is chosen at random from the set of all
(D) If assertion is false but reason is true. determinant of order two with elements 0 and 1 only.

44. From  an  urn  containing  a  white  and  b  black  balls, Value of  Probability
k (< a, b) are drawn and laid aside, their colour unnoted. (A) 1 (P) 5/8
Then another ball, that is, (k + 1)th ball is drawn. (B) 0 (Q) 3/16
Assertion : Probability that (k + 1)th ball drawn is white (C) 2 (R) 3/8
(D) non zero (S) 0
a
is  . Correct matching is
ab
(a) A–Q; B-P; C-S; D-R
Reason : Probability that (k + 1)th ball drawn is black is
(b) A–P; B-Q; C-S; D-R
a
ab (c) A–Q; B-S; C-P; D-R

(d) A–Q; B-P; C-R; D-S
45. Let A and B are two events such that P(A) > 0.
50. A  ten  digit  number  N  is  formed  by  using  the  digits
Assertion : If P (A) + P (B) > 1, then
0 to 9 exactly once. The probability that N is divisible by
P (B/A)  1 – P (B’)/P(A)
(A) 4 (P) 1
Reason : If P (A/B’)  P (A), then P(A)  P(A/B). (B) 5 (Q) 20/81
Fill in the blanks (C) 45 (R) 17/81
(D) 12 (S) 2/81
46. For a biased die the probabilities for the different faces Correct matching is
to turn up are given below
(a) A–Q; B–R; C–R; D–Q
Face 1 2 3 4 5 6
(b) A–R; B–Q; C–R; D–Q
Probability 0.1 0.32 0.21 0.15 0.05 0.17
(c) A–Q; B–R; C–Q; D–R
This die is tossed and you are told that either face 1 or
face 2 has turned up. Then, the probability that it is face (d) A–R; B–R; C–Q; D–Q
1, is....
Integral Type
47. A box contains 100 tickets numbered 1, 2, ..., 100. Two
tickets  are  chosen  at  random.  It  is  given  that  the 51. Two integers r and s are chosen one at a time without
maximum number on the two chosen tickets is not more replacement from the numbers 1, 2, 3,... 100. Let p be the
than  10.  The  minimum  number  on  them  is  5  with probability that r  25 given that s  25. Find the value of
probability.... 33p.

48. If  two  events A  and  B  are  such  that  P  (Ac)  =  0.3, 52. A bag contains n + 1 coins. It is known that one of these
coins has heads on both sides, whereas the other coins
P(B) = 0.4 and P (A Bc) = 0.5 then  P[B / (A Bc)] =....
are fair. One coin is selected at random and tossed. If the
probability that the toss results in heads is 7/12, find n.
PROBABILITY 112

53. 7 persons are stopped on the road at  random and asked 59. Given that she does not achieve success, the chance she

about their birthdays. If the probability that 3 of them are studied for 4 hour, is
born on Wednesday, 2 on Thursday and the remaining 2
18 19
K (a)  (b) 
on Sunday is  6 , then K is equal to 26 26
7
20 21
Paragraph Type Questions (c)  (d) 
26 26

Passage Using the following passage, solve Q.60 to Q.63

Using the following passage, solve Q.54 to Q.56 Read the passage given below carefully before attempting

these  questions.
Let S and T are two events defined on a sample space with A standard deck of playing cards has 52 cards. There are
probabilities four  suit  (clubs,  diamonds,  hearts  and  spades),  each  of
P(S) = 0.5, P(T) = 0.69, P(S/T) = 0.5 which has thirteen numbered cards (2, ....., 9, 10, Jack, Queen,
King, Ace)
54. Events S and T are:
In a game of card, each card is worth an amount of points.
(a) mutually exclusive
Each numbered card is worth its number (e.g. a 5 is worth 5
(b) independent points) ; the Jack, Queen and King are each worth 10 points;
(c) mutually exclusive and independent and  the Ace is worth your choice of either 1 point or 11
(d) neither mutually exclusive nor independent points. The object of the game is to have more  points in
your set of cards than your opponent without going over
55. The value of  P(S and T)
21. Any set of cards with sum greater than 21 automatically
(a) 0.3450 (b) 0.2500 loses.
(c) 0.6900 (d) 0.350
Here's how the game played. You and your opponent are
56. The value of  P(S or T) each dealt two cards. Usually the first card for each player
(a) 0.6900 (b) 1.19 is dealt face down, and the second card for each player is
(c) 0.8450 (d) 0 dealt face up. After the initial cards are dealt, the first player
has the option of asking for another card or not taking any
Using the following passage, solve Q.57 to Q.59
cards. The first player can keep asking for more cards until
either  he  or  she  goes  over  21,  in  which  case  the  player
A JEE aspirant estimates that she will be successful with
loses, or stops at some number less than or equal to 21.
an 80 percent chance if she studies 10 hours per day, with
When the first player stops at some number less than or
a 60 percent chance if she studies 7 hours per day and with
equal to 21, the second player then can take more cards
a  40  percent chance if she studies 4  hours per day.  She
until matching or exceeding the first player's number without
further believes that she will study 10 hours, 7 hours and 4
going over 21, in which case the second player wins, or
hours per day with probabilities 0.1, 0.2 and 0.7, respectively
until going over 21, in which case the first player wins.
57. The chance she will be successful, is
We are going to simplify the game a little and assume that
(a) 0.28 (b) 0.38 all  cards  are  dealt  face  up,  so  that  all  cards  are  visible.
(c) 0.48 (d) 0.58 Assume your opponent is dealt cards and plays first.
58. Given that she is successful, the chance she studied for 4 60. The chance that the second card will be a heart and a Jack,
hours, is is
6 7 4 13
(a)  (b)  (a)  (b) 
12 12 52 52
8 9
(c)  (d)  17 1
12 12 (c)  (d) 
52 52
PROBABILITY 113

61. The chance that the first card will be a heart or a Jack, is Text

13 16 64. In a test an examinee either guesses or copies or knows
(a)  (b) 
52 52 the  answer  to  a  multiple  choice  question  with  four

17 1
(c)  (d) none choices. The probability that he make a guess is   and
52 3

62. Given that the first card is a Jack, the chance that it will be 1
the  probability  that  he  copies  the  answer  is  .  The
the heart, is 6
probability  that  his  answer  is  correct  given  that  he
1 4
(a)  (b) 
13 13 1
copied it, is  . Find the probability that he knew the
8
1 1
(c)  (d)  answer to the question given that he correctly answered
4 3
it.
63. Your opponent is dealt a King and a 10, and you are dealt 65. Six boys and six girls sit in a row at random. Find the
a  Queen  and  a  9.  Being  smart,  your  opponent  does  not probability that
take any more cards and stays at 20. The chance that you
(a) the six girls sit together
will win if you are allowed to take as many cards as you
need, is (b) the boys and girls sit alternatively
(a) 0.771 (b) 0.088
(c) 0.0797 (d) 0.0907
PROBABILITY 114

EXERCISE - 4 : PREVIOUS YEAR JEE ADVANCED QUESTIONS

Objective Questions I [Only one correct option] 6. Let Ec denotes the complement of an event E. Let E, F, G

be  pairwise  independent  events  with  P(G)  >  0  and
P (E F G) = 0. Then, P (Ec Fc | G) equals
3 1 1
1. If P (B) =  , P (A  B  C ) =   and  P (A  B  C)  , (2007)
4 3 3
then P (B C) is (2002) (a) P (Ec) + P (Fc) (b) P(Ec) – P (Fc)
(c) P (Ec) – P (F) (d) P (E) – P (Fc)
1 1
(a)  (b)  7. An experiment has 10 equally likely outcomes. Let A and
12 6
B  be  two  non-empty  events  of  the  experiment.  If A
1 1 consists of 4 outcomes, the number of outcomes that B
(c)  (d)  must have so that A and B are independent, is
15 9
(2008)
2. Two  numbers  are  selected  randomly  from  the  set
S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} without replacement one by one. The (a) 2, 4, or 8 (b) 3, 6 or 9
probability that minimum of the two numbers is less than (c) 4 or 8 (d) 5 or 10
4, is (2003) 8. Let  be a complex cube root of unity with 1. A fair
(a) 1/15 (b) 14/15 die is thrown three times, If r1, r2 and r3 are the numbers
obtained  on  the  die,  then  the  probability  that
(c) 1/5 (d) 4/5
r r r
3. If three distinct numbers are chosen randomly from the  1   2   3  0  is (2010)
first 100 natural numbers, then the probability that all (a) 1/18 (b) 1/9
three of them are divisible by both 2 and 3, is (c) 2/9 (d) 1/36
(2004)
9. A  signal  which  can  be  green  or  red  with  probability
4 4 4 1
(a)  (b)  and  respectively, is received by station A and then
55 35 5 5
transmitted to station B. The probability of each station
4 4
(c)  (d)  3
33 1155
receiving the singal correctly is  . If the signal received
4
4. A fair die is rolled. The probability that the first time 1
at station B is green, then the probability that the original
occurs at the even throw, is (2005)
signal green is (2010)
(a) 1/6 (b) 5/11
(c) 6/11 (d) 5/36 3 6
(a)  (b) 
5 7
5. One Indian and four American men and their wives are
to be seated randomly around a circular table. Then, the 9
20
conditional  probability  that  the  Indian  man  is  seated (c)  (d) 
23 20
adjacent to  his wife given  that each American  man is
seated adjacent to his wife, is (2007) 10. Three  boys  and  two  girls  stand  in  a  queue.  The
probability, that the number of boys ahead of every girl
1 1 is at least one more than the number of girls ahead of her,
(a)  (b) 
2 3 is (2014)

2 1 1 1
(c)  (d)  (a)  (b) 
5 5 2 3

2 3
(c)  (d) 
3 4
PROBABILITY 115
11. A computer producing factory has only two plants T1 Objective Questions II [One or more than one correct option]
and T2. Plant T1 produces 20% and plant T2 produces 14. Let E and F be two independent events. The probability
80% of the total computers produced. 7% of computers
11
produced in the factory turn out to be defective. It is that exactly one of them occurs is and the probability
25
known that P (computer turns out to be defective given
that it is produced in plant T1) = 10P (computer turns 2
of none of them occuring is . If P (T) denotes the
out to be defective given that it is produced in plant T2), 25

where P(E) denotes the probability of an event E. A probability of occurence of the event T, then (2011)
computer produced in the factory is randomly selected 4 3 1 2
and it does not turn out to be defective. Then the (a) P (E)  , P(F)  (b) P (E)  , P(F) 
5 5 5 5
probability that it is produced in plants T2 is (2016)
2 1 3 4
36 47 (c) P (E)  , P(F)  (d) P (E)  , P(F) 
(a) (b) 5 5 5 5
73 79
1
15. Let X and Y be two events such that P(X)  ,
78 75 3
(c) (d)
93 83
1 2
P(X | Y)  and P(Y | X)  . Then (2017)
12. Three randomly chosen nonnegative integers x, y and z 2 5
are found to satisfy the equation x + y + z = 10. Then the
probability that z is even, is (2017) 4 1
(a) P(Y)  (b) P(X' | Y) 
15 2
1 36
(a) (b) 2 1
2 55 (c) P(X  Y)  (d) P(X  Y) 
5 5

6 5 16. There are three bags B1, B2 and B3. The bag B1 contains
(c) (d) 5 red and 5 green balls. B2 contains 3 red and 5 green
11 11
balls and B3 contains 5 red and 3 green balls. Bags B1,
13. Let C 1 and C 2 be two biased coins such that the B 2 and B 3 have probabilities 3/10, 3/10 and 4/10
respectively of being chosen. A bag is selected at
2 random and a ball is chosen at random from the bag.
probabilities of getting head in a single toss are and
3 Then which of the following options is/are correct ?
(2019)
1 (a) Probability that the chosen ball is green, given that
, respectively. Suppose  is the number of heads that
3
3
appear when C1 is tossed twice, independently, and the selected bag is B3 , equals
8
suppose is the number of heads that appear when C2
(b) Probability that the selected bag is B3, given that
is tossed twice, independently, Then probability that
5
the roots of the quadratic polynomial x 2 - αx + β are the chosen ball is green, equals
13
real and equal, is (2020)
39
(c) Probability that the chosen ball is green equals
80
40 20
(a) (b) (d) Probability that the selected bag is B3, given that
81 81
3
the chosen ball is green, equals
1 1 10
(c) (d)
2 4
PROBABILITY 116

Comprehension Type 21. The probability that X  3 equals

Passage – 1 125 25
(a)  (b) 
216 36
Using the following passage, solve Q.17 to Q.19

There are n urns each containing n + 1 balls such that 5 25
the ith urn contains i white balls and (n + 1 – i) red balls. (c)  (d) 
36 216
Let ui be the event of selecting ith urn, i = 1, 2, 3, ......, n
and w denotes the event of getting a white ball. 22. The conditional probability that X  6 given X > 3 equals
(2006)
125 25
17. If P(ui)  i where i = 1, 2, 3,....., n then  nlim P(w)  is equal (a)  (b) 
 216 216
to
(a) 1 (b) 2/3 5 25
(c) 3/4 (d) 1/4 (c)  (d) 
36 36
18. If  P(ui) = c, where c is a constant then P(un/w) is equal to
Passage – 3
2 1
(a)  (b) 
n+1 n+1
Using the following passage, solve Q.23 and Q.24
n 1
(c)  (d) 
n+1 2 Let U1 and U2 be two urns such that U1 contains 3 white
19. If n is even and E denotes the event of choosing even and 2 red balls and U2 contains only 1 white ball. A fair

 1 coin is tossed. If head appears then 1 ball is drawn at
numbered urn   P(ui )   , then the value of P(w/E), is random from U1 and put into U2. However, if tail appears
 n
then 2 balls are drawn at random from U1 and put into U2.
n2 n2 Now, 1 ball is drawn at random from U2. (2011)
(a)  (b)   n  1
2n  1
23. The probability of the drawn ball from U2 being white is
n 1
(c)  (d)  13 23
n 1 n 1 (a)  (b) 
30 30
Passage – 2

19 11
Using the following passage, solve Q.20 to Q.22 (c)  (d) 
30 30
A fair die is tossed repeatedly until a six is obtained. Let
X denote the number of tosses required. (2009) 24. Given that the drawn ball from U2 is white, the probability
20. The probability that X = 3 equals that head appeared on the coin is

25 25 17 11
(a)  (b)  (a)  (b) 
216 36 23 23

5 125
(c)  (d)  15 12
36 216 (c)  (d) 
23 23
PROBABILITY 117

Passage – 4 28. A ball is drawn at random from box I and transferred to

box II. If the probability of drawing a red ball from box I,
Using the following passage, solve Q.25 and Q.26
1
Box 1 contains three cards bearing numbers 1,2,3 ; box 2 after this transfer, is , then the correct option(s) with
3
contains five cards bearing numbers 1,2,3,4,5 and box 3
contains seven cards bearing numbers 1,2,3,4,5,6,7. A the possible values of n1 and n2 is(are)
card is drawn from each of the boxes. Let xi be the number (a) n1 = 4 and n2 = 6
on the card drawn from the ith box, i = 1,2,3. (2014) (b) n1 = 2 and n2 = 3
25. The probability that x1 + x2 + x3 is odd, is (c) n1 = 10 and n2 = 20

29 53 (d) n1 = 3 and n2 = 6
(a) (b)
105 105
Passage – 6

57 1
(c) (d) Using the following passage, solve Q.29 and Q.30
105 2

26. The probability that x 1,x 2,x 3 are in an arithmetic Football teams T1 and T2 have to play two games against
progression, is each other. It is assumed that the outcomes of the two
games are independent. The probabilities of T1 winning,
9 10
(a) (b)
105 105 1 1 1
drawing and losing a game against T2 are , and ,
2 6 3
11 7
(c) (d) respectively. Each team gets 3 points for a win, 1point
105 105
for a draw and 0 point for a loss in a game. Let X and Y
Passage – 5 denote the total points scored by teams T 1 and T 2,
respectively, after two games. (2016)
Using the following passage, solve Q.27 and Q.28
29. P(X > Y) is
Let n1 and n2 be the number of red and black balls,
respectively, in box I. Let n3 and n4 be the number of red 1 5
(a) (b)
and black balls, respectively, in box II. (2015) 4 12

27. One of the two boxes, box I and box II, was selected at
random and a ball was drawn randomly out of this box. 1 7
(c) (d)
The ball was found to be red. If the probability that this 2 12

1 30. P(X = Y) is
red ball was drawn from box II is , then the correct
3
option(s) with the possible values of n1, n2, n3 and n4 is 11 1
(a) (b)
(are). 36 3

(a) n1 = 3, n2 = 3, n3 = 5, n4 = 15
(b) n1 = 3, n2 = 6, n3 = 10, n4 = 50 13 1
(c) (d)
36 2
(c) n1 = 8, n2 = 6, n3 = 5, n4 = 20
(d) n1 = 6, n2 = 12, n3 = 5, n4 = 20
PROBABILITY 118
Passage – 7 34. Consider the system of equations
ax + by = 0, cx + dy = 0, where a, b, c, d {0, 1}.
Using the following passage, solve Q.31 to Q.32 Assertion : The probability that the system of
equations has a unique solution,
There are five students S1, S2, S3, S4 and S5 in a music
is 3/8.
class and for them there are five seats R1, R2, R3, R4 and
R5 arranged in a row, where initially the seat Ri is allotted Reason : The probability that the system of
to the student Si, i = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. But, on the examination equations has a solution, is 1. (2008)
day, the five students are randomly allotted the five Subjective Questions
seats. (2018)
31. The probability that, on the examination day, the student 35. A coin has probability ' p ' of showing head when tossed.
S1 gets the previously allotted seat R1, and none of the It is tossed 'n' times. Let pn denote the probability that
no two (or more) consecutive heads occur. Prove that,
remaining students gets the seat previously allotted to
him/her is p1 = 1 , p2 = 1  p2 & pn = (1  p) pn  1 + p (1  p) pn  2 , for
all n  3. (2000)
3 1 36. A and B are two independent events. The probability
(a) (b)
40 8 that both occur simultaneously is 1/6 and the probability
that neither occurs is 1/3. Find the probabilities of
7 1 occurance of the events A and B separately. (2000)
(c) (d)
40 5 37. Two cards are drawn at random from a pack of playing
32. For i = 1, 2, 3, 4, let Ti denote the event that the students cards. Find the probability that one card is a heart and
Si and Si+1 do not sit adjacent to each other on the day of the other is an ace. (2001)
the examination. Then, the probability of the event 38. (a) An urn contains 'm' white and 'n' black balls. A ball is
T1  T2  T3  T4 is drawn at random and is put back into the urn along with
K additional balls of the same colour as that of the ball
drawn. A ball is again drawn at random. What is the
1 1
(a) (b) probability that the ball drawn now is white.
15 10
(b) An unbiased die, with faces numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 is
7 1 thrown n times and the list of n numbers showing up is
(c) (d) noted. What is the probability that among the numbers
60 5
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, only three numbers appear in the list.
Assertion Reason (2001)
39. A box contains N coins, m of which are fair and the rest
(A) If both assertion and reason are correct and reason is the are biased. The probability of getting a head when a fair
correct explanation of assertion. coin is tossed is 1/2, while it is 2/3 when a biased coin is
(B) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not tossed. A coin is drawn from the box at random and is
the correct explanation of assertion. tossed twice. The first time it shows head and the second
(C) If assertion is true but reason is false. time it shows tail. What is the probability that the coin
drawn is fair? (2002)
(D) If assertion is false but reason is true.
40. (a) A person takes three tests in succession. The probability
of his passing the first test is p, that of his passing each
33. Let H1, H2,......, Hn be mutually exclusive and exhaustive
successive test is p or p/2 according as he passes or
events with P(Hi) > 0, i = 1, 2,...., n. Let E be any other
fails in the preceding one. He gets selected provided he
event with 0 < P (E) < 1. (2007) passes at least two tests. Determine the probability that
Assertion : P(Hi/E) > P (E/Hi) . P (Hi) for the person is selected.
i = 1, 2, ....., n (b) In a combat, A targets B, and both B and C target A.
The probabilities of A, B, C hitting their targets are
n
2/3 , 1/2 and 1/3 respectively. They shoot simultaneously
Reason :  P (H )  1
i 1
i
and A is hit. Find the probability that B hits his target
whereas C does not. (2003)
PROBABILITY 119
41. (a) If  A  and  B  are  independent  events,  prove  that 44. The minimum number of times a fair coin needs to be
P (A  B) · P (A'  B')  P (C), where C is an event tossed,  so  that  the  probability  of  getting  at  least  two
defined that exactly one of A or B occurs. heads is at least 0.96, is. (2015)
      (b) A bag contains 12 red balls and 6 white balls. Six balls 45. Let S be the sample space of all 3×3 matrices with entries
are  drawn  one  by  one  without  replacement  of  which from the set {0,1}. Let the events E1 and E2 is given by
atleast 4 balls are white. Find the probability that in the
E1  { A  S : det A  0}
next two draws exactly one white ball is drawn (leave the
answer in terms of nCr). (2004) E2  { A  S : Sum of Entries of A is 7}
42. A  person  goes  to  office  either  by car,  scooter,  bus  or
If  a  matrix  is  chosen  at  random  from  S,  then  the
1 3 2 1 conditional probability P(E1|E2) equals _____ (2019)
train  probability  of  which  being  , , and
7 7 7 7 46. Let |X| denote the number of elements in a set X. Let
respectively. Probability that he reaches office late, if he S = {1,2,3,4,5,6} be a sample space, where each element
is equally likely to occur. If A and B are independent
2 1 4 1
takes  car,  scooter,  bus  or  train  is  , , and events associated with S, then the number of ordered
9 9 9 9
pairs (A,B) such that 1  |B| < |A| equals (2019)
respectively. Given that he reached office in time, then
47. The probability that a missile hits a target successfully
what is the probability that he travelled by a car.
is 0.75. In order to destroy the target completely, at  least
(2005) three successful hits are required. Then the minimum
43. A  person  goes  to  office  either  by car,  scooter,  bus  or number  of  missiles  that  have  to  be  fired  so  that    the
probability of completely destroying the target is NOT
1 3 2 1
train  probability  of  which  being  , , and less than 0.95, is _____ . (2020)
7 7 7 7
48. Two fair dice, each  with faces numbered 1,2,3,4,5 and 6,
respectively. Probability that he reaches offices late, if
are rolled together  and the sum of the numbers on the
2 1 4 1 faces is observed. This process is repeated till the sum
he  takes  car,  scooter,  bus  or  train  is  , , and
9 9 9 9 is either a prime number or a perfect square. Suppose
respectively. Given that he reached office in time, then the sum turns out to be a perfect square before it turns
what is the probability that he travelled by a car ? out to be a prime number.  If  P  is  the  probability  that
this  perfect  square  is  an  odd  number,  then  the  value
(2005)
of  14 P is (2020)

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VECTORS AND
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VECTORS 1.5 Coplanar Vector

A given number of vectors are called coplanar if their line segments

1. VECTORS & THEIR TYPES
are all parallel to the same plane. Note that “Two Vectors Are
Always Coplanar”.
Vector quantities are specified by definite magnitudes and definite
directions. A vector is generally represented by a directed line 1.6 Position Vector of A Point
segment, say AB . A is called the initial point and B is called the
Let O be a fixed origin, then the position vector (pv) of a point P is
terminal point. The magnitude of vector AB is expressed by  
the vector OP . If a and b are position vectors of two points A
 
AB . AB may also be represented by a and its magnitude by  
and B, then, AB  b  a = pv of B – pv of A.

| a |.
1.7 Section Formula
1.1 Zero Vector 

If a and b are the position vectors to two points A and B then
A vector of zero magnitude is a zero vector i.e. which has the same the p.v. of a point which divides AB in the ratio m : n is given by :
initial & terminal point, is called a Zero Vector. It is denoted by    
  na  mb a+b
O . The direction of zero vector is indeterminate. r . Note p.v. of mid point of AB =
mn 2
1.2 Unit Vector
2. ALGEBRA OF VECTORS

A vector of unit magnitude in direction of a vector a is called unit
 2.1 Addition of vectors
 a
vector along a and is denoted by â . Symbolically â   .
a  
If two vectors a & b are represented by OA & OB , then their
1.3 Equal Vector  
sum a  b is a vector represented by OC , where OC is the

Two vectors are said to be equal if they have the same magnitude, diagonal of the parallelogram OACB.
direction & represent the same physical quantity.    
 a  b  b  a (commutative)
1.4 Collinear Vector      
    
a  b  c  a  b  c (associative)
Two vectors are said to be collinear if their directed line segments     
are parallel disregards to their direction. Collinear vectors are also  a 0a 0a
called Parallel Vectors . If they have the same direction they are     
 a   a   0   a   a
named as like vectors otherwise unlike vectors.
  2.2 Multiplication of a Vector by a scalar
Symbolically, two non – zero vectors a and b are collinear if and
 
only, if a  Kb , where K R – {0}.   
If a is a vector & m is a scalar, then m a is vector parallel to a
  
whose modulus is |m| times that of a . If m > 0 then ma and a
have same direction and if m < 0, then they have opposite

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directions. This is multiplication is called Scalar Multiplication. ˆˆ

 i.j = ˆj.kˆ = k.i
ˆ ˆ=0

If a & b are vectors & m, n are scalars, then :

     a . b
m a   a  m = m a  projection of a on b  
   b
m(n a ) = n(m a ) = (mn) a
    
(m + n) a = m a + n a   a.b
  the angle  between a & b is given by cos    
   a b
m(a  b )=m a +mb

2.3 Subtraction of Vectors 0 

 
     if a = a1ˆi + a 2 ˆj + a 3 kˆ and b = b1ˆi + b2 ˆj + b3 kˆ then
a - b is defined as addition of vectors a and (-b) .
 
3. TEST OF COLLINEARITY a . b = a1 b1 + a2 b2 + a3 b3

   
Three points A, B, C with position vectors a, b, c respectively  a  a 12  a 22  a 32
are collinear, if & only if there exist scalar x, y, z not all zero
   
simultaneously such that; xa  yb  zc  0, where x +y +z =0  b  b12  b 22  b 32

4. TEST OF COPLANARITY
NOTES :
   
Four points A, B, C, D with position vectors a , b, c, d respectively
   
are coplanar if and only if there exist scalars x, y, z, w not all zero (i) Maximum value of a . b  a b
   
simultaneously such that xa  yb  zc  wd  0 where, x + y + z +
   
w=0 (ii) Minimum values of a . b   a b

5. SCALAR PRODUCT OF TWO VECTORS 

(iii) Any vector a can be written as,

       
 a  b  a b cos  (0  )      
a  a  î î  a  ĵ ˆj  a  k̂ k̂.

  (iv) A vector in the direction of the bisector of the angle

note that if  is acute then a . b > 0 & if  is obtuse then
   
a.b <0   a b
between two vectors a & b is    .
a b
  2 
 a . a  a  a2

    Hence bisector of the angle between the two vectors

 a . b  b . a (commutative)
 
      
 
a & b is  â  b̂ , where R+.
  
a  b  c  a  b  a  c (distributive)
 
      Bisector of the exterior angle between a & b is  â  b̂  
 a .b  0  a  b  a  0, b  0 
 R–{0}.
     
 (ma) . b  a . (mb)  m (a . b) , where m is scalar..

 ˆi.iˆ = ˆj.jˆ = k.k

ˆ ˆ = 1;

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  
6. VECTOR PRODUCT OF TWO VECTORS  If a, b & c are the pv’s of 3 points A, B and C then the

  1      
 If a & b are two vectors &  is the angle between them vector area of triangle ABC = [ a  b  b  c  ca ] .
2
       
then a  b  a b sin  n̂ , where n̂ is the unit vector 
The point A, B & C are collinear if a  b  b  c  c  a  0
    
perpendicular to both a & b such that a , b & n̂ forms a  Area of any quadrilateral whose diagonal vectors are d1 &
right handed screw system.
 1  
  d 2 is given by d1  d 2
 Geometrically a  b equals area of the parallelogram 2
   
whose two adjacent sides are represented by a & b  Lagranges Identity : for any two vector a & b ;
    
 a  b  0  a and b are parallel (collinear) (provided    
  2 2   a .a a .b
    ( a  b ) 2  a b  (a . b ) 2     
a  0, b  0 ) i.e. a  Kb , where K is scalar.. a .b b.b
   
 a  b  b  a (not commutative) 7. SCALAR TRIPLE PRODUCT
  
 ma  b  a  mb  m a  b where m is scalar
      
 The scalar triple product of three vectors a, b & c is
      
 a  (b  c)  (a  b)  (a  c) (distributive) defined as :

ˆi × ˆi = ˆj × ˆj = kˆ × kˆ  0      
  
a . b  c  a b c sin  cos  where  is the angle

 ˆi × ˆj =k,
ˆ ˆj × kˆ = ˆi, kˆ × ˆi  ˆj     
between c & b & is angle between a and b  c
 
 If a = a1ˆi +a 2 ˆj + a 3 kˆ and b = b1ˆi +b2 ˆj + b3 kˆ then 
It is also written as [a b c] , spelled as box product.

ˆi ˆj kˆ  Scalar triple product geometrically represents the volume

 
a  b  a1 a2 a3 of the parallelopiped whose three coterminous edges are
b1 b2 b3    
represented by a , b & c i.e. V  [a b c]
   In a scalar triple product the position of dot & cross can
 Unit vector perpendicular to the plane of a & b is
be interchanged i.e.
 
a b
nˆ             
a . (b  c)  (a  b) .c Also [a b c]  [b c a]  [c a b]
a b
       
 A vector of magnitude ‘r’ & perpendicular to the plane of a . (b  c)  a . (c  b) i.e. [a b c]  [a c b]
   
  r a b   If a = a1ˆi + a 2 ˆj + a 3 kˆ ; b = b1ˆi + b2 ˆj + b3 kˆ and
a and b is   
a b
a1 a2 a3
   ˆ ˆ ˆ 
a b c = c1i + c2 j + c3 k then [a b c]  b1 b2 b3 .
 
 If  is the angle between a & b then sin  =   c1 c2 c3
a b

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124

       
In general, if a  a1   a 2 m  a 3n; b  b1   b 2 m  b 3n and 8. VECTOR TRIPLE PRODUCT

a1 a 2 a3      
        Let a, b, c be any three vectors, then the expression a  (b  c)
 
c  c1   c 2 m  c3n then a b c  b1 b 2 b3  m n ;
  is vector & is called vector triple product.
c1 c 2 c3
  
   Geometrical Interpretation of a ×(b × c)
where , m & n are non - coplanar vectors.
  
Consider the expression a  ( b  c) which itself is a vector. Since
     
 a, b, c are coplanar   a b c  = 0.    
it is a cross product of two vectors a and (b  c) . Now a  ( b  c)
 Scalar product of three vectors, two of which are equal or   
is a vector perpendicular to the plane containing a and (b  c)
parallel is 0.
  
but b  c is a vector perpendicular to the plane containing b &
NOTES :      
c , therefore a  ( b  c ) is a vector lying in the plane of b & c
       
 If a, b, c are non-coplanar then [a b c]  0 for right and perpendicular to a . Hence we can express a  ( b  c) in terms
       
handed system & [a b c]  0 for left handed system. of b & c i.e. a  (b  c) = xb  yc where x and y are scalars.
        
 ˆi ˆj kˆ   1  a  (b  c)  (a . c) b  (a . b) c
 
          
 [ K a b c]  K [ a b c ] (a  b)  c  (a  c ) b  ( b  c ) a

          
 [(a  b) c d]  [a c d]  [b c d]  (a  b)  c  a  ( b  c )

 The volume of the tetrahedron OABC with O as origin 9. LINEAR COMBINATIONS

  
& the pv’s of A, B and C being a , b & c respectively is
  
Given a finite set of vectors a, b, c, ..... then the vector
1   
given by V  [a b c ]     
6 r  xa  y b  zc  .... is called a linear combination of a , b, c, .....

 The position vector of the centroid of a tetrahedron if for any x, y, z..... R. We have the following results :
     
the pv’s of its angular vertices are a , b, c, d are given (a) If a, b are non zero, non-collinear vectors then
   
1     xa  yb  x ' a  y' b x = x’ ; y = y’
by [a  b  c  d].
4  
(b) Fundamental Theorem in plane : Let a, b be non-zero,
Note that this is also the point of concurrrency of the

lines joining the vertices to the centroids of the opposite non- collinear vectors. Then any vector r coplanar with
faces and is also called the centre of the tetrahedron. In  
a, b can be expressed uniquely as a linear combination of
case the tetrahedron is regular it is equidistant from the
 
vertices and the four faces of the tetrahedron. a, b i.e. There exist some unique x, y  R such that
     
 Remember that :  a  b   b  c   c  a   0 & xa  yb  r
  
    (c) If a, b, c are non-zero, non-coplanar vectors then :
 a  b
  b c   
 c  a   2  a b c 
      
xa  yb  zc  x ' a  y' b  z' c x = xy = yz = z

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  
(d) Fundamental Theorem in Space : Let a, b, c be non- 10. RECIPROCAL SYSTEM OF VECTORS

zero, non- coplanar vectors in space. Then any vector r
     
can be uniquely expressed as a linear combination of If a, b, c & a ' , b' , c' are two sets of non-coplanar vectors such
        
a, b, c i.e. There exist some unique x, y, z  R such that that a  a '  b  b'  c  c'  1 then the two systems are called
    Reciprocal System of vectors.
xa  yb  zc  r .
     
   b c ca ab
(e) If x1 , x 2 .................. x n are n non zero vectors & k1, a '     ; b '     ; c'    
[a b c ] [a b c ] [a b c ]
k2,............kn are n scalars & if the linear combination
  
k 1 x 1  k 2 x 2  ......k n x n  0  k1 =0, k2 =0,.......kn = 0
3 - DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY
  
then we say that vectors x1 , x 2 .................. x n are Linearly
Independent Vectors. 1. INTRODUCTION
  
(f) If x1 , x 2 .................. x n are not Linearly Independent then
There are infinite number of points in space. We want to identify
they are said to be Linearly Dependent vectors i.e. if each and every point of space with the help of three mutually
  
k 1 x 1  k 2 x 2  ......k n x n  0 & if there exists at least one perpendicular coordinate axes OX, OY and OZ.
  
kr  0 then x1 , x 2 .................. x n are said to be Linearly 1.1 Axes
Dependent.
Three mutually perpendicular lines OX, OY, OZ are considered as
NOTES : three axes.

1.2 Coordinate planes

 
 If a = 3iˆ + 2jˆ + 5kˆ then a is expressed as a Linear
 Plane formed with the help of x and y axes is known as x–y plane
Combination of vectors ˆi, ˆj, kˆ . Also a , ˆi, ˆj, kˆ form a similarly plane formed with y and z axes is known as y – z plane
linearly dependent set of vectors. In general, every set and plane formed with z and x axis z – x plane.
of four vectors is a linearly dependent system.
1.3 Coordinate of a Point

 ˆi, ˆj, kˆ are Linearly Independent set of vectors. For

Consider any point P on the space and drop a perpendicular from
that point to x – y plane; then the algebraic length of this
K1ˆi + K 2 ˆj + K 3 kˆ = 0  K1 = 0 = K2 = K3 perpendicular is considered as z–coordinate; and from the foot of
the perpendicular drop perpendiculars to x and y axes the algebric
   length of these perpendiculars are considered as y and x
 Two vectors a & b are linearly dependent  a is
coordinates respectively.
   
parallel to b i.e. a  b  0  linear dependence of a &
1.4 Vector Representation of a Point in Space
    
b . Conversely if a  b  0 then a & b are linearly
independent. If the coordinates of a point P in space are (x, y, z) then the position

vector of the point P with respect to the same origin is x î  yĵ  zk̂ .
  
 If three vectors a, b, c are linearly dependent, then they
      2. DISTANCE FORMULA
are coplanar i.e. [a, b, c]  0 conversely, if [a, b, c]  0 ,
then the vectors are linearly independent. Distance between any two points (x1, y1, z1) and (x2, y2, z2) is

given as ( x1  x 2 ) 2  ( y1  y 2 ) 2  (z1  z 2 ) 2

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Vector method NOTES :

We know that if position vector of two points A and B are given
All these formulae are very much similar to two dimensional
as OA and OB then coordinate geometry.

|AB| = | OB  OA | 3.1 Centroid of a Triangle

 |AB| = (x2i + y2j + z2k) – (x1i + y1j + z1k)|
 x  x 2  x 3 y1  y 2  y3 z1  z 2  z 3 
G 1 , , 
 |AB| = x 2  x1 2  y 2  y1 2  z 2  z1 2  3 3 3 

2.1 Distance of a Point P From Coordinate Axes

Let PA, PB and PC be the distances of the point P(x, y, z) from the
coordinate axes OX, OY and OZ respectively then

PA = y 2  z 2 , PB = z 2  x 2 , PC = x 2  y2 )

3. SECTION FORMULA 3.2. In - Centre of Triangle ABC

(i) Internal Division

 ax1  bx 2  cx 3 ay1  by 2  cy 3 az1  bz 2  cz 3 
If point P divides the distance between the points A (x1, y1, z1)  , , 
 abc abc abc 
and B (x2, y2, z2) in the ratio of m : n (internally) then the coordinates
of P are given by Where | AB | = a, | BC | = b, | CA | = c

 mx 2  nx1 my 2  ny1 mz 2  nz1  3.3 Centroid of a Tetrahedron

 , , 
 mn mn mn 
If A (x1, y1, z1), B (x2, y2, z2), C (x3, y3, z3), and D (x4, y4, z4) are the
vertices of a tetrahedron then the coordinates of its centroid (G)
are given by

  xi  yi  zi 
(ii) External division  , , 
 4 4 4 
 mx 2  nx1 my 2  ny1 mz 2  nz1 
 , , 
 mn mn mn  4. RELATION BETWEEN TWO LINES

Two lines in the space may be coplanar and may be non- coplanar.
Non- coplanar lines are called skew lines if they never intersect
each other. Two parallel lines are also non intersecting lines but
they are coplanar. Whether two lines are intersecting or non
(iii) Mid point intersecting, the angle between them can be obtained.

 x1  x 2 y1  y 2 z1  z 2  5. DIRECTION COSINES AND DIRECTION RATIOS

 , , 
 2 2 2 
(i) Direction cosines : Let , ,  be the angles which a directed
line makes with the positive directions of the axes of x, y
and z respectively, then cos , cos, cos are called the
direction cosines of the line. The direction cosines are
usually denoted by (l, m, n).

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6. ANGLE BETWEEN TWO LINES

If two lines having direction ratios a1, b1, c1 and a2, b2, c2
respectively then we can consider two vectors parallel to the
lines as a1ˆi + b1ˆj + c1kˆ and a 2 ˆi + b2 ˆj + c2 kˆ and the angle
Thus l = cos , m = cos , n = cos . between them can be given as
(ii) If l, m, n, be the direction cosines of a lines, then
a1a 2  b1b 2  c1c 2
l 2 + m2 + n2 = 1 cos   .
a12  b12  c12 a 22  b 22  c 22
(iii) Direction ratios : Let a, b, c be proportional to the direction
cosines, l, m, n, then a, b, c are called the direction ratios. (i) The lines will be perpendicular if a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0

If a, b, c are the direction ratio of any line L then aî  bˆj  ck̂ a1 b1 c1
 
(ii) The lines will be parallel if
a 2 b 2 c2
will be a vector parallel to the line L.
(iii) Two parallel lines have same direction cosines i.e. l1 = l2 ,
If l, m, n are direction cosines of line L then  î  mĵ  nk̂ is
m1 = m2, n1 = n2
a unit vector parallel to the line L.
(iv) If l, m, n be the direction cosines and a, b, c be the direction 7. PROJECTION OF A LINE SEGMENT ON A LINE
ratios of a vector, then
(i) If the coordinates of P and Q are (x1, y1, z1) and (x2, y2, z2)
 a b c  then the projection of the line segments PQ on a line having
  ,m  ,n 
 2 2 2 2 2 2  direction cosines l, m, n is
 a b c a b c a  b2  c2
2

| l (x2 – x1) + m(y2 – y1) + n(z2 – z1) |

 a b c 
or    ,m  ,n  
 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
 a b c a b c a b c 

(v) If OP = r, when O is the origin and the direction cosines of

OP are l, m, n then the coordinates of P are (lr, mr, nr).
If direction cosines of the line AB are l, m, n, | AB | = r, and
the coordinates of A are (x1, y1, z1) then the coordinates of  
(ii) Vector form : projection of a vector a on another vector b
B are given as (x1 + rl, y1 + rm, z1 + rn)
 
(vi) If the coordinates of P and Q are (x1, y1, z1) and (x2, y2, z2)  ab
is a  b̂   In the above case we can consider PQ
then the direction ratios of line PQ are a = x2 – x1, |b|
b = y2 – y1 and c = z2 – z1 and the direction cosines of line

as (x2 – x1) î + (y2 – y1) ĵ + (z2 – z1) k̂ in place of a and
x 2  x1 y 2  y1 z 2  z1
PQ are l = ,m= and n = 
| PQ | | PQ | | PQ |
l î + m ĵ + n k̂ in place of b.
(vii) Direction cosines of axes : Since the positive x–axis makes    
angles 0°, 90°, 90° with axes of x, y and z respectively, (iii) l | r |, m | r |, and n | r | are the projection of r in x, y and z
therefore axes.

Direction cosines of x–axis are (1, 0, 0)  

(iv) r = | r | (l î + m ĵ + n k̂ )
Direction cosines of y–axis are (0, 1, 0)
Direction cosines of z–axis are (0, 0, 1)

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8. EQUATION OF A LINE 9. SKEW LINES

(i) The equation of a line passing through the point (i) The straight lines which are not parallel and non–coplanar
(x1, y1, z1) and having direction ratios a, b, c is i.e. non–intersecting are called skew lines.

x  x1 y  y1 z  z1 ' '  ' 

  = r. This form is called symmetric
a b c If  =  m n  0, then the lines are skew..
form. A general point on the line is given by ' m' n'
(x1 + ar, y1 + br, z1 + cr).
   
(ii) Vector equation : Vector equation of a straight line passing (ii) Vector Form : For lines a1  b1 and a 2  b 2 to be skew

through a fixed point with position vector a and parallel        
    (b1  b 2 )  a 2  a1   0 or [b1 b 2 (a 2  a1 )]  0.
to a given vector b is r  a +  b where  is a scalar..
(iii) Shortest distance between the two parallel lines
(iii) The equation of the line passing through the points 
 
(x1, y1, z1) and (x2, y2, z2) is       (a 2  a 1 )  b
r  a1  b and r  a 2  b is d =  .
|b|
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
 
x 2  x1 y 2  y1 z 2  z1
10. PLANE
(iv) Vector equation of a straight line passing through two
  If a line joining any two points on a surface lies completely on it
   
points with position vectors a and b is r  a  (b  a ) . then the surface is a plane.
OR
(v) Reduction of cartesion form of equation of a line to vector
form and vice versa If a line joining any two points on a surface is perpendicular to
some fixed straight line, then the surface is called a plane. This
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1 fixed line is called the normal to the plane.
 
a b c
10.1 Equation of a Plane

 r  (x1ˆi  yjˆ  z1k)
ˆ  (aiˆ  bjˆ  ck)
ˆ .
(i) Normal form of the equation of a plane is
l x + my + nz = p where l, m, n are the direction cosines of
NOTES : the normal to the plane and p is the distance of the plane
from the origin.
Straight lines parallel to co–ordinate axes : (ii) General form : ax + by + cz + d = 0 is the equation of a plane
Straight lines Equation where a, b, c are the direction ratios of the normal to the
plane.
(i) Through origin y = mx, z = nx
(iii) The equation of a plane passing through the point
(ii) x–axis y = 0, z = 0 (x1, y1, z1) is given by a (x – x1) + b (y – y1) + c (z – z1) = 0 where
(iii) y–axis x = 0, z = 0 a, b, c are the direction ratios of the normal to the plane.
(iv) Plane through three points : The equation of the plane
(iv) z–axis x = 0, y = 0
through three non–collinear points (x 1 , y 1 , z 1 ),
(v) Parallel to x–axis y = p, z = q
x y z 1
(vi) Parallel to y–axis x = h, z = q x1 y1 z1 1
(x2, y2, z2), (x3, y3, z3) is 0
(vii) Parallel to z–axis x = h, y = p x2 y2 z2 1
x3 y3 z3 1

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(v) Intercept Form : The equation of a plane cutting intercepts (g) Equation of a plane passing through a given point and
parallel to the given vectors : The equation of a plane
x y z 
a, b, c on the axes is   1 passing through a point having position vector a and
a b c
     
(vi) Vector form : The equation of a plane passing through a parallel to b and c is r = a +  b +  c (parametric form
  where and  are scalars).
point having position vector a and normal to vector n is
            
( r  a )  n = 0 or r  n  a  n or r  (b  c)  a  (b  c) (non- parametric form)

NOTES : 11 ANGLE BETWEEN TWO PLANES

(a) Vector equation of a plane normal to unit vector n̂ and (i) Consider two planes ax + by + cz + d = 0 and
 a’x + b’y + c’z + d’ = 0. Angle between these planes is the
at a distance d from the origin is r  n
ˆ d
angle between their normals. Since direction ratios of their
(b) Planes parallel to the coordinate planes
normals are (a, b, c) and (a’, b’, c’) respectively, hence the
(i) Equation of yz–plane is x = 0 angle between them is given by
(ii) Equation of xz–plane is y = 0
aa ' bb' cc'
(iii) Equation of xy–plane is z = 0 cos  =
a  b  c 2 a ' 2  b' 2  c' 2
2 2
(c) Planes parallel to the axes :
If a = 0, the plane is parallel to x–axis i.e. equation of the Planes are perpendicular if aa’ + bb’ + cc’ = 0 and planes are
plane parallel to the x–axis is by + cz + d = 0. a b c
parallel if  
Similarly, equation of planes parallel to y–axis and parallel a ' b' c'
to z–axis are ax + cz + d = 0 and ax + by + d = 0 respectively.    
(ii) The angle  between the planes r  n1  d1 , r  n 2  d 2 is
(d) Plane through origin : Equation of plane passing
 
through origin is ax + by + cz = 0. n1  n 2
given by cos =   Planes are perpendicular if
(e) Transformation of the equation of a plane to the normal | n1 || n 2 |
form : To reduce any equation ax + by + cz – d = 0 to the    
n1  n 2  0 and Planes are parallel if n1  n 2 .
normal form, first write the constant term on the right
hand side and make it positive, then divided each term
12. A PLANE AND A POINT
by 2 2 2
a  b  c , where a, b, c are coefficients of x, y
and z respectively e.g. (i) Distance of the point x , y , z 
  
from the plane

ax by cz ax ' by ' cz ' d

  ax + by + az + d = 0 is given by
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
 a b c  a b c  a b c a2  b2  c2

(ii) The length of the perpendicular from a point having

d   
 position vector a to a plane r  n = d is given by
 a 2  b2  c2
 
Where (+) sign is to be taken if d > 0 and (–) sign is to be | a n  d |
p=  .
taken if d < 0. |n|

(f) Any plane parallel to the given plane ax + by + cz + d = 0

13. ANGLE BISECTORS
is ax + by + cz +  = 0. Distance between two parallel
planes ax + by + cz + d1 = 0 and ax + dy + xz + d2 = 0 is (i) The equations of the planes bisecting the angle between
| d1  d 2 | two given planes a1x + b1y + c1z + d1 = 0 and
given as
a 2  b2  c2 a2x + b2y + c2z + d2 = 0 are

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a1x  b1y  c1z  d1 a 2 x  b2 y  c2z  d 2 15. ANGLE BETWEEN A PLANE AND A LINE

a12  b12  c12 a 22  b 22  c 22
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
(i) If  is the angle between the line  
(ii) Equation of bisector of the angle containing origin : First  m n
make both the constant terms positive. Then the positive and the plane ax + by + cz + d = 0, then

a1x  b1y  c1z  d1 a 2 x  b2 y  c2z  d 2

sign in   a  bm  cn 
a12  b12  c12 a 22  b 22  c 22 sin  =  
 (a  b  c2 )  2  m 2  n 2
2 2

gives the bisector of the angle which contains the origin.
  
(iii) Bisector of acute/obtuse angle : First make both the (ii) Vector form : If  is the angle between a line r  (a  b)
constant terms positive. Then 
   b  n 
a 1a 2 + b 1 b 2 + c 1 c 2 > 0 and r  n = d then sin  =     .
 | b | | n | 
 origin lies in obtuse angle
a 1a 2 + b 1 b 2 + c 1 c 2 < 0  m n  
(iii) Condition for perpendicularity   , bn = 0
a b c
 origin lies in acute angle
 
(iv) Condition for parallelism al + bm + cn = 0, b  n  0
14. FAMILY OF PLANES
16. CONDITION FOR A LINE TO LIE IN A PLANE
(i) The equation of any plane passing through the line of
intersection of non–parallel planes a1x + b1y + c1z + d1 = 0 x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
and a2x + b2y + c2z + d2 = 0 is given by a1x + b1y + c1z + d1 (i) Cartesian form : Line   would lie in
 m n
+  (a2x + b2y + c2z + d2) = 0 a plane ax + by + cz + d = 0 if ax1 + by1 + cz1 + d = 0 and
(ii) The equation of plane passing through the intersection of al + bm + cn = 0.
         
the planes r  n1 = d1 and r  n 2 = d2 is r  (n1  n 2 ) = d1 (ii) Vector form : Line r  a  b would lie in the plane
    
+ d2 where is an arbitrary scalar r  n = d if b  n = 0 and a  n = d
(iii) Plane through a given line : Equation of any plane through
the line in symmetrical form. 17. COPLANER LINES

x  x1 y  y1 z  z1 x   y  z  
  is A ( x – x 1 ) + B ( y – y 1 ) + (i) If the given lines are   and
 m n  m n
C (z – z1) = 0 where Al + Bm + Cn = 0 x  ' y  ' z   '
  , then the condition for
' m' n'
NOTES :
  '   '    '
A straight line in space is characterised by the intersection of intersection/coplanarity is  m n = 0 and
two planes which are not parallel and therefore, the equation ' m' n'
of a straight line is a solution of the system constituted by the
the plane containing the above two lines is
equations of the two planes a1x + b1y + c1z + d1 = 0 and
a2x + b2y + c2z + d2 = 0. This form is also known as non– x  y z  
symmetrical form.  m n 0
' m' n'

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(ii) Condition of coplanarity if both the lines are in general (ii) A plane ax + by + cz + d = 0 divides the line segment joining
assymetric form :-
 x1 , y1 , z1  and  x 2 , y2 , z 2  in the ratio
ax + by + cz + d = 0 = a’x + b’y + c’z + d’ and
x + y + z +  = 0 = ’x + ’y + ’z + ’  ax1  by1  cz1  d 
  
 ax 2  by 2  cz 2  d 
a b c d
(iii) The xy–plane divides the line segment joining the point
a ' b ' c' d '
They are coplanar if 0 z1
    (x1, y1, z1) and (x2, y2, z2) in the ratio  . Similarly
z2
 ' '  ' '
x1
yz – plane in the ratio of  and zx– plane in the ratio
18. COPLANARITY OF FOUR POINTS x2

If the points A(x1 y1 z1), B(x2 y2 z2), C(x3 y3 z3) and D(x4 y4 z4) are y1
of 
coplaner then y2

x 2  x1 y 2  y1 z 2  z1 20. FOOT OF PERPENDICULAR AND IMAGE OF A

x 3  x1 y 3  y1 z 3  z1 = 0 POINT W.R.T. A PLANE
x 4  x1 y 4  y1 z 4  z1
Let P (x1, y1, z1) be a given point and ax + by + cz + d = 0 be a given
   plane. Let (x’, y’, z’) be the image point. Then,
Similarly, in vector method the points A ( r1 ), B( r2 ), C( r3 ) and

D( r4 ) are coplanar if there exists 4 scalars a, b, c and d such that x ' x1 y ' y1 z ' z1 2  ax1  by1  cz1  d 
  
    a b c a 2  b2  c2
a  b  c  d  0 and ar1  br2  cr3  dr4  0
And if (x2, y2, z2) is foot of perpendicular from point P on given
19. SIDES OF A PLANE plane, then

(i) A plane divides the three dimensional space in two parts. x2  x1 y2  y1 z2  z1   ax1  by1  cz1  d 
  
Two points A (x1 y1 z1) and B (x2 y2 z2) are on the same side a b c a 2  b2  c2
of the plane ax + by + cz + d = 0 if ax1 + by1 + cz1 + d and
ax2 + by2 + cz2 + d are both positive or both negative and
are on opposite sides of plane if these values are opposite
in signs.

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SOLVED EXAMPLES

Example – 1 Example – 2

      Prove that the segment joining mid–points of the diagonals

Show that the point P (a  2b  c ) , Q (a  b  c ) , of a trapezium is parallel to the parallel sides of the trapezium
      and is equal to half the difference of their lengths.
R(3a  b  2c ) and S(5a  3b  5c ) are coplanar given
   Sol. Let ABCD be the given trapezium and M, N be the mid
that a, b, c are non–coplanar.. points of the diagonals AC and BD.
Sol. To show that P, Q, R, S are coplanar, we will show that    
Let a, b, c, d be the position vectors of A, B, C, D
  
PQ, PR, PS are coplanar.. respectively.

  using section formula, mid points of AC and BD are :


PQ = – 3 b  2c

   
PR = 2 a  b  c
   
PS = 4 a  b  4c
  
Let PQ =  PR +  PS

       
 3b  2c   (2a  b  c) +  (4a  b  4c)
        
 3b  2c = (2 + 4) a + (– + u) b + ( + 4) c  ac  bd
m , n
2 2
  
As the vectors, a, b, c are non–coplanar, we can equate
   
their coefficients.    (a  c)  (b  d)
 NM = m  n 
2
 0 = 2 + 4
   
 –3 = –  +    c  b    d  a 
 NM =  2   2 
 –2 =  + 4    
 = 2,  = – 1 is the unique solution for the above system of   
equations.
 
NM  1/ 2 BC  AD 
    
 PQ  2 PR – PS Let BC = k (AD)
 
     NM = 1/2 (k – 1) AD
PQ, PR, PS are coplanar because PQ is a linear
  NM || AD and NM = 1/2 (k – 1) AD
combination of PR and PS .
k ( AD)  AD BC  AD
 the points P, Q, R, S are also coplanar.  NM = 
2 2
 NM is parallel to AD (and BC) and is half the difference of
BC and AD.
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Example – 3 Now try to make the RHS of each equation equal.
    
Show that the diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each  2d  a  a  b  c
other.
     
2e  b  b  c  a
   
Sol. Let a, b, c, d be the position vectors of a vertices of a     
 2f  c  c  a  b
parallelogram ABCD.
        
AB = DC and AB || DC  2d  a  2e  b  2f  c  a  b  c
(because ABCD is a parallelogram) Note that the sum of scalar coefficients of vectors is equal
to 3 in each expression.We divide each term by 3.
        
2d  a 2e  b 2f  c a  b  c
   
3 3 3 3
        
2d  a 2e  b 2f  c a  b  c
   
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1

    
  the point G [ (a  b  c) /3] divides AD, BE and CF each
AB = DC
    internally in ratio 2 : 1. Hence G is the common point of
 ba  cd intersection of all medians.
     medians are concurrent and centroid G divides each median
 (b  d) / 2  (a  c) / 2
in 2 : 1.
 pv of mid point of BD = pv of mid point of AC
  
 mid points of BD and AC coincide. Hence AC and BD abc
Centroid G  
bisect each other.  3 
Example – 4 Example – 5
Show that the medians of the triangle are concurrent and Show that the angle in semi–circle is a right angle.
the point of concurrence divides each median in the ratio
2 : 1. Sol. Let O be the centre and r be the radius of the semi–circle.

  
Sol. Let a, b, c be the position vectors of the vertices of a
triangle ABC.
Let D, E, F be the mid–points of sides as shown.

    

Let OP = QO  a and OR  b
     
 QR  a  b and RP  a  b

     
Now  
QR . RP  a  b . a  b 
      = a2 – b2
 d = (b  c) / 2  2d  b  c
   = a2 – b 2 = 0
  
 e  (c  a) / 2  2e  c  a
because a = b = radius of the semi–circle.
     
 f  (a  b) / 2  2f  a  b
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Example – 6 cube opposite to O, A, B, C respectively.

The vertices of a triangle are A (2, 3, 0), B (–3, 2, 1) and

C (4, –1, 0). Find the area of the triangle ABC and unit
vector normal to the plane of this triangle.
 
Sol. Area of ABC = 1/2 | AB  AC |

Hence the diagonals of the cube are OP, AQ, BR, & CS.

OP = a ˆi + a ˆj + a kˆ

AQ = a ˆi + a ˆj + a kˆ

 BR = a ˆi – a ˆj + a kˆ
AB = (–3 –2) ˆi + (2–3) ˆj  (1  0) kˆ 
 CS = a ˆi + a ˆj – a kˆ
 AB = –5 ˆi – ˆj + kˆ
 If n̂ = x ˆi + y ˆj + z kˆ is the unit vector along the line
and AC = 2iˆ – 4ˆj  0kˆ which makes the angles , ,  & with diagonals,

n̂ . OP ax  ay  az x  y  z
î ĵ k̂ cos  =   
| OP | | nˆ | a 3 3
 
AB  AC =  5  1 1 = 4iˆ + 2jˆ + 22kˆ
2 4 0 x  y  z xyz
cos  = ; cos  =
3 3

1 xyz
 area of ABC = 16  4  484  126 sq. units cos  =
2 3
and unit vector normal to the plane of this triangle  cos2  + cos2  + cos2  + cos2 
  1
AB  AC 4iˆ  2ˆj  22kˆ [ (x + y + z)2 + (–x + y + z)2 + (x – y + z)2 + (x + y – z)2 ]
=    3
| AB  AC | 2 126
1
4 (x2 + y2 + z2) = 4/3 [ x2 + y2 + z2 = 1]
2î  ĵ  11k̂ 3
=
126
Example – 8
Example – 7    ˆ 
Show that : ˆi  (a  ˆi)  ˆj  (a  ˆj)  kˆ  (a  k)  2a.
A line makes angles , ,  and  with the diagonals of a
    
cube. Prove that : Sol. L.H.S. = [(iˆ  ˆi)a  (iˆ  a)i]
ˆ  [(jˆ  ˆj)a  (jˆ  a)j]
ˆ + [(kˆ  k)
ˆ a
cos2  + cos2  + cos2  + cos2  = 4/3  ˆ
(kˆ  a)k]
Sol. Let the origin O be one of the vertices of the cube and OA,
OB, OC be the edges thorough O along the axes so that :      
= a  a  a  [(iˆ  a)iˆ  (jˆ  a)jˆ  (kˆ  a)k]
ˆ
  
OA = a ˆi , OB = a ˆj , OC = a kˆ    
= 3 a  [a x ˆi  a yˆj  a z k]
ˆ = 3 a  a  2a = R.H.S.
where a is the length of the edge of the cube

Let P, Q, R, S be the other vertices of the Note : It is useful to remember that x–component of a  a x ˆi
etc ......
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Example – 9
 (3 + ) î + (– 1) ĵ + (+ 1) k̂ = ( + 2) î + ( 2 – ) ĵ
Find a vector of magnitude 5 units coplanar with vectors + (2 – 2) k̂
3iˆ – ˆj – kˆ and ˆi  ˆj – 2kˆ and perpendicular to the vector  3+=+2 ...(i)

2iˆ  2ˆj  kˆ .  –1=2– ...(ii)

  + 1 = 2 – 2 ...(iii)

Sol. Let a  3iˆ – ˆj – kˆ The lines are intersecting if these equations are consistent.
 from (i) and (ii), we get
b  ˆi  ˆj – 2kˆ
 = 1, =2

and c  2iˆ  2ˆj  kˆ Substituting these values in (iii), we get
 1 + 1 = 2 (2) – 2
A vector coplanar with a and b and perpendicualr to c
 2=2
can be taken as
  = 1,  = 2
   
r  c  (a  b) where l is a scalar
satisfied (iii) also
Hence lines are intersecting and the point of intersection
î ˆj k̂ is :
 
a × b = 3 1  1  3î  5 ĵ  4k̂ 
1 1 2 
p  3iˆ – ˆj  kˆ   ˆi  ˆj  kˆ 

 3iˆ – ˆj  kˆ  ˆi  ˆj  kˆ 
ˆi ˆj kˆ
    4iˆ  2kˆ
c  (a  b)  2 2 1  3iˆ – 5jˆ  4kˆ
3 5 4  the coordinates of this point are (4, 0, 2).

Example – 11

 
r   3iˆ – 5jˆ  4kˆ  The vertices of a triangle ABC are A (1, 0, 2),
 B (–2, 1, 3) and C (2, –1, 1). Find the equation of the line
| r |  |  | 9  25 15  5 BC, the foot of the perpendicular from A to BC and the
length of the perpendicular.
5 1
l=±  Sol. A vector parallel to BC is
5 2 2
 
BC = c  b = 4iˆ – 2jˆ – 2kˆ
 1 ˆ ˆ ˆ
the required vector is r   (3i  5 j  4k)
2

Example – 10


Show that the lines r  3iˆ  ˆj  kˆ   ˆi  ˆj  kˆ and  

 
r  2iˆ  2ˆj – 2kˆ   ˆi – ˆj  2kˆ are intersecting and hence
find their point of intersection.    
 the equation of BC is : r  b  t(c  b)

Sol. Let p be the position vector of their point of intersection. 

 
r  –2iˆ  ˆj  3kˆ  t 4iˆ  2ˆj  2k 
 p = 3iˆ  ˆj  kˆ   (iˆ + ˆj + k)
ˆ = 2iˆ + 2jˆ –2k+
ˆ  (iˆ –jˆ + 2k)
ˆ
Let position vector of D be
VECTORS AND 3-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY
136



d  –2iˆ  ˆj  3kˆ  t 4iˆ  2ˆj  2kˆ 
because D lies on line BC.
 
Now AD  BC
 
 AD . BC  0  the equation of the plane is
       
(r  a).N  0 where a =  2iˆ  ˆj  3kˆ
 (d  a)  (c  b) = 0
   
 r.Na.N

   
 
 3iˆ  ˆj  kˆ  t 4iˆ  2ˆj  2kˆ  . 4iˆ  2ˆj  2kˆ  0

 (4t – 3) 4 + (1 – 2t) (–2) + (1 – 2t) (–2) = 0
  
r . 3iˆ  8jˆ  kˆ  6  8  3

 24t – 16 = 0 
 t = 2/3
  
r . 3iˆ  8jˆ  kˆ  17

 
 d  –2iˆ  ˆj  3kˆ  (2 / 3) (4iˆ  2ˆj  2k)
ˆ The given line is r  ˆi  ˆj  kˆ   (2iˆ  k)
ˆ

To find the point of intersection, we solve these equations

 2 1 5
d  ˆi  ˆj  kˆ simultaneously.
3 3 3

 2 1 5
      
ˆi  ˆj  kˆ   2iˆ  kˆ  . 3iˆ  8jˆ  kˆ  17
 D   , , 
 3 3 3  (2  + 1) (–3) + 8 + ( + 1) (–1) = – 17
 =3
    2  1  5 
AD  d  a    1 ˆi  ˆj    2  kˆ  the point of intersection is
 3  3  3 
 ˆ ˆ ˆ
r  i  j  k  3 (2iˆ  k)
ˆ
1ˆ 1ˆ 1 ˆ  3 1
=– i  j k AD = | AD | =  units 
3 3 3 3 3  r  7iˆ  ˆj  4kˆ
 coordinates are (7, –1, 4)
Example – 12
Example – 13
Find the equation of the plane passing through the points
A (2, 1, 3), B (–1, 2, 4) and C (0, 2, 1). Hence find the From the point A (1, 2, 0), perpendicular is drawn to the
coordinate of the point of intersection of the plane ABC 
  
plane r . 3iˆ  ˆj  kˆ  2 meeting it at the point P. Find the
and the line r  ˆi – ˆj  kˆ   (2iˆ  k)
ˆ .
coordinates of point P and the distance AP.

Sol. Let N be a vector perpendicular to the plane of ABC. Sol. Let us first find the equation of line AP. As AP is normal to
  
 the plane, the vector N  3iˆ  ˆj  kˆ is parallel to AP..
 N = AB  AC

 equation of AP is r  ˆi  2ˆj  t (3iˆ  ˆj  k)
ˆ
  
 3iˆ  ˆj  kˆ  2iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ 
Now we solve equations of AP and plane to get point P.

î ĵ k̂
= 3 1 1
      
ˆi  2jˆ  t 3iˆ  ˆj  kˆ  . 3iˆ  ˆj  kˆ  2

2 1 2  (3t + 1) 3 + (2 – t) (–1) + t = 2
 t = 1/11
 3iˆ  8jˆ  kˆ
VECTORS AND 3-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY
137

Solve BQ and CD to get :

  
5iˆ  7ˆj  2kˆ  1 3iˆ  ˆj  kˆ   2 2iˆ  7ˆj  5kˆ 

 3iˆ  3jˆ  6kˆ   3 3iˆ  2ˆj  4kˆ 
Equating the coefficients of i, j and k, we get

 point P is r  ˆi  2ˆj  1/11 (3iˆ  ˆj  k)
ˆ 5 + 31 + 22 = – 3 (1 + 3) ....(1)
7 – 1 + 72 = 3 + 23 ....(2)
 14 ˆ 21 ˆ 1 ˆ
r  i j k –2 + 1 – 52 = 6 + 43 ....(3)
11 11 11
Solve equations (1), (2) and (3) to get :
 14 21 1  2 = – 1, 3 = – 1 and 1 = – 1
 P  , , 
 11 11 11   D  (2, 8, –3) and C  (0, 1, 2)

2 2 2 Example – 15
 14   21   1 
AP =   1    2     0 
 11   11   11  The volume of the parallelopiped whose sides are given
by OA  2î  3 ĵ, OB  î  ĵ  k̂, OC  3î  k̂, is :
1
=
11 4
(a) (b) 4
13
Example – 14
2
The position vectors of the points P and Q are (c) (d) none of these
7
5iˆ  7ˆj  2kˆ and  3iˆ  3jˆ  6kˆ respectively. The vector
Ans. (b)

A  3iˆ  ˆj  kˆ passes through the point P and the vector
 2 3 0
  
B  3iˆ  2ˆj  4kˆ passes through the point Q. A third   a b c   1 1 1
Sol. The volume of parallelopiped  
  3 0 1
vector 2iˆ  7ˆj  5kˆ intersects vectors A and B . Find
the position vectors of the points of intersection.
 2(1)  3(1  3)  2  6  4

Sol. 
Equation of line AP  r  5iˆ  7ˆj  2kˆ  1 3iˆ  ˆj  kˆ  Example – 16
Equation of line BQ 
The points with position vectors


r  3iˆ  3jˆ  6kˆ  3 3iˆ  2ˆj  4kˆ  60iˆ + 3j,
ˆ 40iˆ - 8j,
ˆ aiˆ - 52jˆ are collinear, if :
Since Point D lies on AP, its position vector can be taken (a) a = – 40 (b) a = 40


as : d  5iˆ  7 ˆj  2kˆ   1 3iˆ  ˆj  kˆ  (c) a = 20 (d) none of these
Ans. (a)
A vector parallel to line CD is 2iˆ  7ˆj  5kˆ 
Sol. if AB  20i  11j
Equation of line CD 

 and AC  (a  60)i  55 j , then the three points A. B and
  
r  5iˆ  7ˆj  2kˆ  1 3iˆ  ˆj  kˆ   2 2iˆ  7ˆj  5kˆ  C will be collinear if
solve equation of line BQ with equation of line CD to get
point of intersection C. a  60 55
  a  40
20 11
VECTORS AND 3-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY
138

Example – 17 Example – 19

   
A vector a has components 2p and 1 with respect to a If a, b, c are non-coplanar unit vectors such that
rectangular cartesian system. This system is rotated
 
through a certain angle about the origin in the counter

clockwise sense. If, with respect to the new system, a
  
  
a  bc 
bc
2
  
, then the angle between a and b is :

has components p + 1 and 1, then :

3 
1 (a) (b)
(a) p = 0 (b) p  1 or p   4 4
3

1 (c) (d) 
(c) p  1 or p  (d) p = 1 or p = – 1 2
3
Ans. (a)
Ans. (b)
 

Here, a  (2 p)i  j , when a system is rotated,the new
   bc  
Sol. Sol. 
Since, a  b  c   2

component of a are ( p  1) and 1.
      1  1 
 2 2
i.e. b  ( p  1)i  j  a  b
   
 ac b  ab c 
2
b
2
c


On equating the coefficient of c ,we get
or 4 p 2  1  ( p  1) 2  1  4 p 2  p 2  2 p  1
  1   1
 3 p 2  2 p  1  0  (3 p  1)( p  1)  0 a b    a b cos   
2 2
1
 p  1,  1 3
3  cos     
2 4
Example – 18
Example – 20
Let a, b, c be distinct non-negative numbers. If the vectors
     
Let u, v and w be vectors such that u  v  w  0. If
aî  aĵ  ck̂ , î  k̂ and cî  cĵ  bk̂ lie in a plane, then c is:
        
u  3, v  4 and | w | = 5, then u  v  v  w  w  u is :
(a) the Arithmetic Mean of a and b
(b) the Geometric Mean of a and b (a) 47 (b) – 25
(c) the Harmonic Mean of a and b (c) 0 (d) 25
(d) equal to zero Ans. (b)
Ans. (b)    
Sol. Since, u  v  w  0
Sol. Since, three vectors are coplanar.
   2
a a c  uvw  0
1 0 1 0
 2  2  2      
c c b 
 u  v  w  2 u v  v  w  wu  0 
0 a c      
Applying C1  C1  C2 1 0 1 0

 9  16  25  2 u  v  v  w  w  u  0 
0 c b      
 u  v  v  w  w  u  25

 
 1 ab  c 2  0  ab  c 2
VECTORS AND 3-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY
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Example – 21 
Also, c  3 [given]
  
If a , b and c are three non-coplanar vectors, then
 1   2   2  3  given, c  i   j   k 
        
(a + b + c).[(a + b) × (a + c)] equals :
  1   2  1  3   2  1    1
(a) 0 (b) [a b c]
Example – 23
 
(c) 2  [a b c] (d)  [a b c]
  
Ans. (d) Let a  2î  ĵ  2k̂ and b  î  ĵ. If c is a vector such
             
Sol.  a  b  c    a  b    a  c   
that a  c  c , c  a  2 2 and the angle between a  b

   
            
and c is 30º, then a  b  c is equal to :
 
 a  b  c   a  a  a  c  b  a  b  c 
2 3
         (a) (b)
      
 a  ac  a  ba  a  bc 3 2
(c) 2 (d) 3
        
   
 b ac  a  b a  b bc    Ans. (b)

Sol. In this equation, vector c is not given therefore,
        
   
c ac  c b a  c bc      
we cannot apply the formulae of a  b  c
        (vector triple product).
    
 a b c  b a c  c b a  a b c   
     
Example – 22  a  b   c  a  b c sin 30 ...(i )

  
If a  iˆ  ˆj  kˆ, b  4iˆ  3 ˆj  4kˆ and c  î  ĵ   k̂ are i j k
 
 a  b  2 1 2  2i  2 j  k
linearly dependent vectors and c  3 , then :
1 1 0
(a)  = 1,  = – 1 (b)  = 1,  = ± 1
(c)  = – 1,  = ± 1 (d)  = ± 1,  = 1  
 a  b  22  (2) 2  1  4  4  1  9  3
Ans. (d)
    
Sol. Since, a , b , c are linearly dependent vectors. Since, c  a  2 2 [given]
  
  a b c   0  2
 ca 8

1 1 1    
 4 3 4 0
 
 ca  ca 8 
       
1    cc  ca  ac  aa  8
2 2  
Applying, C1  C2  C1 , C3  C3  C1 ,  c  a  2a  c  8

1 0 0 2 
 c 92 c  8
4 1 0  0  (   1)  0    1
1  1  1
VECTORS AND 3-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY
140

2   
 c  2 c 1  0  c  p 3 j  3k  c  p (3) 2  32
 
 2  2 2 
 c 1   0  c 1  c  p2  18   c  p 2 .18


   1 3  1  p 2 .18  c  1
 
From Eq.(1), a  b  c  (3)(1).   
2 2
 

1 1
Example – 24  p2   p
18 3 2
  
Let a  2iˆ  ˆj  kˆ, b  iˆ  2 ˆj  kˆ and a unit vector c be
 1  j  k
 
   c  
coplanar. If c is perpendicular to a , then c is equal to :
2
1 ˆ ˆ ˆ
(a)
1
2
 ĵ  k̂  (b)
3

i  j  k  Example – 25

  
Let a  2iˆ  ˆj  kˆ, b  iˆ  2 ˆj  kˆ and c  î  ĵ  2k̂ be
(c)
1
5
î  2 ĵ (d)
1
5
î  ĵ  k̂   
three vectors. A vector in the plane of b and c , whose
Ans. (a)  2 / 3 , is
projection on a is of magnitude
  
Sol. It is given that c is coplanar with a and b , we take
(a) 2î  3ˆj  3k̂ (b) 2î  3ˆj  3k̂
  
c  pa  qb ...(i)
(c)  2î  ĵ  5k̂ (d) 2î  ĵ  5k̂
Where, p and q are scalars.
    Ans. (a,c)
Since, c  a  c  a  0
 
 Sol. Given vectors are a  2i  j  k , b  i  2 j  k and
Taking dot product of a in Eq.(i), we get

      2   c  i  j  2k
c  a  pa  a  qb  a  0  p a  q b  a
  
Any vector r in the plane of b and c is
   
 a  2i  j  k  r  b  t c  i  2 j  k  t i  j  2k
  
 
 a  22  1  1  6 
   (1  t )i  (2  t ) j  (1  2t )k
 a  b  2i  j  k  i  2 j  k
....(i )

    
 2  2  1  3    2
  Since,projection r on a is .
3
 0  p  6  q  3  q  2 p  
r a 2
On putting in Eq.(i), we get   
a 3
 
c  pa  b(2 p)
      2(1  t )  (2  t )  (1  2t ) 2
 c  pa  2 pb  c  p a  2b   
6

3

 c  p  2i  j  k  2 i  2 j  k 
     (1  t )  2  t  1 or  3
 
VECTORS AND 3-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY
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On putting t=1,-3 in Eq.(i) respectively,we get  

 cos   a  1, b  1, given 
 
r  2i  3 j  3k
         
or r  2i  j  5k
 
Now, u  a  a  b b  u  a  a  b b  
Example – 26 2    2
 u  a  ab b  
Which of the following expressions are meaningful
2  2
questions?  u  a  cos  b
     
(a) u  ( v  w ) (b) (u  v)  w
2 2 2  
  
(c) (u  v) w
  
(d) u  ( v  w )
 u  a  cos 2  b  2 cos  a  b  
Ans. (a,c) 2
 u  1  cos 2   2cos 2 
  
Sol.  
(a) u  v  w is a meaningful operation.
2 2
Therefore, (a) is the answer.  u  1  cos2   u  sin 2 
       
 
(b) u  v  w is not meaningful, since v  w is a scalar Also, v  a  b [ given]
quantity and for dot product both quantities should
2   2 2 2 2
be vector.  v  ab  v  a b  sin 2 
Therefore, (b) is not the answer.
   2
 v  sin 2 
(c)  
u  v w is meaningful, since it is a simple multiplication
of vector and scalar quantity. 2 2
u  v
Therefore, (c) is the answer.
                 
 
(d) u  v  w is not meaningful, since v  w is a scalar     
Now, u  a   a  a  b b   a  a  a  a  b b  a
 
quantity and for cross product, both quantities should
be vector.  2

 a  cos 2   1  cos 2   sin 2 
Therefore (d) is not the answer.
   
Example – 27  u  u  a  sin   sin 2   v

        
Let a and b be two non–collinear unit vectors. If
       
u  b  a  a  b b  b

   
u  a  (a  b) b and v  a  b , then | v | is
          2
      
 a b  a b b b  a b  a b b
(a) | u | (b) | u |  | u  a |
          
(c) | u |  | u  b | (d) | u |  u  (a  b)  a  b  a  b  0 ...(i)
Ans. (a,c)      
 u  u b  u  0  u  v
   
Sol. Let  be the angle between a and b .Since, a and b are
        
non-collinear vectors, then   0 and    .  
Also, u  a  b  u  a  u  b  u  a
           
We have, a  b  a b cos  
 u u a b  u ua  v 
VECTORS AND 3-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY
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Example – 28 Example – 30

     
Let A ,B,C be three vectors of lengths 3, 4, 5 respectively.. If A , B, C are three non-coplanar vectors, then
     
Let A be perpendicular to B  C, B to C  A and      
      
A . B C
    
B.   A  C   ....
C to A  B. Then the length of vector A  B  C is...  
C  A .B C .  A  B
Ans. ( 5 2 )
Ans. (0)
        
Sol. Given, A  3, B  4, C  5

A BC B
    
  A  C 
         Sol.
    
Since, A  B  C  B  C  A  C  A  B  0 ....(i )   
C A B C  A B
           
   2  2  2  2      

 A  B  C  A  B  C  2 A B  B C  C  A   A B C   B A C   A B C  A B C   0
        
C A B  C A B  C A B 
 9  16  25  0
      Example – 31
 from Eq.(i ) A  B  B  C  C  A  0 
 
 
   2 If A  1,1,1 , C   0 ,1,  1 are given vectors, then a
 A  B  C  50    
vector B satisfying the equations A  B  C and
    
 A B C  5 2 A .B  3 is ........

Example – 29 5 2 2
Ans.  , , 
2 3 3
A, B, C and D are four points in a plane with position
  
vectors a ,b ,c and d respectively such that Sol. Let B  xi  y j  zk
     
 a  d  . b  c    b  d  . c  a   0 . The point D, then, is Given A  i  j  k , C  i  j
the.... of the triangle ABC.   
Also, given A  B  C
Ans. (Orthocentre)
         ( z  y )i  ( z  z ) j  ( y  x)k  j  k
Sol.     
As , a  d  b  c  b  d  c  a  0 
 z  y  0, x  z  1, y  x  1
 AD  BC and BD  CA  
Also, A  B  3  x  y  z  3
which clearly represents from figure that D is orthocentre
of ABC On solving above equations, we get

5 2
x ,y z
3 3

  5 2 2 
 B   i, j , k 
3 3 3 
VECTORS AND 3-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY
143

Example – 32 Example – 33

 
If the vectors aiˆ ˆj  ˆk , ˆi  bjˆ  ˆk and ˆi ˆj  ck
ˆ (abc1)
Let b  4iˆ  3jˆ and c be two vectors perpendicular to
are coplanar, then the value of
each other in the xy-plane. All vectors in the same plane
1 1 1  
   ..... having projections 1 and 2 along b and c , respectively,,
1 a  1 b  1 c 
are given by .........
Ans. (1)
Sol. Since, vectors are coplanar Ans.  2i  j 
a 1 1 
Sol. Let c  ai  b j
1 b 1  0
1 1 c  
Since, b and c are perpendiculars to each other..

 
Then, b  c  0  4i  3 j  ai  b j  0
Applying R2  R2  R1 , R3  R3  R1
  
a 1 1  4a  3b  0  a : b  3 : 4
1 a b 1 0 0

1 a 0 c 1  c   3i  4 j , where  is constant to ratio.
 

Let the required vectors be a  pi  q j
a 1 1
(1  a) (1  b) (1  c)  
  a b
1 1 0 0 Projection a on b is 
1 0 1 b

4 p  3q
1   4 p  3q  5 ....(i )
5
a 1 1
 (1)  ( 1)  (1)  0
1 a 1 b 1 c
 
  ac
Also, projection of a on c is 
a 1 1 c
   0
1 a 1 b 1 c

1 1 1 3 p  4 q
 1    0 2  3 p  4q  10
1 a 1 b 1 c 5

On solving above equations , we get p=2,q=-1

1 1 1
   1 
1 a 1 b 1 c  c  2i  j
VECTORS AND 3-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY
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Example – 34 
 r  i  i  i  j   0
   
 
A unit vector coplanar with ˆi ˆj  2k
ˆ and ˆi  2ˆj  ˆk and

perpendicular to ˆi ˆj  k
ˆ is.......   xi  y j  zk   i  i  i  i  j   0
1
Ans.   j  k
   ( x  1)i  y j  zk   k   0
 
2  

Sol. Any vector coplanar with i  j  2k and i  2 j  k is given  ( x  1)i  k  y j  k  zk  k  0
by
  z  0 ...(i )
a  x i  j  2k  y i  2 j  k
   
Equation of plane containing i  j and i  k is
 ( x  y )i  ( x  2 y ) j  (2 x  y )k

 r  i  j
This vector is perpendicular to i  j  k ,if    i  j  i  k   0


( x  y )1  ( x  2 y )1  (2 x  y )1  0 
 r  i  j   i  j  i  k   0
     
 
 4x  4 y  0   x  y
 
 a   x j  xk  x  j  k  a  2 x
    xi  y j  zk   i  j   i  i  i  k  j  i  j  k   0
Hence, the required unit vector is
 ( x  1)i  ( y  1) j  zk    j  k  i   0
 
 
1
  j  k
 
2  ( x  1)  ( y  1)  z  0 ...(ii )
Example – 35 
Let a  a1 i  a2 j  a3 k
A non-zero vector a is parallel to the line of intersection 
Since, a is parallel to Eqs.(i) and (ii), we get
of the plane determined by the vectors ˆi ,ˆi ˆj and the
a3  0
plane determined by the vectors ˆi ˆj, ˆi  ˆk . The angle
and a1  a2  a3  0  a1  a2 , a3  0

between a and the vector ˆi  2ˆj  2k
ˆ is........

Thus, a vector in the direction a is i  j
 3
Ans. or 
4 4 If  is the angle between a and i  2 j  2k , , then

Sol. Equation of plane containing i and i  j is (1)(1)  (1)(2) 3

cos    
 11 1 4  4 2 3
 r  i
  i
  i  j   0
 
1  3
 cos      or
2 4 4
VECTORS AND 3-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY
145

Example – 36
 4 cos 2   4  8cos 2   1
      
Let OA  a , OB  10a  2b , and OC  b, where O, A  4 cos 2   3
and C are non-collinear points. Let p denote the area of
the quadrilateral OABC, and let q denote the area of the 3
 cos   
parallelogram with OA and OC as adjacent sides. If 2
p = kq, then k = ........
3
For  to be acute, cos  
Ans. (6) 2
 
Sol. Since, q=area of parallelogram with OA and OC as 
 
adjacent sides 6
   
 OA  OC  a  b Example – 38

and p=area of quadrilateral OABC Find all the values of  such that x, y, z (0, 0, 0) and


1   1  
OA  OB  OB  OC
ˆi ˆj  3kˆ  x  3iˆ – 3jˆ  kˆ  y   4iˆ  5jˆ  z   ˆix ˆjy  kz
ˆ 

2 2
where ˆi ,ˆj,k
ˆ are unit vectors along the coordinate axes.
1    1   

2
  
a  10a  2b  10a  2b  b
2
 Ans. (0, –1)
       
      Sol.     
Since, i  j  3k x  3i  3 j  k y  4i  5 j z 
 a b  5 a b  6 a b
  
 p  6q

  ix  jy  kz 
k 6  x  3 y  4 z   x, x  3 y  5 z   y,3 x  y  0 z   z

Example – 37  (1   ) x  3 y  4 z  0, x  (3   ) y  5 z  0and

  3x  y   z  0
Let a , b and c be three vectors having magnitudes 1, 1
     Since, ( x, y, z )  (0, 0, 0)
and 2 respectively. If a   a  c   b  0, then the acute
   Non-trivial solution.
angle between a and c is .........
0

Ans. 1  3 4
6
1 (3   ) 5  0
    
Sol.  
Given, a  a  c  b  0 3 1 

       
   
 ac a  aa c  b  0  
 (1   ) 3   2  5  3(  15)

   
 (2cos  )a  c  b  0 4(1  9  3 )  0

  2  2   (  1) 2  0

 2cos  a  c   
 b
   0, 1
2 2   2
 4 cos 2   a  c  2.2 cos  a  c  b
VECTORS AND 3-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY
146

Example – 39      
 2 a  b  b  c  c  a ....(i )
The position vectors of the points A, B, C and D are
Also, are of ABC
3iˆ  2ˆj  ˆk , 2iˆ  3jˆ  4kˆ ,  ˆi ˆj  2kˆ and 4iˆ  5jˆ  kˆ ,
1   1    
respectively. If the points A, B, C and D lie on a plane,
find the value of .

2

AB  AC  b  a  c  a
2
  
146 1        
Ans. –  bc  b a  ac  a a
17 2

Sol. Here, AB  i  5 j  3k 1      
 a  b  b  c  c  a ....(ii )
2
 
AC  4i  3 j  3k and AD  i  7 j  (  1)k From Eqs. (i) and (ii)
        
We know that A, B, C, D lie in a plane if AB , AC , AD are AB  CD  BC  AD  CA  BD  2(2 area of ABC )
coplanar i.e.
 4  area of ABC 
1 5 3
  
 AB AC AD   0  4 3 3 0 Example – 41
 
1 7  1

If vectors a ,b ,c are coplanar, show that
 (3  3  21)  5(4  4  3)  3(28  3)  0
  
 17  146  0 a b c
      
a .a a .b a .c  0
–146      
  b .a b .b b .c
17

Example – 40 
Sol. Given that, a b c are coplanar vectors.
If A, B, C, D are any four points in space, prove that  There exists scalars x,y,z not all zero, such that
        
AB CD  BC  AD  CA  BD  4 (area of  ABC). xa  yb  zc  0 ...(i)
 
Sol. Let the position vectors of points A,B,C,D be Taking dot with a and b respectively, we get
   
a, b, c and d repectively..      
        
     
x a  a  y a b  z a c  0 ...(ii )
Then, AB  b  a, BC  c  b, AD  d  a,      
              
and x a  b  y b  b  z c  b  0 ...(iii )
BD  d  b, CA  a  c, CD  d  c
Since, Eqs.(i), (ii) and (iii) represent homogeneous
     
Now, AB  CD  BC  AD  CA  BD equations with ( x, y, z )  (0, 0, 0)

             No-trivial solutions
      
 b a  d c  c b  d a  a c  d b        0
             
| b  d  a  d  b  c  a  c  c  d  c  a  b  d   
a b c
                
b  a  a  d  a  b  c  d  c  b |  aa ab a c  0
     
b b b b bc
VECTORS AND 3-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY
147

Example – 42  c  0 and 12c(3c  4)  0

  
Let A  2iˆ  k
ˆ , B ˆi ˆj  kˆ , and C  4iˆ  3jˆ  7k
ˆ. 4
 c  0 and c  
 3
Determine a vector R satisfying
       4 
R  B  C  B and R . A  0 . c   ,0
 3 

 .. .. .. 
Example – 44
Ans.   i 8 j 2 k 
 
 
 For any two vectors u and v prove that
Sol. Let R  xi  y j  zk
 2  2 2 2
    a  u . v  u  v  u v and
R B  C B
2
i j k i j
 b  1 u 1 v  2

k
 x y z  4 3 7  2     2
= 1 u . v  u  v   u  v 
1 1 1 1 1 1
   
Sol. (a) Since, u  v  u v cos 
 ( y  z )i  ( x  z ) j  ( x  y )k  10i  3 j  7 k
   
 y  z  10, z  x  3, x  y  7 and u  v  u v sin  n

   
and R  A  0 where,  is the angle between u and v and n is
 
 2x  z  0 unit vector perpedicular to the plane of u and v .
On solving above equations,
 2 2 2
x  1, y  8 and z  2 Again, u  v  u v cos 2 

 R  i  8 j  2k  2 2 2
u  v  u v sin 2 
Example – 43
 2  2 2 2
Determine the value of ‘c’ so that for all real x, the vector 
 u  v  u  v  u v cos 2   sin 2  
cxiˆ  6ˆj  3k
ˆ and xiˆ  2ˆj  2cxk
ˆ make an obtuse angle
2 2
with each other.  u v ....(i )

 4      2
Ans.  ,0
 3 
(b) u  v  u  v  
   2  2    
Sol. Let a  cxi  6 j  3k and b  xi  2 j  2cxk .  u  v  uv  2 u  v  uv
 
Since, a and b make an obtuse angle. 2 2    2
   u  v  2u  v  u  v  0
 a  b  0  cx 2  12  6cx  0
   
 c  0 and discriminant <0 [ u  v is perpendicular to the plane of u and v ]

    2  2
 c  0 and 36c 2  4.(12)c  0  u  v  uv    1 u  v
VECTORS AND 3-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY
148

2 2    2    2 Example – 46
 u  v  2u  v  u  v  1  2u  v  u  v
The area of the triangle whose vertices are A (1, –1, 2),
2 2 2 2 B(2, 1, –1), C(3, –1, 2) is ......
 u  v 1 u v  from Eq.(i)
Ans. 13 sq.unit
2 2 2 2 2
 u 1  v   1  v    1  v  1  u  1  
       Sol. Area of ABC  AB  AC
2
Example – 45 
AB  i  2 j  3k
A line with positive direction cosines passes through the

point P(2, –1, 2) and makes equal angles with the coordinate and AC  2i
axes. The line meets the plane 2x + y + z = 9 at point Q. The
length of the line segment PQ equals
i j k
 
(a) 1 (b) 2  AB  AC  1 2 3  2 3 j  2k  
(c) 3 (d) 2 2 0 0

Ans. (c)
1  
 Area of triangle  AB  AC
Sol. Since, l  m  n  1 2
3
1
 2 9  4
2

 13 sq units

Example – 47

The unit vector perpendicular to the plane determined by

x  2 y 1 z  2 P(1, –1, 2), Q(2, 0, –1) & R(0, 2, 1) is ......
 Equation of line is  
1 1 1
3 3 3
Ans. 
 2i  j  k 
6
 x  2  y  1  z  2  r [ say]
Sol. A unit vector perpendicular to the plane determined by
 Any point on the line is
P,Q,R
Q   r  2, r  1, r  2   
 PQ    P R 
   
 Q lies on the plane 2 x  y  z  9
PQ  PR
 2(r  2)  (r  1)  (r  2)  9
 
 4r  5  9  PQ    PR 
Unit vector    
 r 1 PQ  PR

 Q  3, 0,3  

PQ  i  j  3k and PR  – i  3 j – k

 PQ   3  2 2  (0  1)2  (3  2)2  3 i j k
 
PQ  PR  1 1 3
1 3 1
VECTORS AND 3-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY
149

Example – 49
 i (1  9)  j (1  3)  k (3  1)
The length of the perpendicular drawn from the point
 8i – 4 j  4k
x y  2 z 3
  (3, –1, 11) to the line   is
2 3 4
 PQ  PR  4 4  1  1  4 6
(a) 66 (b) 29
Hence the unit vector is
(c) 33 (d) 53

 2i  j  k  Ans. (d)
6
Sol. Let feet of perpendicular is
Example – 48 (2 ,3  2, 4  3)

y 1 z  3  direction ratio of lines are 2,3, 4

If the angle between the line x   and the plane
2   2(2  3)  3(3  3)  4(4  8)  0

 5   1
x + 2y + 3z = 4 is cos–1   , then  equals to
 14   Feet of perpendicular is (2,5,7)

3 2  length of perpendicular  1  62  42  53
(a) (b)
2 5
Example – 50
5 2
(c) (d)
3 3 An equation of a plane parallel to the plane
x – 2y + 2z – 5 = 0 and at a unit distance from the origin is
Ans. (d)
(a) x – 2y + 2z – 3 = 0 (b) x – 2y + 2z + 1 = 0
x  0 y 1 z  3 (c) x – 2y + 2z – 1 = 0 (d) x – 2y + 2z + 5 = 0
Sol.  
1 2 
Ans. (a)
x  2 y  3z  4 Sol. Equation of a plane parallel to x-2y+2z-5=0 and at a unit
Angle between line and plane (by definition) distance from origin is

 1 1  2  2    3   5  3  x  2 y  2z  k  0
 sin 1    sin 1  
 2   2 
 1 4  9 1 4     14 5    k
 1 k  3
2
3
(5  3 ) 5
So, 14 5   2  14  1  sin 2
  cos 2   1
   x  2 y  2 z  3  0 or x  2 y  2 z  3  0

Example – 51
(5  3 )2
  5  14
5  2 x 1 y  1 z 1 x 3 y  k z
If the line   and  
2 3 4 1 2 1
  
 (5  3 ) 2  5 5   2  14 5   2  intersect, then k is equal to

 25  30  9 2  25  5 2  70  14 2 2
(a) –1 (b)
9
 30  50  70
9
2 (c) (d) 0
 30  20    2
3
Ans. (c)
VECTORS AND 3-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY
150

x 1 y  1 z 1 x 3 y k z  Equation of image of the line is

Sol.    r1 and    r2
2 3 4 1 2 1
x 3 y 5 z 2
 
or 2r1  1  r2  3,3r1  1  2r2  k , 4r1  1  r2 3 1 5
 2r1  r2  2 and 4r1  r2  1 Example – 53

3 The angle between the lines whose direction cosines

2r1  3  r1  and r2  5
2 satisfy the equations l + m + n = 0 and l2 = m2 + n2 is :

9 11 9  
   1  10  k  k  10   (a) (b)
2 2 2 2 3

Example – 52  
(c) (d)
4 6
x 1 y  3 z  4 Ans. (b)
The image of the line   in the plane
3 1 5
Sol. l  m  n  0 …….(1)
2x – y + z + 3 = 0 is the line :
l 2  m2  n2 …..(2)
x 3 y 5 z 2
(a)   From (1) and (2)
3 1 5
( m  n)2  m 2  n 2
x 3 y 5 z 2
(b)  
3 1 5  2mn  0  m  0, or n  0
x 3 y 5 z 2 If m  0 then from (1)
(c)  
3 1 5
l n
l  n  0  l  n  
x 3 y 5 z 2 1 1
(d)  
3 1 5
If n  0 then from (1)
Ans. (b)
Sol. l m
l  m  0  l  m  
DR’s of line = 3,1,-5 1 1
DR’s of the normal of plane = 2,-1,1  angle between the lines
 3(2)  1(1)  5  0 (1)(1)  (1)(0)  (1)(0)
cos  
So, the line is parallel to the plane 1 0 1 1 0 1
Image is point (1,3,4) in plane
1
x 1 y 3 z4 2(2  3  4  3) 
   2
2 1 1 6

x 1 y 3 z4  
    2 3
2 1 1

 x  3, y  5, z  2
VECTORS AND 3-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY
151

Example – 54 Example – 55

A line in the 3-dimensinal space makes and angle

x 1 y  2 z  3
The plane contaning the line   and
  1 2 3
  0     with both the x and y axis. Then the set of
 2
x y z
all values of  is the interval: parallel to the line   passes through the point:
1 1 4

    (a) (1, -2, 5) (b) (1, 0, 5)

(a)  0,  (b)  , 
 4 6 3 (c) (0, 3, -5) (d) (-1, -3, 0)
Ans. (b)
    
(c)  ,  (d)  ,  Sol. DR’s of the given lines are (1,2,3) and (1,1,4)
4 2  3 2
 DR’s of the normal to the plane
Ans. (c)

Sol. We know that cos 2   cos 2   cos 2   1 i j k

1 2 3
 cos 2   cos 2   cos 2   1
1 1 4
 cos 2   1  2 cos 2 

 0  cos 2   1  i(5)  j (1)  k (1)

 0  1  2 cos 2   1  5i  j  k
It contains the point (1,2,3)
 1  2 cos 2   0
 Equation of the plane is
 0  2 cos 2   1
5( x  1)  1( y  2)  1( z  3)  0
1 1
 0  cos 2    0  cos    5x  y  z  0
2 2
It also passes through (1,0,5)
  
  , 
4 2
VECTORS AND 3-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY 152

EXERCISE - 1 : BASIC OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

Algebra of Vectors : 7. If the position vector of points A and B with respect to

r r
uuur uuur r point P are respectively a and b then the position vector
1. In a regular hexagon ABCDEF, AB = a, BC = b and of middle point of AB is
uuur r uuur r r r r
CD = c . Then, AE = b-a a+b
(a) (b)
r r r r r r 2 2
(a) a + b + c (b) 2 a + b + c
r r
r r a-b
(c) b + cr (d) ar + 2b + 2cr (c) (d) none of these
2
2. If ABCDE is a pentagon, then
8. The points with position vectors
uuur uuur uuur uuur uuur uuur
AB + AE + BC + DC + ED + AC equals
3iˆ – 4jˆ – 4k,
ˆ 2iˆ – ˆj + kˆ and ˆi – 3jˆ – 5kˆ form
uuur uuur
(a) 3 AD (b) 3 AC (a) an equilateral triangle
uuur uuur (b) an isosceles triangle
(c) 3BE (d) 3CE
(c) a right angle triangle
3. Which of the following is unit vectors
(d) none of these
ˆi + ˆj + kˆ 9. The position vector of two points P and Q are respectively
(a) ˆi + ˆj (b) r r
2 p and q then the position vector of the point dividing
PQ in 2 : 5 is
ˆi + ˆj + kˆ
(c) ˆi + ˆj + kˆ (d) r r r r
3
p+q 5p + 2q
(a) (b)
2+5 2+5
r r
4. If a = 2iˆ + 5jˆ and b = 2iˆ - ˆj, then unit vector in the r r
r r p-q
r r 2p + 5q
direction of a + b is (c) (d)
2+5 2+5

2 ˆi + ˆj 10. The position vector of the vertices of triangle ABC are

(a) ˆi + ˆj (b)
ˆi, ˆj and kˆ then the position vector of its orthocentre is
(c) ˆi + ˆj / 2 (d) ˆi – ˆj / 2
(a) ˆi + ˆj + kˆ (b) 2 ˆi + ˆj + kˆ
r r
5. For any two vector a and b , correct statement is
r r r r r r r r 1 ˆ ˆ ˆ 1 ˆ ˆ ˆ
(a) |a - b|=|a| -|b| (b) |a + b|³|a| -|b| (c) i + j+ k (d) i + j+k
3 3
r r r r r r r r
11. If, D, E, F are mid points of sides BC, CA and AB
(c) |a + b|=|a| + |b| (d) |a - b|£|a| -|b|
uuur uuur respectively of a triangle ABC, and ˆi + ˆj, ˆj + k,
ˆ kˆ + ˆi are
6. If ˆi, ˆj, kˆ are position vectors of A, B, C and AB = CX ,
p.v. of points A, B and C respectively, then p.v. of centroid of
then position vector of X is DDEF is
(a) -ˆi + ˆj + kˆ (b) ˆi – ˆj + kˆ ˆi + ˆj + kˆ
(a) (b) ˆi + ˆj + kˆ
3
(c) ˆi + ˆj – kˆ (d) ˆi + ˆj + kˆ
2 ˆi + ˆj + kˆ
(c) 2 ˆi + ˆj + kˆ (d)
3
VECTORS AND 3-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY 153
r r r r r r
12. If a = 3iˆ - 2jˆ + kˆ and b = -ˆi + ˆj + k,
ˆ then the unit vector 19. (A + B) 2 + (A - B) 2 equals
r
parallel to ar + b , is r r r r
(a) 2 (A 2 + B2 ) (b) 4 A . B

1 ˆ ˆ 1 ˆ ˆ r r
(a) ˆ
2i - j + 2k (b) ˆ
2i - j + 2k (c) A 2 + B2 (d) none of these
3 5
r r r r r r
20. If a = b , then (a + b) . (a - b) is
1
(c) 2iˆ - ˆj + 2k
ˆ (d) none of these
3 (a) positive (b) negative
(c) zero (d) none of these
13. A parallelopiped is formed by planes drawn through the
points (2, 3, 5) and (5, 9, 7), parallel to the co-ordinate r r
21. If a = iˆ + 3jˆ - 2kˆ and b = 4iˆ – 2jˆ + 4kˆ ,
planes. The length of a diagonal of the parallelopiped is:
r r r r
(a) 7 (b) then (2 a + b ) . ( a – 2 b ) equals
38
(a) 14 (b) –14
(c) 155 (d) None of these
(c) 0 (d) none of these
Collinearity & Coplanarity
22. Angle between the vectors 2iˆ + 6jˆ + 3kˆ and 12iˆ – 4jˆ + 3kˆ
14. If position vectors of A, B, C, D are respectively is
2iˆ + 3jˆ + 5k,
ˆ ˆi + 2ˆj + 3k,
ˆ -5iˆ + 4ˆj – 2kˆ and ˆi + 10jˆ + 10k,
ˆ
æ1ö -1 æ 9 ö
(a) cos-1 ç ÷ (b) cos ç ÷
then è 10 ø è 11 ø
(a) AB || CD (b) DC || AD
æ9ö æ1ö
(c) A, B, C are collinear (d) B, C, D are collinear (c) cos-1 ç ÷ (d) cos -1 ç ÷
è 91 ø è9ø
r
15. If the vector b is collinear with the vector
r r 23. If ˆi + ˆj + k,
ˆ 2iˆ + 5j,
ˆ 3iˆ + 2jˆ – 3kˆ and ˆi – 6ˆj – kˆ be p.v. of
a = 2 2 , - 1, 4 & | b |= 10 , then
four points A,B,C and D respectively, then the angle
r r uuur uuur
(a) ar ± b = 0 (b) ar ± 2b = 0 between AB and CD is
r
(c) 2ar ± b = 0 (d) none (a) p/4 (b) p/2

r (c) p (d) none of these

r
16. If a = 4iˆ - 2jˆ + 3kˆ and b = -8iˆ + 4jˆ - 6kˆ are two vectors r r
24. Projection vector of a on b is
r r
then a , b are
r r r r
a .b r a .b
(a) like parallel (b) unlike parallel (a) r 2 b (b) r
|b| |b|
(c) non-collinear (d) perpendicular

Product of Vectors : r r r r
a .b a .b
(c) r (d) r 2 b̂
r |a| |a|
17. If the moduli of vectors ar and b are 1 and 2 respectively
r r
rr 25. The angle between the vectors ar + b & ar - b , given
and a.b = 1, then the angle q between them is :
r r r r
(a) q = p/6 (b) q = p/3 | a |= 2, | b |= 1 and angle between a & b is p/3, is
(c) q = p/2 (d) q = 2p/3
2 2
r r rr (a) tan -1 (b) tan -1
18. If the angle between a and b is q then for a.b ³ 0 3 3
(a) 0 < q < p (b) 0 < q or q > p/2
(c) p/2 < q < p (d) 0 < q < p/2 3
(c) tan -1 (d) none
7
VECTORS AND 3-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY 154
 
26. Given the vectors a & b the angle between which equals 32.

Two non zero vectors a and b will be parallel, if
 
120°. If | a | 3 & | b | 4 then the length of the vector     
(a) a . b = 0 (b) a  b  0
 3  
2a  b is (c) a = b (d) none of these
2
 
33. If a and b are two vectors, then -
(a) 6 3 (b) 7 2
       
(a) a  b  a b (b) a  b  a b
(c) 4 5 (d) none
       
 2 (c) a  b  a b (d) a  b  a b

 a b 
27.   2  2 
 34. If  be the angle between vectors
 | a | | b | 
ˆ then the value of sin  is
ˆi  2jˆ  3kˆ and 3iˆ  2jˆ  k,
  2
   ab 
(a) | a |2  | b |2 (b)     (a) (b)
2 6
 | a | | b |  6/7 7

(c) 1/7 (d) none of these

    2
 a | a | b | b | 
(c)     (d) none    
35. If a  b  a . b then angle between a and b is
 | a | | b | 
 (a) 0° (b) 90°
28. The vector c , directed along the internal bisector of the
 (c) 60° (d) 45°
angle between the vectors, a  7î  4 ĵ  4k̂ and
  36. The unit vector perpendicular to vectors ˆi  ˆj and ˆj  kˆ is
b  2î  ĵ  2k̂ with | c | 5 6 is :

1 ˆ ˆ ˆ 1 ˆ ˆ ˆ
(a)
5
( î  7 ĵ  2k̂ ) (b)
5
(5î  5 ĵ  2k̂ ) (a)
3

i  j k  (b)
3

i  jk 
3 3

1 ˆ ˆ ˆ
 
5 5
(c) ( î  7 ĵ  2k̂ ) (d) (5î  5 ĵ  2k̂ ) (c) i  j k (d) none of these
3 3 3
29. If the coordinates of the points A, B, C be (–1, 3, 2),    
(2, 3, 5) and (3, 5, –2) respectively, then A = 37. If |a . b| = 3 and |a  b| = 4, then the angle between
(a) 0º (b) 45º  
a and b is
(c) 60º (d) 90º
30. The coordinates of the points A, B, C, D are (4, , 2), (a) cos–1 3/4 or   cos
1 3
(5, –3, 2), (, 1, 1) & (3, 3, –1). Line AB would be 4
perpendicular to line CD when
(a)  = –1, = –1 (b)  = 1, = 2 3
(b) cos–1 3/5 or   cos 1
5
(c)  = 2, = 1 (d)  = 2, = 2

31. If a and b are vectors of equal magnitude 2 and  be the 3 3
(c) sin 1 or   sin 1
  5 5
angle between them, then magnitude of a + b will be 2 if
(a)  (b) 
3
(d) /4 or
(c)  (d)  4
VECTORS AND 3-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY 155
r r r r r r r r r r r r
38. If a , b , c are any vectors then which one of the following 45. For non-zero vectors a , b, c, | a ´ b . c | = | a | | b | | c | holds
is a wrong statement.
if and only if
r r r r r r r r
(a) a + b = b + a (b) a . b = b . a r r r r r r r r
(a) a . b = 0. b . c = 0 (b) c . a = 0, a . b = 0
r r r r r r r r
(c) a × b = b × a (d) |a ´ b| =|b ´ a| r r
r r r r r r r r
(c) a . c = 0. b . c = 0 (d) a . b = b . c = c . a = 0
r r r r r r
39. If for vectors a and b , a × b = 0 and a . b = 0, then
46. The volume of the parallelopiped whose sides are given
r r r r
(a) a b (b) a ^ b
by OA = 2î - 3 ĵ . OB = î + ĵ - k̂ and OC = 3î - k̂ is :
r r r r
(c) a = 0 or b = 0 (d) none of these (a) 4/13 (b) 4
r r r r (c) 2/7 (d) none
40. If a × b = a × c then correct statement is
r 47. The area of the quadrilateral ABCD, where A(0, 4, 1),
(a) a = 0
B(2, 3, –1), C(4, 5, 0) and D(2, 6, 2), is equal to
r r
(b) b = 0 = c (a) 9 sq. units (b) 18 sq. units
r r (c) 27 sq. units (d) 81 sq. units
(c) b = c
rr r
(d) above three are not necessary 48. If the vectors a ,b and c from the sides BC, CA and AB
r r r r r r respectively of a triangle ABC, then
41. For any vectors a , b ; | a × b |2 + ( a . b )2 is equal to
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
(a) a 2 b 2 (b) a 2 + b 2 (a) a .b = b .c = c .b = 0 (b) a ´ b = b ´ c = c ´ a
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
(c) a 2 – b 2 (d) 0 (c) a .b = b .c = c .a = 0 (d) a ´ b + b ´ c + c ´ a = 0
r r r r r r r r r r r r
42. If a ´ b = c ´ d and a ´ c = b ´ d and a ¹ d, b ¹ c,
Then a a 2 1 + a3
2 2
r r r r 49. If b b 2 1 + b3 = 0 and vectors 1, a, a , 1, b, b and
(a) a - d is parallel to b - c .
c c2 1 + c3
r r r r
(b) a - d is perpendicular to b - c .
r r 1,c,c 2 are non–coplanar, then the product abc equals
(c) ar - d is equal to b - cr .
(d) none of these (a) 2 (b) –1

r r r r (c) 1 (d) 0
2p
43. Vectors a & b make an angle q = . If | a | = 1, | b | = 2
3 r r r r r r r r r
50. If a ´ b ´ c = a ´ b ´ c , where a, b, c are any three
r r r r
then {(a + 3b) ´ (3a - b)}2 =
r r r r r r
vectors such that a × b ¹ 0, b × c ¹ 0, then a and c are
(a) 225 (b) 250
(c) 275 (d) 300 p
(a) inclined at an angle of between them
44. Unit vector perpendicular to the plane of the triangle ABC 6
r r r (b) perpendicular
with pv’s a , b, c of the vertices A, B, C is
(c) parallel
r r r r r r r r r r r r
(a ´ b + b ´ c + c ´ a )
(a) (a ´ b + b ´ c + c ´ a ) (b) p
D 2D (d) inclined at an angle of between them
3
r r r r r r
(a ´ b + b ´ c + c ´ a )
(c) (d) none
4D
VECTORS AND 3-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY 156

r DC’s & DR’s :

51. The vector a = a î + 2 ĵ + b k̂ lies in the plane of the vectors
r 55. If a line makes angles 90°, 60° and 30° with positive direction
r
b = î + ĵ and c = ˆj + k̂ and bisects the angle between of x, y and z-axis respectively, then its direction-cosines
r r are :
b and c . Then which one of the following gives possible (a) < 0, 0, 0 > (b) < 1, 1, 1 >
values of a and b ?
1 3 3 1
(a) a = 1, b = 1 (b) a = 2, b = 2 (c) < 0, , > (d) < , ,0 >
2 2 2 2
(c) a = 1, b = 2 (d) a = 2, b = 1
56. A line makes equal angles with co-ordinate axes. Direction
r r r
52. Let a = ˆj - kˆ and c = ˆi - ˆj - kˆ . Then the vector b cosines of this line are

r r r r r 1 1 1
satisfying a ´ b + c = 0 and a . b = 3, is (a) ± 1,± 1,± 1 (b) ± ,± ,±
3 3 3
(a) -ˆi + ˆj - 2kˆ (b) 2iˆ - ˆj + 2kˆ
1 1 1
(c) ± , ± , ± (d) ± 3, ± 3, ± 3
3 3 3
(c) ˆi - ˆj - 2kˆ (d) ˆi + ˆj - 2kˆ
57. If a line passes through the points (–2, 4, –5) and
r r r (1, 2, 3) then its direction-cosines will be :
53. Let a,b and c be three non-zero vectors such that no

two of them are collinear and 2 8 3

(a) < - , , > (b) < – 3, 2, + 8 >
77 77 77
r r r 1 r r r
(a ´ b) ´ c = b c a. If q is the angle between vector
3 3 -2 8
(c) < + , , > (d) < 3, – 2, 8 >
r r 77 77 77
b and c , then a value of sin q is:
58. A line makes acute angles of a, b and g with the

2 -2 3 2
(a) (b) co-ordinate axes such that cos a cos b = cos b cos g =
3 3 9

4
and cos g cos a = , then cos a + cos b + cos g is equal
2 2 - 2 9
(c) (d)
3 3 to:
(a) 25/9 (b) 5/9
r r r
54. Let a, b and c be three unit vectors such that (c) 5/3 (d) 2/3
59. If a line has direction ratios < 2, –1, –2> , then its direction-
r r r 3 r r r r cosines will be :
a´ b´c = b + c . If b is not parallel to c , then
2
2 1 2
r r (a) < , , >
the angle between a and b is : 3 3 3

1 1 1
p 2p (b) < , , >
(a) (b) 3 3 3
2 3
-2 1 - 2
(c) < ,- , >
5p 3p 3 3 3
(c) (d)
6 4
2 1 2
(d) < ,- ,- >
3 3 3
VECTORS AND 3-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY 157
60. Two lines, whose direction ratios are : 66. The equations of x-axis in space are
< a1, b1, c1 > and < a2, b2, c2 > respectively are perpendicular (a) x = 0, y = 0 (b) x = 0, z = 0
if
(c) x = 0 (d) y = 0, z = 0
a1 a 2 c1 a1 b1 c1 67. The direction cosines of the line, x = y = z are :
(a) b = b = c (b) a = b = c
1 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
(c) a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0 (d) a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 1 (a) , , (b) , ,
3 3 3 3 3 3
61. A line makes angles a,b,g with the coordinate axes.
If a + b = 90º, then g =
1 1 1
(a) 0 (b) 90º (c) 5 , 13 , 10 (d) , ,
13 10 5
(c) 180º (d) None of these
r r r r r r
Straight Line 68. Two lines r = a1 + lb1 and r = a 2 + mb2 would be
coplanar if:
62. A line passes through a point A with p.v. 3î + ĵ - k̂ and is r r r r r r
(a) [a 1 b1 b 2 ] = [a 2 b1 b 2 ]
parallel to the vector 2 î - ˆj + 2k̂ . If P is a point on this line
r r r r r r
such that AP = 15 units, then the p.v. of the point P may (b) a 1 . b 1 b 2 = (a 2 . b 1 ) b 2
be: r r r r r r
(c) a 1 (b1 . b 2 ) = a 2 (b1 . b 2 )
(a) 13î + 4 ĵ - 9k̂ (b) 13î - 4 ĵ + 9k̂
r r r r r r r r
(d) a1 . b1 - a1 . b 2 = a 2 . b1 - a 2 . b 2
(c) 7î - 6ˆj + 11k̂ (d) +7iˆ + 6jˆ + 11kˆ
69. The point of intersection of lines,
63. Image of the point P with position vector 7 î - ˆj + 2k̂ in
x - 4 y -1 z x -1 y - 2 z - 3
the line whose vector equation is, = = & = = is :
5 2 1 2 3 4
r
r = 9 î + 5 ˆj + 5 k̂ + l (î + 3 ĵ + 5k̂) has the position vector :
(a) (–1, –1, –1) (b) (–1, –1, 1)
(a) (–9, 5, 2) (b) (9, 5, –2) (c) 1, –1, –1) (d) (–1, 1, –1)
(c) (9, –5, –2) (d) none
64. Find the angle between the two straight lines, x -1 y - 2 z - 3
70. The straight lines = = and
r 1 2 3
r = 3î - 2 ĵ + 4k̂ + l (-2î + ĵ + 2k̂ ) and

r x -1 y - 2 z - 3
r = î + 3 ĵ - 2k̂ + m (3î - 2 ĵ + 6k̂ ) : = = are
2 2 -2

(a) cos -1 (4 / 21) (b) sin -1 (4 / 21) (a) parallel lines (b) Intersecting at 60º
(c) Skew lines (d) Intersecting at right angle
(c) sin -1 (17 / 21) (d) cos -1 (17 / 21)
71. A line with direction cosines proportional to 2, 1, 2 meets
65. The lines, each of the lines x = y + a = z and x + a = 2y = 2z. The co-
r ordinates of each of the points of intersection are given
r1 = î + 2ˆj + 3k̂ + l (2î + 3 ĵ + 4k̂ )
by
r
and r2 = 2î + 3 ĵ + 4k̂ + m (3î + 4ˆj + 5k̂ ) are : (a) (3a, 3a, 3a), (a, a, a)

(a) coplanar (b) (3a, 2a, 3a), (a, a, a)

(b) skew (c) (3a, 2a, 3a), (a, a, 2a)

(c) such that shortest distance between them is 1 (d) (2a, 3a, 3a), (2a, a, a)
(d) none
VECTORS AND 3-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY 158
72. The shortest distance between the skew lines 79. The length of the perpendicular from origin on plane
r r r r r r r
l1 : r = a1 + lb1 and l 2 : r = a 2 + mb2 is: r . (3î - 4 ĵ + 12k̂ ) = 5 is

r r r r r r r r
a2 - a1 . b1 ´ b2 a2 - a1 . a2 ´ b2 5 25
(a) (b)
(a) r r (b) r r 69 69
b1 ´ b2 b1 ´ b2
5 5
(c) (d)
r r r r r r r r 13 13
a2 - b2 . a1 ´ b1 a1 - b2 . b1 ´ a2
(c) r r (d) r r
b1 ´ b2 b1 ´ b2
80. The line, x - 2 = y - 3 = z - 4 is parallel to the plane :
3 4 5
73. The angle between the lines 2x = 3y = – z and
6x = – y = – 4z is (a) 3x + 4y + 5z = 7 (b) 2x + y – 2z = 0

(a) 30° (b) 45° (c) x + y – z = 2 (d) 2x + 3y+ 4z= 0

(c) 90° (d) 0°

81. The angle between the line, x + 1 = y - 1 = z - 2 and the
Planes : 3 2 4
plane, 2x + y – 3z + 4 = 0, is :
74. The reflection of the point (a,b,g) in the xy – plane is
(a) (a,b,0) (b) (0,0,g) æ 4 ö -1 æ 14 ö
(a) sin -1 çç ÷÷ (b) sin çç ÷÷
(c) (–a, –b, g) (d) (a, b, –g) è 406 ø è 406 ø
75. The plane 2x – 3y + 6z – 11 = 0 makes an angle sin–1(a) with
x-axis. The value of a is equal to -1 æ 4 ö
(c) sin çç ÷÷ (d) None of these
è 14 29 ø
3 2
(a) (b) 82. If the given planes, ax + by + cz + d = 0 and
2 3
a´x + b´y + c´z + d´ = 0 be mutually perpendicular, then:
2 3
(c) (d) a b c
7 7 (a) = =
a ' b' c'
76. If a plane passes through the point (1, 1, 1) and is
x - 1 y -1 z -1 a b c
perpendicular to the line = = then its (b) + + =0
3 0 4 a ' b' c'

perpendicular distance from the origin is (c) aa´ + bb´ + cc´ + dd´ = 0
(a) 3/4 (b) 4/3 (d) aa´ + bb´ + cc´ = 0
(c) 7/5 (d) 1
x-2 y-2 z-2
83. The angle between the line = = and the
77. The distance of the point, (–1, –5, –10) from the point of a b c
x - 2 y +1 z - 2 plane ax + by + cz + 6 = 0 is
intersection of the line, = = and the
3 4 12
1
plane, x – y + z = 5, is : (a) sin -1 (b) 45º
a 2 + b 2 + c2
(a) 10 (b) 11
(c) 12 (d) 13 (c) 60º (d) 90º

78. The angle between the planes, 2x – y + z = 6 and 84. The point at which the line joining the points (2, –3, 1) &
x + y + 2z = 7 is (3, –4, –5) intersects the plane 2x + y + z = 7 is :

(a) 30º (b) 45º (a) (1, 2, 7) (b) (1, –2, 7)

(c) 0º (d) 60º (c) (–1, 2, 7) (d) (1, –2, –7)

VECTORS AND 3-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY 159
r
x y -1 z + 2 91. If line r = (î - 2 ĵ - k̂ ) + l (2î + ĵ + 2k̂ ) is parallel to the
85. The point of intersection of the line = =
1 2 3 r
plane r . (3î - 2 ĵ - mk̂ ) = 14 then the value of m is
and the plane, 2x + 3y + z = 0, is :
(a) (0, 1, –2) (b) (1, 2, 3) (a) + 2
(b) – 2
æ - 1 9 - 25 ö
(c) (–1, 9, –25) (d) ç , , ÷ (c) 0
è 11 11 11 ø
(d) can not be predicted with this much informations
86. The equation of the plane passing through the points 92. The equation of the plane which is right bisector of the
(3, 2, 2) and (1, 0 –1) and parallel to the line line joining (2, 3, 4) and (6, 7, 8), is :
x -1 y -1 z - 2 (a) x + y + z – 15 = 0 (b) x – y + z – 15 = 0
= = , is
2 -2 3 (c) x – y – z – 15 = 0 (d) x + y + z + 15 = 0
(a) 4x – y – 2z + 6 = 0 (b) 4x – y + 2z + 6 = 0 93. The equation of the plane containing the line
(c) 4x – y – 2z – 6 = 0 (d) 3x – 2z – 5 = 0 x - x1 y - y1 z - z1
= = is
87. The equation of a plane which passes through (2, –3, 1) l m n
and is normal to the line joining the points (3, 4, –1) and
a (x – x1) + b(y – y1) + c(z – z1) = 0, where :
(2, –1, 5) is given by :
(a) ax1 + by1 + cz1 = 0 (b) al + bm + cn = 0
(a) x + 5y – 6z + 19 = 0 (b) x – 5y + 6z – 19 = 0
(c) x + 5y + 6z + 19 = 0 (d) x – 5y – 6z – 19 = 0 a b c
(c) = = (d) lx1 + my1 + nz1 = 0
88. A plane meets the coordinate axes in A, B, C and (a,b,g) is l m n
the centroid of the triangle ABC. Then the equation of the 94. The image of the point P (1, 3, 4) in the plane
plane is 2x – y + z + 3 = 0 is
x y z x y z (a) (3, 5, –2) (b) (–3, 5, 2)
(a) + + =3 (b) + + =1
a b g a b g (c) (3, –5, 2) (d) (–1, 4, 2)
95. The vector equation of the plane passing through the
3x 3y 3z r r
(c) + + =1 (d) ax + by+ gz = 1 origin and the line of intersection of the plane r. a = l
a b g
r r
and r. b = m is :
89. The direction ratio of normal to the plane through
r r r r r r
p (a) r . l a - m b = 0 (b) r . l b - m a = 0
(1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), which makes an angle with plane
4
r r r r r r
x + y = 3, are : (c) r . l a + m b = 0 (d) r . l b + m a = 0
(a) 1, 2, 1 (b) 1, 1, 2 96. Equation of the plane passing through the line of
intersection of the planes
(c) 1, 1, 2 (d) 2,1, 1
P º ax + by + cz + d = 0, P’ º a’ x + b’ y + c’ z + d’ = 0, and
90. The plane ax + by + cz = 1 meets the co-ordinate axes in A, parallel to x-axis is :
B and C. The centroid of the triangle is : (a) Pa – P’a’ = 0 (b) P/a = P’/a’ = 0

æa b cö (c) Pa + P’a’ = 0 (d) P/a = P’/a’

(a) (3a, 3b, 3c) (b) ç , , ÷ 97. The locus represented by xy + yz = 0 is
è 3 3 3ø
(a) A pair of perpendicular lines
æ 3 3 3ö æ 1 1 1 ö (b) A pair of parallel lines
(c) ç , , ÷ (d) ç , , ÷
èa b cø è 3a 3b 3c ø (c) A pair of parallel planes
(d) A pair of perpendicular planes
VECTORS AND 3-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY 160
98. The Plane 2x – (1 + l) y + 3l z = 0 passes through the 105. The distance of the point (1, –5, 9) from the plane
intersection of the planes x – y + z = 5 measured along a straight line x = y = z is
(a) 2x – y = 0 and y – 3z = 0
(a) 3 5 (b) 10 3
(b) 2x + 3z = 0 and y = 0
(c) 2x – y + 3z = 0 and y – 3z = 0 (c) 5 3 (d) 3 10
(d) none of these 106. Distance between two parallel planes 2x + y + 2z = 8 and
99. The equation of the plane through the intersection of the 4x + 2y + 4z + 5 = 0 is
planes x + 2y + 3z = 4 and 2x + y – z = –5 and perpendicular
to the plane 5x + 3y + 6z + 8 = 0 is 3 5
(a) (b)
(a) 7x – 2y + 3z + 81 = 0 (b) 23x + 14y – 9z + 48=0 2 2
(c)51x–15y–50z+173 =0 (d) none of these 7 9
100. The equation of the plane containing the two lines (c) (d)
2 2
x -1 y + 1 z - 0 x y - 2 z +1 107. If the lines
= = and = = is
2 -1 3 -2 11 -1
x -2 y-3 z -4 x -1 y - 4 z - 5
(a) 8x + y – 5z – 7 = 0 (b) 8x + y + 5z – 7 = 0 = = and = =
1 1 -k k 2 1
(c) 8x – y – 5z – 7 = 0 (d) none of these
are coplanar, then k can have
101. The equation of the plane through the intersection of the
planes ax + by + cz + d = 0 and lx + my + nz + p = 0 and (a) any value (b) exactly one value
parallel to the line y = 0, z = 0 (c) exactly two values (d) exactly three value
(a) (bl – am) y + (cl – an) z + dl – ap = 0 108. Equation of the plane which passes through the point of
(b) (am – bl) x + (mc – bn) z + md – bp = 0
x -1 y - 2 z - 3
(c) (na – cl) x + (bn – cm) y + nd – cp = 0 intersection of lines = = and
3 1 2
(d) none of these
x - 3 y -1 z - 2
102. Distance between two parallel planes 2x + y + 2z = 8 and = = and has the largest distance from
4x + 2y + 4z + 5 = 0 is 1 2 3
the origin is:
3 5
(a) (b) (a) 7x + 2y + 4z = 54 (b) 3x + 4y + 5z = 49
2 2
(c) 4x + 3y + 5z = 50 (d) 5x + 4y + 3z = 57
7 9
(c) (d) 109. A symmetrical form of the line of intersection of the planes
2 2
x = ay + b and z = cy + d is:
103. If the straight lines x = 1 + s, y = -3 - l s, z = 1 + ls and
t x - b y -1 z - d
x = , y = 1 + t, z = 2 – t, with parameters s and t respectively,, (a) = =
2 a 1 c
are coplanar, then l equals
x - b - a y -1 z - d - c
(a) –2 (b) –1 (b) = =
a 1 c
1
(c) - (d) 0 x -a y -0 z-c
2 = =
(c)
104. The image of the points (–1, 3, 4) in the plane x – 2y = 0 is b 1 d

æ 17 19 ö x - b - a y -1 z - d - c
(a) (15, 11, 4) (b) ç - , - , 1÷ (d) = =
è 3 3 ø b 0 d
110. If the distance between planes, 4x - 2y - 4z + 1 = 0 and
æ 9 13 ö
(c) (8, 4, 4) (d) ç , - , 4 ÷ 4x - 2y - 4z + d = 0 is 7, then d is:
è5 5 ø
(a) 41 or - 42 (b) 42 or - 43
(c) -41 or 43 (d) -42 or 44
VECTORS AND 3-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY 161
111. If the angle between the line 2(x+1) = y = z + 4 and the r r
120. If a and b are unit vectors and 60° is the angle between
p r r
plane 2x - y + l z + 4 = 0 is , then the value of l is r r
6 them, then (2a - 3b) . (4a + b) equals

135 45 121. If vectors 3iˆ + 2jˆ + 8kˆ and 2iˆ + xjˆ + kˆ are perpendicular
(a) (b)
7 11
then -x is equal to
45 135 r r r r r
(c) (d) 122. If vector a + b is perpendicular to b and 2 b + a is
7 11

Numeric Value Type Questions æ ar

2
ö
r
perpendicular to a , then ç r ÷ equals
112. If G is the intersection of diagonals of a parallelogram çb ÷
è ø
uuur uuur uuur uuur uuur
ABCD and O is any point and OA + OB + OC + OD = k OG .
r r
Then the value of k is 123. ˆ b = 3iˆ – 4jˆ + 2kˆ and cr = ˆi – 2ˆj + 2kˆ then 3
If a = 2iˆ + ˆj + k,

113. If vector 2iˆ + 3jˆ – 2kˆ and ˆi + 2ˆj + kˆ represents the r r r

times the projection of a + b on c is
adjacent sides of any parallelogram then the sum of squares
of lengths of diagonals of parallelogram is 124. If the angle between two vectors ˆi + kˆ and ˆi - ˆj + akˆ is

p/3, then the value of a is

114. The 2 vectors ˆj + kˆ and 3iˆ - ˆj + 4kˆ represents the two
125. The number of vectors of unit length perpendicular to the
sides AB and AC, respectively of a DABC. Then twice of
r r
square of length of the median through A is vectors a = 2iˆ + ˆj + 2kˆ and b = ˆj + kˆ is

115. P is a point on the line segment joining the points r r r

126. Let A, B, C be vectors of length 3, 4 and 5 respectively..
(3, 2, –1) and (6, 2, –2). If x co-ordinate of P is 5, then its y
co-ordinate is r r r r r r r
Let A be perpendicular to B + C, B to C + A and C to
116. The plane XOZ divides the join of (1, –1, 5) & (2, 3, 4) in r r r r r
the ratio l : 1, then 6l is : A + B . Then square of length of the vector, A + B + C is:
r r
117. If vectors (x – 2) ˆi + ˆj and (x + 1) ˆi + 2jˆ are collinear, then 127.
r ˆ b = ˆi + 3jˆ + 3kˆ , then |ar ´ b|2 is
If a = 2iˆ + ˆj + 3k,

the value of x is r r rr r r
128. If ( a × b )2 + (a.b) 2 = 144 and a = 4, then b is equal to
118. If points iˆ + 2k,
ˆ ˆj + kˆ and lˆi + mˆj are collinear, then l + m

equals 129. ˆi + ˆj . é ˆj + kˆ ´ kˆ + ˆi ù equals

ë û
r r r
119. If a, b, c are non coplanar vectors, then the points with
130. If the diagonals of a parallelogram are respectively
r r r r r r r r r r
p.v. a - 2b + 3c, 2a + l b - 4c, - 7b + 10c will be collinear a = ˆi + ˆj - 2k,
ˆ b = iˆ - 3jˆ + 4k,
ˆ then the square of the area

if the value of l is of parallelogram is

131. Twice of the area of the parallelogram constructed on the
r r r r r r r r
vectors a = p + 2q & b = 2p + q where p & q are unit

vectors forming an acute angle of 30° is

VECTORS AND 3-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY 162

r r r r r r r r 134. Volume of the tetrahedron whose vertices are represented

132. If the value of [(a + 2b - c) (a - b) (a - b - c)] is equal to
by the position vectors, A (0, 1, 2) ; B (3, 0, 1); C (4, 3, 6) and
rrr D (2, 3, 2) is :
k [a b c] . Then the value of k is
135. The number of distinct real values of l for which the vectors
r r r r r r
133. Let a, b, c be three non-coplanar vectors & p, q, r are
-l 2ˆi + ˆj + ˆk , ˆi - l 2ˆj + ˆk and ˆi + ˆj - l 2 kˆ are coplanar is
vectors defined by the relations
136. If a line makes angles a, b, g with the co-ordinate axes, then
r r r r r r
r b´ c r c´a r a´b - (cos 2a + cos 2b + cos 2g) is :
p= r r r ,q= r r r ,r = r r r .
[a b c ] [a b c ] [a b c ] 137. If the straight lines x = 1 + s, y = – 3 – ls, z = 1 + ls and x =
t/2, y = 1 + t, z = 2 – t, with parameter s and t respectively,
Then the value of the expression; are coplanar, then -l equals to
r r r r r r r r r
(a + b ) . p + (b + c ) . q + (c + a) . r is
VECTORS AND 3-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY 163

EXERCISE - 2 : PREVIOUS YEAR JEE MAIN QUESTIONS

VECTORS r r r r r
5. Le t a = 3iˆ + ˆj and b = 2iˆ - ˆj + 3kˆ. If b = b1 - b 2 whe r e
r r r
1. The length of the projection of the line segment joining b1 is parallel to a and b2 is perpendicular to
the points (5, -1, 4) and (4, -1, 3) on the plane, r r
r
x + y + z = 7 is : (2018) a then b1 ´ b 2 is equal to: (2019-04-09/Shift-1))

2 2 (a) -3iˆ + 9 ˆj + 5kˆ (b) 3iˆ - 9 ˆj - 5kˆ

(a) (b)
3 3
1 1 ˆ
(c) -3iˆ + 9 ˆj + 5kˆ (d) 3i - 9 ˆj + 5kˆ
2 1 2 2
(c) (d)
3 3
6. Let a = 3iˆ + 2 ˆj + 2kˆ and b = iˆ + 2 ˆj - 2kˆ be two vectors.
2. If the position vectors of the vertices A, B and C of a
If a vector perpendicular to both the vectors a + b and
DABC are respectively 4iˆ + 7 ˆj + 8kˆ, 2iˆ + 3 ˆj + 4kˆ and
a - b has the magnitude 12 then one such vector is
2iˆ + 5 ˆj + 7kˆ, then the position vector of the point, where
(2019-04-12/Shift-1)
the bisector of ÐA meets BC is : (2018/Online Set–2)
(a) 4 2iˆ + 2 ˆj + 2 kˆ (b) 4 2iˆ - 2 ˆj - kˆ
1 ˆ ˆ 1
(a) 4i + 8 j + 11kˆ (b) 6iˆ + 11 ˆj + 15 kˆ
2 3
(c) 4 2iˆ + 2 ˆj - kˆ (d) 4 -2iˆ - 2 ˆj + kˆ
1 ˆ 1 ˆ
(c) 6i + 13 ˆj + 18kˆ (d) 8i +14 ˆj + 19kˆ 7. If the volume of parallelepiped formed by the vectors
3 4
iˆ + l ˆj + kˆ, ˆj + l kˆ and liˆ + kˆ is minimum, then l is equal
3. The magnitude of the projection of the vector 2iˆ + 3 ˆj + kˆ to (2019-04-12/Shift-1)
on the vector perpendicular to the plane containing the
1 1
vectors iˆ + ˆj + kˆ and iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ , is (a) - (b)
3 3
(2019-04-08/Shift-1)
(c) 3 (d) - 3
3 8. Let a Î R and the three vectors
(a) (b ) 6
2
a = a iˆ + ˆj + 3kˆ , b = 2iˆ + ˆj - a kˆ and
3
(c) 3 6 (d)
2 c = a iˆ - 2 ˆj + 3kˆ .

r r
4. Let a = 3iˆ + 2 ˆj + xkˆ and b = iˆ - ˆj + kˆ, for some real x. Then the set S = a : a , b and c are coplanar
r r (2019-04-12/Shift-2)
Then a ´ b = r is possible if: (2019-04-08/Shift-2)
(a) is singleton
3 3 3 (b) is empty
(a) <r£3 (b) r ³ 5
2 2 2 (c) contains exactly two positive numbers
(d) contains exactly two numbers only one of which is
3 3 3 positive
(c) 0 < r £ (d) 3 <r <5
2 2 2
VECTORS AND 3-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY 164

r r r r r
9. Let a = iˆ - ˆj, b = iˆ + ˆj + kˆ and c be a vector such that 13. Let a = iˆ + 2 ˆj + 4kˆ, b = iˆ + l ˆj + 4kˆ and
r r r r rr r r
a ´ c + b = 0 and a.c = 4, then | c |2 is equal to: c = 2iˆ + 4 ˆj + l 2 - 1 kˆ be coplanar vectors. Then the

non-zero vector ar ´ cr is:

(2019-01-09/Shift-1)
(2019-01-11/Shift-1)
19
(a) (b) 9 (a) -10iˆ - 5 ˆj (b) -14iˆ - 5 ˆj
2

(c) -14iˆ + 5 ˆj (d) -10iˆ + 5 ˆj

17
(c) 8 (d)
2
14. Let 3iˆ + ˆj, iˆ + 3 ˆj and b iˆ + 1 - b ˆj respectively be the
r r
10. Let a = iˆ + ˆj + 2kˆ, b = b1 iˆ + b2 ˆj + 2kˆ and position vectors of the points A, B and C with respect
to the origin O. If the distance of C from the bisector of
r
c = 5iˆ + ˆj + 2kˆ be three vectors such that the
3
r r r r r the acute angle between OA and OB is , then the
projection vector of b on a is a . If a + b is 2
r
perpendicular to cr ,then | b | is equal to: sum of all possible values of b is
(2019-01-09/Shift-2) (2019-01-11/Shift-2)
(a) 32 (b) 6 (a) 4 (b) 3
(c) 2 (d) 1
(c) 22 (d) 4
15. The sum of the distinct real values of m , for which the
r r
11. Let a = 2iˆ + l1 ˆj + 3kˆ, b = 4iˆ + 3 - l2 ˆj + 6kˆ and
vectors, miˆ + ˆj + kˆ, iˆ + m ˆj + kˆ, iˆ + ˆj + m kˆ are co-planar,,
r
c = 3iˆ + 6 ˆj + l3 - 1 kˆ be three vectors such that is _. (2019-01-12/Shift-2)
r r r r (a) -1 (b) 0
b = 2a and a is perpendicular to c . Then a possible
(c) 1 (d) 2
value of l1 , l2 , l3 is: (2019-01-10/Shift-1)
16. let a , b , and c be three unit vectors, out of which
æ 1 ö
(a) (1, 3, 1) (b) ç - , 4, 0 ÷ vectors b and c are non-parallel. If a and b are the angles
è 2 ø
r r
which vector a makes with vectors b and c respectively
æ1 ö
(c) ç , 4, -2 ÷ (d) (1, 5, 1) 1
è2 ø and a ´ b ´ c = b , then a - b is equal to
2
r r r r r r
12. Let a = l - 2 a + b and b = 4l - 2 a + 3b be two
(2019-01-12/Shift-2)
r r
given vectors where vectors a and b are non-collinear.. (a) 30° (b) 90°
r r (c) 60° (d) 45°
The value of λ for which vectors a and b are collinear,,
r r r
is: (2019-01-10/Shift-2) 17. Let a, b and c be three unit vectors such that

(a) -4 (b) -3 r r r r r r r r
| a - b |2 + | a - c |2 = 8. Then | a + 2b |2 + | a + 2c |2 is
(c) 4 (d) 3
equal to : (2020-09-02/Shift-1)
VECTORS AND 3-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY 165

r r r
18. Let the position vectors of points ‘A’ and ‘B’ be iˆ + ˆj + kˆ 23. Let the vectors ar, b , cr be such that a = 2, b = 4 and
and 2iˆ + ˆj + 3kˆ, respectively. A point ‘P’ divides the line r r r
c = 4 . If the projection of b on a is equal to the projection of
segment AB internally in the ration l :1(l > 0). If O is the
r r r r
2 c on a and b is perpendicular to c , then the value of
® ® ® ®
origin and OB . OP - 3 OA ´ OP = 6, then l is equal r r r
a + b - c is______ (2020-09-05/Shift-2)
to ………… . (2020-09-02/Shift-2) r
r
24. If a and b are unit vectors, then the greatest value of
2 2 2
19. Let a,b,c Î R be such that a + b + c = 1, If a cosq
r r r r
3 a + b + a - b is_____. (2020-09-06/Shift-1)
æ 2p ö æ 4p ö p
= b cos çq + ÷ = c cos ç q + ÷ , where q = , then
è 3 ø è 3 ø 9 r r
25. If x and y be two non-zero vectors such that
the angle between the vectors aiˆ + bjˆ + ckˆ and r r r r r r
| x + y |=| x | and 2x + l y is perpendicular to y , then the
biˆ + cjˆ + akˆ is (2020-09-03/Shift-2) value of l is _______ (2020-09-06/Shift-2)
r
p 2p 26. A vector a = a ıˆ + 2øˆ + b kˆ(a , b Î R) lies in the plane of
(a) (b)
2 3 r r r
the vectors, b = ıˆ + ˆj and c = ıˆ - ˆj + 4kˆ. If a bisects the
p r r
(c) (d) 0 angle between b and c , then (2020-01-07/Shift-1)
9

r r r r r
20. Let x 0 be the point of local maxima of f(x) = a . (b ´ c), where (a) a . ıˆ + 3 = 0 (b) a . kˆ + 4 = 0
r r r r r
a = xiˆ - 2 ˆj + 3kˆ, b = -2iˆ + xjˆ - kˆ and c = 7iˆ -2 ˆj + xkˆ. (c) a . ıˆ + 1 = 0 (d) a . kˆ + 2 = 0
r r r r r r
Then the value of a . b + b . c + c . a at x = x0 is :
27. Let a , b and c be three unit vectors such that
(2020-09-04/Shift-1)
(a) – 22 (b) – 4 a +b +c = 0.
(c) – 30 (d) 14 If l = a .b + b .c + c .a and d = a ´ b + b ´ c + c ´ a , then
r r
I f a = 2i$ + $j + 2kˆ, t h e n t h e v a l u e o f iˆ ´ (a ´ iˆ) +
2
21. the ordered pair l , d is equal to :

ˆj ´ (ar ´ ˆj ) + kˆ ´ (ar ´ kˆ) is equal to ... .

2 2
(2020-01-07/Shift-2)

(2020-09-04/Shift-2) æ3 ö æ 3 ö
(a) ç , 3a ´ c ÷ (b) ç - , 3c ´ b ÷
22. If the volume of a parallelopiped, whose coterminous edges are è2 ø è 2 ø
r r
given by the vectors a = $i + ˆj + nkˆ, b = 2i$ + 4$j - nkˆ and
r æ 3 ö æ3 ö
c = iˆ + n$j + 3kˆ(n ³ 0), is 158 cu. units, then: (c) ç - , 3a ´ b ÷ (d) ç , 3b ´ c ÷
è 2 ø è2 ø
(2020-09-05/Shift-1) 28. If the foot of perpendicular drawn from the point (1,0,3)
r r r r
(a) a . c =17 (b) b . c =10 æ 5 7 17 ö
on a line passing through ( a ,7,1) is ç , , ÷ ,
` (c) n = 9 (d) n = 7 è3 3 3 ø
then a equal to_____ (2020-01-07/Shift-2)
VECTORS AND 3-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY 166

29. If volume of parallelopiped whose coterminous edges 3-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY

r r
are given by u = iˆ + ˆj + l kˆ , v = iˆ + ˆj + 3kˆ and
34. The equation of the plane containing the line
r 2x – 5 y + z = 3; x + y + 4z = 5, and parallel to the plane,
w = 2iˆ + ˆj + kˆ be 1 cu. Unit. If q be the angle between
x + 3y + 6z = 1, is: (2015)
r ur
the edges u and w , then, cos q can be: (a) x + 3y + 6z = 7 (b) 2x + 6y + 12z = – 13
(c) 2x + 6y + 12z = 13 (d) x + 3y + 6z = – 7
(2020-01-08/Shift-1) 35. The distance of the point (1, 0, 2) from the point of
x - 2 y +1 z - 2
intersection of the line = = and the plane
7 5 3 4 12
(a) (b)
6 6 7 x – y + z = 16, is: (2015)

(a) 3 21 (b) 13
7 5
(c) (d) (c) 2 14 (d) 8
6 3 3 3
36. If the points (1, 1, l) and (–3, 0, 1) are equidistant from the
plane, 3x + 4y – 12z + 13 = 0, then l satisfies the equation:
30. Let a = iˆ - 2 ˆj + kˆ, b = iˆ - ˆj + kˆ be two vectors. If c is a (2015/Online Set–1)

vector such that b ´ c = b ´ a and c .a = 0 then c .b is (a) 3x2 – 10x + 21 = 0 (b) 3x2 + 10x – 13 = 0
equal to: (2020-01-08/Shift-2) (c) 3x2 – 10x + 7 = 0 (d) 3x2 + 10x + 7 = 0
37. If the shortest distance between the lines
1 3 x -1 y +1 z
(a) (b) - = = , (a ¹ –1) and
2 2 a -1 1
x + y + z + 1= 0 = 2x – y +z + 3
1
(c) - (d) -1 1
2 is , then a value of a is: (2015/Online Set–1)
3
r
31. If th e v e ct o r s p = (a + 1)ıˆ + a øˆ + akˆ, 32 19
(a) (b)
r r 19 32
q = aıˆ + (a + 1) øˆ + akˆ and r = aıˆ + aøˆ + (a + 1)kˆ (a Î R )
rr r r 16 19
are coplanar and 3( p.q ) 2 - l | r ´ q |2 = 0 ,then value of (c) - (d)
19 16
l is____. (2020-01-09/Shift-1)
38. The shortest distance between the z-axis and the line
32. The projection of the line segment joining the points x +y + 2z - 3 = 0 = 2x + 3y + 4z - 4, is
(1,-1,3) and (2,-4,11) on the line joining the points (-1,2,3) (2015/Online Set–2)
and (3,-2,10) is _______ . (2020-01-09/Shift-1)
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 4 (d) 3
33. a,b and c be t hr ee ve ct o r s s uc h t ha t
39. A plane containing the point (3, 2, 0) and the line
a = 3, b = 5, b .c = 10 and the angle between b and
x -1 y - 2 z - 3
= = also contains the point :
p 1 5 4
c is . If a is `perpendicular to vector b ´ c , then
3 (2015/Online Set–2)
(a) (0, 3, 1) (b) (0, 7, -10)
a ´ b ´ c is equal to (2020-01-09/Shift-2)
(c) (0, -3, 1) (d) (0, 7, 10)
VECTORS AND 3-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY 167
46. The coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular from the
x -3 y +2 z +4
40. If the line, = = lies in the plane, point (1, –2, 1) on the plane containing the lines,
2 -1 3
lx + my – z = 9, then l2 + m2 is equal to : (2016) x + 1 y -1 z - 3 x -1 y - 2 z - 3
= = and = = is :
(a) 18 (b) 5 6 7 8 3 5 7
(c) 2 (d) 26 (2017/Online Set–1)
41. The distance of the point (1, –5, 9) from the plane (a) (2, –4, 2) (b) (-1, 2, –1)
x – y + z = 5 measured along the line x = y = z is (2016) (c) (0, 0, 0) (d) (1, 1, 1)
r
(a) 10 3 (b)
10 47. The line of intersection of the planes = r. 3iˆ - ˆj + kˆ and
3
r ˆ ˆ
r. i + 4 j - 2kˆ = 2, is: (2017/Online Set–1)
20
(c) (d) 3 10
3
4 5
x- z-
(a) y
7 = = 7
x y z -2 7 13
42. The shortest distance between the lines lies = =
2 2 1
4 5
x+ 2 y -4 z -5 x- z+
and = = in the interval : (b) 7 = y = 7
-1 8 4
2 -7 13
(2016/Online Set–1)
(a) [0, 1) (b) [1, 2) 6 5
x- y+
(c) (2, 3] (d) (3, 4] (c) 13 = 13 = z
2 -7 -13
43. The distance of the point (1, -2, 4) from the plane passing
through the point (1, 2, 2) and perpendicular to the planes 6 5
x-y+2z=3 and 2x-2y+z+12=0, is : (2016/Online Set–1) x- y-
(d) 13 = 13 = z
2 -7 -13
(a) 2 2 (b) 2
x -3 y +2 z+ l
1 48. If the line, = = lies in the plane,
(c) 2 (d) 1 -1 -2
2
2x – 4y + 3z = 2, then the shortest distance between this
44. The number of distinct real values of l for which the lines x -1 y z
line and the line, = = is :
x -1 y - 2 z + 3 x - 3 y - 2 z -1 12 9 4
= = 2 and = 2 =
1 2 l 1 l 2 (2017/Online Set–2)
are coplanar is : (2016/Online Set–2) (a) 2 (b) 1
(a) 4 (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) 3

(c) 2 (d) 3 49. If a variable plane, at a distance of 3 units from the origin,
intersects the coordinate axes at A, B and C, then the
45. If the image of the point P(1, –2, 3) in the plane, 2x + 3y –
locus of the centroid of DABC is :
x y z (2017/Online Set–2)
4z + 22 = 0 measured parallel to the line, = = is Q
1 4 5
1 1 1 1 1 1
then PQ is equal to : (2017) (a) 2
+ 2 + 2 =1 (b) 2
+ 2 + 2 =3
x y z x y z
(a) 3 5 (b) 2 42
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(c) (d) 6 5 (c) + + = (d) + + =9
42 x 2 y2 z2 9 x 2 y 2 z2
VECTORS AND 3-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY 168

50. If L1 is the line of intersection of the planes 54. A plane bisects the line segment joining the points (1, 2,
3) and (-3, 4, 5) at right angles. Then this plane also passes
2x - 2y + 3z - 2 = 0, x - y + z + 1 = 0 and L2 is the line through the point : (2018/Online Set–2)
of intersection of the planes (a) (-3, 2, 1) (b) (3, 2, 1)
x + 2y - z - 3 = 0, 3x - y + 2z - 1 = 0 , then the distance (c) (-1, 2, 3) (d) (1, 2, -3)
of the origin from the plane, containing the lines L1 and 55. The sum of the intercepts on the coordinate axes of the
L2, is : (2018) plane passing through the point (-2, -2, 2) and containing
the line joining the points (1, -1, 2) and (1, 1, 1), is :
1 1
(a) (b) (2018/Online Set–3)
2 4 2
(a) 4 (b) -4
1 1 (c) -8 (d) 12
(c) (d)
3 2 2 2
x y z
56. If the angle between the lines, = = and
51. A variable plane passes through a fixed point 2 2 1
(3, 2, 1) and meets x, y and z axes at A, B and C respectively.
A plane is drawn parallel to yz-plane through A, a second 5 - x 7 y - 14 z - 3 æ2ö
= = is cos-1 ç ÷ , then p is equal to :
plane is drawn parallel zx-plane through B and a third -2 p 4 è3ø
plane is drawn parallel to xy-plane through C. Then the (2018/Online Set–3)
locus of the point of intersection of these three planes, is:
(2018/Online Set–1) 7 2
(a) (b)
2 7
x y z
(a) + + =1 (b) x + y + z = 6
3 2 1 7 4
(c) - (d) -
4 7
1 1 1 11 3 2 1
(c) x + y + z = 6 (d) x + y + z = 1 57. The equation of a plane containing the line of intersection
of the planes 2x – y – 4 = 0 and y + 2z – 4 = 0 and passing
52. An angle between the plane, x + y + z = 5 and the line of through the point (1, 1, 0) is : (2019-04-08/Shift-1)
intersection of the planes, 3x + 4y + z -1 = 0 and (a) x - 3y - 2z = -2 (b) 2x - z = 2
5x + 8y + 2z + 14 = 0, is: (2018/Online Set–1) (c) x - y - z = 0 (d) x + 3y + z = 4

æ 3 ö æ 3 ö 58. The length of the perpendicular from the point (2, –1, 4)
-1 -1
(a) sin çç ÷÷ (b) cos çç ÷÷
è 17 ø è 17 ø x+3 y-2 z
on the straight line, = = is:
10 -7 1
-1 æ 3 ö -1 æ 3 ö (2019-04-08Shift-1)
(c) cos ç ÷ (d) sin ç ÷
è 17 ø è 17 ø (a) greater than 3 but less than 4
53. An angle between the lines whose direction cosines are (b) less than 2
given by the equations, (c) greater than 2 but less than 3
l + 3m + 5n = 0 and 5 lm – 2mn + 6nl = 0, is : (d) greater than 4
(2018/Online Set–2) 59. The vector equation of the plane through the line of
intersection of the planes x + y + z = 1 and
-1 æ 1 ö -1 æ 1 ö
(a) cos ç ÷ (b) cos ç ÷ 2x + 3y + 4z = 5which is perpendicular to the plane
è 3ø è4ø x – y + z = 0 is : (2019-04-08/Shift-2)
r r
-1 æ 1 ö -1 æ 1 ö (a) r ´ iˆ - kˆ + 2 = 0 (b) r . iˆ - kˆ - 2 = 0
(c) cos ç - ÷ (d) cos ç ÷
è 6ø è8ø
r r
(c) r ´ iˆ + kˆ + 2 = 0 (d) r . iˆ - kˆ + 2 = 0
VECTORS AND 3-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY 169
60. If a point R(4, y, z) lies on the line segment joining the
p p
points P(2, –3, 4) and Q(8, 0, 10), then distance of R from 65. If a unit vector ar makes angles with iˆ, with ˆj and
3 4
the origin is: (2019-04-08/Shift-2)
q Î 0, p with kˆ then a value of q is:
(a) 2 14 (b) 2 21
(2019-04-09/Shift-2)
(c) 6 (d) 53
5p p
x -1 y + 1 z - 2 (a) (b)
61. If the line, = = meets the plane, 6 4
2 3 4
x + 2 y + 3z = 15 at a point P, then the distance of P from 5p 2p
(c) (d)
the origin is: (2019-04-09/Shift-1) 12 3
66. If Q (0, –1, –3) is the image of the point P in the plane
5 3x – y + 4z = 2 and R is the point (3,–1 , –2), then the area
(a) (b) 2 5
2 (in sq. units) of DPQR is : (2019-04-10/Shift-1))

9 7 91
(c) (d) (a) 2 13 (b)
2 2 4
62. A plane passing through the points (0, -1, 0) and (0, 0, 1)
91 65
p (c) (d)
and making an angle with the plane y - z + 5 = 0, also 2 2
4
passes through the point: (2019-04-09/Shift-1)) 67. If the length of the perpendicular from the point
b ,0, b b ¹ 0 to the line,
(a) - 2,1, -4 (b) 2, -1, 4

x y -1 z +1 3
= = is , then b is equal to:
(c) - 2, -1, -4 (d) 2,1, 4 1 0 -1 2
63. The vertices B and C of a ΔABC lie on the line, (2019-04-10/Shift-1)
x + 2 y -1 z (a) 1 (b) 2
= = such that BC = 5 units.Then the area
3 0 4 (c) –1 (d) –2
(in sq. units) of this triangle, given that the point 68. The distance of the point having position vector
A 1, -1, 2 , is: (2019-04-09/Shift-2)) -iˆ + 2 ˆj + 6kˆ from the straight line passing through the

(a) 5 17 (b) 2 34 point (2, 3, -4) and parallel to the vector, 6iˆ + 3 ˆj - 4kˆ is:

(c) 6 (d) (2019-04-10/Shift-2)

34
64. Let P be the plane, which contains the line of intersection (a) 7 (b) 4 3
of the plane, x + y + z - 6 = 0 and 2 x + 3 y + z + 5 = 0 and
(c) 6 (d) 2 13
it is perpendicular to the xy-plane. Then the distance of
69. A perpendicular is drawn from a point on the line
the point (0, 0, 256) from P is equal to:
(2019-04-09/Shift-2)) x -1 y +1 z
= = to the plane x + y + z = 3 such that the
2 -1 1
17 foot the perpendicular Q also lies on the plane
(a) (b) 63 5
5 x - y + z = 3. Then the co-ordinates of Q are:

11 (2019-04-10/Shift-2)
(c) 205 5 (d) (a) (1, 0, 2) (b) (2, 0, 1)
5
(c) (-1, 0, 4) (d) (4, 0, -1)
VECTORS AND 3-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY 170

1 75. The equation of the plane containing the straight line

70. If the plane 2 x - y + 2 z + 3 = 0 has the distances and
3 x y z
= = and perpendicular to the plane containing the
2 2 3 4
units from the planes 4 x - 2 y + 4 z + l = 0 and
3
x y z x y z
straight lines = = and = = is:
2 x - y + 2z + m = 0 respectively, then the maximum value 3 4 2 4 2 3
of l + m is equal to : (2019-04-10)/Shift-2 (2019-01-09/Shift-2)
(a) 9 (b) 15 (a) x - 2y + z = 0 (b) 3x + 2y - 3z = 0
(c) 5 (d) 13 (c) x + 2y - 2z = 0 (d) 5x + 2y - 4z = 0
x - 2 y +1 z -1 76. If the lines x = ay + b, z = cy + d and x = a’z + b’,
71. If the line = = intersects the plane
3 2 -1 y = c’ z + d’ are perpendicular, then:
2x + 3y – z + 13 = 0 at a point P and the plane (2019-01-09/Shift-2)
3x + y + 4z = 16 at a point Q, then PQ is equal to
(a) ab’ + be’ + 1 = 0 (b) cc’ + a + a’ = 0
(2019-04-12/Shift-1)
(c) bb’ + cc’ + 1 = 0 (d) aa’ + c + c’ = 0
(a) 14 (b) 14
77. The plane passing through the point (4, -1, 2) and parallel
(c) 2 7 (d) 2 14 x + 2 y - 2 z +1
to the lines = = and
72. A plane which bisects the angle between the two given 3 -1 2
planes 2 x - y + 2 z - 4 = 0 and x + 2 y + 2 z - 2 = 0 passes
through the point: (2019-04-12/Shift-2) x -2 y -3 z -4
= = also passes through the point:
(a) (1, -4, 1) (b) (1, 4, -1) 1 2 3

(c) (2, 4, 1) (d) (2, -4, 1) (2019-01-10/Shift-1)

73. The length of the perpendicular drawn from the point (a) (1, 1, -1) (b) (1, 1, 1)
(2, 1, 4) to the plane containing the lines
(c) (-1, -1, -1) (d) (-1, -1, 1)
r = iˆ + ˆj + l iˆ + 2 ˆj - kˆ and r
78. Let A be a point on the line r = 1 - 3m iˆ + m - 1 ˆj + 2 + 5m kˆ

r = iˆ + ˆj + m -iˆ + ˆj - 2kˆ is ______. and B(3, 2, 6) be a point in the space. Then the value of μ
uuur
for which the vector AB is parallel to the plane
(2019-04-12/Shift-2)
x - 4 y + 3z = 1 is (2019-01-10/Shift-1)
1
(a) 3 (b)
3 1 1
(a) (b)
4 8
1
(c) 3 (d)
3 1 1
(c) (d) -
74. The equation of the line passing through (–4, 3, 1) parallel 2 4
to the plane x + 2y – z – 5 = 0 and intersecting the line
79. The plane which bisects the line segment joining the
x +1 y - 3 z - 2 points (-3, 3, 4) and (3, 7, 6) at right angles, passes through
= = is: (2019-01-09/Shift-1)
-3 2 -1 which one of the following points?

x - 4 y + 3 z +1 x + 4 y - 3 z -1 (2019-01-10/Shift-2)
(a) = = (b) = =
2 1 4 1 1 3 (a) (-2, 3, 5) (b) (4, -1, 7)
(c) (2, 1, 3) (d) (4, 1, -2)
x + 4 y - 3 z -1 x + 4 y - 3 z -1
(c) = = (d) = =
1 -1 1 -1 1 1
VECTORS AND 3-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY 171
80. On which of the following lines lies the point of inter- 85. The perpendicular distance from the origin to the plane

x-4 y-5 z -3 x+2 y -2 z+5

section of the line = = and the plane, containing the two lines, = = and
2 2 1 3 5 7

x + y + z = 2? (2019-01-10/Shift-2) x -1 y - 4 z + 4
= = , is (2019-01-12/Shift-1)
1 4 7
x + 3 4 - y z +1 x-4 y-5 z-5
(a) = = (b) = = 11
3 3 -2 1 1 -1 (a) 11 6 (b)
6
x -1 y - 3 z + 4 x -2 y -3 z +3 (c) 11 (d) 6 11
(c) = = (d) = =
1 2 -5 2 2 3
x +1 y - 2 z - 3
86. If an angle between the line, = = and
x - 3 y + 2 z -1 2 1 -2
81. The plane containing the line = = and
2 -1 3
æ2 2 ö
the plane, x - 2 y - Kz = 3 is cos -1 ç then a value of
also containing its projection on the plane ç 3 ÷÷
è ø
2x + 3y – z = 5, contains which one of the following points?
K is (2019-01-12/Shift-2)
(2019-01-11/Shift-1)
(a) (2,2,0) (b) (–-2,2,2) 5 3
(a) (b)
3 5
(c) (0,–2,2) (d) (2,0,–2)

x - 3 y +1 z - 6 x+5 y -2 z -3 3 5
82. Two lines = = and = = (c) - (d) -
1 3 -1 7 -6 4 5 3

intersect at the point R. The reflection of R in the xy-plane 87. Let S be the set of all real values of l such that a plane
has coordinates : (2019-01-11/Shift-2) passing through the points -l 2 , 1, 1 , 1, - l 2 , 1 and

(a) 2, - 4, - 7 (b) 2, - 4, 7 1, 1, - l 2 also passes through the point

(c) 2, 4, 7 (d) -2, 4, 7 -1, - 1, 1 Then S is equal to (2019-01-12/Shift-2)

83. If the point (2, α, β) lies on the plane which passes through (a) 3 (b) 3, - 3
the points (3, 4, 2) and (7, 0, 6) and is perpendicular to the
plane 2x – 5y = 15, then 2α – 3β is equal to : (c) 1, - 1 (d) 3, - 3
(2019-01-11/Shift-2) 88. The plane passing through the points (1, 2,1), (2, 1, 2) and
(a) 12 (b) 7 parallel to the line, 2x = 3y, z = 1also passes through the
point : (2020-09-02/Shift-1)
(c) 5 (d) 17
(a) (0, –6, 2) (b) (0, 6, – 2)
84. A tetrahedron has vertices P(l, 2, 1), Q(2, 1, 3), R(-1, 1, 2) and
(c) (– 2, 0, 1) (d) (2, 0, –1)
O(0, 0, 0). The angle between the faces OPQ and PQR is:
89. A plane passing through the point (3, 1, 1) contains two
(2019-01-12/Shift-1)
lines whose direction ratios are 1, –2, 2 and 2, 3, –1
respectively. If this plane also passes through the point
-1 æ -17 ö - 1 æ -19 ö
(a) cos ç ÷ (b) cos ç ÷ (a , -3, 5), then a is equal to : (2020-09-02/Shift-2)
è 31 ø è 35 ø
(a) – 5 (b) 10
-1 æ -9 ö -1 æ -7 ö (c) 5 (d) – 10
(c) cos ç ÷ (d) cos ç ÷
è 35 ø è 31 ø
VECTORS AND 3-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY 172

90. The foot of the perpendicular drawn from the point 96. If (a,b,c) is the image of the point (1,2, –3) in the line,
(4, 2, 3) to the line joining the points (1, –2, 3) and (1,
1, 0) lies on the plane : (2020-09-03/Shift-1) x +1 y - 3 z
= = , then a+b+c is
2 -2 -1
(a) x – y – 2z = 1 (b) x – 2y + z = 1
(c) 2x + y – z = 1 (d) x + 2y – z = 1 (2020-09-05/Shift-1)
r r (a) 2 (b) 3
91. The lines r = (i$ - $j) + I(2i$ + k) and r = (2i$ - $j) + m(i$ + $j - k)
(c) –1 (d) 1
(2020-09-03/Shift-1)
(a) do not intersect for any values of l and m x +1 y - 2 z -1
97. If for some a Î R, the lines L1 : = = and
(b) intersect when l = 1 and m = 2 2 -1 1

1
(c) intersect when l = 2 and m=
2 x+2 y +1 z +1
L2 : = = are coplanar, then the line L2
a 5 -a 1
(d) intersect for all values of l and m
passes through the point: (2020-09-05/Shift-2)
92. The plane which bisects the line joining the points
(4, –2, 3) and (2, 4, –1) at right angles also passes (a) (2, –10, –2) (b) (10, –2, –2)
through the point : (2020-09-03/Shift-2) (c) (10,2,2) (d) (–2,10,2)
(a) (0, –1, 1) (b) (4, 0, 1) 98. The shortest distance between the lines
(c) (4, 0, –1) (d) (0, 1, –1)
x -1 y +1 z
r = = and x + y + z + 1 = 0 , 2 x - y + z + 3 = 0
93. Let a plane P contain two lines r = iˆ + l (iˆ + ˆj ), l Î R and 0 -1 1

r is: (2020-09-06/Shift-1)
r = - ˆj + m ( ˆj - kˆ), m Î R. If Q (a , b , g ) is the foot of
the perpendicular drawn from the point M (1,0, 1) to P, 1
then 3 (a + b + g ) equals ………. . (a) 1 (b)
2
(2020-09-03/Shift-2)
94. If the equation of a plane P, passing through the 1 1
intersection of the planes, x+4y – z+7=0 and 3x+y+5z=8 is (c) (d)
3 2
ax+by+6z=15 for some a, b ÎR, then the distance of the
point (3,2, –1) from the plane P is……. units. 99. A plane P meets the coordinate axes at A, B and C
(2020-09-04/Shift-1) respectively. The centroid of DABC is given to be
95. The distance of the point (1, –2, 3) from the plane (1, 1, 2). Then the equation of the line through this centroid
and perpendicular to the plane P is:
x y z
x – y + z = 5 measured parallel to the line = = is: (2020-09-06/Shift-2)
2 3 -6

(2020-09-04/Shift-2) x -1 y -1 z - 2 x -1 y -1 z - 2
(a) = = (b) = =
2 1 1 2 2 1
1
(a) (b) 7
7
x -1 y -1 z - 2 x -1 y -1 z - 2
(c) = = (d) = =
1 2 2 1 1 2
7
(c) (d) 1
5
VECTORS AND 3-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY 173

100. Let P be a plane passing through the points (2,1,0), (4,1,1) 102. The mirror image of the point (1, 2, 3) in a plane is
and (5,0,1) and R be any point (2,1,6). Then the image of
æ 7 4 1ö
R in the plane P is: (2020-01-07/Shift-1) ç - , - , - ÷ .Which of the following points lies on
è 3 3 3ø
(a) (6,5,2) (b) (6,5, -2)
this plane? (2020-01-08/Shift-2)
(c) (4,3,2) (d) (3, 4, -2)
(a) (1, -1, 1) (b) (-1, -1, 1)
101. The shortest distance between the lines
(c) (1, 1, 1) (d) (-1, -1, -1)
x -3 y -8 z -3 x+3 y+7 z -6 103. If the distance between the plane, 23x – 10y – 2z + 48 =0
= = and = = is:
3 -1 1 -3 2 4
x +1 y - 3 z +1
and the plane containing the lines = =
(2020-01-08/Shift-1) 2 4 3

7 x + 3 y + 2 z -1 k
(a) 2 30 (b) 300 = = , l Î R , is equal to
2 and ,
2 6 l 633

(c) 3 (d) 3 30 then k is equal to_______ (2020-01-09/Shift-2)

VECTORS AND 3-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY 174

EXERCISE - 3 : ADVANCED OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

VECTORS 6. A, B, C and D are four points in a plane with

r r r r
pv' s a , b , c and d respectively such that
Objective Questions I [Only one correct option] r r r r r r r r
( a - d ) . ( b - c) = ( b - d ) . ( c - a ) = 0 .
r r
1. If a & b lie on a plane normal to the plane containing Then for the triangle ABC, D is its :
r r r r r r (a) incentre (b) circumcentre
c & d then, (a ´ b) . (c ´ d) is equal to
(c) othocentre (d) centroid
(a) –1 (b) 1
r r r
(c) 0 (d) none 7. If a = î + ĵ + k̂ . b = î - ĵ + k̂ . c = î + 2 ĵ - k̂, then the value

2. ‘P’ is a point inside the triangle ABC such that r r r r r r

a .a a .b a.c
r r r r r r
BC ( PA ) + CA ( PB) + AB ( PC) = 0 then for the triangle of b . a b . b b.c =
r r r r r r
ABC the point P is its c.a c.b c.c
(a) incentre (b) circumcentre
(a) 2 (b) 4
(c) centroid (d) orthocentre
(c) 16 (d) 64
r r
3. Let p is the p.v. of the orthocentre & g is the p.v. of the r r
8. Let a = a 1 î + a 2 ĵ + a 3 k̂ , b = b1î + b 2 ĵ + b 3 k̂ and
centroid of the triangle ABC where circumcentre is the
r r r r
origin. If p = Kg then K = c = c1î + c 2 ĵ + c 3 k̂ be three non–zero vectors such that c
r r
(a) 3 (b) 2 is a unit vector perpendicular to both a and b . If the angle
(c) 1/3 (d) 2/3 2
r r a1 a 2 a3
4. If the unit vectors e1 and e2 are inclined at an angle r r
between a and b is p/6, then b1 b 2 b3 is equal to :
r r
2q and | e1 - e 2 |< 1 , then for q Î [0, p], q may lie in the c1 c 2 c3
interval :
(a) 0
é pö ép pù (b) 1
(a) ê0, ÷ (b) ê , ú
ë 6ø ë6 2û 1 2
(c) (a 1 + a 22 + a 32 ) (b12 + b 22 + b 23 )
4
æ 5p ù é p 5p ù
(c) ç , p ú (d) ê , ú (d) none of these
è 6 û ë2 6 û r r
9. The vectors p & q satisfy the system of equations
5. Two given points P and Q in the rectangular cartesian co– r r r r r r r r
x + 2 uuur 2p + q = a, p + 2q = b and the angle between p & q is q.
ordinates lie on y = 2 such that OP . iˆ = -1 and
If it is known that in the rectangular system of
uuur r r r
OQ . iˆ = +2 where î is a unit vector along the x–axis. The co-ordinates the vectors a & b have the forms a = (1, 1)
uuur uuur r
magnitude of OQ - 4 OP will be : & b = (1, –1) then cos q =

(a) 10 (b) 20 4 4
(a) (b) -
(c) 30 (d) none 5 5

3
(c) - (d) none
5
VECTORS AND 3-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY 175
r r r r r
10. Let A a and B b be points on two skew lines r = a + lp 14. If the vector product of a constant vector OA with a
r r r
and r = b + uq and the shortest distance between the skew variable vector OB in a fixed plane OAB be a constant
r r vector, then locus of B is :
lines is 1, where p and q are unit vectors forming adjacent

1 (a) a straight line perpendicular to OA

sides of a parallelogram enclosing an area of units. If
2 uuur
(b) a circle with centre O radius equal to OA
an angle between AB and the line of shortest distance is
60°, then AB =
(c) a straight line parallel to OA
1
(a) (b) 2 (d) none of these
2
r r r
(c) 1 (d) l Î R – {0} 15. Let A, B, C be vectors of length 3, 4 and 5 respectively..
r r r r r r r r r
11. Let b = 4î + 3 ĵ and c be two vectors perpendicular to Let A be perpendicular to B + C, B to C + A and C to
each other in xy–plane. All vectors in the same plane having r r r r r
r A + B . Then length of the vector, A + B + C is :
r
projections 1 and 2 along b and c respectively, are given
by : (a) - 5 2 (b) 2

2 11 2 11 (c) 5 2 (d) none of these

(a) 2î - ĵ & î + ĵ (b) 2 î - ĵ & - î + ĵ
5 5 5 5 r r
16. If a & b are unit vectors such that
2 11 2 11 r r r r r r r
(c) - 2î - ĵ & - î - ĵ (d) 2 î - ĵ & - î - ĵ a + b × 2a + 3b ´ 3a - 2b = 0, then angle between a and
5 5 5 5 r
r r r b
12. If b & c are any two perpendicular unit vectors and a is
(a) 0 (b) p/2
r r r r
rr r rr r r (c) p (d) indeterminate
any vector, then, (a.b) b + (a.c) c + a r.(b ´ c)
r 2 (b ´ c) is
| b´c | 17. If a plane cuts off intercepts OA = a, OB = b, OC = c from
equal to : the coordinate axes, then the area of the triangle ABC =
r r 1
(a) a (b) b b 2c2 + c2a 2 + a 2b2
(a)
r 2
(c) c (d) none of these
13. If A1, A2, A3, ......, An are the vertices of a regular plane 1
(b) (bc + ca + ab)
polygon with n sides & O is its centre then 2

n -1 1
abc
å (OA ´OA
i =1
i i +1 )= (c)
2

1
(a) (1 - n ) OA 2 ´ OA 1 (d) (b - c) 2 + (c - a ) 2 + (a - b) 2
2
r r
(b) ( n - 1) OA 2 ´ OA 1 18. Let a =ˆi - ˆk , b = xiˆ + ˆj + 1 - x ˆk and

(c) n OA 2 ´ OA 1 r r r r
c = yiˆ + xjˆ + 1 + x - y ˆk . Then éëa b c ùû depends on
(d) none
(a) only x (b) only y
(c) neither x nor y (d) both x and y
VECTORS AND 3-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY 176
19. The value of a so that the volume of the parallelopiped r r r r r r r r r r
25. If a + 2b + 3c = o, then a ´ b + b ´ c + c ´ a is equal to
formed by the vectors ˆi + ajˆ - ˆk , ˆj + ak
ˆ , ˆi + ˆj + ˆk becomes
r r r r
minimum is (a) 6(b ´ c) (b) 6(c ´ a )

1 r r
(c) 6(a ´ b) (d) none of these
(a) 3 (b)
2
r r r r r r
26. If a ´ b ´ c ´ d × a ´ d = 0, then which of the following
1 7
(c) (d) is always true
3 4
r r r r
(a) a , b, c, d are necessarily coplanar
20. If the vectors a î + ˆj + k̂, î + bĵ + k̂ and î + ĵ + ck̂
r r r r
(a ¹ b ¹ c ¹ 1) are coplanar then the value of (b) either a or d must lie in the plane of b and c
r r r r
1 1 1 (c) either b or c must lie in plane of a and d
+ + =
1- a 1- b 1- c r r r r
(d) either a or b must lie in plane of c and d
(a) 1 (b) –1
rr r r r r
(c) 0 (d) none 27. If P1 : r ×n1 - d1 = 0, P2 : r × n 2 – d2 = 0 and P3 : r × n 3 – d3 = 0 are
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
21. [(a ´ b) ´ ( b ´ c) (b ´ c) ´ (c ´ a ) (c ´ a ) ´ (a ´ b)] = three planes and n 1 , n 2 and n 3 are three non–coplanar
vector s then, the three lines P 1 =0, P 2 =0 and
rrr rrr
(a) [a b c]2 (b) [a b c]3 P2=0, P3=0 and P3 = 0, P1 = 0 are
rrr (a) parallel lines (b) coplanar lines
(c) [a b c]4 (d) none
(c) coincident lines (d) concurrent lines
r r r r r r
22. The triple product (d + a ) . [a ´ ( b ´ (c ´ d))] simplifies to r r r
28. If a , b and c are three unit vectors equally inclined to
r r rrr r r rrr r
(a) (b . d) [a c d] (b) (b × c) [a b d] each other at an angle a. Then the angle between a and
r r rrr r r
(c) (b . a ) [a b d] (d) none plane of b and c is

r r r r r r
23. Let r , a , b and c be four non–zero vectors such that r × a = 0, æ ö æ ö
ç cos a ÷ ç cos a ÷
r r r r r r r r (a) q = cos –1 ç ÷ (b) q = sin–1 ç ÷
r ´ b = r b , r ´ c = r c , then [a b c] =
ç cos a ÷ ç cos a ÷
ç ÷ ç ÷
è 2ø è 2 ø
(a) |a| |b| |c| (b) –|a| |b| |c|
(c) 0 (d) none of these
r r r r r
If a , b, c are such that é ar b cr ù = 1, cr = l ar ´ b , æ aö æ aö
24. ç sin ÷ ç sin ÷
ë û 2÷ 2÷
(c) q = cos–1 ç (d) q = sin–1 ç
r ç sin a ÷ ç sin a ÷
r r 2p r r 1 ç
è
÷
ø
ç
è
÷
ø
a ^b < and a = 2 , b = 3 , c = , then the angle
3 3
r r
between a and b is r r r r
29. For any vector A, ˆi ´ (iˆ ´ A) + ˆj ´ (ˆj ´ A) + kˆ ´ (kˆ ´ A)
p p simplifies to
(a) (b)
6 4 r r
(a) 3A (b) A
p p r r
(c) (d) (c) - A (d) - 2A
3 2
VECTORS AND 3-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY 177
r r r r r r
30. If a, b, c be the unit vectors such that b is not parallel to 36. A unit vector a in the plane of b = 2î + ĵ and
r r r r r r
c and a ´ (2b ´ c) = b then the angle that a makes with r r r r r r
c =ˆi -ˆj + kˆ is such that a ^ b = a ^ d where d = ĵ + 2k̂ is
r r
b & c are respectively
î + ĵ + k̂ î - ĵ + k̂
p p p 2p (a) (b)
(a) & (b) & 3 3
3 4 3 3

p 2p p p
2î + ĵ 2î + ĵ
(c) & (d) & (c) (d)
2 3 2 3 5 5
r r
31. If a vector a is expressed as the sum of two vectors a ' Objective Questions II [One or more than one correct option]
uur r
and a '' along and perpendicular to a given vector b then
r r r
uur 37. The vectors a, b, c are of the same length & pairwise
a" is
r r r
r r r r r r form equal angles. If a = iˆ + ˆj & b = ˆj + kˆ then c can be
(a ´ b ) ´ b b ´ ( a ´ b)
(a) r (b) r
b b2 æ 4 1 4ö
r r r (a) (1, 0, 1) (b) ç - , ,- ÷
r r è 3 3 3ø
b ´ (a ´ b) a´b r
(c) r (d) r 2 b
b b
æ1 4 1ö æ 1 4 1ö
r r r (c) ç ,- , ÷ (d) ç - , ,- ÷
32. If a, b and c are any three vectors, then è 3 3 3ø è 3 3 3ø

r r r r r r r r r
a ´ (b ´ c ) = (a ´ b) ´ c is true if : 38. The vector a ´ (b ´ a ) is
r r r r
(a) b & rc are collinear (b) a & c are collinear (a) perpendicular to a
r r
(c) ar & b are collinear (d) none of these (b) perpendicular to b
r r r r r r r r
33. ( r . ˆi ) (iˆ ´ r ) + ( r . ˆj) ( ˆj ´ r ) + ( r . kˆ ) (kˆ ´ r ) = (c) coplanar with a & b
r r r
(a) 0 (b) r (d) perpendicular to a ´ b
r r r r r r
(c) 2 r (d) 3 r 39. (u ´ v) . (u ´ v) is equal to
r r r r r
34. For a non zero vector A if the equations A . B = A . C r r r r
u.u u.v r r r r
r r r r (a) r r r r (b) (u . v) 2 - u 2 . v 2
and A ´ B = A ´ C hold simultaneously, then u.v v.v
r r r
(a) A is perpendicular to B - C r r r r
(c) | u |2 | v | 2 - (u . v) 2 (d) none
r r
(b) A = B r r
40. If z1 = a î + b ˆj & z 2 = c î + d ĵ are two vectors in î & ĵ
r r
(c) B = C r r r r
system where | z 1 | = | z 2 | = r & z1 . z 2 = 0 then
r r
(d) C = A r r
w 1 = a î + c ĵ and w 2 = b î + d ĵ satisfy
r r
35. Let a = î + ĵ and b = 2î - k̂ . The point of intersection of r r
(a) | w 1 |= r (b) | w 2 |= r
r r r r r r r r
the lines r ´ a = b ´ a and r ´ b = a ´ b is : r r
(c) w 1 . w 2 = 0 (d) none of these
(a) - î + ˆj + k̂ (b) 3î - ĵ + k̂

(c) 3î + ĵ - k̂ (d) î - ĵ - k̂

VECTORS AND 3-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY 178
r r r r r r
41. If a, b, c and d are the pv’s of the point A, B, C and D 45. If a and b unequal unit vectors such that
respectively in three dimensional space and satisfy the r r r r r r r r
r r r r (a - b) ´ [(b + a ) ´ ( 2a + b)] = a + b, then angle q between
relation 3a - 2b + c - 2d = 0, then :
r r
(a) A, B, C and D are coplanar a and b is

(b) the line joining the points B and D divides the line
p
joining the point A and C in the ratio 2 : 1. (a) (b) 0
2
(c) the line joining the points A and C divides the line
joining the points B and D in the ratio 1 : 1.
p
r r r r (c) p (d)
4
(d) the four vectors a, b, c & d are linearly dependents.

r r r r
42. a and b are two non collinear unit vectors. Then 46. A vector d is equally inclined to three vectors a = î - ĵ + k̂ ,
r r r r r r r r r
a , b, xa - yb form a triangle, if: b = 2î + ĵ and c = 3 ĵ - 2 k̂. Let x , y, z be three vector in

r r r r r r r r
r r æ a ^b ö the plane of a , b; b, c; c , a respectively then
(a) x = –1; y = 1 and a + b = 2cos ç ÷
è 2 ø r r
(a) x × d = 14
r r
(b) x = –1; y = 1 and cos (a ^ b) + r r
(b) y × d = 3
r r r r r
| a + b | cos [a ^ - (a + b)] = -1 r r
(c) z × d = 0
r r r r r r r r r r
r r æ a ^ b ö æ a ^b ö (d) r × d = 0 where r = lx + my + dz
(c) a + b = -2cot ç ÷cos ç ÷ and
è 2 ø è 2 ø 47. Identify the statement(s) which is/are INCORRECT ?
x = –1, y = 1 r r r r r r r
(a) a ´ [a ´ (a ´ b)] = (a ´ b)(a 2 )
(d) none of these
r r r r
r r r r r (b) If a , b, c are non–zero, non coplanar vectors, and
43. If OA = a; OB = b; OC = 2 a + 3b; OD = a - 2b, the length
rr rr rr r
v.a = v.b = v.c = 0 then v must be a null vector
of OA is three times the length of OB and OA is
r r
prependicular to DB then ( BD ´ AC) . (OD ´ OC) is : (c) If a and b lie in a plane normal to the plane containing
r r r r r r r r
r r r r the vectors a - b, c - d, where a, b, c,d are non–zero
(a) 7 | a ´ b |2 (b) 42 | a ´ b | 2
r r r r r
vectors, then a ´ b ´ c ´ d = o
(c) 0 (d) none of these
r r r r rr
44. â & b̂ are two given unit vectors at right angle. The unit (d) If a , b, c and a ' , b' c' are reciprocal system of vectors

vector equally inclined with â & b̂ and â ´ b̂ will be : r r r r r r

then a × b'+ b × c'+c × a ' = 3

1 1
(a) - (â + b̂ + â ´ b̂) (b) (â + b̂ + â ´ b̂)
3 3

1 1
(c) (â + b̂ - â ´ b̂) (d) - (â + b̂ - â ´ b̂)
3 3
VECTORS AND 3-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY 179

Assertion and Reason type: Paragraph Type Questions

Use the following codes to answer the questions Using the following passage, solve Q.50 to Q.53
(A) If bothe assertion and reason are correct and reason PASSAGE
is the correct explanation of assertion.
(B) If bothe assertion and reason are true but and reason Three vectors ˆ bˆ and cˆ
a, are such that
is not the correct explanation of assertion.
aˆ ´ bˆ = c,
ˆ bˆ ´ cˆ = a, ˆ
ˆ cˆ ´ aˆ = b.
(C) If assertion is true but reason is false.
(D) If assertion is false but reason is true. Answer the following questions :
(E) If assertion and reason are both false.
50. If vector 3aˆ - 2bˆ + 2cˆ and -aˆ - 2cˆ are adjacent sides of
r r
48. Assertion : Let a = 2î + 3 ĵ - k̂ , b = 4î + 6 ĵ - 2k̂ , then a parallelogram, then an angle between the diagonals is
r r r
a´b = o p p
(a) (b)
r r r r r r 4 3
Reason : If a ¹ o , b ¹ o and a and b are non–collinear
r r p 2p
vectors, then a ´ b = ab sin q n̂ , where q is the smaller (c) (d)
r r 2 3
angle between the vectors a and b and n̂ is unit vector
rr 51. Vectors 2aˆ - 3bˆ + 4cˆ , aˆ + 2bˆ - cˆ and xaˆ - bˆ + 2cˆ are
such that a,b,nˆ taken in this order form right handed
coplanar, then x =
orientation
(a) A (b) B 8 5
(a) (b)
(c) C (d) D 5 8
(e) E (c) 0 (d) 1
r r r r r
49. Assertion : Let a = 3î - ĵ, b = 2 î + ĵ - 3k̂. If b = b1 + b 2 r ˆ yr = 2aˆ - b,
ˆ then the point of intersection of
52. Let x = aˆ + b,
r r r r r r r r r r r
such that b1 is collinear with a and b 2 is perpendicular straight lines r ´ x = y ´ x , r ´ y = x ´ y is

r r
to a is possible, then b 2 = î + 3 ĵ - 3k̂. (a) 2bˆ (c) 3bˆ

r r (c) 3aˆ (d) 2aˆ

Reason : If a and b are non–zero, non–collinear vectors,
r r r r r
then b can be expressed as b = b1 + b 2 , where b1 is 53. aˆ × bˆ ´ cˆ + bˆ × cˆ ´ aˆ + cˆ × aˆ ´ bˆ is equal to
r r r
collinear with a and b 2 is perpendicular to a . (a) 1 (b) 3

(a) A (b) B (c) 0 (d) – 12

(c) C (d) D
(e) E
VECTORS AND 3-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY 180

Match the Following 55. Match the following

Each question has two columns. Four options are given Column-I Column-II
representing matching of elements from Column-I and r r r rr rr rr
Column-II. Only one of these four options corresponds (A) If the vectors a, b , c (P) a.c = b .c = c .a
to a correct matching.For each question, choose the option
uuur uuur uuur
corresponding to the correct matching. form sides BA, CA, AB

54. Column–I Column–II of DABC, then

r r
(A) If a + b = ĵ and (P) 1 r r r r r
(B) If a, b , c are forming (Q) ar.b = b .cr = cr.ar = 0

r r ĵ three adjacent sides of

2a - b = 3iˆ + , then
2
regular tetrahedron, then
cosine of the angle between
r r r r r r r
r r (C) If a ´ b = c , b ´ c = ar (R) ar ´ b = b ´ cr = cr ´ ar
a and b is
r r r then
(B) If a = b = c , angle between (Q) 5 3
r r r rr rr rr 3
p (D) a, b , c are unit vectors (S) a.b + b .c + c .a = -
each pair of vectors is and 2
3
r r r
r r r r and a + b + c = 0 then
a + b + c = 6 , then a =
The correct matching is
(C) Area of the parallelogram (R) 7
(a) A ® R ; B ® P; C ®P,Q; D ® S
whose diagonals represent
(b) A ® R,S ; B ® P; C ®S; D ®Q
the vectors 3î + ˆj - 2k̂ and
(c) A ®P ; B ®R; C ® Q; D ®P,S
î - 3 ĵ + 4k̂ is (d) A ® R ; B ®Q; C ®P; D ® S

r 3 Numeric Value Type Questions

(D) If a is perpendicular to (S) -
5
r r r r r r
b + c, b is perpendicular to 56. If a = 3, b = 4, c = 5 and a ^ b + c , b ^ c + a ,

r r r
c + a, c is perpendicular to 2
c ^ a + b then a + b + c is .....
r r r r
a + b, a = 2, b = 3 and
r r r
57. a , b , c are three unit vectors and every two are inclined to
r r r r
c = 6 , then a + b + c =
r r r r r
each other at an angle cos–1(3/5). If a ´ b = pa + qb + rc ,
Correct matching is
(a) A-R; B-P; C-P,Q; D-S where p, q, r are scalars, then 55q2 is equal to

(b) A-P; B-R; C-P,Q; D-S

(c) A-Q; B-R; C-P,Q; D-P
(d) A-S; B-R; C-P; D-S
VECTORS AND 3-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY 181

3-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY
x -1 y - 2 z - 3
64. The straight lines = = and
1 2 3
Objective Questions I [Only one correct option]

58. Consider a tetrahedron with faces f 1, f 2, f 3, f 4. Let x -1 y - 2 z - 3

r r r r = = are
a 1 , a 2 , a 3 , a 4 be the vectors whose magnitudes are 2 2 -2
respectively equal to the areas of f1, f2, f3, f4 & whose (a) parallel lines (b) Intersecting at 60º
directions are perpendicular to these faces in the outward
direction. Then (c) Skew lines (d) Intersecting at right angle
r r r r r r r r 65. The equation of the plane which bisects the angle between
(a) a 1 + a 2 + a 3 + a 4 = 0 (b) a 1 + a 3 = a 2 + a 4
the planes 3x – 6y + 2z + 5 = 0 and 4x – 12y + 3z – 3 = 0 which
r r r r
(c) a 1 + a 2 = a 3 + a 4 (d) none contains the origin is
r r r (a) 33x – 13y + 32z + 45 = 0
59. Let a, b and c be non–coplanar unit vectors equally
rrr (b) x – 3y + z – 5 = 0
inclined to one another at an acute angle q. Then [a b c]
(c) 33x + 13y + 32z + 45 = 0
in terms of q is equal to :
(d) None of these
(a) (1 + cos q) cos 2q (b) (1 + cos q) 1 - 2 cos 2q
66. P is fixed point (a, a, a) on a line through the origin equally
(c) (1 - cos q) 1 + 2 cos q (d) none of these inclined to the axes, then any plane through P perpendicular
to OP, makes intercepts on the axes, the sum of whose
60. If line makes angle a,b,g,d with the four diagonals of a
2 2 2 2 reciprocals is equal to
cube, then the value of cos a + cos b + cos g + cos d =
(a) a (b) a/2
(a) 1 (b) 4/3
(c) 2/3 (d) Variable (c) 3a/2 (d) 1/a

61. If the sum of the squares of the distance of a point from r r r

67. If a1 , a 2 and a 3 are non–coplanar vectors and
the three coordinate axes be 36, then its distance from the
origin is r r r r
(x + y – 3) a 1 + (2x – y + 2) a 2 + (2x + y + l) a 3 = 0

(a) 6 (b) 3 2 holds for some ‘x’ and ‘y’ then ‘l’ is

(c) 2 3 (d) 6 2 7
(a) (b) 2
62. The direction ratio’s of the line x – y + z – 5 = 0 = x – 3y – 6 are 3
(a) 3, 1, –2 (b) 2, –4, 1
10 5
(c) - (d)
3 1 -2 2 -4 1 3 3
(c) , , (d) , ,
14 14 14 21 21 21
68. If the foot of the perpendicular from the origin to a plane is
63. A variable plane passes through a fixed point (1, 2, 3). The P (a, b, c), the equation of the plane is
locus of the foot of the perpendicular drawn from origin to
this plane is : x y z
2 2 2 (a) + + =3
(a) x + y + z – x – 2y – 3z = 0 a b c
2 2 2
(b) x + 2y + 3z – x – 2y – 3z = 0
(b) ax + by + cz = 3
2 2 2
(c) x + 4y + 9z + x + 2y + 3 = 0
2 2 2
(c) ax + by + cz = a2 + b2 + c2
(d) x + y + z + x + 2y + 3z = 0
(d) ax + by + cz = a + b + c
VECTORS AND 3-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY 182

69. Equation of line in the plane P º 2x – y + z – 4 = 0 which is Assertion and Reason type:
perpendicular to the line l whose equation is
Use the following codes to answer the questions
x -2 y-2 z -3 (A) If bothe assertion and reason are correct and reason
= = and which passes through the point
1 -1 -2 is the correct explanation of assertion.
(B) If bothe assertion and reason are true but and reason
of intersection of l and P is
is not the correct explanation of assertion.
x - 2 y -1 z -1 (C) If assertion is true but reason is false.
(a) = =
3 5 -1 (D) If assertion is false but reason is true.
(E) If assertion and reason are both false.
x -1 y - 3 z - 5 r r r
(b) = = 73. Assertion : If a = 3î + k̂, b = -î + 2 ĵ + k̂, c = î + ĵ + k̂ and
3 5 -1
r
d = 2î - ĵ , then there exist real numbers a, b, g such that
x + 2 y +1 z +1 r r r r
(c) = = a = ab + bc + gd
2 -1 1
r r r r
Reason : a , b, c, d are four vectors in a 3–dimensional
x - 2 y -1 z -1 r r r
(d) = = space. If b, c, d are non–coplanar, then there exist real
2 -1 1
r r r r
numbers a, b, g such that a = ab + b c + gd
70. Equation of plane which passes through the point of
(a) A (b) B
x -1 y - 2 z - 3 (c) C (d) D
intersection of lines = = and
3 1 2 (e) E
r r r r
x - 3 y -1 z - 2 74. Assertion : Let a , b, c and d are position vectors of four
= = and at greatest distance from the r r r r r
1 2 3 points A, B, C and D and 3a - 2b + 5c - 6d = 0, then points
point (0, 0, 0) is : A, B, C and D are coplanar.
Reason : Three non zero, linearly dependent co–initial
(a) 4x + 3y + 5z = 25 (b) 4x + 3y + 5z = 50
vectors PQ, PR and PS are coplanar..
(c) 3x + 4y + 5z = 49 (d) x + 7y – 5z = 2
71. Let A(1, 1, 1), B(2, 3, 5), C(–1, 0, 2) be three points, then (a) A (b) B
(c) C (d) D
equation of a plane parallel to the plane ABC which is at a
(e) E
distance 2 is
75. Assertion : A point on the straight line 2x + 3y – 4z = 5,
3x – 2y + 4z = 7 can be determined by taking x = k and then
(a) 2x – 3y + z + 2 14 = 0
solving the two equations for y and z, where k is any real
number except 12/5.
(b) 2x – 3y + z – 14 = 0
Reason : If c’ ¹ kc, then the straight line
(c) 2x – 3y + z + 2 = 0 ax + by + cz + d = 0, kax + kby + c’z + d’ = 0, does not
intersect the plane z = a, where a is any real number except
(d) 2x – 3y + z – 2 = 0
d '- kd
72. Consider the planes 3x – 6y + 2z + 5 = 0 and .
kc - c '
4x – 12y + 3z = 3. The plane 67 x – 162y + 47z + 44 = 0
(a) A (b) B
bisects that angle between the given planes which (c) C (d) D
(a) contains origin (b) is acute (e) E

(c) is obtuse (d) none of theses

VECTORS AND 3-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY 183
Paragraph Type Questions Match the Following

Using the following passage, solve Q. 76 to Q. 78 Each question has two columns. Four options are given
representing matching of elements from Column-I and
PASSAGE
Column-II. Only one of these four options corresponds
Let a1x + b1y + c1z + d1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2z + d2 = 0 be two to a correct matching.For each question, choose the option
planes, where d1, d2 > 0. Then origin lies in acute angle if corresponding to the correct matching.
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 < 0 and origin lies in obtuse angle if
79. Column–I Column–II
a1a2 + b1 b2 + c1c2 > 0.
Further point (x1, y1, z1) and origin both lie either in acute æ 107 30 69 ö
(A) Foot of perp. drawn for (P) ç , , ÷
angle or in obtuse angle, if (a 1x1 + b1y1 + c1z1 + d 1) è 29 29 29 ø
(a2x1 + b2y1 + c2z1 + d2) > 0. One of (x1, y1, z1) and origin lie
in acute angle and the other in obtuse angle, if point (1, 2, 3) to the line

(a1x1 + b1y1 + c1z1 + d1) (a2x1 + b2y1 + c2z1 + d2) < 0 x - 2 y -1 z - 2

= = is
76. Given the planes 2x + 3y – 4z + 7 = 0 and 2 3 4
x – 2y + 3z – 5 = 0, if a point P is (1, –2, 3), then
(a) O and P both lie in acute angle between the planes æ 88 125 69 ö
(B) Image of line point (1, 2, 3) in (Q) ç , , ÷
è 29 29 29 ø
(b) O and P both lie in obtuse angle
(c) O lies in acute angle, P lies in obtuse angle x - 2 y -1 z - 2
the line = = is
(d) O lies in obtuse angle, P lies an acute angle. 2 3 4

77. Given the planes x + 2y – 3z + 5 = 0 and

2x + y + 3z + 1 =0. If a point P is (2, –1, 2), then æ 68 44 78 ö
(C) Foot of perpendicular from (R) ç , , ÷
è 29 29 29 ø
(a) O and P both lie in acute angle between the planes
(b) O and P both lie in obtuse angle the point (2, 3, 5) to the plane

(c) O lies in acute angle, P lies in obtuse angle 2x + 3y – 4z + 17 = 0 is

(d) O lies in obtuse angle, P lies an acute angle.

æ 38 57 185 ö
78. Given the planes x + 2y – 3z + 2 = 0 and (D) Image of the point (2, 5, 1) in (S) ç , , ÷
è 29 29 29 ø
x – 2y + 3z + 7 = 0, if the point P is (1, 2, 2), then
the plane 3x – 2y + 4z – 5 = 0 is
(a) O and P both lie in acute angle between the planes
Correct matching is
(b) O and P both lie in obtuse angle
(a) A-R; B-P; C-S; D-Q
(c) O lies in acute angle, P lies in obtuse angle
(b) A-R; B-S; C-P; D-Q
(d) O lies in obtuse angle, P lies an acute angle.
(c) A-R; B-P; C-Q; D-S
(d) A-P; B-R; C-S; D-Q
VECTORS AND 3-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY 184

80. Consider three planes Numeric Value Type Questions

P1º 2x + y + z = 1
P 2º x – y + z = 2 81. In a regular tetrahedron let q be the angle between any
P3ºax + y + 3z = 5 a
edge and a face not containing the edge. If cos2q =
The three planes intersects each other at point P on XOY b
+
plane and at point Q on YOZ plane. O is the origin. where a, b Î I also a and b are coprime, then find the
value of 10a + b
Column-I Column-II
82. If equation of the plane through the straight line
(A) The value of a is (P) 1
(B) The length of projection of PQ (Q) 2 x -1 y + 2 z
= = and perpendicular to the plane
2 -3 5
on x-axis is
x – y + z + 2 = 0 is ax – by + cz + 4 = 0, then find the value
(C) If the coordinates of point R on (R) 4 of 103a + 102b + 10 c.
the line PQ situated at minimum 83. In a regular tetrahedron let q be the angle between any
distance from point ‘O’ are (a, b, c),
a
then the value of 7a + 14b +14c is edge and a face not containing the edge. If cos2q =
b

a where a, b Î I+ also a and b are coprime, then find the

(D) If the area of DPOQ is (S) 3 value of (10a + b)
b
84. If the planes x – cy – bz = 0, cx – y + az = 0 and
Then the value of a – b is where bx + ay – z = 0 pass through a straight line, then find the
a & b are co prime numbers value of a2 + b2 + c2 + 2abc.
The correct matching is 85. If the reflection of the point P(1, 0, 0) in the line
(a) A ®S ; B ® P ;C ® Q; D ®R x - 1 y + 1 z + 10
= = is (a, b, g). Find – (a + b + g)
(b) A ®P ; B ®R ;C ® Q; D ® S 2 -3 8
(c) A ®R ; B ®Q ;C ®P; D ® S
(d) A ®R ; B ® P ;C ® Q; D ® S
VECTORS AND 3-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY 185

EXERCISE - 4 : PREVIOUS YEAR JEE ADVANCED QUESTIONS

VECTORS r r r r r r r r
6. Let V = 2 i + j - k and W = i + 3k. If U is a unit vector,,
then the maximum value of the scalar triple product
Objective Question I [Only one correct option] r r r
U V W is : (2002)
r r r
1. If the vectors a , b and c form the sides BC, CA and AB
(a) – 1 (b) 10 + 6
respectively of a triangle ABC, then : (2000)
r r r r r r r r r r r r
(a) a × b + b × c + c × a = 0 (b) a ´ b = b ´ c = c ´ a (c) 59 (d) 60
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
(c) a × b = b × c = c × a (d) a ´ b + b ´ c + c ´ a = 0 7 If a = ˆi +ˆj + ˆk , a × b = 1 and a ´ b = ĵ - k̂ , then b is :
r r r
2. If a , b and c are unit coplanar vectors, then the scalar (2003)
r r r r r r
triple product é 2a - b 2b - c 2c - a ù is equal to : (a) î - ĵ + k̂ (b) 2 ĵ - k̂
ë û
(2000)
(c) î (d) 2 î
(a) 0 (b) 1
r r r
8. If a , b, c are three non-zero, non-coplanar vectors and
(c) – 3 (d) 3
r r
r r r r r b × ar r r r b × ar r
3. If a , b and c are unit vectors, then b1 = b - r 2 a , b 2 = b + r 2 a,
a a
r r2 r r2 r r2
a - b + b - c + c - a does not exceed : (2001) rr r r r r r r
r r c × a r c× b r r r c ×a r c × b r
c1 = c - r 2 a - r 2 b, c2 = c - r 2 a - r 12 b1,
(a) 4 (b) 9 |a| | b| |a| | b1 |
(c) 8 (d) 6
r r r r r r
r r r c × a r c × b2 r r r c×a r
4.
r
Let a = î - k̂, b = x î + ĵ + (1 - x )k̂ and c3 = c - r 2 a - r 2 b2 , c4 = a - r 2 a.
|a| |b| |a|
r rrr Then which of the following is a set of mutually orthogonal
c = yî + xˆj + (1 + x – y) k̂ Then éëa b c ùû depends on :
vectors ? (2005)
(2001) r r r r r r
(a) a, b1 , c1 (b) a , b1 , c2
(a) only x (b) only y
(c) neither x nor y (d) both x and y r r r r r r
(c) a, b 2 , c3 (d) a , b 2 , c4
r r r r
5. If a and b are two unit vectors such that a + 2b and r r r
r 9. Let a = iˆ + 2 ˆj + kˆ, b = iˆ - ˆj + kˆ, c = iˆ + ˆj - kˆ.
r
5a - 4b are perpendicular to each other, then the angle
r r r
r r A vector coplanar to a and b has a projection along c of
between a and b is : (2002)
(a) 45º (b) 60º 1
magnitude , then the vector is : (2006)
3
æ1ö æ2ö
(c) cos -1 ç ÷ (d) cos -1 ç ÷
è3ø è7ø (a) 4î - ˆj + 4k̂ (b) 4 î + ĵ - 4k̂

(c) 2î + ĵ + k̂ (d) none of these

VECTORS AND 3-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY 186

r r r r r r r 13. Let P, Q, R and S be the points on the plane with position

10. Let a , b, c be unit vectors such that a + b + c = 0 . Which
vectors -2iˆ - ˆj, 4i,
ˆ 3iˆ + 3jˆ and - 3iˆ + 2ˆj respectively. The
one of the following is correct ? (2007)
r r r quadrilateral PQRS must be a (2010)
(a) ar ´ b = b ´ cr = cr ´ ar = 0
(a) parallelogram, which is neither a rhombus nor a
r r r
(b) ar ´ b = b ´ cr = cr ´ ar ¹ 0
rectangle
(b) square
r r r r r r
(c) a × b = b× c = a × c ¹ 0 (c) rectangle, but not a square
r r r r r r (d) rhombus, but not a square
(d) a ´ b, b ´ c, c ´ a are mutually perpendicular
14. Two adjacent sides of a parallelogram ABCD are given by
uuur uuur
11. Let two non–collinear unit vectors â and b̂ form an acute AB = 2iˆ + 10jˆ + 11kˆ and AD = -ˆi + 2ˆj + 2kˆ . The side AD
angle. A point P moves so that at any time t the position is rotated by an acute angle a in the plane of the
parallelogram so that AD becomes AD’. If AD’ makes a
vector OP (where O is the origin) is given by â cos t + b̂ right angle with the side AB, then the cosine of the angle
sin t. When P is farthest from origin O, let M be the length a is given by (2010)
of OP and û be the unit vector along OP . Then,
8 17
(2008) (a) (b)
9 9

â + b̂ 1 4 5
(a) û = and M = (1 + â × b̂)1 / 2 (c) (d)
| â + b̂ | 9 9
r r
15. ˆ b = ˆi - ˆj + kˆ and cr = ˆi - ˆj - kˆ be three
Let a = ˆi + ˆj + k,
â - b̂
(b) û = and M = (1 + â × b̂)1 / 2 r r
| â - b̂ | vectors. A vector vr in the plane of a and b, whose

r 1
projection on c is , is given by (2011)
â + b̂ 1/ 2 3
(c) û = and M = (1 + 2â × b̂ )
| â + b̂ |
(a) ˆi - 3jˆ + 3kˆ (b) -3iˆ - 3jˆ - kˆ

â - b̂ (c) 3iˆ - ˆj + 3kˆ (d) ˆi + 3jˆ - 3kˆ

(d) û = and M = (1 + 2â × b̂)1 / 2
| â - b̂ |
r r r r
16. If a and b are vectors such that | a + b | = 29 and
r r r r r r r r r r
12. If a , b, c and d are the unit vectors such that (a ´ b) × (c ´ d ) =1 a ´ 2iˆ + 3jˆ + 4kˆ = 2iˆ + 3jˆ + 4kˆ ´ b, then a possible

r r 1 r r
and a × c = , then (2009) value of (a + b) . -7iˆ + 2ˆj + 3kˆ is (2012)
2
(a) 0 (b) 3
r r r
(a) a , b, c are non–coplanar
(c) 4 (d) 8
r r r 17. The equation of the plane passing through the point
(b) a , b, d are non–coplanar
(1, 1, 1) and perpendicular to the planes
r r 2x + y – 2z = 5 and 3x – 6y – 2z = 7, is (2017)
(c) b, d are non–parallel
(a) –14x + 2y + 15z = 3 (b) 14x – 2y + 15z = 27
r r r r
(d) a , d are parallel and b, c are parallel (c) 14x + 2y – 15z = 1 (d) 14x + 2y + 15z = 31
VECTORS AND 3-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY 187
18. Let O be the origin and let PQR be an arbitrary triangle. 23. A line l passing through the origin is perpendicular to the
The point S is such that lines
uuur uuur uuur uuur uuur uuur uuur uuur uuur uuur uuur uuur
OP.OQ + OR.OS = OR.OP + OQ.OS = OQ.OR + OP.OS l1 : 3 + t ˆi + -1+ 2t ˆj + 4 + 2t kˆ , – ¥ < t < ¥

Then the triangle PQR has S as its (2017) l2 : 3 + 2s ˆi + 3 + 2s ˆj + 2 + s kˆ , – ¥ < s < ¥

(a) incentre (b) circumcentre
Then, the coordinate(s) of the point(s) on l2 at a distance
(c) orthocenter (d) centroid
of 17 from the point of intersection of l and l1 are
uuur uuur uuur
19. Let O be the origin, and OX, OY, OZ be three unit vectors (2013)
uuur uuur uuur
in the directions of the sides QR, RP, PQ, respectively,, æ 7 7 5ö
of a triangle PQR. Then (2017) (a) ç , , ÷ (b) (–1, –1, 0)
è 3 3 3ø
uuur uuur
| OX ´ OY |= æ7 7 8ö
(c) (1, 1, 1) (d) ç , , ÷
(a) sin(P + R) (b) sin 2R è9 9 9ø
(c) sin (P + Q) (d) sin (Q + R) r r r
24. Let x, y and z be three vectors each of magnitude 2
20. If the triangle PQR varies, then the minimum value of cos
p r
(P + Q) + cos (Q + R) + cos (R + P) (2017) and the angle between each pair of them is . If a is a
3
3 3 r r r r
(a) - (b) non-zero vector perpendicular to x and y ´ z and b is
2 2 r r r
a non-zero vector perpendicular to y and z ´ x, then
5 5 (2014)
(c) (d) -
3 3 r r r r r r r r r r
(a) b = b . z z-x (b) a = a . y y-z
Objective Questions II [One or more than one correct option]
rr r r r r r r r r r
r (c) a.b = - a . y b.z (d) a = a . y z-y
21. Let A be a vector parallel to line of intersection of planes
uuur r uuur r uuur
P1 and P2 through the origin. P1 is parallel to the vectors 25. Let DPQR be a triangle. Let ar = QR, b = RP and c = PQ. If
r r r r
2 ĵ + 3k̂ and 4 ĵ - 3k̂ and P2 is parallel to ˆj - k̂ and 3î + 3 ĵ , a = 12, b = 4 3, b.c = 24, then which of the following
r is (are) true ? (2015)
then the angle between vector A and 2 î + ĵ - 2k̂ is
r2 r2
(2006)
c r c r
(a) - a = 12 (b) + a = 30
2 2
p p
(a) (b) r r r r r r
2 4 (c) a ´ b + c ´ a = 48 3 (d) a . b = - 72

p 3p 26. Let û = u1ˆi + u 2 ˆj + u 3 kˆ be a unit vector in R 3 and

(c) (d)
6 4
wˆ =
1 r
iˆ + ˆj + 2kˆ . Given that there exists a vector v in
^ ^ 6
22. The vector(s) which is/are coplanar with vectors i + j + 2kˆ r r
R3 such that uˆ ´ v = 1 and wˆ . uˆ ´ v = 1. Which of the
^ ^ ^ ^
and i + 2 j + kˆ , and are perpendicular to the vector i + j + kˆ following statement(s) is(are) correct ? (2016)
is/are (2011) (a) There is exactly one choice for such vr
^ ^ ^ ^ (b) There are infinitely many choices for such
(a) j - k (b) - i + j
(c) If û lies in the xy-plane then |u1| = |u2|
^ ^ ^ ^
(d) If û lies in the xz-plane then 2|u1|= |u3|
(c) i - j (d) - j + k
VECTORS AND 3-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY 188
27. Let L1 and L2 be the following straight line. ® ^ ^ ® ^ ^ ® ^ ^ ^
30. Let a = - i - k , b = - i + j and c = i + 2 j + 3k be three given
x -1 y z -1 x -1 y z -1
L1 : = = and L2 : = = ® ® ® ® ®
1 -1 3 -3 -1 1 vectors. If r is a vector such that r ´ b = c ´ b and

Suppose the straight line ® ® ® ®

r . a = 0, then the value of r . b is..... (2011)
x -a y -1 z - g
L: = = r r r
l m -2 31. If a, b and c are unit vectors satisfying

lies in the plane containing L1 and L2, and passes through r r r r r r

| a - b |2 + | b - c |2 + | c - a |2 = 9, then
the point of intersection of L1 and L2. If the line L bisects
r r r
the acute angle between the lines L1 and L2, then which of | 2a + 5b + 5c | is (2012)
the following statements is/are TRUE ? (2020)
r r r
(a) a - g = 3 (b) l + m = 2 32. Let a, b and c be three non-coplanar unit vectors such

(c) a - g = 1 (d) l + m = 0
p
that the angle between every pair of them is . If
3
28. Let a and b be positive real numbers. Suppose r r r r r r r
uuur uuur a ´ b + b ´ c = pa + qb + rc , where p,q and r are scalars,
PQ = aiˆ + bjˆ and PS = aiˆ - bjˆ are adjacent sides of a
r r p 2 + 2q 2 + r 2
parallelogram PQRS. Let u and v be the projection then the value of is (2014)
q2
ur uuur uuur
vectors of w = iˆ + ˆj along PQ and PS , respectively. If
r r rr
r r ur 33. Let a and b be two unit vectors such that a.b = 0 . For
u + v = w and if the area of the parallelogram PQRS r r r r r r
some x, y Î ¡,letc = xa + yb + a ´ b . If c = 2 and the
is 8, then which of the following statements is/are
r r
TRUE? (2020) vector cr is inclined at the same angle a to both a and b
(a) a + b = 4
and then the value of 8cos 2 a is ____. (2018)
(b) a – b = 2
34. Let P be a point in the first octant, whose image Q in the
(c) The length of the diagonal PQ of the parallelogram
plane x + y = 3 lies on the z-axis (that is, the line segment
PQRS is 4
PQ is perpendicular to the plane x + y = 3 and the mid-
ur uuur uuur point of PQ lies in the plane x + y = 3). Let the distance of
(d) w is an angle bisector of the vectors PQ and PS
P from the x-axis be 5. If R is the image of P in the xy-plane,
then the length of PR is _____. (2018)
Numeric Value Type Questions
35. Consider the cube in the first octant with sides OP, OQ
and OR of length 1, along the x-axis, y-axis and z-axis,
^ ^
® ® i-2 j ® respectively, where O(0, 0, 0) is the origin. Let
29. If a and b are vectors in space given by a = and
5
æ1 1 1ö
S ç , , ÷ be the centre of the cube and T be the vertex
^ ^ ^
è2 2 2ø
® 2i + j + 3k of the cube opposite to the origin O such that S lies on
b= , then the value of
14 r uur r uuur r uuur r uur
the diagonal OT. If p = SP, q = SQ, r = SR and t = ST ,
r r r r
æ ® ® ö éæ ® ® ö æ ® ® ö ù then the value of p´q ´ r´t is ____ (2018)
ç 2 a + b ÷ . êç a ´ b ÷ ´ ç a - 2 b ÷ ú is .... (2010)
è ø ëè ø è øû
VECTORS AND 3-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY 189

r r Match the Following

36. Let a = 2iˆ + ˆj - kˆ and b = iˆ + 2 ˆj + kˆ be two vectors,
r Each question has two columns. Four options are given
r r
consider a vector c = a a + b b , a , b Î R. If the projection representing matching of elements from Column-I and
Column-II. Only one of these four options corresponds
r r r
of c on the vector a + b is 3 2 , then the minimum value to a correct matching.For each question, choose the option
corresponding to the correct matching.
r r r r
of c - a ´ b .c equals (2019) 39. Match List–I with List–II and select the correct answer
using the code give below the lists.
r uuuv r uuuv r uuuv List–I List–II
37. In a triangle PQR, let a = QR, b = RP and c = PQ. If
P. Volume of parallelopiped determined by 1. 100
r r r r r r r
r a. (c - b ) |a| vectors a, b & c is 2. Then, the volume
r r = r , then
| a | = 3, | b | = 4 and r r r the
c . (a - b ) | a | + | b | of the parallelopied determined by vectors

r r r r r r r r
value of | a ´ b |2 is ……… . (2020) 2 a ´ b , 3 b ´ c and c ´ a is

Q. Volume of parallelopiped determined by 2. 30

Assertion and Reason
r r r
vectors a, b & c is 5. Then, the volume
For the following questions choose the correct answer
of the parallelopiped determined by vectors
from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) defined as follows.
r r r r r r
(a) Statement I is true, Statement II is also true; Statement 3 a + b , b + c and 2 c + a is
II is the correct explanation of Statement I. R. Area of a triangle with adjacent sides 3. 24
(b) Statement I is true, Statement II is also true; Statement r r
determined by vector a and b is 20. Then,
II is not the correct explanation of Statement I.
the area of the triangle with adjacent
(c) Statement I is true, Statement II is false.
sides determined by vectors
(d) Statement I is false, Statement II is true.
r r r r
2a + 3b and a - b is
uuur
38. Let the vectors PQ, QR, RS, ST, TU and UP represent S. Area of a parallelogram with adjacent 4. 60
the sides of a regular hexagon. r r
sides determined by vectors a and b is
r
Assertion : PQ ´ (RS + ST ) ¹ 0 . 30. Then, the area of the parallelogram
with adjacent sides determined by
r r
Reason : PQ ´ RS = 0 and PQ ´ ST ¹ 0 . (2007) r r r
vectors a + b and a is (2015)
(a) A (b) B P Q R S P Q R S
(c) C (d) D (a) 4 2 3 1 (b) 2 3 1 4
(c) 3 4 1 2 (d) 1 4 3 2
VECTORS AND 3-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY 190

Analytical and Descriptive Questions. 46. The unit vector which is orthogonal to the vector

r r r 3î + 2 ĵ + 6k̂ and is coplanar with the vectors 2î + ĵ + k̂

40. If u, v, w are three non–coplanar unit vectors and
r r r r r
a, b, g are the angles between u and v, v and w , w and and î - ĵ + k̂ is : (2004)
r r r r
u respectively and x , y, z are unit vectors along the
bisectors of the angles a, b, g respectively. Prove that 2î - 6 ĵ + k̂ 2î - 3 ĵ
r r r r r r (a) (b)
[x ´ y y´z z´ x] 41 13

1 rr r 2 a b g
= [u v w ] sec 2 sec 2 sec2 . (2003) 3 ĵ - k̂ 4î + 3 ĵ - 3k̂
16 2 2 2 (c) (d)
10 34
41. A plane is parallel to two lines whose direction ratios are
(1, 0, –1) & (–1, 1, 0) and it contains the point (1, 1, 1,). If it
x -1 y + 1 z -1 x -3 y - k z
cuts coordinate axes at A, B, C. Then find the volume of 47. If the lines = = and = =
the tetrahedron OABC. (2004) 2 3 4 1 2 1
r
r r r intersect, then the value of k is (2004)
42. If a ,b ,c ,d are four distinct vectors satisfying the
r r r r r r r r 3 9
conditions a ´ b = c ´ d and a ´ c = b ´ d, then prove that (a) (b)
2 2
r r r r r r r r
a .b + c .d ¹ a . c + b .d . (2004)
2 3
(c) - (d) -
3-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY 9 2

Objective Question I [Only one correct option] x y z

48. A variable plane + + =1 at a unit distance from origin
a b c
r r r r
43. Let the vectors a , b, c and d be such that cuts the coordinate axes at A, B and C. Centroid (x, y, z)
r r r r
a ´ b ´ c ´ d = 0. Let P1 and P2 be planes determined by satisfies the equation 1 + 1 + 1 = K . Then value of K
r r r r x 2 y2 z2
the pairs of vectors a , b and c, d respectively, then the
angle between P1 and P2 is: (2000) is (2005)
(a) 0 (b) p / 4 (a) 9 (b) 3
(c) p / 3 (d) p / 2 (c) 1/9 (d) 1/3
44. The positive value of ‘a’ so that the volume of the 49. A plane passes through (1, –2, 1) and is perpendicular to
parallelopiped formed by î + aĵ + k̂, ˆj + ak̂ and a î + k̂ two planes 2x – 2y + z = 0 and x – y + 2 z = 4, then the
distance of the plane from the point (1, 2, 2) is (2006)
becomes minimum is : (2003)
(a) 4 (b) 3 (a) 0 (b) 1

(c) 2 (d) 2 2
(c) 1/ 3 (d) 3
50. The number of distinct real values of l, for which the
x -4 y-2 z-k
45. The value of k such that = = lies in the
1 1 2 vectors -l2iˆ + ˆj + kˆ, iˆ -l2 ˆj + kˆ and î + ĵ - l2 k̂ are
plane 2x – 4y + z = 7, is (2003) coplanar, is : (2007)
(a) 7 (b) –7 (a) zero (b) one
(c) No real value (d) 4
(c) two (d) three
VECTORS AND 3-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY 191
51. The edges of a parallelopiped are of unit length and are uuur uuur
55. Let PR = 3iˆ +ˆj - 2k
ˆ and SQ =ˆi - 3jˆ - 4kˆ determine
parallel to non–coplanar unit vectors â, b̂, ĉ such that uuur
diagonals of a parallologram PQRS and PT =ˆi + 2jˆ + 3k
ˆ be
1 another vector. Then, the volume of the parallelopiped
â × b̂ = b̂ × ĉ = ĉ × â = . Then the volume of the
2 uuur uuur uur
determined by the vectors PT, PQ and PS is (2013)
parallelopiped is (2008)
(a) 5 (b) 20
1 1
(a) cu unit (b) cu unit (c) 10 (d) 30
2 2 2
56. Perpendiculars are drawn from points on the line
3 1 x + 2 y +1 z
(c) cu unit (d) cu unit = = to the plane x + y + z = 3. The feet of
2 3 2 -1 3
52. Let P (3, 2, 6) be a point in space and Q be a point on the perpendiculars lie on the line. (2013)
r
line r = ˆi -ˆj + 2kˆ + m -3iˆ +ˆj + 5k
ˆ . Then the value of m
x y -1 z - 2 x y -1 z - 2
uuur (a) 5 = 8 = -13 (b) 2 = 3 = - 5
for which the vector PQ is parallel to the plane
x – 4y + 3z = 1 is (2009) x y -1 z - 2 x y -1 z - 2
(c) 4 = 3 = - 7 (d) 2 = - 7 = 5
1 1
(a) (b) -
4 4
57. From a point P l, l, l , perpendiculars PQ and PR are
1 1 drawn respectively on the lines y = x, z = 1 and
(c) (d) -
8 8 y = – x, z = – 1. If P is such that ÐQPR is a right angle,
53. The point P is the intersection of the straight line joining then the possible value(s) of l is(are) (2014)
the points Q(2, 3, 5) and R(1, –1, 4) with the plane
5x – 4y – z = 1. If S is the foot of the perpendicular drawn (a) 2 (b) 1
from the point T (2, 1, 4) to QR, then the length of the line
segment PS is (2012) (c) –1 (d) - 2

1 58. Let P be the image of the point (3, 1, 7) with respect to the
(a) (b) 2 plane x – y + z = 3. Then the equation of the plane passing
2
x y z
through P and containing the straight line = = is
(c) 2 (d) 2 2 1 2 1

54. The equation of a plane passing through the line of (2016)

intersection of the planes x + 2y + 3z = 2 & x – y + z = 3 & (a) x + y – 3z = 0 (b) 3x + z = 0
2 (c) x - 4y + 7z = 0 (d) 2x - y = 0
at a distance from the point (3, 1, –1) is (2012)
3
Objective Questions II [One or more than one correct option]
(a) 5x – 11y + z = 17
x -1 y +1 z x +1 y + 1 z
(b) 2x + y = 3 2 -1 59. If the straight lines = = and 5 = 2 = K
2 K 2
(c) x + y + z = 3 are coplanar, then the plane(s) containing these two lines
is/are (2012)
(d) x - 2y = 1- 2 (a) y + 2z = –1 (b) y + z = –1
(c) y – z = –1 (d) y – 2z = –1
VECTORS AND 3-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY 192
64. Let P1 : 2x + y - z = 3 and P2 : x + 2y + z = 2 be two planes.
y z
60. Two lines L1 : x = 5, 3 -a = -2 and Then, which of the following statements(s) is (are) TRUE?
(2018)

y z (a) The line of intersection of P1 and P2 has direction

L2 : x = a, -1 = 2 - a are coplanar. Then, a can take ratios 1, 2, –1

value(s). (2013) (b) The line 3x - 4 = 1 - 3y = z is perpendicular to the

(a) 1 (b) 2 9 9 3

(c) 3 (d) 4 line of intersection of P1 and P2

61. In R3, consider the planes P1 : y = 0 and P2 : x + z = 1. Let P3 (c) The acute angle between P1 and P2 is 60°
be the plane, different from P 1 and P 2, which passes (d) If P 3 is the plane passing through the point
through the intersection of P1 and P2. If the distance of (4, 2, –2) and perpendicular to the line of intersection
the point (0, 1, 0) from P3 is 1 and the distance of a point of P 1 and P2, then the distance of the point (2, 1, 1)
(a, b, g) from P3 is 2, then which of the following relations
2
is (are) true ? (2015) from the plane P3 is .
3
(a) 2a + b + 2g + 2 = 0 (b) 2a - b + 2g + 4 = 0
65. Let L1and L2 denote the lines
(c) 2a + b - 2g - 10 = 0 (d) 2a - b + 2g - 8 = 0
r
62. In R3, let L be a straight line passing through the origin. r = $i + l ( -$i + 2 j + 2k ), l Î R and
Suppose that all the points on L at a constant distance r
from the two planes P 1 : x +2y -z +1 =0 & r = m (2$i - j + 2k ), m Î R
P2 : 2x - y + z - 1 = 0. Let M be the locus of the foot of the
respectively. If L3 is a line which is perpendicular to both
perpendiculars drawn from the points on L to plane P1.
L1and L2 and cuts both of them, then which of the
Which of the following point(s) lie(s) on M.
following options describe (s) L3? (2019)
(2015)
r 1
$ $
æ 5 2ö æ 1 1 1ö (a) r = (2i + k ) + t (2i + 2 j - k ), t Î R
(a) ç 0, - , - ÷ (b) ç - , - , ÷ 3
è 6 3ø è 6 3 6ø
r 2
$ $
æ 5 1ö æ 1 2ö (b) r = (4i + j + k ) + t (2i + 2 j - k ), t Î R
(c) ç - , 0, ÷ (d) ç - , 0, ÷ 9
è 6 6ø è 3 3ø
r 2
63. Consider a pyramid OPQRS located in the first octant (x ³ $ $
(c) r = (2i - j + 2k ) + t (2i + 2 j - k ), t Î R
0, y ³ 0, z ³ 0) with O as origin, and OP and OR along the 9
x-axis and the y-axis, respectively. The base OPQR of the r
pyramid is a square with OP = 3. The point S is directly (d) r = t (2$i + 2 j - k ), t Î R
above the mid-point T of diagonal OQ such that TS =3.
66. Three lines
Then (2016)
r
L1 : r = l i, l Î R
p
(a) the acute angle between OQ and OS is r
3 L2 : r = k + m ˆj , m Î R and
r
(b) the equation of the plane containing the triangle OQS L3 : r = $i + j + g k , g Î R.
is x – y = 0
are given. For which point(s) Q on L2 can we find a point
(c) the length of the perpendicular from P to the plane
P on L1 and a point R on L3 so that P, Q and R are collinear.
3 (2019)
containing the triangle OQS is
2
1
(d) the perpendicular distance from O to the straight line (a) k + j (b) k + j
2
15
containing RS is 1
2 (c) k (d) k - j
2
VECTORS AND 3-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY 193

67. Let  ,  ,  ,  be real numbers such that 71. Consider three planes

 2 +  2 +  2  0 and  +  = 1. Suppose the point P1 : x – y + z = 1

(3,2, -1) is the mirror image of the point (1,0, -1) with P2 : x + y – z = 1 and P3 : x – 3y + 3z = 2
respect to the plane  x +  y + yz =  . Then which of Let L1, L2, L3 be the lines of intersection of the planes
the following statements is/are TRUE? (2020) P2 and P3, P3 and P1, P1 and P2, respectively.

(a)  +  = 2 (b)   y = 3 Assertion : At least two of the lines L1, L2 and L3 are non-
parallel.
(c)    = 4 (d)    +  = 
Reason : The three planes do not have a common point.
Numeric Value Type Questions (2008)
(a) A (b) B
68. Consider the set of eight vectors
(c) C (d) D
ˆ ,b ,c1,1 . Three non-coplanar
V  aiˆ  bjˆ  ck:a 
Passage Based Problem
vectors can be chosen from V in 2p ways. Then, p is
(2013) Using the following passage, solve Q.72 to Q.74
69. Three lines are given by
 Consider the lines
r   i,   R
x 1 y  2 z 1 x  2 y  2 z 3
 
 
L1 : = = , L2 : = =
 
(2008)
r   iˆ  ˆj ,   R and r   iˆ  ˆj  kˆ ,   R 3 1 2 1 2 3

Let the lines cut the plane x + y + z = 1 at points A,B and 72. The unit vector perpendicular to both L1 and L2 is
C respectively. If the area of the triangle ABC is  then
the value of (6)2 equals (2019) ˆi  7ˆj  7kˆ
(a)
99
Assertion and Reason

For the following questions choose the correct answer ˆi  7ˆj  5kˆ
from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) defined as follows. (b)
5 3
(a) Statement I is true, Statement II is also true; Statement
II is the correct explanation of Statement I.
ˆi  7ˆj  5kˆ
(b) Statement I is true, Statement II is also true; Statement (c)
II is not the correct explanation of Statement I. 5 3

(c) Statement I is true, Statement II is false.

(d) Statement I is false, Statement II is true. 7iˆ  7ˆj  kˆ
(d)
99
70. Consider the planes
3x – 6y – 2z = 15 and 2x + y – 2z = 5. 73. The shortest distance between L1 and L2 is
Assertion : The parametric equations of the line of (a) 0 unit
intersection of the given planes are x = 3 + 14t,
y = 1 – 2t, z = 15t. (b) 17 / 3 unit

Reason : The vector 14iˆ  2jˆ 15k

ˆ is parallel to the line of
(c) 41 / 5 3 unit
intersection of the given planes. (2007)
(a) A (b) B (d) 17 / 5 3 unit
(c) C (d) D
VECTORS AND 3-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY 194

74. The distance of the point (1, 1, 1) from the plane passing 76. Consider the lines
through the point (–1, –2, –1) and whose normal is
perpendicular to both the lines L1 and L2 is x -1 y z + 3
L1 : = = , L 2 : x - 4 = y + 3 = z + 3 and the
2 -1 1 1 1 2
(a) 2 / 75 unit
planes P1 : 7x + y + 2z = 3, P2 : 3x + 5y – 6z = 4. Let
(b) 7 / 75 unit ax + by + cz = d the equation of the plane passing through
the point of intersection of lines L 1 and L 2 and
(c) 13 / 75 unit
perpendicular to planes P1 and P2.

(d) 23 / 75 unit Match List–I with List–II and select the correct answer
using the code give below the lists. (2013)
Match the Following
List–I List–II
Each question has two columns. Four options are given
representing matching of elements from Column-I and P. a = 1. 13
Column-II. Only one of these four options corresponds Q. b = 2. –3
to a correct matching.For each question, choose the option
corresponding to the correct matching. R. c = 3. 1

S. d = 4. –2
75. Consider the following linear equations
ax + by + cz = 0, P Q R S P Q R S
bx + cy + az = 0, (a) 3 2 4 1 (b) 1 3 4 2
cx + ay + bz = 0 (2007)
(c) 3 2 1 4 (d) 2 4 1 3
Column–I Column–II
(A) a + b + c ¹ 0 and (p) the equations represent
a2 + b2 + c2 planes meeting only at a
= ab + bc + ca single point
(B) a + b + c = 0 and (q) the equations represent
a2 + b2 + c2 the lines x = y = z
¹ ab + bc + ca
(C) a + b + c ¹ 0 and (r) the equations represent
a2 + b2 + c2 identical planes
¹ ab + bc + ca
(D) a + b + c = 0 and (s) the equations represent
a2 + b2 + c2 the whole of the three
= ab + bc + ca dimensional space.
Correct matching is
(a) A-R, B-Q; C-P; D-S
(b) A-Q, B-R; C-P; D-S
(c) A-S, B-Q; C-P; D-R
(d) A-R, B-Q; C-S; D-P
VECTORS AND 3-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY 195

77. Match the following. (2015) Analytical and Descriptive Questions.

Column–I Column–II
(A) In a triangle D XYZ, let a, b, (P) 1 78. Let ABC and PQR be any two triangles in the same plane.
Assume that the perpendiculars from the points A, B, C to
and c be the lengths of the
the sides QR, RP, PQ respectively are concurrent. Using
sides opposite to the angles
vector methods or otherwise, prove that the perpendiculars
X, Y and Z, respectively.
from P, Q, R to BC, CA, AB respectively are also concurrent.
sin X - Y (2000)
If 2(a2-b2)=c2 and l = sin Z
,
79. Show, by vector methods, that the angular bisectors of a
then possible value of triangle are concurrent and find an expression for the
n for which cos(npl) = 0 is position vector of the point of concurrency in terms of the
(B) In a triangle DXYZ, let a, b (Q) 2 position vectors of the vertices. (2001)
and c be the lengths of the r r r
80. Find 3–dimensional vectors v1 , v 2 , v 3 satisfying
sides opposite to the angles X, Y
r r r r r r
and Z respectively. If v1 × v1 = 4, v1 × v 2 = -2, v1 × v 3 = 6,
1 + cos 2X – 2cos 2Y = 2 sin X sin Y, r r r r r r
v 2 × v 2 = 2, v 2 × v 3 = -5, v 3 × v 3 = 29 (2001)
a
then possible value(s) of is are r
b 81. Let A (t) = f1(t) î + f2(t) ĵ and
(C) In R2, let (R) 3
r
B (t) = g1(t) î + g2(t) ĵ , t Î [0, 1], where
3i + ˆj , iˆ + 3 ˆj and b iˆ + 1 - b ˆj
r r
be the position vectors X, Y f1, f2, g1, g2 are continuous functions. If A (t) and B (t) are
and Z with respect to the origin O, non–zero vectors
respectively. If the distance of Z r r
from the bisector of the acute for all t and A (0) = 2 î + 3 ĵ , A (1) = 6 î + 2 ĵ ,

uuur uuur 3 r r
angle of OX with OY is , the B (0) = 3 î + 2 ĵ and B (1) = 2 î + 6 ĵ
2

possible value(s) of |b| is(are) r r

Then show that A (t) and B (t) are parallel for some t.
(D) Suppose that F(a) denotes the (S) 5
(2001)
area of the region bounded
82. Let V be the volume of the parallelopiped formed by the
by x = 0, x = 2, y2 = 4x and
vectors
y = |ax - 1| + |ax - 2| + ax,
r r
where a Î {0, 1}. Then the a = a1î + a 2 ˆj + a 3 k̂, b = b1î + b 2ˆj + b 3 k̂

8 r
value(s) of F(a) + 2, and c = c1î + c 2 ĵ + c3 k̂.
3
when a = 0 and a = 1, is (are) If ar, br, cr, where r = 1, 2, 3 are non–negative real numbers
(T) 6 3
Correct matching is and å (a
r =1
r + b r + c r ) = 3L. Show that V £ L3. (2002)
(a) A-P,R,S; B-P; C-P,Q; D-S,T
(b) A-P,R,S; B-P; C-T,Q; D-S
(c) A-P,S; B-Q; C-P; D-S,T
(d) A-S,T; B-P; C-P,Q; D-P,R,S
VECTORS AND 3-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY 196

83. (a) Find the equation of the plane passing through the 85. Find the equation of the plane containing the lines
points (2, 1, 0), (5, 0, 1) and (4, 1, 1).
1
(b) If P is the point (2, 1, 6), then the point Q such that PQ 2x – y + z – 3 = 0, 3x + y + z = 5 and at a distance of from
6
is perpendicular to the plane in (a) and the mid point
the point (2, 1, –1). (2005)
of PQ lies on it. (2003)
84. T is a parallelopiped in which A, B, C and D are vertices of 86. Incident ray is along the unit vector v̂ and the reflected
one face and the face just above it has corresponding ray is along the unit vector ŵ . The normal is along unit
vertices A¢, B¢, C¢, D¢, T is now compressed to S with face
vector â outwards. Express ŵ in terms of â and v̂ .
ABCD remaining same and A¢, B¢, C¢, D¢ shifted to A¢¢,
(2005)
B¢¢, C¢¢, D¢¢ in S. The volume of parallelopiped S is reduced
to 90% of T. Prove that locus of A¢¢ is a plane.
(2004)

VECTORS AND
3-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY
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 Answer Key
CHAPTER -1 DETERMINANTS & MATRICES
EXERCISE - 1 : EXERCISE - 2 :
BASIC OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS PREVIOUS YEAR JEE MAIN QUESTIONS

DIRECTION TO USE - DIRECTION TO USE -

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1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (a) 1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (a)

5. (b) 6. (d) 7. (d) 8. (b) 5. (c) 6. (a) 7. (d) 8. (c)
9. (b) 10. (d) 11. (c) 12. (b) 9. (c) 10. (d) 11. (d) 12. (a)
13. (d) 14. (c) 15. (d) 16. (a) 13. (d) 14. (d) 15. (b) 16. (b)
17. (d) 18. (b) 19. (a) 20. (b) 17. (b) 18. (c) 19. (d) 20. (d)
21. (b) 22. (c) 23. (a) 24. (c) 21. (d) 22. (d) 23. (a) 24. (b)
25. (c) 26. (a) 27. (b) 28. (a) 25. (c) 26. (a) 27. (b) 28. (c)
29. (a) 30. (b) 31. (b) 32. (a) 29. (b) 30. (b) 31. (d) 32. (b)
33. (d) 34. (c) 35. (d) 36. (b) 33. (d) 34. (d) 35. (b) 36. (b)
37. (b) 38. (c) 39. (a) 40. (b) 37. (c) 38. (a) 39. (d) 40. (c)
41. (c) 42. (a) 43. (8.00) 44. (b)
41. (c) 42. (d) 43. (c) 44. (a)
45. (a) 46. (b) 47. (b) 48. (d)
45. (a) 46. (c) 47. (c) 48. (b)
49. (c) 50. (a) 51. (d) 52. (a)
49. (b) 50. (c) 51. (c) 52. (a) 53. (d) 54. (d) 55. (c) 56. (d)
53. (a) 54. (b) 55. (a) 56. (b) 57. (c) 58. (010.00) 59. (c) 60. (008.00)
57. (d) 58. (b) 59. (b) 60. (b) 61. (d) 62. (5.00) 63. (a) 64. (b)
61. (0) 62. (2) 63. (2) 64. (0) 65. (b) 66. (b) 67. (a) 68. (c)
65. (1) 66. (6) 67. (0) 68. (4) 69. (b) 70. (a) 71. (b) 72. (3.00)
69. (3) 70. (3) 71. (4) 72. (16) 73. (c) 74. (c) 75. (a) 76. (13.00)
73. (2) 74. (1) 75. (2) 77. (d) 78. (672.00) 79. (b) 80. (a)
81. (b) 82. (c) 83. (c) 84. (b)
ANSWER KEY 199
CHAPTER -1 DETERMINANTS & MATRICES

EXERCISE - 3 : EXERCISE - 4 :
ADVANCED OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS PREVIOUS YEAR JEE ADVANCED QUESTIONS

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1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (d)

1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (d)
5. (c) 6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (d)
9. (a) 10. (c) 11. (b) 12. (d) 5. (a) 6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (b)
13. (d) 14. (c) 15. (d) 16. (a) 9. (b) 10. (a) 11. (a) 12. (b)
17. (a) 18. (a) 19. (a) 20. (d) 13. (b) 14. (c) 15. (a,d) 16. (c,d)
21. (b) 22. (b) 23. (d) 24. (b) 17. (a,b) 18. (c,d) 19. (b,c) 20. (c,d)
25. (a) 26. (a) 27. (a,b,c,d) 28. (b,c,d) 21. (b,c) 22. (a,b) 23. (a,c,d) 24. (b,c,d)
29. (a,b,c) 30. (a,b,c) 31. (a,b,d) 32. (a,b,c) 25. (b,d) 26. (a,b,c) 27. (b,c,d) 28. (a)
33. (a,b,c,) 34. (a,b,c,d) 35. (a,b,c) 36. (a,b,c) 29. (b) 30. (a) 31. (d) 32. (c)
37. (a,b) 38. (a,c) 39. (a) 40. (a,b,c,d) 33. (d) 34. (a) 35. (a) 41. (3)
41. (a,b,c) 42. (c) 43. (b,d) 44. (b,d) 42. (1) 46. (1) 47. (005.00)
45. (b,c) 46. (a,b,d) 47. (a,c) 48. (a)
49. (b) 50. (a) 51. (b) 52. (a)
53. (d) 54. (b) 55. (c) 56. (d)
57. (81) 58. (4) 59. (0) 60. (3)
61. (c) 62. (b) 63. (d) 64. (c)
65. (a) 66. (b,d) 67. (c) 68. (a,c)
69. (d) 70. (b) 71. (c) 72. (a)
73. (d) 74. (a)
 Answer Key
CHAPTER -2 PROBABILITY
EXERCISE - 1 : EXERCISE - 2 :
BASIC OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS PREVIOUS YEAR JEE MAIN QUESTIONS

DIRECTION TO USE - DIRECTION TO USE -

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1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (a) 1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (c)

5. (d) 6. (d) 7. (a) 8. (b) 5. (b) 6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (a)
9. (b) 10. (b) 11. (b) 12. (a) 9. (a) 10. (b) 11. (c) 12. (a)
13. (a) 14. (d) 15. (d) 16. (c) 13. (c) 14. (b) 15. (b) 16. (c)
17. (a) 18. (c) 19. (b) 20. (b) 17. (c) 18. (d) 19. (d) 20. (a)
21. (137.00) 22. (c) 23. (c) 24. (d)
21. (d) 22. (c) 23. (a) 24. (b)
25. (d) 26. (c) 27. (c) 28. (c)
25. (c) 26. (d) 27. (b) 28. (b) 29. (b) 30. (b) 31. (b) 32. (a)
29. (d) 30. (b) 31. (b) 32. (a) 33. (b) 34. (c) 35. (d) 36. (c)

33. (a) 34. (c) 35. (a) 36. (b) 37. 003.00 38. (c) 39. 011.00
37. (a) 38. (b) 39. (b) 40. (a) 40. 011.00 41. (b) 42. (b) 43. (a)
41. (a) 42. (b) 43. (a) 44. (c) 44. (d) 45. (b) 46. (a) 47. (d)
45. (a) 46. (c) 47. (b) 48. (d) 48. (b) 49. (b)

49. (c) 50. (d) 51. (b) 52. (a)

53. (a) 54. (d) 55. (b) 56. (a)
57. (c) 58. (d) 59. (c) 60. (b)
61. (a) 62. (d) 63. (a) 64. (a)
65. (d)
ANSWER KEY 201
CHAPTER -2 PROBABILITY

EXERCISE - 3 : EXERCISE - 4 :
ADVANCED OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS PREVIOUS YEAR JEE ADVANCED QUESTIONS

DIRECTION TO USE - DIRECTION TO USE -

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1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (c) 1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (b)

5. (c) 6. (d) 7. (a) 8. (a) 5. (c) 6. (c) 7. (d) 8. (c)
9. (d) 10. (c) 11. (b) 12. (c) 9. (c) 10. (a) 11. (c) 12. (c)
13. (b) 14. (a,d) 15. (a,b) 16. (a,c)
13. (a) 14. (a) 15. (b) 16. (d)
17. (b) 18. (a) 19. (b) 20. (a)
17. (b) 18. (c) 19. (d) 20. (c)
21. (b) 22. (d) 23. (b) 24. (d)
21. (b) 22. (b) 23. (b) 24. (d)
25. (b) 26. (c) 27. (a,b) 28. (c,d)
25. (d) 26. (d) 27. (b) 28. (b)
29. (b) 30. (c) 31. (a) 32. (c)
29. (b) 30. (c) 31. (b) 32. (c)
33. (a) 34. (d) 35. (a,b,c,d) 36. (a,c,d) 1 1 1 1 1
33. (d) 34. (b) 36. & or & 37.
37. (c,d) 38. (b,c,d) 39. (a,d) 40. (a,b) 2 3 3 2 26
41. (a,b,c,d) 42. (a,b,c) 43. (a,b,c) 44. (c) 6
m C3 (3n - 3.2n – 3)
38. (a) (b)
5 1 1 m+n 6n
45. (b) 46. 47. 48.
21 9 4
9m
49. (a) 50. (a) 51. (8) 52. (5) 39. 40. (a) p2 (2–p) (b)1/2
m + 8N
53. (30) 54. (b) 55. (a) 56. (c)
57. (c) 58. (b) 59. (d) 60. (d) 12
C2 6C4 10
C1 2 C1 + 12 C1 6 C5 11
C1 1C1
41. 12
C2 12
C2 6 C4 +12 C1 6 C5 +12 C0 6 C6
24
61. (b) 62. (c) 63. (d) 64.
29
1 1
1 1 42. 43. 44. (8) 45. (0.50)
7 7
65. (a) (b)
132 462 46. (422.00) 47. (006.00) 48. (008.00)
 Answer Key
CHAPTER -3 VECTORS AND 3-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY
EXERCISE - 1 : EXERCISE - 2 :
BASIC OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS PREVIOUS YEAR JEE MAIN QUESTIONS

DIRECTION TO USE - DIRECTION TO USE -

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1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (c) 1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (b)

5. (b) 6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (c) 5. (c) 6. (b) 7. (b) 8. (b)
9. (b) 10. (c) 11. (d) 12. (a) 9. (a) 10. (b) 11. (b) 12. (a)
13. (a) 14. (a) 15. (c) 16. (b) 13. (d) 14. (d) 15. (a) 16. (a)
17. (b) 18. (d) 19. (a) 20. (c) 17. (002.00) 18. (000.8) 19. (a) 20. (a)
21. (b) 22. (c) 23. (c) 24. (c)
21. (018.00) 22. (b) 23. (006.00) 24. 4
25. (a) 26. (a) 27. (b) 28. (a)
29. (d) 30. (a) 31. (d) 32. (b, c) 25. (1.00) 26. (BONUS) 27. (c) 28. (4.00)
33. (b) 34. (b) 35. (d) 36. (a) 29. (c) 30. (c) 31. (1.00) 32. (8.00)
37. (b) 38. (c) 39. (c) 40. (d) 33. (30.00) 34. (a) 35. (b) 36. (c)
41. (a) 42. (a) 43. (d) 44. (b) 37. (a) 38. (b) 39. (d) 40. (c)
45. (d) 46. (b) 47. (a) 48. (b)
49. (b) 50. (c) 51. (a) 52. (a) 41. (a) 42. (c) 43. (a) 44. (d)
53. (c) 54. (c) 55. (c) 56. (b) 45. (b) 46. (c) 47. (d) 48. (c)
57. (c) 58. (c) 59. (d) 60. (c)
49. (a) 50. (c) 51. (d) 52. (a)
61. (b) 62. (b) 63. (b) 64. (a)
65. (a) 66. (d) 67. (a) 68. (a) 53. (c) 54. (a) 55. (b) 56. (a)
69. (a) 70. (d) 71. (b) 72. (a) 57. (c) 58. (a) 59. (d) 60. (a)
73. (c) 74. (d) 75. (c) 76. (c) 61. (c) 62. (d) 63. (d) 64. (d)
77. (d) 78. (d) 79. (c) 80. (b) 65. (d) 66. (c) 67. (c) 68. (a)
81. (a) 82. (d) 83. (d) 84. (b) 69. (b) 70. (d) 71. (d) 72. (d)
85. (d) 86. (d) 87. (a) 88. (a) 73. (c) 74. (c) 75. (a) 76. (d)
89. (b) 90. (d) 91. (a) 92. (a)
77. (b) 78. (a) 79. (d) 80. (c)
93. (b) 94. (b) 95. (b) 96. (d)
97. (d) 98. (a) 99. (d) 100. (a) 81. (d) 82. (a) 83. (b) 84. (b)
101. (a) 102. (c) 103. (a) 104. (d) 85. (b) 86. (a) 87. (b) 88. (c)
105. (b) 106. (c) 107. (c) 108. (c) 89. (c) 90. (c) 91. (a) 92. (c)
109. (b) 110. (c) 111. (c) 112. (4) 93. (005.00) 94. (3.00) 95. (d) 96. (a)
113. (46) 114. (17) 115. (2) 116. (2) 97. (a) 98. (c) 99. (b) 100. (b)
117. (5) 118. (1) 119. (3) 120. (0) 101. (d) 102. (a) 103. (3.00)
121. (7) 122. (2) 123. (17) 124. (0)
125. (2) 126. (50) 127. (70) 128. (3)
129. (2) 130. (14) 131. (3) 132. (3)
133. (3) 134. (6) 135. (2) 136. (1)
137. (2)
ANSWER KEY 203

CHAPTER -3 VECTORS AND 3-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY

EXERCISE - 3 : EXERCISE - 4 :
ADVANCED OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS PREVIOUS YEAR JEE ADVANCED QUESTIONS

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1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (a) 1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (c)

5. (a) 6. (c) 7. (c) 8. (c) 5. (b) 6. (c) 7. (c) 8. (b)
9. (b) 10. (b) 11. (b) 12. (a) 9. (a) 10. (b) 11. (a) 12. (c)
13. (a) 14. (b) 15. (c) 16. (c)
13. (a) 14. (c) 15. (c) 16. (d)
17. (d) 18. (c) 19. (c) 20. (a)
17. (a) 18. (c) 19. (b) 20. (a)
21. (b,d) 22. (a, d) 23. (b, d) 24. (a,b,c)
21. (c) 22. (a) 23. (c) 24. (b) 25. (a,c,d) 26. (b,c) 27. (a,b) 28. (a,c)
25. (a) 26. (c) 27. (c) 28. (b) 29. (5) 30. (9) 31. (3) 32. (4)
29. (d) 30. (d) 31. (b) 32. (b)
1
33. (a) 34. (c) 35. (c) 36. (b) 33. (3) 34. (8) 35. 36. 18.00
2
37. (a,d) 38. (a,c,d) 39. (a,c) 40. (a,b,c)
41. (a,c,d) 42. (a, b) 43. (a,b,c) 44. (a,b) 37. (108.00) 38. (c) 39. (c) 41.
9
cu unit
2
45. (a,c) 46. (c,d) 47. (a,c,d) 48. (b)
43. (a) 44. (c) 45. (a) 46. (c)
49. (d) 50. (a) 51. (a) 52. (c)
47. (b) 48. (a) 49. (d) 50. (c)
53. (b) 54. (a) 55. (a) 56. (50)
51. (a) 52. (a) 53. (a) 54. (a)
57. (9) 58. (a) 59. (c) 60. (b)
55. (c) 56. (d) 57. (c) 58. (c)
61. (b) 62. (a) 63. (a) 64. (d)
59. (b, c) 60. (a,d) 61. (b,d) 62. (a,b)
65. (d) 66. (d) 67. (c) 68. (c) 63. (b,c,d) 64. (c,d) 65. (a,b,c) 66. (a, d)
69. (b) 70. (b) 71. (a) 72. (a,b) 67. (a,b,c) 68. (5) 69. 0.75 70. (d)
73. (b) 74. (a) 75. (d) 76. (b) 71. (d) 72. (b) 73. (d) 74. (c)
77. (c) 78. (b) 79. (a) 80. (d) 75. (a) 76. (a) 77. (a)
81. (0013) 82. (1710) 83. (13) 84. (1) r r r
80. v1 = 2$i, v 2 = -$i + j and v 3 = 3$i - 2 j ± 4k
85. (7)
83. (a) x + y - 2 z = 3, (b) Q(6, 5,-2)

85. 2 x - y + z - 3 = 0 and 62 x + 29 y + 19 z - 105 = 0

86. w = v$ - 2 a.v$ a