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Well Logging I Well Logging I: Lecture 4: Sonic Logs

This document provides an overview of sonic logs. It discusses [1] reservoir petrophysics, porosity, and common sonic tools; [2] how sonic tools measure interval transit time and investigate depth, resolution, and wave types; and [3] how sonic logs are used to derive porosity, with corrections for shale effects. Key points include how porosity is estimated from transit time measurements, the relationship between transit time and porosity for different rock types, and using cross-plots to account for lithology when calculating porosity.

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Marco Plays
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111 views

Well Logging I Well Logging I: Lecture 4: Sonic Logs

This document provides an overview of sonic logs. It discusses [1] reservoir petrophysics, porosity, and common sonic tools; [2] how sonic tools measure interval transit time and investigate depth, resolution, and wave types; and [3] how sonic logs are used to derive porosity, with corrections for shale effects. Key points include how porosity is estimated from transit time measurements, the relationship between transit time and porosity for different rock types, and using cross-plots to account for lithology when calculating porosity.

Uploaded by

Marco Plays
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Tishk International University

Engineering Faculty
Petroleum and Mining Department

Well Logging I

Lecture 4: Sonic Logs

3rd Grade - Fall Semester 2021-2022

Instructor: Frzan Ali


FRZAN ALI WELL LOGGING I
1 1
1
Content

• Reservoir petrophysics
• Porosity
• Porosity Logs
• Sonic tool (BHC)
• Common Industry Sonic Tools
• Wave Types
• Sonic velocity and internal transit time
• Depth of Investigation and Vertical and Bed Resolution
• Log presentation
• The main uses of sonic log
• Deriving the porosity from sonic log measurement
• Correction from shale effects

2
Reservoir geology

Petroleum Reservoir is a body of one or more subsurface rock units entraps


liquid and/or gases hydrocarbons, commonly sedimentary origin.

Reservoir rock must be :


1-Porous.
2-Permeable.
3-volumeable.
4-Sealed from top by impermeable (seal) rock.
5-Associated with hydrocarbon entrapment.

3
Reservoir petrophysics

It is computer assessed detail study of reservoir rocks using suits of well


logging to enhanced the essential judgment of the reservoir potentiality.
This approach including the following:
1. log analysis of all porosity data, and data should be corrected for the
effect of compaction and hydrocarbon content.
2. Analysis of shaleness and calibrated its influence, shale within reservoir
rock occur either as laminar parting or matrix dispersed in the pore spaces ,
it is responding differently to the compaction influence which would return
high water content.
3. Evaluation formation factor and water saturation (Sw).
4. Cross-plotting of pairs of porosity logs (example: N-D logs), to evaluate
lithologic characters from both combination.

4
Porosity

Porosity is the measurement of the void space within a rock, expressed as a


fraction (percentage) of a bulk volume of that rock.

• (0.05) or 5 % > Φ, poor reservoir


• (0.05 –0.10) or 5 –10 % Φ, fair reservoir
• (0.10 –0.15) or 10 –15 % Φ, good reservoir
• ( 0.15 -0.20) or 15 –20 % Φ, very good reservoir
• 0.25or 25 % and more, excellent reservoir.

5
Porosity

These class of well log referred as porosity logs, although each produces a
Φ value from basic measurements, none measure Φ directly.
The Density and Neutron are nuclear measurement, the Sonic uses
acoustic measurements, and the 4th(NMR) senses the magnetic resonance
of formation nuclei.
When used individually, each of them has a response to lithology which
must be accounted for. But when used in concert, two or three at a time,
lithology can be estimated and more accurate Φ derived.

6
Sonic tool (BHC)

The sonic tool measure the interval transit time, Δt, or


the time in microseconds for an acoustic wave to travel
through one foot or meter of formation, along a path
parallel to the borehole (reciprocal of velocity). μs/ft or
μs/m
The sonic log consists of one or more ultrasonic
transmitter ‘T’ (emitter) and two or more receivers ‘R’.
Modern sonic log are borehole compensated (BHC)
tools to reduce the effects of borehole size variations
and error due to tilt of the tool with respect to the hole
axis.

7
Common Industry Sonic Tools

Table :The names and mnemonics of common industry sonic tools.

8
Wave Types

1. Compressional or longitudinal or pressure wave (P-wave); faster one.


2. Transverse or shear wave (S wave).
3. Rayleigh waves
4. Stoneley waves
5. Mud waves

The geophysical wave train


received by a sonic log.

9
The Wave Types Used in Sonic Tool
• For the simple sonic log that we are interested in, only the P-waves of interest.
When the first P-wave arrival appears, the threshold is exceeded and the timer
stops, other waves are masked out of the data
• There are complex tools that make use of both P-waves and S-waves, and some
that record the full wave train (full waveform logs).

Sonic velocity and


internal transit time

10
Waves
Depth of Investigation
• This is complex and will not be covered in great detail here. In theory, the
refracted wave travels along the borehole wall, and hence the depth of
penetration is small (2.5 to 25 cm). It is independent of Tx-Rx spacing,
but depends upon the wavelength of the elastic wave, with larger
wavelengths giving
Vertical and Bed Resolution
• The vertical resolution is equal to the Rx-Tx spacing, and hence is 2 ft.
Beds less than this thickness can be observed but will not have the signal
fully developed. There are now some special tools which have an even
better resolutions (e.g., ACL and DAC).
Logging Speed
• The typical logging speed for the tool is 5000 ft/hr (1500 m/hr), although
it is occasionally run at lower speeds to increase the vertical resolution.

11
Log tool with Two Receivers (R1, R2)
and One Transmitter (T)
• The simplest sonic tool has only one
transmitter and two receivers.
• This kind of tool can record the sonic wave
that refracts at a critical angle to borehole
wall and travels along the side wall .
• The first arrival compressional waves are
recorded by two receivers .
• It’s interval transit time (Δt) can be used to
estimate formation porosity

12
Sonic Tools

Borehole Compensated Device (BHC) with 2 Transmitters (Top; Tx1 &


Bottom; Tx2) and 4 Receivers (Rx1 to Rx4), correct for hole size changes
and tool tilt.

13
Sonic Log Presentation

• The dimension with 40 to 140 μs/ft of Δt


• or μs/m with greater rang of Δt

75μs/ft

Left Figure represents log tracks, track-1


includes bit size, caliper and GR log, while the
track-2 represent the sonic log.

You should have good knowledge of borehole


size, hole condition, and shaliness zone from
bit size, caliper and GR respectively.

14
The main uses of sonic log
1. Provision of a record of “seismic” velocity and travel time throughout a borehole.
(calibrate a seismic data).
2. Determination of porosity (together with the FDC and CNL tools).The Sonic log come in
2nd order to calculate Φ after Neutron and Density logs.
3. The sonic used with density log to produce the acoustic impedance (vd).
4. Stratigraphic correlation.
5. Identification of lithologies.
6. Facies recognition.
7. Fracture identification.
8. Identification of compaction.
9. Identification of over-pressures.
10. Identification of source rocks
11. Cement Bond Log (CBL), to determine zones in cased well where the cement may be
imperfect (not adherence the cement to the casing).
12. Pulse-Echo Imaging

15
Deriving the porosity from sonic log
measurement

16
Deriving the porosity from sonic log
measurement

17
Deriving the porosity from sonic log
measurement

Q/ if the sonic log measurement


equal to 63 μs/ft, along the dolomite
rock intervals, determine the porosity
from chart and equation.

Ans./ by extrapolating a line from Δt


axis (horizontal axis at 63 μs/ft) to
intersect dolomite line and then
extending the line to intersect the
porosity line (vertical axis) at the
porosity value equal to 0.17.

Try to determine the porosity with


equation and compare the two
results.

18
Typical responses of the sonic log
(courtesy of Rider).

19
Correction from shale effects:

20

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