Name: ___________________________ Date: __________________

Yr. & Sec. __Grade 7/8______________ Teacher: _______________

First Quarter – Lesson 9: Plan and prepare for tasks to be undertaken.

Description:

The lesson teaches the types of program/application software, word processing, web
browsers, internet, Data processing, Checking and saving information, Storage devices, primary,
secondary, Work Ergonomic

Content Standard:

The learners demonstrate and understanding of concepts and underlying principles in

performing computer operations

Performance Standard:

The learners shall be able to perform computer operations based on a given tasks

Learning Competencies:

Enter the data into the computer using appropriate program/application in accordance
with company procedures. Check the accuracy of information and save the information in
accordance with standard operating procedures tore inputted data is in storage media according
to requirements. Perform work within ergonomic guidelines.

Read the Information Sheet 1.1 very well then find out how much you can remember and
how much you learned by doing Self-check 1.1.

Storage devices and basic categories of memory

Storage devices are one of the core components of any computing device. They store virtually all
the data and applications on a computer, except hardware firmware. They are available in
different form factors depending on the type of underlying device. For example, a standard
computer has multiple storage devices including RAM, cache, and hard disk, as well as possibly
having optical disk drives and externally connected USB drives.

There are two different types of storage devices:

 Primary storage devices: Generally smaller in size, these are designed to hold data
temporarily and are internal to the computer. They have the fastest data access speed,
and include RAM and cache memory.
 Secondary storage devices: These usually have large storage capacity, and they store
data permanently. They can be either internal or external to the computer, and they
include the hard disk, optical disk drive and USB storage device.
Defining Memory

Memory refers to the processes that are used to acquire, store, retain, and later retrieve
information. There are three major processes involved in memory: encoding, storage, and
retrieval.
Human memory involves the ability to both preserve and recover information we have learned or
experienced. As we all know, however, this is not a flawless process. Sometimes we forget or
mis-remember things. Sometimes things are not properly encoded in memory in the first place.
Memory problems can range from minor annoyances like forgetting where you left your car keys
to major diseases that affect quality of life and the ability to function.

Types of computer memory (RAM and ROM)

Memory is the most essential element of a computing system because without it computer can’t
perform simple tasks. Computer memory is of two basic type – Primary memory / Volatile
memory and Secondary memory / non-volatile memory. Random Access Memory (RAM) is
volatile memory and Read Only Memory (ROM) is non-volatile memory

Classification of memory

1. Random Access Memory (RAM) – It is also called as read write memory or the main
memory or the primary memory. The programs and data that the CPU requires during
execution of a program are stored in this memory. It is a volatile memory as the data
loses when the power is turned off. RAM is further classified into two types- SRAM
(Static Random-Access Memory) and DRAM (Dynamic Random-Access Memory).

2. Read Only Memory (ROM) – Stores crucial information essential to operate the system,
like the program essential to boot the computer. It is not volatile. Always retains its data.
Used in embedded systems or where the programming needs no change. Used in
calculators and peripheral devices. ROM is further classified into 4 types- ROM, PROM,
EPROM, and EEPROM.

Self Check 1.1

Explain Briefly.

1. Differentiate RAM and ROM?

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2. What are the two types of storage?

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3. What is mainframe computer?

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 4. What is workstation computer?
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Read the Information Sheet 1.2 very well then find out how much you can remember and
how much you learned by doing Self-check 1.2.

Computer Memory Theory

Learning Objective:

After reading this information sheet, you must be able to:

1. Able to identify the type of computer RAM (Memory)?

2. Understand the functions of memory?

RAM

RAM or Random Access Memory is the memory used by the computer while it is in operation,
this memory is described as volatile as it is wiped clean when the computer is shutdown. Again
the more RAM that you have installed in your computer the faster the computer will operate.
There are various types of RAM, they vary because of the increasing in processor speeds and the
need for the RAM to keep up. You can get RAM modules in various sizes i.e. their logical sizes,
the amount of data they can hold. This range from 1MB, 2MB, 4MB, 8MB, 16MB, 32MB,
64MB, 128MB, 256MB, 512MB, 1GB, 2GB. Nowadays you will normally only find RAM in
sizes of 128MB or above.

SIMM or DIMM?

The two main types of RAM are:

1. SIMM (Single Inline Memory Module)
2. DIMM (Dual Inline Memory Module)
all modern computers use the DIMM type of RAM.

There are 4 main types of RAM listed below and then within these there are even more types
under each of these main types. The traditional RAM type is DRAM (dynamic RAM). The other
type is SRAM (static RAM). SRAM continues to remember its content, while DRAM must be
refreshed every few milli seconds. DRAM consists of micro capacitors, while SRAM consists of
off/on switches. Therefore, SRAM can respond much faster than DRAM. SRAM can be made
with a rise time as short as 4 ns. It is used in different versions in L2 cache RAM (for example
pipe line BURST Cache SRAM). DRAM
Currently, there are at least four types:

 FPM (Fast Page Mode)

 ECC (Error Correcting Code)
 EDO (Extended Data Output)
 SDRAM (Synchronous Dynamic RAM)
 SO-DIMM memory (Laptop Memory

SO-DIMM three types (Laptop Memory):

There are three types of SO-DIMM memory, which build on each other's capacities.

- SDRAM stands for synchronous dynamic random access

memory. This type of memory syncs itself up with your
computer's processor, allowing smooth access. With the
advances of technology, most newer laptops no longer use
SDRAM.
- DDR SDRAM is SDRAM with a double data rate. This
means it's twice as fast as standard SDRAM, and it's one of
the two most common types of memory found in modern
laptops as of August 2009.
- DDR2 SDRAM is yet another upgrade to the original
SDRAM concept. A big advantage of this type of memory is that it draws less power than
its predecessors, thus creating less drain on your laptop.

Most Common DRAM used in PC’s are: Synchronous Dynamic RAM (SDRAM)
1. Single Data Rate (SDR) SDRAM is a synchronous form
of DRAM.

2. Double data rate (DDR) SDRAM was a later

development of SDRAM, used in PC memory from 2000
onwards. DDR2 SDRAM is a minor enhancement on
DDR-SDRAM that mainly affords higher clock speeds and
somewhat deeper pipelining.

Different RAM Types and its uses

The type of RAM doesn't matter nearly as much as how
much of it you've got, but using plain old SDRAM
memory today will slow you down. There are three
main types of RAM: SDRAM, DDR and Rambus
DRAM.

SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM)

Almost all systems used to ship with 3.3 volt, 168-pin
SDRAM DIMMs. SDRAM is not an extension of older
EDO DRAM but a new type of DRAM altogether.
SDRAM started out running at 66 MHz, while older
fast page mode DRAM and EDO max out at 50 MHz.
SDRAM is able to scale to 133 MHz (PC133)
officially, and unofficially up to 180MHz or higher. As
processors get faster, new generations of memory such
as DDR and RDRAM are required to get proper
performance.
DDR (Double Data Rate SDRAM) DDR basically doubles the rate of data transfer of standard
SDRAM by transferring data on the up and down tick of a clock cycle. DDR memory operating
at 333MHz actually operates at 166MHz * 2 (aka PC333 / PC2700) or 133MHz*2 (PC266 /
PC2100). DDR is a 2.5 volt technology that uses 184 pins in its DIMMs. It is incompatible with
SDRAM physically, but uses a similar parallel bus, making it easier to implement than RDRAM,
which is a different technology.

Rambus DRAM (RDRAM) Despite it's higher price, Intel has given RDRAM it's blessing for
the consumer market, and it will be the sole choice of memory for Intel's Pentium 4. RDRAM is
a serial memory technology that arrived in three flavors, PC600, PC700, and PC800. PC800
RDRAM has double the maximum throughput of old PC100 SDRAM, but a higher latency.
RDRAM designs with multiple channels, such as those in Pentium 4 motherboards, are currently
at the top of the heap in memory throughput, especially when paired with PC1066 RDRAM
memory.
DIMMs vs. RIMMs DRAM comes in two major form factors: DIMMs and RIMMS. DIMMs
are 64-bit components, but if used in a motherboard with a dual-channel configuration (like with
an Nvidia nForce chipset) you must pair them to get maximum performance. So far there aren't
many DDR chipset that use dual-channels. Typically, if you want to add 512 MB of DIMM
memory to your machine, you just pop in a 512 MB DIMM if you've got an available slot.
DIMMs for SDRAM and DDR are different, and not physically compatible. SDRAM DIMMs
have 168-pins and run at 3.3 volts, while DDR DIMMs have 184-pins and run at 2.5 volts.

RIMMs use only a 16-bit interface but run at higher speeds than DDR. To get maximum
performance, Intel RDRAM chipsets require the use of RIMMs in pairs over a dual-channel 32-
bit interface. You have to plan more when upgrading and purchasing RDRAM.

Types of Memory
Pretty much every new laptop on the market should use DDR3 memory now. It is still possible to
find some older netbooks or laptops on the market that use DDR2 but it is best to avoided them
now. In addition to the type of memory installed in the laptop, the speed of the memory can also
make a difference in the performance. When comparing laptops, be sure to check both of these
pieces of information to determine how they may impact performance.
There are two ways that the memory speeds can be designated. The first is by the memory type
and its clock rating, like DDR3 1066. The other method is by listing the type along with the
bandwidth. In the case the same DDR3 memory would be listed as PC3-8500 memory.

Below is a listing in order of fastest to slowest memory types in both formats:

 DDR3 1600 / PC3-12800
 DDR3 1333 / PC3-10600
 DDR3 1066 / PC3-8500
 DDR2 800 / PC2-6400
 DDR3 800 / PC3-6400
 DDR2 667 / PC2-5300 or PC2-5400
 DDR2 533 / PC2-4200
 DDR2 400 / PC2-3200

BEST RAM Manufacturer

Mushkin = Excellent Performance and Durable 
Crucial = Compatibility and Warranty

Kingston= Stable and warranty/RMA is fast 

OCZ= Very good stick and 2nd. line after the above manufactures.

Self-Check 1.2

Unit of competency: Perform Computer Operations

Competency standards COMPUTER SYSTEM SERVICING NC II
Satisfactory response
Answer the following computer hardware’s you know YES NO

 

________________ ________________ _________________

 
________________ ________________ ________________

 

____________________________
 How do you choose ram for your desktop computer?

 

How do you choose ram for your laptop computer?

 

The trainee’s underpinning knowledge was:

Satisfactory  Not Satisfactory 

Read the Information Sheet 1.3 very well then find out how much you can remember and
how much you learned by doing Self-check 1.3

Relevant types of software

Software is the program that run the computer and allows us to use it. There are different types
of computer software, all of which serve a specific purpose. In learning about computers, one of
the first steps is to understand the major types of software, their uses, and applications.

System Software

System software coordinates the activities and functions of hardware and software, and it
controls the operations of computer hardware and provides an environment or platform for all the
other types of software to work in. It is the most basic type of software in any computer system,
which is essential for other programs, applications and the whole computer system to function.
(System software examples – Microsoft Windows XP, Mac O S, Linux, Windows Vista, Ubuntu,
device drivers, etc.)

Application Software

Application software is what helps the user perform the tasks of his/her choice. They are non-
essential software which are installed and run, depending upon the requirements, in the
environment provided by the system software. (Application software examples – MS Office,
OpenOffice, Media Players, MS Access, educational software, media development software,
Antivirus software, etc. )

Programming Software

Programming software is used to write, test, debug and develop other software programs and
applications. The various programming language editors such as Eclipse – a Java language editor
– appear under this category. They are used for creating both the system as well as application
software.
(Programming software examples – Turbo C, Xilinx, Kiel, compilers, debuggers, Integrated
Development Environment (IDE), etc.)

Apart from these three basic types of software, there are some other well-known forms of
computer software like inventory management software, ERP, utility software, accounting
software and others. Take a look at some of them.

Inventory Management Software: This type of software helps an organization in tracking its

goods and materials on the basis of quality as well as quantity. Warehouse inventory
management functions encompass the internal warehouse movements and storage. Inventory
software helps a company in organizing inventory and optimizing the flow of goods in the
organization, thus leading to an improved customer service.

Utility Software: Also known as service routine, utility software helps in the management of
computer hardware and application software. It performs a small range of tasks. Disk
defragmenters, systems utilities and virus scanners are some of the typical examples of utility
software.

Data Backup and Recovery Software: An ideal data backup and recovery software provides
functionalities beyond simple copying of data files. This software often supports user needs of
specifying what is to be backed up and when. Backup and recovery software preserve the
original organization of files and allow an easy retrieval of the backed up data.

This was an overview of the major types of software. Computer software are widely popular
today and hence we cannot imagine a world of computers without them. We would not have
been able to use computers if not for the software. What is fascinating about the world of
computers is that it has its own languages, its ways of communication with our human world and
human interaction with the computers is possible, thanks to computer software. I wonder, if the
word 'soft' in ‘software’ implies ‘soft-spookiness’, which is an important quality of a pleasant
communication.

Software copyright

Software copyright is the relatively recent extension of copyright law to machine-

readable software. While many of the legal principles and policy debates concerning software
copyright have close parallels in other domains of copyright law, there are a number of
distinctive issues that arise with software. This article will primarily focus on topics peculiar to
software.

Software copyright is commonly used by proprietary software companies to prevent the

unauthorized copying of their software. Open source licenses also rely on copyright law to
enforce their terms. For instance, copyleft licenses impose a duty on licensees to share their
modifications to the copylefted work under some circumstances. No such duty would apply had
the software in question been in the public domain
 Self-Check 1.1-3

Write the correct answer in the space provided below.

Trainee’s name:
Unit of Perform Computer Operations
competency:
Competency COMPUTER SYSTEME SERVICING NC II
standards
Satisfactory response
Answer the following question given below YES NO
What is software?
 

What is Operating System software / System Software?

 

What is Application Software?

 

What is Utility Software?

 

What is Programming Software?

 

The trainee’s underpinning knowledge was:

Satisfactory  Not Satisfactory 
 Posttest

Instruction: Read the following questions and write the correct answer in the space
provided for.

______1. Which of the following computer parts known as the brain of the computer?
a. C.P.U. b. U.P.S. c. A.V.R d. R.O.M.

______2. This is an electronic machine that is capable of solving problems quickly and
accurately.
a. calculator b. abacus c. computer d. typewriter

______3. It is done by pressing the left mouse button twice on the same spot in rapid succession.
a. Drag b. Right-click c. Double-click d. Point

______4. This contains the application that is currently open.

a. Menu bar b. Formatting toolbar c. Task bar d. Toolbar

______5. It is composed of the column header and row number.

a. Cell Address b. Range c. Formula bar d. Merging cells

______6. This command means storing in a storage device such as a USB Flash Disk or Hard
Disk.
a. Open b. Print c. Save d. Copy

______7. It is an electronic spreadsheet application used to electronically store and manipulate

data.
a. Microsoft Word b. Microsoft Excel
c. Microsoft PowerPoint d. Microsoft Publisher

______8. It is a complete presentation package that allows the creation of professional-

looking presentation.
a. Microsoft Word b. Microsoft Excel
c. Microsoft Publisher d. Microsoft PowerPoint

______9. It is a powerful word processor allows the creating, editing, saving and printing
documents.
a. Microsoft Excel b. Microsoft Word
c. Microsoft Publisher d. Microsoft PowerPoint

_____10. This is the default paper size in Microsoft Word Software.

a. A4 size b. Legal size c. Letter size d. B5 size

B. Explain briefly.

1. What is Super computer?

 2. What is mini Computer?

3. What is mainframe computer?

4. What is workstation computer?

5. Identify the main parts of computer?

6. What is computer memory?

7. What is hard disk?

C. Write the correct answer in the space provided before the number.

____________1. is the program that run the computer and allows us to use it. There are
different types of computer software, all of which serve a specific purpose.

____________2. System software coordinates the activities and functions of hardware and
software, and it controls the operations of computer hardware and provides an
environment or platform for all the other types of software to work in.

____________3. Application software is what helps the user perform the tasks of his/her
choice. They are non-essential software which are installed and run,
depending upon the requirements, in the environment provided by the system
software.

____________4. Programming
software is used to write, test, debug and develop other software programs and applications.