Wireless Technologies for IoT (ECE 3040)

Fall (2021-2022)
Course Instructor

Dr. R.K.Mugelan
 Department of Communication Engineering
 School of Electronics Engineering
 Mail: [email protected]
 Contact: +91-80564 28833
 Cabin : SJT 511 A30

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Guidelines to be followed:
 Be on time for the class as per the schedule.
 Always have a dedicated notebook and your own
calculator to solve the numerical during the class hours.
 Stick to the deadlines for the Assignments, Quizzes and other
assessment activities.
 Be attentive and ask your doubts then and there during the
class hours.
 Feel free to share your views towards the course/topic and the
instructor regarding the content delivery.
 Let it be more of a discussion and Happy learning for all..!!

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Course Objectives

 Understand the different types of fading and diversity, and

signal propagation mechanism.

 Understand the different wireless standards (WLAN, WPAN

and WMAN) and its security

 Understand the basics of 6LoWPAN and Bluetooth Low

Energy (BLE) technology

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Course Outcomes
 CO 1: Study different types of fading and diversity.

 CO 2: Analyse different types of signal propagation mechanism and multiple

access techniques.

 CO 3: Know the characteristics of WLAN and their security issues.

 CO 4: Know the characteristics of WPAN and their security issues.

 CO 5: Study various types of wireless MAN standards

 CO 6: Comprehend the architecture and protocol stack of 6LoWPAN.

 CO 7: Comprehend basics of Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) technology.

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Modules
 Module 1: Introduction to Wireless Networking

 Module 2: Radio Communication Basics

 Module 3: Wireless LAN

 Module 4: Wireless PAN

 Module 5: Wireless MAN

 Module 6: 6LoWPAN

 Module 7: Bluetooth SMART/Bluetooth Low Energy(BLE)

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Text Books and Reference Books

 Steve Rackley, Wireless Networking Technology - From

principles to successful implementation, 2007, First Edition,
Elsevier, Science Direct.

 Jochen Schiller, Mobile Communication, 2010, Second Edition

(Reprint), Pearson Education

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Introduction to Wireless Networking
Module-1
Introduction

 Origins of radio frequency based wireless networking can be

traced back to the University of Hawaii’s ALOHANET research
project in the 1970s,

 The key events that led to wireless networking becoming one

of the fastest growing technologies of the early 21st century.
 The ratification of the IEEE 802.11 standard in 1997,
 The subsequent development of interoperability certification by the
Wi-Fi

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Introduction

 From the 1970s through the early 1990s, the growing demand
for wireless connectivity is met by

 A narrow range of expensive hardware, based on proprietary

technologies, which offered
 No interoperability of equipment from different manufacturers,
 No security mechanisms and
 Poor performance compared to the then standard 10 Mbps wired
Ethernet.

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Introduction
 The 802.11 standard stands as a major milestone in the
development of wireless networking, and
 The starting point for a strong and recognizable brand Wi-Fi.
 Various Wi-Fi variants that have emerged from the original
802.11 standard.
 Other wireless networking technologies have followed a similar
timeline

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Wireless Networking Landscape (rate vs range)

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The Diversity of Wireless Networking
Technologies

Wireless networks now operate over

 Four orders of magnitude in data rate
 (from ZigBee at 20 kbps to wireless USB at over 500 Mbps),
 Six orders of magnitude in range
 (from NFC at 5 cm to WiMAX, and also Wi-Fi, at over 50
km).

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The Diversity of Wireless Networking
Technologies

 To deliver this breadth of capabilities, researchers called into

service a remarkable range of technologies like,
 Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum – Bluetooth Radio
 Low Density Parity Check Codes - high efficiency data
transmission
 OFDM - Ultra Wideband (UWB) radio
 Multi- Carrier Code Division Multiple Access (M-CDMA)
 MIMO

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Wireless Network Logical Architecture

The logical architecture of a network refers to the structure of

standards and protocols that enable:
 Connections to be established between physical devices, or
nodes,
 Control the routing and flow of data between these nodes.

 The logical architecture of wireless networks will be described

with reference to the OSI model.

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The OSI Network Model

 The Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) model was developed

by the International Standards Organization (ISO)
 To provide a guideline for the development of standards for
interconnecting computing devices.

 The OSI model breaks down device to device connection,

or more correctly application to application connection, into
seven so-called “layers” of logically related tasks

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The Seven Layers of the OSI Model

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The OSI Model in Practice — an E-mail Example

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Network Layer Technologies

 The Internet Protocol (IP) is responsible for addressing and

routing each data packet within a session or connection set up
 Under the control of transport layer protocols such as TCP or UDP

 The heart of the Internet Protocol is the IP address, a 32-bit

number that is attached to each data packet
 Used by routing software in the network or Internet to establish the
source and destination of each packet.

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Network Layer Technologies
IP Addressing
 The 32-bit IP address is usually presented in “dot decimal”
format as a series of four decimal numbers between 0 and 255

For Example:
 200.100.50.10.This could be expanded in full binary format as
 11001000.01100100.00110010.00001010.
 Identifying a computer or other networked device, the IP
address also uniquely identifies the network that the device is
connected to.

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Network Layer Technologies
 Two parts of the IP address are known as the host ID and the
network ID.
 The network ID is important because it allows a device
transmitting a data packet to know the route to the packet’s
destination.
 For identifying the whether the destination ID is in own
network or outside, it uses two more 32-bit numbers, the
“subnet mask” and the “default gateway”.
 A device determines the network ID for a data packet
destination by a “logical AND” operation on the packet’s
destination IP address and its own subnet mask.

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Network Layer Technologies
Local and Remote IP Addresses

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Network Layer Technologies

Private IP Addresses
 Private IP addresses for use within networks that did not
require Internet connectivity.
 These private addresses were intended to conserve IP address
space by enabling many organizations towards IP reuse.
 In this situation it did not matter that a computer had an IP
address that was not globally unique, provided that that
computer did not need to communicate via the Internet.

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Network Layer Technologies
Private IP Address Ranges

Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6)

 With 32 bits, a total of 232 or 4.29 billion IP addresses are
possible. – which is not sufficient now
 The industry is now working on IP version 6, which will give
128-bit IP addresses based on the thinking that a world
population of 10 billion by 2020.

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Data Link Layer Technologies

 The Data Link layer is divided into two sub-layers — Logical

Link Control (LLC) and Media Access Control (MAC).
 From the Data Link layer down, data packets are addressed
using MAC addresses
 To identify the specific physical devices that are the source and
destination of packets, rather than
 The IP addresses, URLs or domain names used by the higher OSI
layers.

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Data Link Layer Technologies
Logical Link Control

 Logical Link Control (LLC) is the upper sub-layer of the Data

Link layer

 Most commonly defined by the IEEE 802.2 standard.

 It provides an interface that enables the Network layer to
work with any type of Media Access Control layer.

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Data Link Layer Technologies

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Data Link Layer Technologies
 A frame produced by the LLC and passed down to the MAC
layer is called an LLC Protocol Data Unit (LPDU), and
 The LLC layer manages the transmission of LPDUs between
the Link Layer Service Access Points of the source and
destination devices.

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Data Link Layer Technologies
 The LLC layer defines connectionless (Type 1) and connection
oriented (Type 2) communication services
 And, in the latter case, the receiving LLC layer keeps track of
the sequence of received LPDUs.
 If an LPDU is lost in transit or incorrectly received, the
destination LLC requests the source to restart the
transmission at the last received LPDU.
 The LLC passes LPDUs down to the MAC layer at a logical
connection point known as the MAC Service Access Point
(MAC SAP).
 The LPDU is then called a MAC Service Data Unit (MSDU)
and becomes the data payload for the MAC layer.

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Data Link Layer Technologies
Media Access Control
 The second sub-layer of the Data Link layer controls how and
when a device is allowed to access the PHY layer to transmit
data.

MAC Addressing
 A receiving device needs to be able to identify those data
packets transmitted on the network medium that are intended
for it.
 This is achieved using MAC addresses.

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Data Link Layer Technologies
 Every network adapter, is assigned a unique serial number
called its MAC address when it is manufactured.
 The Ethernet address is the most common form of MAC
address.
 It consists of six bytes, usually displayed in hexadecimal, such as
00-D0-59-FE-CD-38.
 The first three bytes are the manufacturer’s code (00-D0-59 in
this case is Intel) and
 The remaining three are the unique serial number of the
adapter.

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Data Link Layer Technologies
 The Application layer request comes down to the MAC SAP as
an MSDU.
 The MSDU is extended with a MAC header that includes the
MAC address of the source device’s network adapter.
 When the requested data is transmitted back onto the
network, the original source address becomes the new
destination address and
 The network adapter of the original requesting device will
detect packets with its MAC address in the header, completing
the round trip.

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Data Link Layer Technologies
 MAC Frame structure

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Data Link Layer Technologies
 Elements of the 802.11 MPDU Frame Structure

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Data Link Layer Technologies
Media Access Control
 If two devices transmit at the same time on a network’s shared
medium,
 The two signals will interfere and the result will be unusable to both
devices.
 Access to the shared medium therefore needs to be actively
managed
 To ensure that the available bandwidth is not wasted through repeated
collisions of this type.
 This is the main task of the MAC layer.

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Data Link Layer Technologies
CSMA/CA-Carrier Sense Multiple Access/ Collision Avoidance.
 It is a network protocol for transmission.
 This protocol is effective before the collision.
CSMA/CD - Carrier Sense Multiple Access/ Collision
Detection.
 In this protocol, each station senses the collision by broadcast
sensing.
 In case of collision, the transmission is stopped and they send a
jam signal and then wait for a random time context before
retransmission.

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Data Link Layer Technologies
CSMA/CD – wired network

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Data Link Layer Technologies
CSMA/CA – wireless network

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Data Link Layer Technologies
Sr.
Key CSMA/CA CSMA/CD
No
CSMA/CA is effective before a CSMA/CD is effective after a
1 Effectiveness
collision. collision.
Network CSMA/CA is generally used in CSMA/CD is generally used in
2
Type wireless networks. wired networks.
Recovery CSMA/CA minimizes the risk of CSMA/CD reduces recovery
3
Time collision. time.
CSMA/CA initially transmits the
CSMA/CD resends the data
Conflict intent to send the data, once an
4 frame in case a conflict occurs
Management acknowledgment is received, the
during transmission.
sender sends the data.
IEEE CSMA/CA is part of the IEEE CSMA/CD is part of the IEEE
5
Standards 802.11 standard. 802.3 standard.
CSMA/CA is similar in efficiency CSMA/CD is more efficient than
6 Efficiency
as CSMA. CSMA.
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Physical Layer Technologies
 When the MPDU is passed down to the PHY layer, it is
processed by the PHY Layer Convergence Procedure (PLCP).
 Then it receives a preamble and header, which depend on the
specific type of PHY layer in use.
 The PLCP preamble contains a string of bits that enables a
receiver to synchronize its demodulator to the incoming signal
timing.
 The assembled PLCP Protocol Data Unit (PPDU) is passed to
the Physical Medium Dependent (PMD) sublayer
 Which transmits the PPDU over the physical medium.

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Physical Layer Technologies — Wired
Networks

 Most networks that use wireless technology will also have

some associated wired networking elements,
 Perhaps an Ethernet link to a wireless access point,
 A device-to-device FireWire or USB connection,
 An ISDN based Internet connection.

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Physical Layer Technologies — Wired
Networks
Ethernet (IEEE 802.3)
 The first of these, Ethernet, is a Data Link layer LAN
technology
 First developed by Xerox and defined by the IEEE 802.3
standard.
 Ethernet uses Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision
Detection (CSMA/CD).
 Ethernet variants are known as “A” Base-“B” networks, where
“A” stands for the speed in Mbps and “B” identifies the type of
physical medium

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Physical Layer Technologies — Wired
Networks
 10 Base-T is the standard Ethernet, running at 10 Mbps and
using,
 An unshielded twisted-pair copper wire (UTP), with a
maximum distance of 500 metres.
 100 Base-T, or Fast Ethernet operates at 100 Mbps with a
range of 205 metres and is compatible with 10 Base-T.
 100 Base-TX, which is a higher-grade twisted-pair,
 100 Base-FX, which is a two strand fibre-optic cable. Faster
speeds to 1 Gbps or 10 Gbps are also available.

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Physical Layer Technologies — Wired
Networks
ISDN
 ISDN, which stands for Integrated Services Digital Network,
 Allows voice and data to be transmitted simultaneously over a
single pair of telephone wires.
 Two basic types of ISDN service are defined — Basic Rate
Interface (BRI) and Primary Rate Interface (PRI).
 ISDN carries voice and user data streams on “bearer” (B)
channels, typically occupying a bandwidth of 64 kbps.
 Control data streams on “demand” (D) channels, with a 16
kbps or 64 kbps bandwidth depending on the service type.

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Physical Layer Technologies — Wired
Networks

 BRI provides two 64 kbps B channels, which can be used to

make two simultaneous voice or data connections or can be
combined into one 128 kbps connection.
 While the B channels carry voice and user data transmission,
 The D channel is used to carry Data Link and Network layer
control information.

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Physical Layer Technologies — Wired
Networks
FireWire
 FireWire, also known as IEEE 1394 or i.Link, was developed by
Apple Computer Inc. in the mid-1990s.
 At that time it provided a 100 Mbps data rate, well above the
Universal Serial Bus (USB) speed of 12 Mbps.
 The standard data rate is 400 Mbps, although a faster version is
also available delivering 800 Mbps and with plans for 3.2 Gbps.
 Range can be extended up to 72 metres using signal repeaters
in a 16-link daisy chain.
 FireWire to fibre transceivers are also available that replace the
copper cable by optical fibre and can extend range to 40 km.
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Physical Layer Technologies — Wired
Networks

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Physical Layer Technologies — Wired
Networks
Universal Serial Bus
 The Universal Serial Bus (USB) was introduced in the mid-
1990s
 To provide a hot-swappable “plug-and-play” interface that
would replace different types of peripheral interfaces for
devices such as joysticks, scanners, keyboards and printers.
 The maximum bandwidth of USB 1.0 was 12 Mbps,
 But this has since increased to a FireWire matching 480 Mbps
with USB 2.0.

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Physical Layer Technologies — Wired
Networks

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Physical Layer Technologies — Wireless
Networks
Wireless LAN Devices
Wireless Network Interface Cards
 The wireless network interface card (NIC) turns a device such
as a PDA, laptop or desktop computer into a wireless station
 It enables the device to communicate with other stations in a
peer-to-peer network or with an access point.
 Wireless NICs are available in a variety of form factors:
 PC (Type II PCMCIA) and PCI cards,
 External USB devices and USB dongles, or compact flash for PDAs.

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Physical Layer Technologies — Wireless
Networks

A Variety of Wireless NIC Forms (courtesy of Belkin

Corporation, D-Link (Europe) Ltd. and Linksys (a division of Cisco
Systems Inc.))
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Physical Layer Technologies — Wireless
Networks
Wireless LAN Antennas
Traditional Fixed Gain Antennas
 Antennas for 802.11b and 11g networks, operating in the 2.4
GHz ISM band.
 The key features that dictate the choice of antenna for a
particular application are gain (measured in dBi), angular
beamwidth (measured in degrees).
 The most common WLAN antenna, standard in all NICs:
 Omnidirectional antenna, which has a gain in the range from 0
to 7 dBi
 Beamwidth, perpendicular to the antenna axis, of a full 360°.

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Physical Layer Technologies — Wireless
Networks

Wireless LAN Antenna Types (courtesy of D-Link (Europe) Ltd.)

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Physical Layer Technologies — Wireless
Networks
 Typical Wireless LAN Antenna Parameters for 2.4 GHz
Operation

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Physical Layer Technologies — Wireless
Networks
 Smart Antenna
 It allows multiple nodes to transmit simultaneously, significantly
increasing network throughput.
 There are two varieties of smart antenna — switched beam and
adaptive array.
 A switched beam antenna consists of an array of antenna elements
 Each having a predefined beam pattern with a narrow main lobe and small
sidelobes.
 Switching between beams allows one array element to be selected
that
 Provides the best gain in the direction of a target node,
 Or the lowest gain towards an interfering source.

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Physical Layer Technologies — Wireless
Networks
 Beam Pattern of a Six Element Switched Beam Array

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Physical Layer Technologies — Wireless
Networks
 Adaptive beams or beam-forming antennas consist of two or
more antenna elements in an array and a so-called beam-
forming algorithm.
 Which assigns a specific gain and phase shift to the signal sent
to or received from each antenna element.
 The result is an adjustable radiation pattern which steers the
main lobe of the beam in the desired direction.
 The adaptive beam antenna can also place a “null” or zero gain
point in the direction of a source of interference.
 Because the gain and phase shift applied to individual array
elements is under real-time software control.

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Physical Layer Technologies — Wireless
Networks
 Adaptive Beam Antenna

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Physical Layer Technologies — Wireless
Networks
 Wireless PAN Devices
 Bluetooth Devices

A Variety of Bluetooth Devices (courtesy of Belkin Corporation,

D-Link (Europe) Ltd., Linksys (a division of Cisco Systems Inc.) and Zoom
Technologies, Inc.)
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Physical Layer Technologies — Wireless
Networks
 Bluetooth Devices and Features

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Physical Layer Technologies — Wireless
Networks
 Bluetooth Devices and Features

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Physical Layer Technologies — Wireless
Networks
 ZigBee Devices: an emerging low data rate, very low power,
wireless networking technology

A Variety of ZigBee Devices (courtesy of Cirronet Inc.)

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Physical Layer Technologies — Wireless
Networks
 ZigBee Devices and Features

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Physical Layer Technologies — Wireless
Networks
Wireless PAN antennas
 Since PAN operating range is generally under ten metres,
 Bluetooth and other PAN devices will typically use simple
integrated omnidirectional antennas.
 Bluetooth that share the 2.4 GHz ISM radio band with
802.11b/g WLANs,
 Uses the wide range of external WLAN antennas to enable
PAN devices to be operated with extended range.

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Physical Layer Technologies — Wireless
Networks
Wireless MAN Devices
 wireless MAN devices have serviced only fixed point-to-point
and point to multi-point topologies,
 Requiring in essence only two device types, the base station
and the client station.
Fixed Wireless MAN Devices
 Wireless networking devices for fixed wireless MAN
applications, essentially for last mile broadband Internet access,
fall into two categories —
 Base station equipment and customer premises equipment
(CPE).
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 Physical Layer Technologies — Wireless
Networks

Micro and Macro WMAN Base Station Equipment (courtesy of Aperto Networks Inc.)

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Physical Layer Technologies — Wireless
Networks

Fixed Wireless MAN CPE Equipment (courtesy of Aperto Networks Inc.)

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Physical Layer Technologies — Wireless
Networks
 Wireless MAN Devices and Features

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Physical Layer Technologies — Wireless
Networks
 Fixed Wireless MAN Antennas
 The general types of antennas summarized earlier for LANs
are equally applicable to MAN installations

 Factors Determining Wireless MAN Antenna Choice

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Physical Layer Technologies — Wireless
Networks

 Factors Determining Wireless MAN Antenna Choice

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Physical Layer Technologies — Wireless
Networks
 WMAN Base Station Sector Antenna Configuration

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Physical Layer Technologies — Wireless
Networks
 Mobile Wireless MAN Devices
 The first implementation of mobile wireless MAN services and
devices, delivering broadband Internet access to the user on
the move,
 Has been in the South Korean market, driven by the rapid
development of the WiBro standard.
 The form factor for devices to deliver mobile Internet services
reflects the need to combine telephony and PDA capabilities —
 A larger screen and QWERTY input to overcome the limitations
experienced with WAP phones.

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Physical Layer Technologies — Wireless
Networks

Wireless MAN Enabled Phones (courtesy of Samsung Electronics)

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Wired Network Topologies
 The topology of a wired network refers to the physical
configuration of links between networked devices or nodes.
 The building block from which different topologies are
constructed is the simple point-to-point wired link between
two nodes

Point-to-point, Bus and Ring Topologies

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Wired Network Topologies
 For the ring topology, there are two possible variants
depending on whether the inter-node links are simplex (one-
way) or duplex (two-way).
 Bus and ring topologies are susceptible to single-point failures,
 Where a single broken link can isolate sections of a bus
network or halt all traffic in the case of a ring.
 A specialised network hardware node is designed to control
the flow of data between other networked devices.
 The simplest of these is the passive hub, which is the central
connection point for LAN

2 Dr. R.K.Mugelan, Asst. Prof. (Sr), SENSE, VIT

Wired Network Topologies
 An active hub, also known as a repeater, is a variety of passive
hub that also amplifies the data signal over long network
connections.
 For some PAN technologies, such as USB, star and tree
topologies can be built without the need for specialized
hardware.

Star and Tree Topologies

3 Dr. R.K.Mugelan, Asst. Prof. (Sr), SENSE, VIT
Wired Network Topologies

 An active or passive hub in a star topology LAN transmits

every received data packet to every connected device.
 Each device checks every packet and decodes those identified
by the device’s MAC address.
 The disadvantage of this arrangement is that the bandwidth of
the network is shared among all devices,

4 Dr. R.K.Mugelan, Asst. Prof. (Sr), SENSE, VIT

Wired Network Topologies
 A Passive Hub in a Physical Star Network

5 Dr. R.K.Mugelan, Asst. Prof. (Sr), SENSE, VIT

Wired Network Topologies
 A switching hub (or simply a switch) overcomes this bandwidth
sharing limitation by only transmitting a data packet to the
device to which it is addressed.

Switching Hub in Physical Star Network.

6 Dr. R.K.Mugelan, Asst. Prof. (Sr), SENSE, VIT
Wireless Network Topologies
Point to Point Connections
 The simple point to point connection is probably more
common in wireless than in wired networks.
 It can be found in a wide variety of different wireless situations,
such as:
1. Peer-to-peer or ad-hoc Wi-Fi connections
2. Wireless MAN back-haul provision
3. LAN wireless bridging
4. Bluetooth
5. IrDA

7 Dr. R.K.Mugelan, Asst. Prof. (Sr), SENSE, VIT

Wireless Network Topologies
Star Topologies in Wireless Networks
 In wireless networks the node at the center of a star topology
 Whether it is a WiMAX base station, Wi-Fi access point, Bluetooth
Master device or a ZigBee PAN coordinator,
 Plays a similar role to the hub in a wired network.

Star Topologies in Wireless Networks

8 Dr. R.K.Mugelan, Asst. Prof. (Sr), SENSE, VIT
Wireless Network Topologies
A Tree Topology Using a Wireless Access Point Switch

9 Dr. R.K.Mugelan, Asst. Prof. (Sr), SENSE, VIT

Wireless Network Topologies
 Base stations or access point devices are able to spatially
separate individual stations or groups of stations using sector
or array antennas.
Switched Star Wireless MAN Topology

10 Dr. R.K.Mugelan, Asst. Prof. (Sr), SENSE, VIT

Wireless Network Topologies
Mesh Networks
 Mesh networks, also known as mobile ad hoc networks
(MANETs), are
 Local or metropolitan area networks in which nodes are
mobile and communicate directly with adjacent nodes.
 The topology of a mesh, can be constantly changing, as nodes
enter and leave the network, and
 Data packets are forwarded from node-to-node towards their
destination in a process called hopping.

11 Dr. R.K.Mugelan, Asst. Prof. (Sr), SENSE, VIT

Wireless Network Topologies

Mesh Network Topology

12 Dr. R.K.Mugelan, Asst. Prof. (Sr), SENSE, VIT

Wireless Network Topologies
 This distributed control and continuous reconfiguration allows
for rapid re-routing around
 Overloaded, unreliable or broken paths,
 Allowing mesh networks to be self-healing and very reliable,
provided that
 The density of nodes is sufficiently high to allow alternative paths.
 Mesh networks face several additional technical challenges:
 Wireless link reliability
 Seamless roaming
 Security

13 Dr. R.K.Mugelan, Asst. Prof. (Sr), SENSE, VIT

Summary
 Introduction

 OSI Model

 Network Layer technologies

 Data Link Layer technologies

 Physical Layer technologies

 Network Topologies

14 Dr. R.K.Mugelan, Asst. Prof. (Sr), SENSE, VIT