Chapter 3

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

This chapter features a thorough discussion of the research design and

methodology used in this study. It presents details on the research methods and

tools used in gathering relevant data and information, data sources, participants,

and formulation and validation of instruments.

Research Design

This study will use a descriptive research design in data collection. Survey

research uses surveys to gather data about varying subjects. This data aims to

know the extent to which different conditions can be obtained among these

subjects. According to McCombes (2019), descriptive research design will be

used when the researcher aims to define characteristics, frequencies, trends,

and categories and it answers the what, where, when and how questions. It will

be used in analyzing, interpreting, and obtaining information about the current

state of the event of phenomena to describe what exists with respect to

variables, conditions or a situation. Researchers will use the descriptive research

design used to obtain information and data from the participant of said research.

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Research Methodology

A semi-structured survey called: “Process-Issues for Organizing Research

in Distance Education: Interview Schedule” was used to collect data. Items

comprising the survey schedule researchers Selecting Research Areas and

Research Design Approaches in Distance Education: Process issues were

written and structured to encourage respondents to focus on particular topics on

processissues such as: selecting priority areas of research, issues related to

quantitative versus qualitative research, processes of enhancing different types

of research, and issues on selecting appropriate methodology of research in

distance education. The survey schedules also included openended questions,

so respondents could elaborate on points of interest.

Participants

The research respondents of this study were the 20 senior high school

TVL students from Libon Community College this school year 2021 – 2022. This

study will use purposive sampling to identify participants. Convenience sampling

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is defined as a method adopted by researchers where they collect market

research data from a conveniently available pool of respondents. It is the most

commonly used sampling technique as it’s incredibly prompt, uncomplicated, and

economical. In many cases, members are readily approachable to be a part of

the sample. Participants were selected because they had knowledge and

experience relevant to the current study.

Sampling Technique

The researchers will use convenience sampling as sampling technique,

convenience sampling is a type of nonprobability sampling in which people are

sampled simply because they are "convenient" sources of data for researchers.

Researchers use convenience sampling in situations where additional inputs are

not necessary for the principal research. One of the most common examples of

convenience sampling within developmental science is the use of student

volunteers as study participants. The key advantages of convenience sampling

are that it is cheap, efficient, and simple to implement. The results of the

convenience sampling cannot be generalized to the target population because of

the potential bias of the sampling technique due to under-representation of

subgroups in the sample in comparison to the population of interest. The bias of

the sample cannot be measured. Convenience sampling is allowed in

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quantitative research. Convenience sampling is prone to the challenge of

representativeness, the researcher must ensure the sample is relatively a

reflection of the population of the study.

Data gathering tools/instruments

In gathering the data, the researchers will use the survey form in which

the participants will provide their answers. This instrument will be allowed to

obtain valid responses of TVL students. Survey research is defined as "the

collection of information from a sample of individuals through their responses to

questions" (Check & Schutt, 2012, p. 160). This type of research allows for a

variety of methods to recruit participants, collect data, and utilize various

methods of instrumentation. The survey form is a list of interviewer questions.

The survey form is based on the specific questions in the problem statement the

main instrument to be used in collecting the essential information needed in this

research. The survey form will be used to collect the concrete answers of the

participants on the common challenges encountered by the participants in

distance learning modalities, the challenge of slow internet, the challenge of

financial problem, the lack of time in the module or the lack of material. need to

be used in the module. The data that the researchers will gather will serve as

information in answering the problem statement.

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Research instrument’s preparation and validation

In preparing the survey questionnaire, the researchers referred to the

reviewed relevant literature and studies as reference to generate questions. The

researchers also identified several books and other related materials. Questions

that can be answered by their prepared experiences. Researchers will ask

knowledgeable people to find out if it contains the standard of good survey

question. After the survey questionnaire is passed for validation, the final form

will be computerized. Researchers will conduct a questionnaire to test the

effectiveness of the tool. It focused on the challenges encountered in distance

learning modalities among TVL student in terms of slow internet connection,

financial problem, lack of time and lack of materials composed of twelve (12)

items for the three variables.

In administering the survey questionnaire, the researchers will use the

available time to avoid disruption to the participants and their teachers.

Researchers will follow minimum protocol and health standards.

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Statistical treatment of data

The data gathered in this study were subjected to statistical analysis.

Both descriptive and inferential statistics were utilized. According to Jansen and

Warren (2020), quantitative analysis is powered by statistical analysis methods.

There are two main “branches” of statistical methods that are used – descriptive

statistics and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics focus on describing the

sample, while inferential statistics aim to make predictions about the population,

based on the findings within the sample.

The descriptive statistical tools include:

Weighted Mean. It was used to determine the mean of students ’perceptions of

the challenges encountered in distance learning modalities related to the student,

learning-related factors, and socio-economic factors.

Frequency and Percentage. They were used to interpret the challenges

encountered in the distance learning modalities of the student-respondents. In

this column, list the percentage of the frequency. To do this, divide the frequency

by the total number of results and multiply by 100. In this case, the frequency of

the first row is 1 and the total number of results is 5. The percentage would then

be 5.0.

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Scaling and Quantification

The following question is said to have adapted a 5 point Likert's scale

there are 5 options for the respondents to choose from.

ITEMS STRONGLY AGREE NEUTRAL DISAGREE STRONGLY

AGREE DISAGREE
1. The

distance

learning

modalities

are neat

and easy to

understand.
2. Distance

learning has

helped me

to learn.
3. I finish

the module

according to

the stated

schedule.
4. I answer

the module

honestly.
5. The

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 materials

needed to

answer the

module are

sufficient.

Notes:

Ben Davis, (2021), What is descriptive research design and example,

https://www.mvorganizing.org/what-is-descriptive-research-design-and-example-

3/

Research Methodology, (2020), Purposive sampling, https://research-

methodology.net/sampling-in-primary-data-collection/purposive-sampling/

Jansen and Warren (2020), Quantitative Data Analysis 101:,

https://gradcoach.com/quantitative-data-analysis-methods/

34