1 Complete this sentence in any way you can. ‘The town where | was bons / has. Share the information with the class. ernie 1. Weuse who, that, which and where to join sentences Look at these sentences, | met aman. He's from my town | met aman who from my town, | bought a house. t's in Market Steet. | bought house which/that is in Market Street. ‘The hotel was very comfortable. We stayed init. The hotel where we stayed was very comfortable. 2. Who, which, that, and where are relative pronouns. Complete the rules with a relative pronoun, : {sfor people epee a is for things. + ____isfor places 2 Join the sentences with the correct relative pronoun, 1 There’ the boy. He broke the window. 2 That’ the palace. The Queen lives there. 3. There are the policemen. They caught the thief. 4 I bought a watch. It stopped after two days. 5 Here are the letters. They arrived this morning. 6 That’ the hospital. I was born init. 3 Look at the pictures of Pittsburgh. What do you learn about the town from them? Read the text and complete it with who, which/that, or where, Answer the questions. 1 Where is the town? 2. How many bridges are there? 3 Who is the city named after? 4. What was it like 50 years ago? 5 What isit like now? 6 Which artists come from Pittsburgh? 7 What are the people like? 4 Write a similar description of your hometown in about 200 words. First write some notes about it. + Where sit? + WhatSits history? + What it ike now? Next write some personal opinions. + Doyoulikeit? —» Why?/Why not? 5. Read some descriptions aloud and compare your towns. HO Writing Unit 6 THE TOWN WHERE I WAS BORN | was born in Pittsburgh, the second largest city in Pennsylvania, USA, with a population of about 2.4 milion Pittsburgh lies on the banks of three rivers (1) that are crossed by over 400 bridges. The city isnamed after Wiliam Pit, (2) was the Prime Minister of Britain in the 1700s. Itis sometimes called “The City of Bridges. Fifty years ago, Pittsburgh was a thriving, industrial town. It had dozens of factories (3). produced iron and steel. However, in the 1970s and 80s the steel mils closed and the city suffered badly. Streets, (4) once people hurried to work, became deserted and dangerous. However, today, alot of these streets are thriving again with theatres, shops, and restaurants. Pittsburgh is surrounded by hills from (5) you can enjoy great views ofthe city, views (6) hhave inspired many artists, such as Linda Barnicott, who painted My Home Town. The museums display the work of many local artists, including Andy Warhol, (7) ‘was born and raised in Pittsburgh. The city is now named one ofthe World's Most Liveable Cities: moved away ten years ago, but|often return. miss the tough, friendly people, (8) have lived through good times and bad. They make me proud to call Pittsburgh my hometown. Linda Barnicott’s My Home Town> UNIT 7_ABIOGRAPHY — Ordering paragraphs: Two Kennedys 1 Write down the names of any famous families you know. Share your ideas with the class. Why are they famous? 2 What do you know about John F. Kennedy? Discuss with a partner. 3. Read the seven paragraphs about John F. Kennedy. Work together to put the paragraphs in the correct order. Which words helped you decide the order? << p60 THE LIFE OFA qe 1 John F. Kennedy 1917-1963 EL_| this was a huge tragedy for toseph Sr whohad wanted Nis fst son to become president. He now tumed his attention tots second son John John wanted to please hs father andin igsze was elected tothe US Senate EIT us President John Fitzgerald Kennedy (FK’) was born on ‘May 29,1977 He was the second of nine children ina wealthy and powerful American family His father, Joseph, was the US ambassador to Britain, and his grandfather was the mayor of | Boston. Despite allthe money and fame, Johns life was nat easy |_| The fotowing year John joined the Navy and fought in World War ll He almost died when his boat sankn 1943 Then, in 944, his cler brother, Joseph I, was tagiallykled ina ralitary plane crash, ‘As a child he was often sick and had to miss months of school. However, he was a clever and popular student. His high school classmates voted him ‘Most likely to become President’! He graduated from Harvard University in 1940, * FE_| However, even as President, tragedy continued to follow JFK. In August, 1963, his son, Patrick, died two days after birt. ‘And on November 22, 1963, John F. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas. The nation was shocked, and even ‘today millions of Americans remember what ‘they were doing on that day. ‘Around the time of John Jr’s birth, JFK became President. He was a popular, ‘young leader during an important time in ‘American history. Events during his presidency included the Cuban Missile Crisis, the building of the Berlin Wall, and ‘the beginning of the Space Race. EZ_| year later, in 1953 he married Jacqueline Bouvier. In another tragedy, their first child died at birth in 1956. However, the couple had a daughter, Caroline, in 1957. In 1960, they had a son, Joh sti 4 Read the notes about the life of John F. Kennedy's daughter, Caroline, Use the information to write her biography. 2 Caroline Kennedy/Sclossberg 1957— ¥ Born: November 27,1957 ... only surviving child of President John F. Kennedy. Brother John Fk Jt. born 1960. 1 Aged just 5 in 1963 her father assassinated in After father’s death, moved from Washington to New York City with mother. Grew up there. ¥ 1968, uncle, Robert F Kennedy, also assassinated. ¥ Later in 1968, mother remarried ~ Greek billionaire Aristotle Onassis. ¥¥ Another uncle, Ted Kennedy, almost died in a car crash in 1969, ‘¥1979 graduated, Harvard University. '¥ 1980 started work in the film and TV department of The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Met her hhusband there, ‘¥ Married Edwin Schlossberg in 1986, '¥ Three children, Still ives in New York City. ‘¥ Her mother died in 1994, age 64. ‘¥ Has had many tragedies in her life. May 19th, 1999, brother John Jr. and his wife, Carolyn, died ina flying accident, '¥ 2008 worked with Barack Obama in the US presidential election campaign, co 5. Research information about a famous person (living or dead) that interests you. Make notes and write a biography. Writing Unit?» UNIT 8 LETTERS AND EMAILS — Formal and informal expressions 1 Work with a partner. Discuss which beginnings can go with whi Which are formal? Which are informal? Ltn ee ary Lovet, | 2 losanlsoftoe any rornrsatn |? lca 3 Hello Cathy, forma 4 Dear Sir or Madam, bse foci Sam 5 Destine, e Yours faithfully, Daniel Miles " f Yours é save Yours sincerely, Kay Macey 8 Best wishes, Dave 2 Look at the online advertisement for a school. Where is the school? What can you study there? Who do you contact? ‘ThesSchool | AboutYork | Courses | Fees | Accommodation YORK HOUSE schoo! or Engtish Welcome to our school ‘We are one ofthe UK's most successful language schools. We welcome student from over 100 countries around the world tocone of Britain's most beautiful cities, We offer quality English courses including General English, English for Business, and Examination preparation Ourcontact details Deborah Knight Principal) Phone: +44 0) 1904 973694 York House School of English Fax:+44 (0)1904973253, 55-57 MarogateRoad——_syechouseofyork cou ‘York, YOT SNU ei prerou United kingdom We look fraud to hearing rom you Writing Unit 8 endings. More than one is sometimes possible. A formal letter 3. Read the formal letter. Complete it with words or phrases from the box. frequently advertisement interested in sincerely tohearing Some information _appicationform _toimprove Via Morgagni 90, 1-00161 Rome, Italy Tel: +39 06 441119708 29th March Deborah Knight, Principal York House School of English 55-57 Harrogate Rd York, YOISNU, Dear Ms Knight, | saw your! for English classes on your website and | am coming to your school this summer. | studied English for six years at school and | have touse English» inmy job. “ now feel that it is necessary to study further. | would especially like s ‘my pronunciation, Please could you send me more information about your courses, and an* ?Iwould also like about accommodation. look forward * from you as soon as possible Yours * x Gianna Lombardo Gianna Lombardo 4 Look at the different parts of the letter. Compare with formal letters in your country. ‘Are the names, addresses, and the date in the same place? Do you have many different greetings and endings for formal and informal letters and emails?<< p65 Your address The date Name and address of who you are writing to Greeting Introduction ‘Main parts. Conclusion Signature An informal email 5. Match these lines from an informal email and a formal letter. It was great to hear from you. Please find enclosed a photocopy of. Thanks for... L apologize for... I want to ask about. ‘Thank you for your letter of Ist November Im sorry about... Ifyou require further assistance... Tim sorry to have to tellyou that... I egret to inform you that. Tim sending you acopy of. I would like to enquire about I youneed any more help, . Thank you for... 6 Read Gianna’s email to her English friend, Steve. Compare it with her letter to the school, 1 How does she express the highlighted lines from the email more formally in the letter? 2 What other informal words and phrases are in the email? Sat, 21May 07:50:28 -0700 (PDT) *Gianna Lombardo * [email protected] Coming to England Hi Steve, Just to let you know that im thinking of coming to England this summer. You know | have to Use English a lot in my new job, so | want (need!) some extra lessons, especially for my pronunciation — as you are always telling me | should try to improve this! Anyway, | saw an interesting ad on the Internet for a school in York. Isn't that quite near you? (love to visit you while 'm there, Can't wait te hear ffom you. See you soon I hope. Love 7 Write a similar formal letter about yourself to the school in York. ‘Then write an informal email to an English friend and tell them about it.> UNIT 9 WRITING ABOUT A BOOK ORA FILM — Referring back in a text 1 What films are popular at the moment? Which have you seen? Complete these sentences, Then talk to a partner about i. + Thelastflm saw was + Itstarred + tewas about + relly enjoyed/didn' enjoy it because 2 Read the paragraph below. What do the words in bold refer to? [saw a really good film last week. tt was alhorror movie. | went with two friends They didnt enjoy tata. They said the acting was terrible. That surprised me because I thought it was excellent. My parents rarely goto the cinema This is because they wait unt the fim comes out ‘on DVD and then they watch t at home. 3 Have you heard of Frankenstein? Discuss these questions as a class. 1 Is Frankenstein a book or a film? Or both? 2 What kind of story is it? Is it ..? + a detective story + science fiction story + ahorror story 3. Who or what is Frankenstein? Is he ...? + adoctor + ascientist + amonster + astudent 4 What happens in the story? 5 Does it have a happy ending? 4 Read the review of the novel, Frankenstein. Check your answers to exercise 3. 5. Read the review again. What do the words in bold refer to? 6 Look at these headings. Find the information in the review of Frankenstein. + characters + theplot + title and author + type of book fm Make some notes under the same headings about a book or film that you have read or seen recently. Then write a short review. Read it aloud to the class and answer questions. 14 Writing Unit 9 he story of Frankenstein is famous all over the world, Written in 1818 by Mary Shelley, the wife of the English poet P B Shelley it was immediately very popular, It a horror story, and many people say It Is the original science-fiction novel. However, they often think that Frankenstein is the name of the monster In thi fi ime of the sefentist who created it mn about Victor Frankenstein, a scientist from Geneva who has discovered the secret of life and decided to make a human being. So, at night he visits graveyards and collects bones and bodies. With these he creates a person who Is more monster than man. The monster is huge and ugly, but also intelligent, Of course when people see it they are terrified and as a result the poor monster ils and feels lonely and depressed. Finally, tt asks inkenstein to make it a wile, This he refuses to do. So the monster attacks and kills not only Frankenstein's bride, Elizabeth, but algo his brother, and a friend, The scientist is heartbroken ‘and now wants to kill the monster. He chases It aeross the worl. However, he dies when they meet in the Arctic and the monster then kills Itself There are over 40 movies which tell the story of Frankenstetn, the first as long ago as 1910, Ibis a fascinating tale because of the complex character of the monster, which is both sad and frightening at the same time. << p77> UNIT 10 DISCUSSING PROS AND CONS - Social networking sites 44 p82 1 Do you use any social networking sites such as Facebook? 3 Now read the text. What is the purpose of Write down three things you like and three things you don't like each paragraph? about them. Compare your ideas with the class. , 4 Put the linking words on the right into the 2 Read these notes. How many of your ideas are here? What do correct place on each line, Sometimes you you think are the most important pros and cons? will need to change the punctuation, 5. What ideas can you add to the text? ‘Advantages of Facebook Disadvantages of Facebook pee 7 . ea 6 Make notes about the advantages and You can: feed vat eequ on te disadvantages of one of these topics. + Yep in tou wih fend iio or anied ean “Then write a text similar to the one below + keep family up to date * friends and family find out too ‘+ themobile phone +» Google « television aides tnuch about your private life + communicate with friends at any time you want share en + tagged in picture that you doit Yes want others to see + bearing about boring events in friends tives + share favourite music and videos + wasting tine on Factbook = * spin group at inert you can become abdited + advertise yourself and your work BUCO C nC ei Social networking sites, such as Facebook, have many advantages. They are | clearly, Fist ofall ‘an excellent way of keeping in touch with people in your life, friends and family. | both, ‘They are a great way of finding old friends. You can communicate with these and, Also people at any time you want and in many ways, you can share your photos, for example your favourite music and videos with them. You can join groups with similar ‘Another advantage is that interests to yourself, sports, hobbies, and your work, suchas, Social networking sites have many disadvantages. You are often flooded with However also, Firstly, requests from unknown or unwanted ‘friends, Friends and family may find Secondly, ‘out too much about your private life and you may hear about boring events what is more, in their lives. You can be tagged in pictures that you don't want others to see also, ‘The biggest problem is that you can waste too much time on Facebook. Some Finally, perhaps people can become addicted to it. even Social networking sites are definitely here to stay. They are now one of Despite the disadvantages, ‘the main means of communication worldwide. We can't imagine our The factis that lives without them, Writing Unit 10. 115» UNIT 11 FILLING IN FORMS — Enrolling at a language school << p39 1 When do you fill in forms? Give some examples. 3. Follow these instructions. Write about you 1 Write your name in capital letters. 2. Match the expressions and questions. 2 Sex. Circle F or M. 1 Fist name a Are you marred or single? 3 Delete where not applicable. (Mr/Mrs/Miss/Ms) 2 Sumame b What do you do in your free time? 4 Date of birth, (dd/mm/yyyy) 3 Date of birth © What are your home and mobile 5 Phone no. including country code, 7 tamottate phone numbers? 6 Write your postcode. 4 Whats your first name? 7 Signature. 5 Permanent address. | What do you do? 6 Marital status f Where were you born? 4 Complete the form. 7 Occupation ig When were you born? 8 Qualifications | B Whats your fay name? Hothiesncerets| | What dares diplomas, certificates etc. do you have? Dries i Where do you lve? anise of English PLEASE WRITE IN CAPITAL LETTERS Mr/Mrs/Ms* Family name First name sex Date of birth Nationality First language Level of English ‘Address in your country Occupation Email address Emergency contact & relationship to student ‘Type of accommodation required: homestay/hoste/student residence/other* (If other please specify) Dietary requirements (if any) Any medical conditions we should be aware of Where did you hear about the school? Date of arrival Date of departure Reason for learning English: business/pleasure/exams/other* (if other please specify) How many hours do you want to study? Signature *Delete where not applicable,> UNIT 12. LISTENING AND NOTE-TAKING — My vision for the 2Ist century 1 GEEBB Listen to the first part of Professor Igor Petrov’s talk about his vision of life in the future. Write down three things you remember. Tell the class. 2 Read the notes taken by two students during his talk. Work with a partner. Use the notes to help you remember more of the talk. Which kind of note-taking do you prefer? 3 Listen to the second part of his talk. Complete Student 1's notes. OR Student 2 notes. 4 GHED Compare your notes with a partner. Listen again and check. Student 1 LIFE LN THE FUTURE OPTIMISTIC * life expect 50 > 80 USA ~ Hee re eh “5 * DNA, microchips, Tintern? = in the future computers + Internet for all + the environment - learning 40 control weather * natural disasters, no iliness = mew body parts, livers, ete 7 if people educated. ise eee aac resturces + already wor'd language * English + fide COnmeruanicartion system, * the Internet PESSLMISTIC Professor Igor Petrov Student 2 expectancy = 50> 80 already world engages English + worldwide communication system = the Internet world government to manage globai resources 44 p98 Usd improved healthcare and technology Last 20 years = DNA meterichias) eee inthe PTIMISTIC >) Future computers TORE Ds incase alt the envionment — learning to wed ree canton weather + natural disasters, educated and ng illness — new richer = decrease Soy parts: livers, ete, 5. Use the notes to write a summary of Professor Petrov’s talk. Writing Unit 2 177Grammar Reference UNITI Der tenses ‘This unit has examples of the Present Simple and Present Continuous, the Past Simple, and two future forms: going fo and the Present ‘Continuous for the future All these tenses are covered again in later units, Present tenses Unit 2 Past tenses Units 3and9 Pature forms — Unit 5 ‘The aim in this unit sto revise what you already know. Present tenses ‘She lives in London. Tearn $100 day. Tm saving money for my education. ‘Theyre studying in a language school Past tense ‘They moved t0 Canada thirty years ago. Thad bad accident lst month Future forms Tm going to study for a Masters degre. What are you doing tonight? > 12 Auviliary verbs "The Present Continuous uses the auxiliary veeb fo bein all forms Positive Question ‘She is reading. Is she reading? ‘They are watching aflm. What are they watching? Negative He tn learning French, Tm not sleeping. ‘Verb forms with no ausiliary verb In the Present Simple and the Past Simple there is no auiliaey verb in the postive. We use the auxiliary verb do inthe questions and negatives, Positive Question ‘They lve in Austra Do they lve in London? He arrived yesterday Where did Bll go? Negative I don't workin New York. We did't watch TV. 13 Questions 1 Yes/No questions have no question word. Are you hot? Yes, ams/No, Im not Does he speak English? "Yes, he does/No, he doesn, 2 Questions can begin with a question wor. what where which how who when why whose Wheres the station? Why are you laughing? Whose i this coat? How docs she goto work? 136 Grammar Reference 112.1 3 What, which, and whose can be followed by a noun, What size do you take? Which coat yours? Whose book is his? 4 Which i generally used when there i limited choice Which is your pen? The black one or the blue one? This rule is not always true. What Which 5 How canbe followed by an adjective or an adver How big is his new car? How fast does it go? Hove ca also be followed by much ot many. How much is this sandwich? How many brothers an sisters have you got? newspaper do you read? UNIT 2 > 21 Present Simple Form Positive and negative 1 You lve We | donittive Shey. near her, rey Be tes ¢ does live Question I do | You Where they ver he does. she Short answer Do you like Peter? Yes, Ido. Does he speak French? No, he doesn't Use ‘The Present Simple is used to express 1 habit, I get up at 7.30, Jo smokes foo much 2 a fet which is always true Vegetarians don’t eat meat We come fram Spain. [3 ct which is true for along time. Live in Oxford. ‘She works in a bank.> 2.2 Present Continuous > 24 have got/have Form Form amiisiare + -ing (present participle) Poste Posie and negative = inoaWerthey | Be nan) gt 1 [ge wo site, este be Hes Sie at) | working Nepte er varmarney dott fe | ea noawertiey | Sorte ‘ay. doesnt have " * soe iesatee a ueston he be | thew! is she welthey | have | anew: vin |” | | seme alee - Vyow! w [R Hae z atiey | ae | aneweat Ts | se Short answer Ayo gong? eam Pa nat, NOT Sorte ‘Settee Is Anna working? Yes, she is/No, she isn’t. NOT ¥es-sheis Do you have an iPhone? Yes, I do./No, I don't, ‘ Faneyougatan Phone? Ys Thaw have The Peet Cutan ied ge Nate oa ecu scons (and) with ae abut at wh hoe Ive gota sister, ‘They're playing fotbal inthe garden. frees or She can talk now because she’ washing her hai. 2. anactvity happening around now, but perhaps not atthe moment aon 7 ean ae gman he sae. Haves inn Heb studying maths at university. fave and ave gor mean the same, Have go is moe infor Ter eadlog 4 gid book atthe Pitiow: We use it alot when we speak, but not so much when we write. “Have you got the time? 3 waplanned folore rtungemesl ‘The UK has a population of 60 milton 1m seeing the doctor at 10.00 tomorrow: ‘Wha ant dotag Bis eveage In American English, have + do(does is much more common, 2. Have and have got express possession, > 233 Present Simple and Present Continuous Thonn 1 Real the right and wrong sentences ve gor Fraser comes from Scotland = NOT Frsersecoming fom Scotan SREP. | these children rm reading a good book at the moment NOT Favaegontbook atthe moment Hehas has | blond hat. 2 Some verbs express a state not an activity, and are usually used in Hes got the Present Simple only 3. When have + noun expresses an activity ora abit, have (not have She likes the Rolling Stones. 401) i used, Look at these sentences. NOT Shestihing the-Roling Stoner Thave a shower every day. {now what you mean. NOT Fregotershower everyday: NOT Boeknowing what yourmea Similar verbs are think, agree, understand, lve What time do you have lnch? NOT Whettime-have-yon go lanch? 4 Inthe past tense, we use had with did and didn Thad a bicycle when Iwas youre. Did you have a nce weekend? I didrt have any money when Twas a student Grammar Reference 22-24 137UNIT 3 > 31 Past Simple form “The form ofthe Past Spl isthe same fr ll persons, Positive 1 HelShe/lt finished You arrived | yesterday. We ‘went ‘They Negative ‘The negative ofthe Past Simple is formed with didi 1 He/Sheitt You dni (did not) arrive yesterday. We ‘They Question The question in the Past Simple is formed with did. when | did | shelyou/they/etc, | arrive? Short answer ‘Di you goto work yesterday? Yes, Idi id train lastnight? No, it ida’ Spang fee ves “The normal rule is to add -ed or work/worked start/started livellved — lovelloved 2. Some short verbs with only one syllable double the consonant stop/stopped _planpanned 3. Verbs ending in a consonant + -y, change the-y toed studyistudied —carrylcartied But play/played —_enjoylenjoyed ‘There are many common iregular verbs. Se the lit on 158. Use ‘The Past Simple expresses a completed past action, Notice some ofthe Question 1 he was | she What doing? you they Short answer Were you working yesterday? Yes, 1was/No, I wast Use 1 The Past Continuous expresses a past activity that has duration, ‘had a good time while I was living in Paris Yow were making a ot of nose lastnight Were you having a party? 2. The activity was in progress before, and probably afer atime in, the past, “What were you doing at 8.00 lastnight?” ‘Twas watching TV? When I woke up tis morning, the sun was shining. > 33 Past Simple and Past Continuous 1 The Past Simple expresses completed past actions. The Past Continuous expresses activites in progress, Compare these sentences. washed my hai ast night was washing my hair when you phoned. ‘What did you do at the weekend?’ played tennis! We were playing tennis when it started to rain, 2. A Past Simple ation can interrupt a Past Continuous activity in progress. Whew I phoned Simon he was having @ shower Twas doing my homework when Jane arrived. 3 In stories, the Past Continuous can describe the scene, The Past Simple tlls the ation. twas a beautiful day. The sun was shining and the bids were singing s0 we decided to go fora picnic. We put everything in thecar > 34 Prepositions in time expressions time expressions. a a on We played tenis last Sunday. sn 207 1 worked n London tn 2007, atsinoeock | M207, on Saturday Jahn eft two mainte ga atmdnight | Mthemorning! | oh Monday morning Teun, | Stemontening | 2 eee mi ss at the weekend nena | > 3.2 Past Continuous in two weeks time aamery. Form 10 preposition sms) were + ve ing (present participle) next month tomorrow morning Potve and negative thisaternoon tonight * wast (was not) ‘working, YouwerThey erent (were not) 138 Grammar Reference 3.1-34UNIT 4 > 41 Expressions of quantity Count and uncount nouns 1 Tis important to understand the difference between count and Count nouns acup agit anapple anegg, pound money We can say three cups, wo gil, ten pounds, We can count them. We cannot say erates three maes, eme-money. We cannot count them, 2. Count nouns can be singular or plural This cup is fll. ‘These cups are empty. ‘Uncount nouns can only be singular ‘The water is cold ‘The weather was terrible ‘much and many 1 We use much with uncount nouns in questions and negatives, How much money have you got? “There sit much milk lft. 2, Weuse many with count nouns in questions and negatives. How many people were a the party? I didi take many photos on liday. someand any 1 Somes used in postive sentences. 1 ike some sugar. 2 Any'is used in questions and negatives. Is there any sugar in this tea? Have you got any brothers and sisters? We dant have any washing-up liquid. I dit buy any apples. 3 Weeuse some in questions that ate requests or offers, Gan Ihave some cake? Would you like some tea? 4 The rules are the same for someone, anything, anybody somewhere, et. Tye gor something for you Helo? I anybody here? ‘There sit anywhere to go in my town. ‘afew and a litle 1 Weuse afew with count nouns. ‘There ave a few biscuits lft, but not many: 2. Weuse a litle with uncount nouns. only have alittle time. ‘a lotlots of 1 Were a lotlots of with both count and uncount nouns There’ a lt of buter. ve gor Tots of friends, 2 A lotilots of can be used in questions and negatives, ‘Are ther lots of tourists in your country? ‘There isnt alo of butter, but theres enough > 42 Articles -a, an, and the 1 ‘The indefinite article aor an i sed with singular, count nouns to reler toa thing oranda forthe Hes time. We have a cat and a dog ‘There’ supermarket nt Adam Siret. 2. The definite article thei used with singular and plural, count and uuncount nouns when both the speaker and the Histener Know the thing or idea leeady. We have a cat and a dog The at is old but the dg is just « puppy Tn going othe supermarket. Do you want anything? (We both know ‘which supermarket) Indefinite article The indefinite article is use: 1 with professions, Dna teacher. ‘She's am architect. 2. with some expressions of quantity apairof alittle acoupleof afew 3 with some expressions of frequen ‘once a week — three times a 4 in exclamations with what + aco What a lovely day! What a pity! Definite article The definite article is used 1 efore seas, rivers hotels, pubs, theatres, muscums, and newspapers, the Adantic the British Museum The Times the Ritz 2. if there i only one of something the sun the Queen 3 with superlative adjectives, et the richest man in the world Jane’ the oldest in the clas Noartide There is no article the Government 1 before plural and uncount nouns when talking about things in general ike poratoes. _Milk i good for you 2 before countries, tons, streets, airports, stations, and mountains. 1 had lunch with Jo bought Cosmopolitan at Victoria Staton 3 efore some places and with some forms of transport. athome inftobed ——_at/io work favto school/university by bus byphine by car by train ‘on foot ‘She goes to work by bus. vas at home yesterday evening. 44 im exclamations with What + an uncount noun, What beautiful weather! — What loud music! Note Inthe phrase go home, there is no article and no preposition. went home early. NOT Hrentorhome- Grammar Reference 41-42 139UNIT 5 > 51 Verb patterns Here are fou verb patterns, There a ist of ve patterns on pS 1 Verb + 10+ nf They want to buy a new car. Bd ike to go abroad 2 Verb + ing We love going to parties. enjoy travelling abroad. 3. Verh + ing or + to + infinitive with no change in meaning Ie started to rain/raining. continued to work/working inthe library 4 Verb + preposition +~ing Woe thinking of moving house Fm looking forward to having more free time. ike doing and would like to do 1 Like doing and love doing express a general enjoyment. like working as a teacher, = 1 ama teacher and Tenjy it ove dancing. = This s one of my hobbies 2 Would ike to do andl would love ro do express. a preference now oF ata specific time. 1 like to be a teacher. = When 1 grow up, {want to be a teacher, Thanks, 1d love to dance. = Ata part, I'm pleased you asked me, Question Would you lke to dance? Would you like 10 come fora walk? Short answer Yes, I would./Yes, lve ta. Yes, would./No, thank you Note [No, I wouldnt is not common because itis impolite. > 5.2 Future forms will form wil + ifiniive without fo Will isa modal auxiliary ver, There isan introduction to modal auxiliary verbs on pl. The forms of wil are the same forall persons, Positive and negative Worl) | Pp you vont | invite Tom. Question What time wl e/youlthey be Back? Short answer Will you help me? Yes, Twill, Note [No, I wont s impolite ft means ‘I dont want to help you! ‘A polite way of saying no' here is ‘Tm afraid T cant, “Will you give me a lit” ‘Sorry, Lm afraid I cam.” Use Willis use: 1 to express fature intention made at the moment of speaking. ‘5 Jane’ birthday? I i? PM buy her some flowers? FU give you my plone number ‘Do you want the blue orth red pen?” ‘Il take the red one? 2 to express an offer, PUearry your suitcase. We'll do the washing-up. M0 Grammar Reference 5.1-5.2 {3 to express a future ct. The speaker thinks its sure to happen in the future, Pilbe 30 next week. It will be a nice day tomorrow. Tis use is called the pure futute, The speaker is talking about the {ature without expressing an intention, plan, oF personal opinion, ‘going to Form ‘amslare + going + 10+ infinitive Positive and negative wie | 569 Ye | tetera They — Question are | you/weithey Short answer Are they going to get married? Yes, they areNo, they aren't Use Going 10s used: 1 toexpress a future decision, intention or plan made before the smroment of speaking. Hove long are they going to stay in Rome? She isn't going to havea birthday party. 2. when we can see or fel now that something is certain to happen inthe future Look at these clouds! Is going to rain Watch out! You're going to drop that vase. ill or going tot Look a the use of wll and gong f in these sentences im going to make a chicken casserole for dinner (decided this morning and bought everything fr it) What can I cook for dinner? Er... ow! I'l make a chicken casserole! (I decided atthe moment of speaking.) Present Continuous The Present Continuous forthe future is used: 1 toexpress a planned future arrangement Tim meeting my cousin for lunch “What are you doing this weekend?” “We're having a pary. Can you come?” 2 withthe verbs go and come ‘She's coming on Friday: Tm going home early tonight Sometimes there is litle or no difference between going to and the Present Continuous to express a future arrangement. We're seeing a fil this evening Were going to see a film this evening.UNIT 6 > 61 What... ike? Form what + 10 be + subject + tke? ‘A What's your teacher Uke? ‘A What are his parents like? A What was your holiday lke? ‘A What were the beaches lke? B Shes very patient. B Theyre very kind B Wonderful We swam alo. B OK, but some were dirty. Note 1 We dont use like inthe answer She’ patient. NOT Shee patent. 2 Like in this question is a preposition, nota ver: “What fm like He intelligent and kind, and very good-looking? 3 In these sentences lik isa verb: “What does Jins like? “He likes motorbikes an playing tennis Use 1 What... lke? means ‘Deseribe somebody or something, Tell me ahout it I donit know anything about i? 2 Hows your mother? asks about health, It doesnt ask for a description “How's your mother?” ‘Shes very wel thank you > 6.2 Comparative and superlative adjectives Form 1 Look at the chart. Comparatives compare one thing, person, or act ‘She’ taller thar me. Lontons more expensive than Rome. 2. We use superlatives to compare somebody or something with the whole group. ‘She’ the tallest inthe clas. US the most expensive hotel in the word 3. As... as shows that something isthe same or equal Finis as tll as Pete. Tm as worried as you ae 4 Notas... as shows that something ist the same or equal. ‘She isn’ as tall as her mother. Heist nearly as clever as me! UNIT 7. > 71 Present Perfect Form hhavethas + -d (past participle) The past participle of regular verbs ends in ed. There are many common iregulat verbs. See the list on p158, Positive and negative Comparative | Superatine 1 ve thaw) Yourwerthey | havent sion | ap hae hae LYowweriey_| voi competion ; Sil | sar smast sh) asics Smal | al ie viershene | $s ‘Adjectives | fanny | fonier funniest sion tatend | eu) | ealer cates Des oy | hey heer fewest ; Have | youswelthey Adjectives | carl | morecarefil | most careful een tothe United States? Tithewe | boing | rooeboreg | tat boring as | else wuss |eeete |emamee |lnmepeen Slimore | ineresting | moreinersting | most neresting Short answer Have you eo toas Vegas? Yen Ihave Thavet eet | SE | eter farthest Hassteever tena ance Ye ste has N se as adjectives | bad worse worst Note ial cvs valu yore ous onto, doce We cnt une ag eA rena consonant het ate tes jaar mies Nat 2 Thais fen used after compra adjective. Fim yuner than Barra Use Barbara more intelligent than Sarah Much can come before the com She much nicer thaw her sstor 1s Tokyo much more modern than London? 3 The is used before superlative adjectives, He the funniest boy in the class Which is the tallest ulin in te world? ive to give emphasis 1 The Present Perfect expresses an action oF state which began in the past and continues to the present ve known Jon ors years. How long have you worked for The London Gazette? ‘The time expressions for and since are common with this use. ‘We use for with period of time, and since with a poiat in time. Wow lived here for three years (a period of time) ‘They've lived here since 2010. (a point in time) Grammar Reference 6.1-71 41Note In many languages, this use i expressed by a present tense, But in English, we say: Peter has been a teacher for tn yeas, NOT Potente teacher forte rts: 2 The Present Perfect connects the present and the past It expresses experiences in life before now. ve met alt of famous people. (before now) ‘She has won alot of awards, (in her life) ve travelled lot in Aria. (in my ile) ‘She's written three books (up to now) ‘The action can continue to the present, and probably He's made six TV programmes, (So fr, Hell probably make more) into the Future Ever and never are common with this use. Have you ever been to Africa? Tye never played poker. 13. The Present Perfct expresses a past action with results inthe present. tis often a recent past action ve lost my wallet. havent got it nove) The tax’ arrived. (It outside the door nove) “Has the postman been? (Is there a parcel for me?) ‘The adverbs just, already, and yet are common with this use. Yer s used in questions and negatives ‘She’ just hal some god news Te already had breakfast Has the postman been yet? 165 11,00 and she has got up yet. > 72 Present Perfect and Past Simple 1 Read and compare the use ofthe Past Simple in these sentences. lived in Paris fortwo years from 2007-2009. (The action s finished.) ‘ve lived in London since 2609, (still do. The action isnot finished!) {ve been to Scotland. (This isan experience in my life) went ith my husband two yeas ago. (Ata definite past time.) ‘Have you ever flown ina helicopter?” "Yes, Ihave! "Where did you fly?" flew over New York? ‘Oh dear, Pve broken my glasses! What happened?” "Tdropped them 2. ‘These are common time expressions used with the Past Simple and the Present Perfect the Present Perfect Past Simple Present Perfect last week since Monday yesterday ‘ever the day before yesterday never in 1999 jst ‘on July 2° already three months ago yet for two weeks (but now ended) for two weeks (and continues) 142 Grammar Reference 71-81 UNIT 8 > 81 have to Form hhasthave + 10+ infinitive Positive and negative 1 have YouWert doit have ey to | work har, He/She has I doesnt have Question Do | Wyouwelthey hhaveto | work hand? Does he/sherit Short answer Do ,youhave to weara uniform? Yes, Ido. Does he have to go now? Noe does Past of have 10 ‘The past tense of have to is had to, with did and did in the question and the negative Thad to get up early this morning. Why did you have fo work last weekend? I didn’t have todo any housework when Iwasa child. Use 1 Have to expresses strong obligation. The obligation comes from ‘ouside ~ perhaps law, a rule at schoo! or work, or someone fn authority. Yow have to passa driving tet ifyou want to drive a cat (Tha the law) Thave to start work a 800. (My company says [ must) ‘The doctor says T have 1 do more exercise. 2 Dovildoesit have to expresses absence of obligation (it isnt necessary). You don't have to do the washing-up. I've gota dishwasher. She doesnt have to work on Monday. I's her day off [didn’t have to get up early this morning, but Idd et up because it was such a lovey day: Note “Have got tos more informal, It usually expresses an obligation on one particular occasion, Look at the time! ve got to g0. Ti gong tbe. Ive go to get up arly tomorrow, ‘She go to work hard. Her exams start next weok. ‘The forms of have got fo + infinitive are the same as have got + noun, See p37,> 82 Introduction to modal auxiliary verbs Form These are modal auxiliary verbs. can could must shall should will would “They have certain things in common: 1 They go with another verb and add meaning He can play the guitar. must wash my hair 2. There is no $ in the third person singular, The form isthe same for all persons. She cam dance very well. He should try harder 1 will rain soon We must hurry, 3 ‘There iso dadoes in the question, Gan she sing? Shall we go now? 4 ‘There is no donildocs in the negative, I woulda’ like tobe a teacher. They cant speak French. Note will not = wont won't rain tomorrow 5 Most modal verbs refer tothe present and future. Only cant has & past tense form, could Teould swims when I as thee > 83 should Form should + infinitive without to The forms of should are the same forall persons Positive and negative 1 shoul do more exercise YourWerThey ae shouldsit | tell ies Question Should lishethey see a doctor? Do you think Uhe/we should see a doctor? Short answer Should Iphone home? Yes, you should Should 1 buy a motorbike? No, you should, Use 1 Should i used to express what the speaker thinks is the best thing to do, expresses mild obligation, or advice. I should do more work. (This is my opinion.) You should do more work. (This is my advice) Do you think we should stop? (Tm asking for your opinion.) 2. Shouldrt expresses negative advice. You shouldnt sit so clase ro the TV. les bad for your eyes. 3 Should expresses the opinion ofthe speaker, and itis often introduced by I think oI don't think think politicians should listen more don't think people should get married until they're 21. > 84 must Form ‘must + infinitive without fo The forms of mus ae the same fr all persons. Positive and negative 1 must try harder, You/We'They a (2 Has musta | steal Note (Questions with must are possible, hut have zis more common, What time do we have to leave? Use 1 Must expresses strong obligation. Generally ths obligation comes, from inside’ the speaker, 1 must have a shower. (1 think this is necessary.) We mus get a new car 2. You must. can expres strong suggestion. You must see the Monet exhibition. Its wonderful You must give me a call when youre next in town, Grammar Reference 8.2-84 143UNIT 9 > 91 Past Perfect Form ha + ed past participle “The past participle of regular verbs ends in ed. There are many’ ‘common irregular verbs, See the list on p18. Positive and negative 1 HelShe/lt You/We/They ‘d(had) iad) arrived Question I Had he/sheit wwelyoulthey left already? Short answer Yes, had, No, they bade. Use 1 Weuse the Past Perfect to express an action inthe p happened before another action inthe pas Whew F arrived atthe theatre, the play had already started. which 2 We use the Past Simple to express actions in the order they happened. ‘Look at these actions in the Past Simple Action 1 ‘Action 2 The bear went. The mart came down from the tree John lef the party arrived. They walked along way. They were tired. ‘Notice how they are expressed using the Past Perfect. ‘Action 2 Action 1 The man came down from the tree .. after the bear had gone. When I arrived at the party Jol had lef. They were tired | because they watked a Tong ay 3. Ifitis clear that one action was completed before it tose the Past Perfect. 1 tidied up after everyone went home. tidied up afer everyone had gone home. nt necessary > 92 Conjunctions ‘We use conjunetions to join sentences 1 when, while, as soon as, after, before as, and until, are conjunctions of time. They can go in two places inthe sentence. When I arrived home, Tom was cooking the meal To ws talking tome while he was cooking the meal. As s00m as I arrived home, Tom started cooking the meal Tom cooked the meal after I arrved/Td arrived home, He ad cooked the meal before I arrived home. Ashe was talking Iwas thinking about the last me wed met. “He didi start cooking the meal until arrived home, Grammar Reference 9.1-10.1 2. s0isa conjunction of result, He was bored so he went for a walk because isa conjunction of reason, He went fora walk because he was bored. 3 burand although ate conjunctions which join contrasting ide 1 was raining, but we played tennis. Although it was raining, we played tenis, > 93 s0, such (a), so many, so much Form 50+ adjective/adverb Twas eo scared. He always drives so fast. such a + adjective + singular noun ‘She’ such a nice person such + adjective + plural/uncountable noun The Smiths are such friendly neighbours so many + plural nouns Some children have so many fos. so much + uncountable nouns Footballers earn go much money these days. Use So and such are used for emphasizing an adjective or noun. They are used more in spoken than written English. They are often exclamations, With an exclamation mark (), “He works so hard! is stronger than Fe works very hard UNIT 10 > 101 The passive Form amiislare was/were hhasthave been will ++ ed (past participle) Present English is spoken all over the world. 100 milion mobile phones are thrown away every year Fiat cars aren't maade in France Where icofee grown? Past The first text message was sent in 1989, They weren' injured inthe accent When was television invented?Present Perfect Alor of new features have been added. ‘The bank's been robbed! We haven't been invite tothe wedding. veil 10,000 cars will be produced next year ‘The ars won't be sold inthe UK. Short answers Yes, they are/No, they arent Yes, ithas./No, it hasn't. Yes they will/No, they won't. Ave cars made in your country? Has my car been repaired? ‘Wil lanatine phones be replaced by mobiles? Note ‘The passive infinitive (tobe + -ed) is used after modal auxiliary verbs sand other verbs which ate followed by an infinitive Driving should be banned in city centres. The house is going to be knocked down, Use 1 The rules for tense usage in the pasive are the same as inthe ative. Present Simple to express habit My car is serviced regular Past Simple to expres a finished action in the past ‘America was discovered by Christopher Columbus. Present Perfect to express an action which began in the past and continues to the present: ‘Smartphones have been sod since 2007 2 The object of an active verb becomes the subject of a passive verb, Notice the use of by inthe passive sentence, ‘Active Shakespeare wrote Hat] Passive was writen by Shakespeare 3 ‘The passive is not just another way of expressing the same sentence inthe active. We choose the active or the passive depending on what we are more interested in Hamlet was written in 1600, (We are more interested in Hamlet) ‘Shakespeare wrote Hamlet in 1600. (We are more interested in who wrote it) Note ‘The subject of an active sentence is not mentioned inthe passive cei it isnot really important. ‘Active People speak German in part of aly. Passive German i spoken in parts of aly. NOT UNIT I > 111 Present Perfect Continuous Form hasthave + been + sing (present participle) Positive and negative 1 You | ve have) We | avert a. been working. He 's (has) She : she | hast Question 1 How long. they been working? he tas | the Short answer Haye you been running? Yes, Thave-INo, Fhaven' Use ‘The Present Perfect Continuous is used: 1 to express an activity which began in the past and continues to the present Hes been teaching musi for years. 1 been raining for days. 2. to refer to an activity with a result in the present, 1m hot because Pve been running havent got any money Because Ive been shopping. Note 1 Sometimes thee is litle o no difference in meat the Present Perfect Simple and Continuous. How lng have you worked here? How long have You been working here? 2. Some verbs have the idea ofa long time - wait, work lear, travel, play “These verbs can often be found in the Present Perfect Continuous. ve been waiting for hours some verbs dorit have the idea of along time — fin, start, bu, die, lose, break, stop. eis unusual to find these in the Present Perfect, between Pye bought a new dress. (My cat has died. [My radio's broken. 3. Verbs that express a state ~ like, love, know, have (lor possession), are not found in the Present Perfect Continuo We've known eac other fora few weeks NO eye pasetannni ntti nce fectents 4 Ithe sentence gives a number ora quantity, the Present Perfect, ‘Simple i used. The Continuous is not possible, ve been writing emails all morning. I've written twenty. NOT Frehecr-oriting-twenty Grammar Reference 10.1-1L] 45UNIT 12 > 121 First conditional Form f+ Prescot Simple wl + nitive without Positive and negative 1 lvork ard 1 pas my xan It ve dont hurry sp wel be ate. yon late, wont wat foro Question What wil you do if you dont go to university? Short answer Will you go fo university f you pass your exams? Yes, I wl No, I won't, Notes 1 English uses a present tense in the condition clause, nota fate form Yt rains, PMstay home, NOT fit Wtwork hard PM pass. NOT SFE worcha—> 2 The contin dause if) can come al the beginning ofthe sentence or atthe end. Notice the use ofthe comma. If work had, 1 pass my exams 1M pss my exams if Tork hard. Use The first conditional i used to express a possible condition and 4 probable resul inthe future. Its sunny, wel go fora picnic You'l ge wet if you don't take an umbrella, Ifand when ‘expresses a possiblity that something will happen, ‘When expresses what the speaker ses as certain to happen When I get home, Tit have a shower. NOT AFEget- home p> 2.2 might Form might + infinitive without to ‘Might is a modal auxiliary ve. For an introduction to modal auxiliary verbs, se pl43, The forms of might are the same forall persons, Positive and negative 1 {go tothe party He | might belate, Ie | might not | rain tomorrow. We {gout fora meal tonight Note ‘The negative is often expressed with I dont think + will don’ think i rai tomorrow. Question ‘The inverted question Might you ..?is unusual. Is very common to ask a question with Do yo think. + wil? Doyou think | theyll come to our party? Short answer ‘Do you think it rain? Iemight. M46 Grammar Reference 12 23 Use _Mightis used to express a future possibility. It means will perks. Te contrasts with will, which expresses a future certainty. England will win the match. (Lam sute they wil) England might wis the match, (its possible, but Fm not sure.) > 123 Second conditional Form f+ Past Simple, would + infinitive without fo Would is a modal auxiliary verb. There isan introduction to modal awalliary verbs on pl43 ‘The forms of would are the same forall persons. Positive and negative IT haat more money, TA (would) buy a new computer, If she knew the answer, shed tell uz If did tke you, I woulda talk to you. Question What would you do if you had a year off? Short answer Would you travel round the world? Yes, | would. Noy I wouldn't, hey ath mane, old yy anew cr? Ye, they wou they would Notes 1 Aswith the first conditional, the condition clause can come atthe begining othe end ofthe sentence YL had more time, Ta kelp. Ti help if had more time 2 Wereis often used instead of was in the condition clause If L were you, Figo to bed. Ihe were taller, hed bea policeman. 3 The use ofthe past tense J had) and would does not refer to past time, I expresses distance from the present and unreaity because it is different from the facts we know, ‘Thad .. (butt donit have...) Towould (but L wort.) Use ‘The second conditional is used to express an unreal or improbable conglton and its result, The use ofthe past forms show that is rot reality {fd were the President, Fstop all war. (But Fm not the President. = reality) 1 lived ina big house, Yd have a party (But Llive in a small at) 2 The phrase fT were you, Tif. i often used to give adv I were you, Ll all the doctor. First and second conditional ‘The first conditional is posible and probable. ‘The second conditional is improbable and sometimes impossible If win the tennis match, Ube 30 happy. (think its possible) If Twon the tennis match, 1d be so happy. (But I dont think wil.)Irregular verbs Verb patterns Simple Participle ae ‘waalwere been tore ssvimming became become enjoy began wa tke ken fics cocking built built so Sova ou Note sera ‘Weeoten use the verb g0+ ing for sports and activities. howe chosen 1 g0 swimming every day pa ae 1 go shopping atthe weekend. cost cont cut cu a Sig [Sees ‘drove driven ee ate ‘aien decide fl fallen forget. i En promise en ‘manage | togo ea gs need few flown help forgot forgoten hope to work got got try ve Even vant Sent would tke er fen ould ove = hit . epe ep [Eee | knew begin Tearmvtcarned | learnUlearned art ‘ain rain lett it Tost lost sade sade ma mt [Retiirereriton-sne an: acs c i read /red/ read /red!_ ee = rode fidden rn ron Pr si izes | ld so could seat sent must © aaa shut hadto =e suo shall : Should | arrive er slept wal spoke spoken ould spent spent Sood Sood ole stolen swam sum took. taken told ‘old ‘thought thought understood understood woke ‘woken swore swore swrte ritePhonetic symbols asin pen /pen/ 25 see /sit/ asin big /big/ 26 hl his Ihrz/ asin tea /tis/ 27 fil twenty /"twenti/ asin do /du:/ 28 lel ten /ten/ asin cat /keet/ 29 el bag /beeg! asin go/gau! 30 ai! asin father /"fazdo/ asin four /fo:/ 31 fo! asin hot /hot/ asin very /'veril 32 ox) asin morning /'ma:nmy/ asin son/san/ 33° ful asin football /"futbo:l/ asin z00/zu:! 34 ur! asin you /jus/ asin live /iv/ 35 /N’ asin sun /san/ asin my /ma/ 36 /s) asin learn /la:n/ asin now /nav! 37 Jal asin letter /‘leta/ asin happy epi! asin red /red/ asin yes jes! [_Biphthongs (to vowels together) asin want /wont/ 38 Je asin name /neim/ asin thanks /@epks/ 39 /au/ asin no /nau! asin the /da/ 40° fav) asin my/mav/ asin she/{is/ 41 favl asin how /havl asin television /'telivizn/ 42 Jou asin boy /bou! asin child /tfarld/ 43° hal asin hear fhia/ asin German /'d52:man/ 44° fea! asin where /wea/ asin English /‘inglif/ 45 ua! asin tour/tua/