Os frontale = Antero-superior part of the skull and consists four parts:

 Squama frontalis, Pars Orbitalis, Pars Nasalis, Sinus Frontalis

Squama frontalis

 Internal: Foramen Caecum → vena emissaria to sulcus sinus sagittalis superior

External:Foramen supraorbitale → supraorbital -atery,- vein and- nerv

Pars orbitalis →Incisura ethmoidalis= in between pars orbitale and it will articulate with the
horizontal part of the ethmoidal bone →Foramen ethmoidale anterius and posterius -atery,vein and
nerv →Orbit communicates with the Endo-cranium

Pars Nasalis→ between the orbitals -articulation with the nasalbones and crista nasalis of Maxilla

Sinus frontalis→ pair cavity in the base of Squama frontalis

Septum Intersinusale frontale→ splitting wall to two sinuses(right/left)
Apertura sinus frontalis→ Opening-Sinus frontalis communicates with Nasal cavity

Os Parietale = Supero-lateral part of the skull and presents two surfaces, four margins/borders

Facies externa(convex):Foramen parietale→ vena emissaria (emissary vein)

Facies interna(concave): Sulci arteriosi, Sulcus arteriae meningae mediae

Os Occipitale = Posterior side and presents three parts related to Foramen magnum
 Pars Basilaris, Pars Lateralis, Squama Occipitalis

Foramen Magnum → vertebral arteries, medulla oblongata, spinal roots of accessory nerves

Pars lateralis → Facies externa: Fossa condylaris-canalis condylaris → Emissary vein

Canalis hypoglossi → hypoglossal nerv
Facies interna: Sulcus Sinus Sigmoidei →part of Sinus transverse

Os Temporale = infero-lateral part of the skull and presents four parts:

 Pars Petrosa, Pars Mastoidea, Pars Squamosa, Pars Tympanica

Pars Petrosa

 Facies Posterior: Porus → Meatus Acusticus Internus – At the end of Meatus the surface is split in
four by Crista Transversa and Crista Verticalis. The Antero-superior window is called Area facialis and
at the level of it Canalis Facialis → Nervi facialis starts and goes deeper into the bone → Inferior to
Eminentia arcuata we have the point- Geniculum nervi facialis-where the channel changes direction by
going vertically to be open on the inferior surface of Pars Petrosa.

Facies inferior(exocranially): Canalis caroticus →Canaliculi Caratico Tympanici-into the tympanic cavity
Fossa Jugularis → Canaliculus Mastoideus- into the pars petrosa
Fossula petrosa- between the above →Canaliculus Tympanicus
→Canaliculus Cochleaa Foramen stylo-mastoideum→
external opening of canalis facialis
Apex Partis Petrosae: →Canalis Caroticus, Near to this channel we have :
Canalis-Musculo-Tubarius→split in two by: Septum
Canlis-Musculo-Tubarii→Semi-Canalis-Musculi-Tensoris Tympani-superior half, tensor muscle
→Semi-Canalis-Musculi-Tubae Auditivae-inferior half, auditiv tuba

Pars Mastoidea = At the base/under pars petrosa

 Facies Externa: Processus Mastoideus→Cellulae Mastoideae-cells inside of proc. Mastoideus

→Antrum Mastoideum-communication between cells&tympanic cavity

Sulcus Arteriae Occipitalis→occipital artery-medially to incisura mastoidea

 Facies Interna: Sulcus Sinus Mastoidei-groove of mastoidian sinus→open foramen mastoideum.

Pars Squamosa = “The Scale”-superior to pars petrosa anterior

 Facies Cerebralis (Internal Surface)→Sulcus arteriae meningae mediae-groove of medial meningeal art

Pars Tympanica = inferiorly to Pars Squamosa & anteriorly to Pars Mastoidea

 Meatus acusticus externus-into the core of pars tympanica→ open in tympanic cavity
Sulcus tympanicus-groove wich presents the insertion line of the tympanic membrane-situated at the
internal end of Meatus acusticus externus

Os Sphenoidale = Middle of the skull and presents four parts

 Corpus ,-Ala major, - Ala minor ossis spenoidalis, Processus pterygoideus

Corpus ossis spenoidalis:

 Sinus sphenoidalis-posterior to sinus frontalis -(postero-superior to nasal cavity)

→ split in two by Septum intersinusale spenoidale
On the anterior surface facing towards the nasal cavities we have
→Crista sphenoidalis-vertically on middle of this surface and it articulates with lamina perpendicularis.
→Apertura sinus sphenoidalis- Opening situated on each side of the crest→into the spheno-ethm recess
Rostrum sphenoidalis- downward continuation of Crista sphenoidalis→articulates with Ala vomeris.

Facies posterior articulates with pars basilaris

Ala major ossis sphenoidalis = “The big wings”:

 Foramen rotundom→Maxillary nerve

 Foramen ovale → Mandibular nerve, accessory meningeal artery,
 Foramen spinosum→Middle meningeal artery, meningeal branch of the mandibular nerve

Ala minor ossis sphenoidalis = “The small wings”, superiorly to the big wings

 Canalis opticus→Optic nerve, Ophthalmic artery

Processus pterygoideus = starts from the inferior surface of the body of os sphenoidale, oriented
vertically having two lamellas(Lamina lateralis and medialis)
Os Ethmoidale = Antero-medial part of the base of the skull and it consists three parts:
 Preforated (horizontal) lamella, Lamina Cribrosa, Perpendicular (vertical) lamella- Lamina
Perpendicularis, Labiyrinthus Ethmoidalis.

Lamina Cribrosa-Inserted into incisura ethmoidalis of os frontale →Foramina

cribrosa-between the nasal cavity and anterior cranial fossa, the perforated holes for
Olfactive nerves

Lamina Perpendicularis-It extends downward from the ethmoid bone and forms the upper part of the nasal sep
→Crista galli-superior crest at the end of lam.per.
→Ala cristae galli- wings of the crest on each side of foramen caecum

Labyrinthus Etmoidalis- situated on the lateral margins of lam.crib, in between the orbital and the nasal cavities
→interiorly-cellulae ethmoidales arranged in three groups(ant,middle,post)

Facies medialis→
Meatus nasi medius-the space under concha nasalis media and presents:
→Infundibulum ethmoidalis-Narrow, oblong (rectangular) canal below concha nasalis media
and between processus incinatus and bulla ethmoidalis.It receives
the openings of sinus frontale and maxillaries and the anterior
cellulae ethmoidalis.

Bulla ethmoidalis→situated in meatus nasi medius and is an anterior elevation formed by an especially large and
wide ethmoidal air cell (cellulae ethmoidales) which compress infundibulum ethmoidalis.

Processus incinatus→hook-like oriented infero-posteriorly from os ethmoidale/under bulla ethmoidalis. It is

almost concealed by concha nasalis media and partially closes hiatus semilunaris.

Hiatus semilunaris→ In between Bulla ethmoidalis and Processus incinatus, trough this opening nasal cavity
communicates with sinus maxillaries

Os Nasale = Antero-superiorly. Between the right and the left halves of the maxilla, superior part articulates
with os frontale.
Facies interna→Sulcus ethmoidalis-groove on the under surface of os nasale. (Ethmoidal nerv)

Os Lacrimale = Anterior part of the medial wall of the orbit

Facies lateralis→

Crista lacrimalis posterior- posterior border of the entrance into canalis nasolacrimalis
→Hamulus lacrimalis-hook like lower margin of the entrance into canalis naso-lacrimalis

Sulcus lacrimalis-groove for canalis nasolacrimalis situated vertically in front of crista lacrimalis posterior
→Fossa sacci lacrimalis- is the upper dilated end of canalis naso-lacrimalis

Canalis naso-lacrimalis- Channel which will connect the Orbit and the Nasal cavity
→ the inferior continuation of fossa sacci lacrimalis
Os Concha Nasalis Inferior= curved lamella on the inferior part of the lateral wall of nasal
cavity/inferior to concha nasalis inferior
→Articulate with crista conchalis of Maxilla and Os palatinum.

Facies lateralis-concave and oriented to Sinus Maxillaris → Meatus nasi inferior-space under concha nasalis inf.

Processus-emerging from the superior margin:

→Processus lacrimalis-antero-superiorly from concha nasalis inferior-participate to the

delimitation of canalis naso-lacrimalis

→Processus ethmoidalis-postero-superiorly-it is united with processes uncinatus of os ethmoidale.

→Processus Maxillaris-oriented laterally and forms a part of the medial wall of sinus maxillaries
articulate with the inferior margin of hatius semilunaris.

Os Vomeris= forming a part of Septum nasi osseus, between os Sphenoidale, os Maxilla, os

Palatinum and lamina Perpendicularis( Ethmoidale)

→Margo Superior-split in two→Ala Vomeris articulates with Rostrum sphenoidale

→Margo Inferior-Articulation with Crista nasalis(Maxilla) and Os Palatinum
→Margo Anterior-Articulation with Lamina Perpendicularis
→Margo Posterior-Ends free

OS Palatinum= “L” shaped, forming the posterior continuation of Maxilla. It´s a component of
orbital cavity, nasal cavity and of the fossa pterygoplatina.

 Facies palatine (the inferior palatin) :

→Foramina platine minora- small holes
→Canalis platine minors-small channels in processus pyramidalis→lesser nerves & arteries-communicate with
pterygo-palatin channel

 Lamina Perpendicularis-articulates with Maxilla and Processus pterygoideus

Facies Maxillaris-the medial wall of fossa pterygo-palatina prs:

→Sulcus palatinus major-

Facies Nasalis-The nasial(medial) surface oriented to the nasal cavity

→Crista ethmoidalis-superiorly, articulate with concha nasalis media
→Crista conchalis-inferiorly, articulate with concha nasalis inferior

 Processes

Processus Orbitalis-anterior end of the superior margin of lamina perpendicularis, inferior wall of orbital cavity

Processus Sphenoidalis-posterior end of the superior margin of lamina perpendicularis, corpus ossis sphenoidalis
→Incisura spheno-palatina-in between the above, superior margin of lamina perpendicularis
→Foramen spheno-palatinum- delimited by above(inf.) and corpus ossis sphenoidalis(sup.)

Processus Pyramidalis-Process inserted into incisura pterygoidea of processes pterygoideus of Os Sphenoidale.

Os Zygomaticum= supero-lateral part of the face→interiorly-canalis zygomaticus “Y”-shaped.

Foramen zygomatico-faciale, Foramen zygomatico-temporale, Foramen zygomatico-orbitale