Republic of the Philippines solutions for, test those solutions to improve the way you do

Department of Education
things, and then create guidelines on how to implement those
Region III – Central Luzon
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF CITY OF BALANGA solutions. You have to document the whole process. The end
BATAAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL result must be an improved way of doing things in your work.
City of Balanga, Bataan For instance, a teacher can conduct an action research study to
improve his/her own teaching practice.
NAME: ___________ Year &Section: ___________ 5. Content analysis – can be used if you have some documents
LECTURE in PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1 that you want to explore to understand a certain problem. For
Quarter 4 - Week 1, Day 1- 4 instance, you can decide to use a newspaper to understand the
type of content that is commonly published in a community.
(QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS; THE You could also decide to consider how a municipal hall
DESCRIPTION OF SAMPLE) organizes its files for future reference and how this affects the
daily work of that community. You could decide to look at
different posters and magazines of a school to understand how
religion or moral values are promoted there.
LECTURE

What is it? Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region III – Central Luzon
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF CITY OF BALANGA
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS BATAAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
City of Balanga, Bataan
Design is a set of research data collection, analysis, and
interpretation methods to carry on a research study.
NAME: ___________ Year &Section: ___________
Before you conduct your study, you need to choose one of the
QLR designs. Each depends on the main purpose of the study. ACTIVITY in PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
Quarter 4 - Week 1, Day 1- 4

1. Case study – is one of the most commonly used QLR (QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS; THE
designs. You use case study if you want to understand one or DESCRIPTION OF SAMPLE)
few institutions, processes, individuals, or phenomena in depth.
For instance, if you want to learn about the process of getting
a university admission, you could use a case study. If you wish ACTIVITY 1:
to know what makes a hospital so famous, you could study that
hospital by interviewing doctors, patients, staff, and observing
them in that hospital. If a town has too many teen mothers or 1. List down five (5) issues/problems that you face every
many children who don’t go to school, you can use case study minute?
to understand the problem and propose solutions to that
community. A.________________________________________________
B.________________________________________________
2. Ethnography – is used to describe the culture of a people, a C.________________________________________________
community, an organization, or a country. Whenever you wish D.________________________________________________
to understand cultural values and practices of a group, your best E.________________________________________________
design is ethnography. Usually, ethnographic research studies
take a long time because it takes quite some to learn thoroughly 2. Find out if those problems could be solved by QLR.
the culture of people. However, if you want to use ethnography
in your subject, you can simply use the mini-ethnography, A.________________________________________________
which requires a lot less time. B.________________________________________________
C.________________________________________________
3. Phenomenology – this design originated in philosophy can D.________________________________________________
be carried out from at least two different perspectives. Some E.________________________________________________
people simply use it to describe the intense lived experiences of
people. For instance, if you want to do research on the
experience of giving birth for the first time, the experience of 3. Identify the appropriate research designs to address those
facing a death threat, the experience of being robbed or five (5) topics.
preparing for board exam, the experience of going to jail for the
A.________________________________________________
first time, or the experience of living in an orphanage,
phenomenology would be a good choice for you. B.________________________________________________
C.________________________________________________
From the first perspective, your job as a researcher is simply D.________________________________________________
to describe the phenomenon in the way people lived it. The E.________________________________________________
second perspective is when you become an advanced
researcher, you can now take phenomenology to a much deeper
level, where you try to understand the deeper meaning of such
intense experiences. This is something you can do when you are
at the university level.

4. Action research – is used when you have a specific problem

in your field of expertise that you want to understand, generate

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 Republic of the Philippines you identify one or two participants, you simply request
Department of Education
Region III – Central Luzon them to help you find potential research participants that
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF CITY OF BALANGA meet your preset selection criteria.
BATAAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
City of Balanga, Bataan
• Multiple variation sampling – To be able to get multiple
perspectives on your research topic, it is sometimes
NAME: ___________ Year &Section: ___________ important to use a varied sample. For instance, if we want
to conduct our study on why parents are not actively
LECTURE in PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1 participating in the academic life of their children, we may
Quarter 4 - Week 2, Day 1- 4 decide to interview not only the parents but also the
teachers, the students, even some business owners who
(QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS; THE
DESCRIPTION OF SAMPLE) employ these parents. Getting those multiple perspectives
from those varied people can provide an in-depth
LECTURE exploration of the study.

• Convenience sampling – carries perfectly its name. This is

about the type of sample that you can obtain simply by
What is it? convenience. It could be that you select people simply
because they are readily accessible in your school, your
THE DESCRIPTION OF SAMPLE family, your church, your community, etc. This sampling is
the least preferred among the four. There are times,
POPULATION AND SAMPLE however, when convenience sampling is the only option that
you have. For instance, if you are conducting a research
Population – refers to all individuals who meet the selection study to try to understand the impact of heavy traffic jam on
criteria to participate in your study. For instance, if you want people’s lives, you may start observing the traffic jam in
to do research on why teenagers in a certain town drop out of Manila (Philippines) on a few days. While you are
school, all teenagers in that town can be your population. observing, you suddenly see an accident. Of course, the best
Identifying the population in quantitative research is very people to interview will be those who are present at the
important because when you are done with your research scene when the accident happens. You will interview them
project, you want to generalize your findings over your because they are conveniently available and accessible at
population, even if not every member of your population that time.
participated in your study.
While the most used and most preferred sampling
In QLR, the focus is on the sample. A sample is a small strategy is purposive sampling, we can use it in combination
number of research participants that you purposely select based with other types of sampling. Whatever sampling method we
on their willingness to participate in and their expertise on your decide to use, we must specifically explain why it was the best
research problem. Since you know that you cannot include option. We must also clearly outline the selection criteria.
everyone who meets your selection criteria in your research
study, you select one or a few individuals to make up the 2. Minimum Required Number of Participants
sample.
You may wonder how many people should be
included in a research study. Different QLR experts have
What is it? different answers. One of the best answers is that you stop
collecting data (for example, through interviewing people)
SAMPLING STRATEGIES IN QUALITATIVE when you reach the saturation level of your data.
RESEARCH
Data Saturation – is the stage that the researcher reaches when
the data starts being repeated. For instance, when you are
1. Some Sampling Strategies interviewing people, at a certain time, you will come to the
point where the new interviewees will tell you things that you
For the purpose of practicality, let’s talk about the major have already heard from previous interviews. When nothing
sampling used in QLR, as discussed by Merriam (2009) new comes up in your interviews, you have reached the data
saturation level, or simply put, your data is saturated. At that
• Purposive sampling or purposeful sampling – is the one point, you can stop collecting data.
commonly used in qualitative research. We don’t use
random sampling in QLR because that is peculiar to Different QLR designs have different rules. For instance, you
quantitative research. In purposive sampling, we select can conduct a case study with one to three people if you want
research participants because we believe (a) they meet our to study them so much in depth. However, you can conduct a
selection criteria, (b) they have the expertise on our research case study with a much large number of people that many
topic, and (c) are willing to share truthfully what they know. people experience.

• Snowball Sampling – is a type of sampling where you, as The table below presents the proposed number of participants
a researcher, select one or more research participants and for each design. This approximate number is based on the
ask them to recruit other participants who fit your selection source’s/author’ own extensive reading of a number of QLR
criteria. This is used usually when you do not know well the books and articles, in addition to their own experience
people that you wish to include in your research study. Once conducting QLR studies.

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 Proposed Minimum Number of Participants per Design 2. What will be the population of your study?
__________________________________________________
QLR Design Minimum Number of
__________________________________________________
Participants
__________________________________________________
1. Case Study 8
2. Ethnography 15 __________________________________________________
3. Phenomenology 8 __________________________________________________
4. Action research 10 __________________________________________________
5. Content analysis 10
3. How will you go about choosing the sample?
The proposed number of participants given above is __________________________________________________
solely based on estimates. With that minimum number of __________________________________________________
participants, you can get a data saturation level. In some cases, __________________________________________________
depending on the research problem, you may have to include __________________________________________________
more research participants. You will notice that ethnography __________________________________________________
requires more participants. This is because it deals with culture. __________________________________________________
Culture is very complex to study. In fact, 15 research __________________________________________________
participants may be enough for a full ethnographic study. That __________________________________________________
number may be enough only for a mini-ethnography, that
means, a small ethnographic study.
4. What will be your research setting? Describe it.
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
What is it? __________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
Research setting – is the physical place where you plan to
conduct your research project. It can be a school, a local __________________________________________________
community, a town, a church or mosque, a classroom, a prison __________________________________________________
or jail, a hospital or health clinic, a street, or any other place that __________________________________________________
fits best for your research setting because it helps the readers to __________________________________________________
visualize it and decide on their own whether or not the findings
of your study are applicable to them (Lune & Berg, 2017;
Neuman, 2014). You are expected to thoroughly describe your
research setting. You need to mentally walk your readers
through the research setting in such a way that your readers “can Prepared by:
see better what the researcher saw, hear better what the Ms. Lilia S. Crisostomo
researcher heard, and feel clearly what the researcher felt in that
setting” (Wa-Mbaleka, 2017, p68). It is therefore important to
Reference:
spend quite some time writing important details about the
Wa-Mbaleka S., & Gladstone K. (2018). Qualitative research
research setting that will help people understand your research
finding better. for senior high school. Cavite: Oikos Biblios Publishing House.

Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region III – Central Luzon
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF CITY OF BALANGA
BATAAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
City of Balanga, Bataan

NAME: ___________ Year &Section: ___________

ACTIVITY in PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1

Quarter 4 - Week 2, Day 1- 4

(QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS; THE

DESCRIPTION OF SAMPLE)

ACTIVITY 1:

1. Write your research study.

__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________

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 Republic of the Philippines c.) Be courteous: Would you please check . . .
Department of Education
Region III – Central Luzon d.) Keep the language simple, easy to read, and easy to
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF CITY OF BALANGA
BATAAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL respond to.
City of Balanga, Bataan
e.) Think ahead to precisely know how the data will be
processed.
NAME: ___________ Year &Section: ___________
2. Decide on format and order of items.
LECTURE in PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
Quarter 4 - Week 3, Day 1- 4 a.) Construct first draft. Make sure it's neat, clean, well
ordered, and pleasant to look at.
(Plans data collection, data gathering instrument, and
analysis procedures.) b.) Review survey item by item for precise expression,
objectivity, relevance, suitability, and probability of favorable
reception.
LECTURE
c.) Have experts review survey and give you feedback on
clarity and factor structure.

d.) Revise survey based on experts' review.

3. Administer to a pilot group.

a.) Provide a cover letter

b.) Figure out what date respondents are likely to get the
survey and set the return date a week from then.

4. Analyze responses from pilot group

What is it? -as you intend to do the actual study data and note where
unmanageable data occurs. Also conduct a factor analysis to
assess content validity.
Instrument
5. Revise survey based on review of pilot data.
The research instrument either questionnaire, test, interview,
observation schedule or rating scale must be described on how
it is being designed and used by the researcher.
Each part of the instrument must be clearly stated and Types of Validity
discussed.
If instruments have previously been used, identify previous Statistical Conclusion Validity is concerned with
studies. conclusions and results drawn from statistical analysis
Include an appendix with a copy of the instruments to be procedures.
used or the interview protocol to be followed. Also include
sample items in the description of the instrument. Construct Validity asks if the conceptual and operational
For a mailed survey, identify steps to be taken in definitions of the variables are congruent? In other words, are
administering and following up the survey to obtain a high they measuring?
response rate.
External Validity asks if the study results can be applied to
anyone other than the study sample. Application beyond the
Construction of Survey-Checklists study sample is called generalizability.

Data gathered through observations is inherently subjective. "Findings can be said to be externally invalid because [they]
To increase the objectivity of the data collected, checklists cannot be extended or applied to contexts outside those in
and/or sliding scale inventories can be used. which the research took place" (Seliger & Shohamy 1995).
Decide what factors are important to the issue under
investigation. Internal Validity is very similar to design validity. Are the
Create checklist or sliding scale items that will help keep findings reflective of reality (what the researchers are
your observations objective. studying), or are the findings the result of uncontrolled
Try to structure the collection of data in a way that it can be extraneous variables?
condensed/ collapsed/ organized to facilitate analysis.
Have experts review checklist/rating scale and give you "Findings can be said to be internally invalid because they
feedback on clarity. may have been affected by factors other than those thought to
Revise checklist/rating scale based on reviewers' comments. have caused them, or because the interpretation of the data by
the researcher is not clearly supportable" (Seliger & Shohamy
1995).
Survey-Questionnaire Construction
Data Gathering Procedure
1. Write at least five items for each factor.
>> The researcher proceeds to ask permission and approval
a.) The language must be unmistakable clear in order to elicit
from the head of the institution/ agency where the research/
responses
respondents are employed.
b.) Every item should be designed to fulfill a specific research
objective.

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The date of the administration of the instrument, the retrieval
and the return must be fully discussed/ stated.
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Treatment of Data Region III – Central Luzon
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF CITY OF BALANGA
>> The statistical tools used to answer the specific problem BATAAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
posited in chapter I must be clearly described and the formula City of Balanga, Bataan
must be illustrated and explained.

Helpful in communicating your precise intentions to the NAME: ___________ Year &Section: ___________
reader, and it helps you and the reader to evaluate these
LECTURE in PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
intentions. Quarter 4 - Week 4, Day 1- 4

(Presents written research methodology)

ACTIVITY in PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
Quarter 4 - Week 3 Day 1- 4
LECTURE
(Plans data collection, data gathering instrument, and
analysis procedures.)

ACTIVITY 1:

1. In your own understanding, what is the purpose of

“data gathering instrument” in this chapter?
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________ What is it?
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________ RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
__________________________________________________
This chapter presents the methods to be used in the
__________________________________________________
study. It also describes the subject of the study, the
__________________________________________________
instruments used and the procedure of the data gathering.
________________________________________
Research Method
Respondents of the Study
2. Why is Planning data collection important? Sampling Technique
Research Instruments
__________________________________________________ Validation of Instruments
__________________________________________________ Data Gathering Procedure
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________ Types of Research Methods
__________________________________________________
1. Action Research
__________________________________________________
>> used to develop new skills or new approaches.
__________________________________________________ >> to solve problems with direct application to the classroom
__________________________________________________ or working world setting.
__________________________________________________ >> It is practical and directly relevant to an actual situation in
________________________________________ the working world.
Examples:
An in-service training program to help train teachers to teach
3. To have a good Survey-Questionnaire, it should contain more effectively with various groups of students.
the following elements, what are those and explain each To develop an exploratory program in drug addiction
prevention in the Community Service Center of Columban
briefly?
College.
__________________________________________________ An action research on the difficulties of college students in
__________________________________________________ coping with Science and Mathematics related subjects.
__________________________________________________
2. Case and Field Study
__________________________________________________
>> can be applied by studying intensively the background,
__________________________________________________ current status, and environmental interactions of a given social
__________________________________________________ unit: an individual, group, institution, or community.
__________________________________________________ >> includes the In-depth investigations of a given entity and
__________________________________________________ examines a small number of units across a large number of
__________________________________________________ variables and conditions.
________________________________________ Examples:

5|P age
 Piaget's studies of cognitive growth among elementary school
children in Columban College Elementary Department.
An intensive field study of socio-cultural life in a remote 7. Historical
resettlement area in Zambales and Olongapo City. >>To reconstruct the past systematically and objectively by
Intensive study of birth control method practiced by parents collecting, evaluating, verifying, and synthesizing evidence to
in Balik Balik, Sta. Rita in Olongapo City. establish facts and reach defensible conclusions, often in
relation to particular hypotheses.
3. Causal-Comparative >>is rigorous, systematic, and exhaustive
>> used to investigate possible cause-and-effect relationships >>The data can be obtained from primary sources and
by observing some existing consequence and searching back secondary sources.
through the data for plausible causal factors. Examples:
>> is "ex post facto" in nature, which means the data are A study of the old practices of elementary school teachers in
collected after all the events of interest have occurred. Olongapo City and Zambales and its relevance to the modern
>> The investigator then takes one or more effects (dependent teaching.
variables) and examines the data by going back through time, Contributions of Municipal Mayors in San Marcelino,
seeking out causes, relationships, and their meanings. Zambales from the 1970’s to present.
Examples: Success and failure of X-FASTFUD store from the American
To identify factors characterizing college students having occupation to the present.
either excellent or below average grades in the major and minor
subjects, using the scholastic records and demographic profiles. 8. Quasi-Experimental
To determine the attributes of effective instructors as >>Does not allow the control and/or manipulation of all
measured by their performance evaluations and other data in relevant variables.
their personal files as well as other school-related factors. >>The researcher must clearly understand what compromises
exist in the internal and external validity of the design and
4. Correlational proceed within these limitations.
>> Used to investigate the relationship of variable X and Y. >>It involves applied settings where it is not possible to control
>> Permits the measurement of several variables and their all the relevant variables but only some of them.
interrelationships simultaneously and in a realistic setting. >>Is weak, particularly where human subjects are involved.
>> Determine the degree of relationship. Examples:
Examples: Effectiveness of three approaches to teaching Principles of
A study investigating the relationship between students Management to business students of Columban College,
learning style and their academic performances. Olongapo City.
A study to predict success in graduate school based on Effects of social problems of delinquency, smoking, and drug
intercorrelation patterns of various variables in the addiction on the academic performance of students.
undergraduate school. The teaching of Business-related subject grounded on
Multiple Intelligences Theory.
5. Descriptive
>>to describe systematically the facts and characteristics of a 9. True Experimental Research
given population or area of interest, factually and accurately. >>Can be utilized to investigate possible cause-and-effect
>>to collect detailed factual information that describes existing relationships by exposing one or more experimental groups to
phenomena. one or more treatment conditions and comparing the results to
>>to identify problems or justify current conditions and one or more control groups not receiving the treatment.
practices. >>Requires rigorous management of experimental variables
>>to make comparisons and evaluations. and conditions either by direct control/manipulation or through
>>to determine what others are doing with similar problems or randomization.
situations and benefit from their experience in making future >>Uses a control group.
plans and decisions. Examples:
Examples: Effects of two methods of teaching College Physics based on
A school survey to determine or assess the environmental class sizes and levels of student intelligence, using random
performance of elementary schools in the Division of Olongapo assignment of teachers.
City. Effects of Organic Matters on the Growth of Eggplant.
A study of the leadership and management style of business Effects of the length of time of exposure to sunlight and time
managers in some fast-food chain in Olongapo City. of the day on the production of skin cancer among students.
Professors ‘competencies in teaching business-related
courses in Columban College Inc.

6. Developmental
>>to investigate patterns and sequences of growth and/or
change as a function of time.
>>Studies some entity's development over time.
Examples:
Developmental studies directly measuring the characteristics
and rate of improvement in the oral and written communication
skills among college students based on the number of English
subjects per course in Columban College, Inc.
Trend studies designed to establish patterns of change in the
number of enrollees in the last five years in order to predict
future needs of faculty members in Columban College.

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 ACTIVITY in PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1 __________________________________________________
Quarter 4 - Week 4, Day 1- 4 __________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
(Presents written research methodology) __________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
ACTIVITY 1:
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
________________________________________.
“FACT SHEET”

Reference:

Prieto, Nelia G. Ph.D., Naval, Victoria C., DEM, Carey,

Teresita G., D.A.L.L. (2017). Practical Research for Senior
High School 1 Qualitative. Metro Manila: Lorimar
Publishing, Inc.

Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region III – Central Luzon
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF CITY OF BALANGA
BATAAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
City of Balanga, Bataan

LECTURE in PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1

Quarter 4 - Week 5-6

(Finding Answers through Data Collection)

DATA COLLECTING TECHNIQUES

Data Collection
• Is the process of gathering and measuring information on
targeted variables in an established systematic fashion,
which then enables one to answer relevant questions and
evaluate outcomes.
Instrumentation
• Refers to the whole process of preparing to collect data. It
involves not only the selection or design of the
instruments but also the procedures and the conditions
under which the instruments will be administered.

DATA COLLECTING TECHNIQUES

I. INTERVIEWS
• Interviews resemble everyday conversations, although
1. Identify what type of Research Method is being used on the they are focused on the researcher’s needs for data. They
fact sheet given. Justify your answer. also differ from everyday conversation because we are
concerned to conduct them in the most rigorous way we
__________________________________________________ can in order to ensure reliability and validity
__________________________________________________ • Aims at knowing what the respondents think and feel about
__________________________________________________ the topic of research.
__________________________________________________ • Occurs between the researcher (interviewer) & respondents
__________________________________________________ in a face to face situation, & speak directly with the
__________________________________________________ respondent (interviewee).
__________________________________________________ • On the other hand, by using electronic and technological
__________________________________________________ communication devices like the internet, mobile phones,
__________________________________________________ e-mail, etc. interview can be considered as a modern tool
of research.
________________________________________.
TYPES OF INTERVIEW

2. Analyze the given data. Then create 3 paragraph articles 1. Structured interview-requires the use of an interview
using the fact sheet provided that talks about the danger of schedule or a list of questions answerable with one and
“Cancer as a Silent Killer.” only item from a set of alternative responses. Choosing one
answer from the given set of answers, the respondents are
barred from giving answers that reflect their own thinking

7|P age
 or emotions about the topic. The researcher is completely TYPES OF QUESTIONNAIRES
pegged at the interview schedule or prepared list of
questions. a. Paper-pencil questionnaires – Can be sent to a large
2. Unstructured interview- respondents answer the questions number of people and saves the researcher time and money.
based on what they personally think and feel about it. No It could be open ended format or multiple-choice format
suggested answers (no choices); purely depend on the b. Web-based questionnaires – A new and inevitably
respondents’ decision-making skills, giving them to think growing methodology using the internet-based research.
critically about the question. The respondents will answer online questions such as the
3. Semi-Structured interview-researcher prepares a schedule use of survey monkey.
or a list of questions that is accompanied by a list of
expressions from where the respondents can pick out the
correct answer. Allowing freedom for the researcher to
change the questions and for the respondents to think their
own answers, this is a flexible and an organized type of III. OBSERVATIONS
interview ➢ Observation is a technique of gathering data whereby
you personally watch, interact, or communicate with
the subjects of your research.
APPROACHES OF INTERVIEW
TYPES OF OBSERVATION
1. INDIVIDUAL INTERVIEW- only one respondent is 1. Participant Observation
interviewed here. The reason behind this One-on-one Researcher (observer) takes part in the activities of
interview is the lack of trust the interviewees have among the individual or group being observed
themselves. Refusal of one interviewee to let other
interviewees get a notion of or hear his responses to the 2. Non-participation or structured observation
questions. ➢ Recording of non-participation observations happens
2. GROUP INTERVIEW- ask question not to one person, but through the use of a checklist or observation
to a group of people at the same time. Group members take schedule.
turns in answering the question. Used in marketing ➢ Just watch and listen do their own thing, without the
research. Also called focus group interview participation of the researcher in any of the activities
3. MEDIATED INTERVIEW- no face-to-face interview
approach because it takes place through electronic METHODS OF OBSERVATION
communication devices such as telephones, mobile phones,
email, among others. Disregards non-verbal 1. Direct observation
communications (bodily movements, gestures, facial Makes see or listen to everything that happens in the
expressions, feelings, eye contact), considers this better area of observation
because of the big number of respondents it is capable of 2. Indirect observation
reaching despite the cost, distance, and human disabilities Also called behavior archaeology because it observes
affecting the interview traces of past events to get information of behavior,
➢ Synchronous mediated interview-if talk with trait, or quality of the subject
the subjects through telephone, mobile phone, or
online chat and also find time to see each other ADVANTAGES OF OBSERVATION
➢ Asynchronous mediated interview-if only two
persons are interviewed at a different time though ➢ It uses data collection technique and data recording
the internet, email, Facebook, twitter and other method.
social network media ➢ It is inclined to realizing its objectives because it just
depends on watching and listening to the subjects
INTERVIEWING SKILLS without experiencing worries as to whether or not
• Access people will say yes or no to your observation
How are you going to gain access to the people you need activities.
to interview? ➢ It offers fresh and firsthand knowledge that will help
• Ethical issues – come out with an easy understanding and deep
Make sure the informant is not persuading or coercing reflection of the data.
people to take part. ➢ It is quite valuable in research studies about
• Bias organizations that consider the researcher a part of
Teachers or community leaders might favor the ‘high- such entity
status’ respondents, or those they think will give you the
answers you want. DISADVANTAGES OF OBSERVATION
• Setting
Remember that the place where you will do the interview ➢ It requires a long time for planning.
will have an impact on the answers that you will get. ➢ Engrossed in participating in the subjects’ activities,
Provide enough privacy to your respondent. you may eclipse or neglect the primary role of the
• Rapport research.
All qualitative researchers need to consider how they are ➢ It is prone to your hearing derogatory statements
perceived by interviewees and the effects of personal from some people in the group that will lead to your
characteristics such as ethnicity, status, gender and social biased stand toward other group members.
distance.

II. QUESTIONNAIRE INSTRUMENT

➢ Often make use of checklist and rating scales. It is
usually sent by mail, email or personally given to the ➢ Research Instruments are measurement tools
respondents. designed to obtain data on a topic of interest from
research subjects.

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 ➢ The research instrument either questionnaire, test, Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
interview, observation schedule or rating scale must
Region III – Central Luzon
be described on how it is being designed and used by SCHOOLS DIVISION OF CITY OF BALANGA
the researcher BATAAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
City of Balanga, Bataan

Survey-Questionnaire Construction
NAME: ___________ Year &Section: ___________
1. Define a clear construct; ACTIVITY in PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
2. Choose for appropriate measurement method; Quarter 4 - Week 5, Day 1- 4
3. Search, select and formulate clear items;
4. Choose scoring system carefully; (Collects data through observation and interviews)
5. Perform pilot tests in a small group of the selected
population and make sure to adapt the instrument
wherever needed; ACTIVITY 1:
6. Revise survey based on review of pilot data.

Direction: Surround with the appropriate words and phrases

Example: the expression in the middle of the graph.

DATA
COLLECTI0N
TECHNIQUES

VALIDATION OF INSTRUMENT

➢ Suggestions, corrections, and refinement of the draft must

be explained thoroughly. The different persons involved
in the correction and refinement must be mentioned.

➢ The qualities of a good research instrument are

Validity ACTIVITY 2:
• Validity is often defined as the extent to which an
instrument measures what it asserts to measure
[Blumberg et al., 2005]. Direction: Compare & Contrast the following in your own
Reliability words.
• The quality of a measurement indicating the degree
to which the measure is consistent, that is, repeated a. Structured Interview Vs. Unstructured Interview
measurements would give the same result. ______________________________________________
______________________________________________
DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE ______________________________________________
______________________________________________
➢ The researcher proceeds to ask permission and approval ______________________________________________
from the head of the institution/ agency where the ______________________________________________
research/ respondents are employed. ________________________
➢ The date of the administration of the instrument, the
b. Direct observation Vs. Indirect observation
retrieval and the return must be fully discussed/ stated
______________________________________________
PRESENTATION OF DATA ______________________________________________
______________________________________________
➢ Begin your results section with a general statement that ______________________________________________
means something to the reader. ______________________________________________
➢ The narrative portion of the section should stand on its ______________________________________________
own tables, charts and other illustrations should only ________________________
verify or elaborate points made in the text. c. Participant Observation Vs Non-Participant Observation
➢ Tell the results in words, augmented with as few numbers ______________________________________________
as possible, and refer the interested reader to the more ______________________________________________
detailed presentation in the tables and charts. ______________________________________________
➢ Highlight the trend, range of values and other interesting
______________________________________________
aspects. Do not leave the reader to sort out the figures and
______________________________________________
decide what they mean.
______________________________________________
9|P age
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region III – Central Luzon
ACTIVITY: 3 SCHOOLS DIVISION OF CITY OF BALANGA
BATAAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
City of Balanga, Bataan

Direction: Based from your proposed title or topic, make a set

of questions that you can use in making an interview. NAME: ___________ Year &Section: ___________
Question1 ACTIVITY in PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
Quarter 4 - Week 6, Day 1- 4
__________________________________________________
_______________________________________________
(Infers and explains patterns and themes from data/
Question 2 Relates the findings with pertinent literature)
__________________________________________________
_______________________________________________

Question 3 ACTIVITY: 1

__________________________________________________
_______________________________________________ Direction: Based from Conceptual Framework, write the
Research Instrument.
Question 4
Research Instrument
__________________________________________________
_______________________________________________ __________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
Question 5 __________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
ACTIVITY: 4 __________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
Direction: Prepare a questionnaire that you will use in your __________________________________________________
research study. __________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
_________________________________________
QUESTIONNAIRE

ACTIVITY: 2

Direction: Write the Validation of Instrument.

__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________

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 CONCLUSIONS
ACTIVITY: 3 Draw out a conclusion from each finding or result.
It can be done per question or you may arrange the
questions per topic or sub-topic, if there is any.
If your research is quantitative in nature, answer
Direction: Write the Data gathering procedure. directly the research question and tell if the
hypothesis is rejected or accepted based on the
__________________________________________________ findings.
__________________________________________________ The researcher must describe what he or she sees in
__________________________________________________ the data.
__________________________________________________ The researcher always refers back to the data displays
and raw data as descriptions or causal statements are
__________________________________________________
made.
__________________________________________________ Conclusions are made through the process of writing
__________________________________________________ up (describing) what is in the data.
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________ What is it?
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________ CONCLUDING THE RESEARCH PAPER
__________________________________________________ A research paper eventually comes to its end point
__________________________________________________ where all the ideas presented in the earlier parts
__________________________________________________ culminate and rationalize the findings of the study.
__________________________________________________ This last section is a very crucial part of the research
paper because it binds all the concepts presented in
__________________________________________________
the paper to point out which direction the research is
__________________________________________________
ultimately headed.
In this part, the following are resolved in the research
paper:
1. The main points of the study are restated and
summarized
Prepared by: 2. The researcher`s questions are validated by
Jinky Z. Manuntag the findings.
3. A deeper meaning of the research is
conveyed.
References: 4. A need for further investigation on the topic
is highlighted.
Clemente, R.F. and, Julaton, A.B. Research in Daily Life 1- 5. A solution to the problem is recommended.
Science in Today’s World for SHS, Sibs Publishing House, The concluding part is comprised of the summary of
Inc., findings, conclusion, and recommendations.

Applied Research: Qualitative Method: Phoenix Publishing

House
What is it?
http://support.epnet.com/knowledge_base/detail.php?id=3099

Conclusion Example 1:

Republic of the Philippines Competencies and Performance Appraisal: Bases for the
Department of Education Development of Kapampangan Principal`s Leadership
Region III – Central Luzon
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF CITY OF BALANGA Framework (Canlas, 2013)
BATAAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL The framework suggests a requirement for school
City of Balanga, Bataan leaders to develop a portfolio of leadership styles. Principals
need to be able to carry out holistic leaderships, head, heart,
NAME: ___________ Year &Section: ___________ and feet aspects or styles of leadership and adapt their
approaches to the specific context. This framework reminds
LECTURE in PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1 principal of the need to maintain balance in dealing with their
Quarter 4 - Week 7 to 8, Day 1- 4 multi-faceted life.

(Draws conclusions from patterns and themes, formulates

recommendations based on conclusions and list references)

RECOMMENDATIONS:
LECTURE Based on the findings and conclusions of the study,
recommendations serve as practical suggestions for
future research in similar fields.
They are envisioned to further improve the pertinent
What is it? variables that were the subject of the investigation
undertaken.

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 They are expressed in clear and concise terms and Republic of the Philippines
relevant to the research problems and are feasible Department of Education
implementation. Region III – Central Luzon
The general recommendations may also be stated SCHOOLS DIVISION OF CITY OF BALANGA
BATAAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH
giving suggested measures to concerned agencies, SCHOOL
institutions, or to the government that may lead City of Balanga, Bataan
towards the betterment of society in general.
The researcher`s final recommendation is addressed
to other researchers who may want to pursue similar NAME: ___________ Year &Section: ___________
studies. Moreover, suggested topics of interest or
variables are given. In the case that the qualitative LECTURE in PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
study is conducted to propose an intervention Quarter 4 - Week 7 to 8, Day 1- 4
program, the recommendation will be adapt of said
program. (The Range of Research Topics in the Area of Inquiry and
The Value of Research in the Area of Interest)

Recommendation Example 1: ACTIVITY 1:

Read the text below and provide the required information.

The level of Performance: Basis for the International Headlines 3.0: Exploring Youth-Centered
Formulation of an Academic Intervention Innovation in Global News Delivery
Program (Cristobal 2015)
With the abovementioned conclusion, an Traditionally news media must innovate to maintain
academic program to further develop the performance their ability to inform contemporary audiences. The research
of instructors in the different departments of the Saint project analyzes innovative news outlets that have the potential
Paul School of Business and Law is hereby to draw young audiences.to follow global current events. On
recommended. February 8, 2011, a Pew Research Center Poll found that 52
percent of Americans reported having heard little or nothing
about the anti-government protests in Egypt. Egyptians had
been protesting for nearly two weeks when this poll was
conducted. The lack of knowledge about the protests was not a
LIST REFERENES: result of scarce media attention. In the United States, most
The references section should appear in a new page. mainstreams TV news sources (CNN, FOX, MSNBC, ABC)
All references cited in the body of the research paper ran headline stories on the protests. Sparked by an assignment
must appear in the References section. in International Reporting) 450 class, we selected 20 innovative
The heading references is center-justified on the first news outlets to investigate whether they are likely to overcome
line below the header.
the apparent disinterest of Americans, particularly the youth, in
The entries with hanging indentions begin on the line
foreign news. Besides testing those news outlets for one week,
following the heading References. Entries begin with
the surnames of the authors and are arranged we explored the coverage and financing of these outlets, and we
alphabetically. are communicating with their editors and writers to best
THE COMPONETS OF A REFERENCE ENTRY understand how and why they publish as they do. We will
ARE AS FOLLOWS: evaluate them, following a rubric, and categorize them based on
1. Author`s name their usefulness and effectiveness
2. Year of Publication
3. Book Title Source: Sample Abstracts by University of Montana n. d.
4. Journal Title
1. Summary of Findings:
5. Place of publication
6. Publishing house a. Objective of the Study:
Example of References (APA 4th ed.1999) _______________________________________
BOOK (revised edition) _________________________________
Burns, N., & Grove, S.K. (2005). The practice of b. Nature and size of the sample:
nursing research: critique, and utilization (Rev. ed.) ____________________________________
Philadelphia: Saunders c. Locale of the study
____________________________________
d. Main problem
____________________________________
2. Conclusion (Imagine a plausible result of the study
and write a sample conclusion for it.)
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
______________________
3. Recommendations (Base your answer on your written
conclusion.)

______________________________________________
______________________________________________

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 ______________________________________________
______________________________

ACTIVITY 2:

Concluding the Research Paper

1. Proposed Research:
___________________________________________
___________________________________
2. Write the summary of Findings section of your
research paper.
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________
3. Write the conclusion section of your research paper.
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________
4. Write the recommendations section oy your research
paper.
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________

Prepared by:
JUDITH P. SANTIAGO

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