Chem 11

Atoms & Molecules

The Periodic Table
1. Atomic Structure
Atomic Structure –
Inside the Atom
Dalton described the atoms as
particles that cannot be split.
However the atom is made of
smaller sub-atomic particles

e.g. an atom of lithium

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Atomic Structure –
Inside the Atom
There are three types of particle
inside the atom – protons, neutrons
and electrons.

Protons

Neutrons
e,.g an atom of lithium
Electrons
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 Atomic Structure –
Inside the Atom
The sub-atomic particles have
different charges and masses
Particle Charge Mass
(in atomic units)

Proton 1+ 1
Neutron 0 1
e,.g an atom of lithium
Electron 1- 0
5
 10-7 cm
10-8 cm
Macroscopic Microscopic

Sand Castle Sand Stones crystal quark

Atomic nucleus nucleon
Atom

Atoms and Molecules

● Atoms
○ Protons
○ Neutrons
○ Electrons
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■ Quarks
7
Atomic Structure – Inside the Atom
Each element has its own atomic number, it tells us how
many protons there are in one atom of that element.

𝑨𝒕𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒄 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 = 𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒕𝒐𝒏𝒔

Atoms are neutral (they have no charge). So the number

of electrons equals the number of protons.
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 Atomic Structure – Inside the Atom
Mass number tells us how many protons and neutrons
there are in an atom…remember electrons are so small
we approximate their mass to zero

𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 = 𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒕𝒐𝒏𝒔 + 𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝑵𝒆𝒖𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒏𝒔

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2. Isotope
Isotopic symbols
There are two common ways of symbolizing isotopes.

𝑨
𝒁𝑿 𝑿𝑨
where 𝑋 = 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑏𝑜𝑙
𝐴 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
𝑍 = 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
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Isotopic symbols
Unlike on the periodic table where the atomic number is
at the top of the box and the average atomic mass is at
the bottom in isotopic symbols the mass number is at
the top and the atomic number is at the bottom.
𝐴 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝟔
𝑨 𝑪
𝒁𝑿 𝑍 = 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
𝑋 = 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑏𝑜𝑙
𝑪𝒂𝒓𝒃𝒐𝒏
𝟏𝟐. 𝟎𝟏

If X is Hydrogen and its mass number is 2 then the isotopic symbol would be 12𝐻 12
Isotopic symbols

𝑿𝑨

If X is Fluorine and its mass number is 20 then the correct isotopic symbol is 𝐹𝑙𝑢𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑒 – 20 13
Isotopes
Atoms of the same element always have the same
number of protons. However they may have different
numbers of neutrons. They are known as isotopes.
Carbon has two isotopes:

𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟒
𝟔𝑪 𝟔 𝑪
𝑪𝒂𝒓𝒃𝒐𝒏 − 𝟏𝟐 𝑪𝒂𝒓𝒃𝒐𝒏 − 𝟏𝟒
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Isotopes
Different isotopes of the same element may have
different physical properties e.g. melting point or
density. Some isotopes are radioactive

However they always have the same chemical

properties.

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 Isotopes Hydrogen exists as 3 isotopes…
although Hydrogen-1 makes up the vast
majority of the naturally occurring element.

Protons
Protons Protons
Electrons
Electrons Electrons
Neutrons
Neutrons Neutrons

Hydrogen (Tritium)
(Deuterium)
or Protium
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Which of the following is
not a sub-atomic particle?

a. Proton.
b. Isotope.
c. Neutron.
d. Electron.

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The element Cobalt has a relative
atomic mass of 59 and an atomic
number of 27. Which of these is a
true statement about each neutral
cobalt atom?

a.It contains 59 neutrons.

b.It contains 27 electrons.
c.It contains 32 protons.
d.It contains equal numbers of
neutrons and electrons.

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The Periodic Table displays iron
as shown below. This indicates
𝟓𝟔
that Fe atoms: 𝟐𝟔𝑭𝒆

a.contain 56 neutrons.
b.contain 30 electrons.
c.contain 26 protons.
d.contains more protons than
neutrons.

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Bromine consists of a mixture of
two isotopes: Bromine-79 and
Bromine-81
Which of the following is true:
𝟖𝟎
𝟑𝟓𝑩𝒓
a.Both isotopes contain 35 protons.
b.Bromine 79 contains 46 neutrons.
c.Bromine 81 contains 44 neutrons.
d.Bromine-81 is more reactive than
bromine-79.

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What is the name, atomic number, mass number, number of protons, number of
electrons, and number of neutrons of each of the following elements:

Symbol Name Atomic Mass Number of Number of Number of

Number Number Protons Electrons Neutrons

𝟑𝟓
𝟏𝟕𝑪𝒍
𝟏𝟗𝟎
𝟕𝟔𝑶𝒔
𝟑𝟗
𝟏𝟗𝑲
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Chlorine occurs in two
common isotopes. It
appears as Cl-35
75.8% of the time and
as Cl-37 24.2% of the
time. What is its
average atomic mass?

Ans. 35.484

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3. The Periodic Table
Antoine Lavoisier
Created a table of 33 of the then known elements.

Grouped the elements into four categories based

on their physical and chemical properties.

These categories were gases, nonmetals,

metals, and earths.

1743 (Paris) – 1794 (Paris)

“The Father of 24
Modern Chemistry”
Jöns Jakob Berzelius
Developed a table of atomic weights in 1828.
Introduced the use of letters as symbols for the
elements.
Determined the atomic weight of 43 elements.
First to isolate pure calcium, barium, strontium,
silicon, titanium, and zirconium.
Discovered selenium, thorium, and cesium.

Swedish chemist
1779 – 1848 25
Johann Döbereiner
In 1817, he proposed “triads,” or groups of three
elements with similar properties. He later published
these ideas in 1829.

Examples of triads:
lithium, sodium, & potassium;
calcium, strontium, & barium;
chlorine, bromine, & iodine.

Discovered that the relative atomic mass of the middle

element in each triad was close to the average of the
relative atomic masses of the other two elements.
German Scientist
1780–1849 26
John Newlands 1837 (London) – 1898

Proposed the “Law of Octaves.”

In 1863, he arranged the 62 known elements in order

of their atomic weights and observed similarities
between the first and ninth and second and tenth
elements, etc.

H1 F8 Cl 15 Co & Ni 22 Br 29 Pd 36 I 42 Pt & Ir 50
Li 2 Na 9 K 16 Cu 23 Rb 30 Ag 37 Cs 44 Os 51
Be 3 Mg 10 Ca 17 Zn 24 Sr 31 Cd 38 Ba & V 45 Hg 52
B4 Al 11 Cr 19 Y 25 Ce & La 33 U 40 Ta 46 Tl 53
C5 Si 12 Ti 18 In 26 Zr 32 Sn 39 W 47 Pb 54
N6 P 13 Mn 20 As 27 Bi & Mo 34 Sb 41 Nb 48 Bi 55
O7 S 14 Fe 21 Se 28 Rh & Ru 35 Te 43 Au 49 Th 56 27
Dmitri Mendeleev
“Father of the Modern Periodic Table”

In 1869, he produced a table based on the atomic

weights.

He actually arranged them such that elements with

similar properties were located in the table
underneath each other

Russian Physicist and Chemist

1834 (Tobolsk, Siberia ) – 28
1907 (St. Petersburg)
 29
Mendeleev’s Periodic Table (1871)
 Periods
1 Periods are shown as horizontal rows.

2 All of the elements in a given period

have the same number of atomic shells.
3
4
5
6

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 Groups
1

8
7
2

4
3

6
5
Groups or families are shown as vertical
columns.
There are 18 groups in the periodic table.

Elements in a group have similar electronic configurations for their valence shell electrons.
This is why elements in a group have similar chemical properties.
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32
3. Nomenclature
Naming Compounds
Dihydrogen Monoxide Sodium Chloride
Water Table salt

H2O NaCl

HCl KNO3
Muriatic acid Saltpepper
Hydrochloric Acid Potassium Nitrate

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Naming Ionic Compounds
The cation is named The name of the The anion is named
first and the anion is cation is the same as by taking the root
named second. the name of the name of the element
element. So both the and adding the suffix
element Mg and the -ide. For example, F
cation Mg2+ are is an atom of fluorine
called magnesium. and F- is the anion
fluoride.

So 𝑴𝒈𝑭𝟐 would be 𝒎𝒂𝒈𝒏𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒖𝒎 𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒅𝒆.

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 Naming Ionic Compounds

FeO
Use a roman numeral after the cation to indicate the ionic charge of that cation.
So FeO would be called iron(II) oxide
since the cation is Fe2+ and Fe2O3 would
be iron(III) oxide since the cation is Fe3+.

FeO
Alternatively, when using traditional names atoms whose valence numbers vary,
So FeO would be called ferrous oxide
since the cation is Fe2+ and Fe2O3 would
be ferric oxide since the cation is Fe3+.
you add the suffix –ous to the one with the lower valence state and –ic to the one
with the higher valence state.

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Naming Ionic Name the following
compounds
Compounds a. MgCl2
b. LiBr

c. HgBr
d. Mn2O3

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Naming Ionic
Compounds Translate the following
names into chemical
formulas:

a. Tin (II) Sulfide

b. Beryllium chloride
c. Iron (III) Oxide

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 Formula of Ion* Name of Ion
−
Hydrogen 𝑂𝐻 𝐻𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑑𝑒
Polyatomic Ions
𝑁𝐻4+ 𝐴𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑢𝑚
Nitrogen 𝑵𝑶−𝟑 𝑵𝒊𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆
𝑁𝑂2− 𝑁𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑒

𝐶𝑙𝑂4− 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑕𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒
𝑪𝒍𝑶− 𝑪𝒉𝒍𝒐𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆
Chlorine 𝟑
𝐶𝑕𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑒
𝐶𝑙𝑂2−
𝐶𝑙𝑂− 𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑐𝑕𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑒

𝑪𝑶𝟐−𝟑 𝑪𝒂𝒓𝒃𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆
𝐻𝐶𝑂3− 𝐻𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 (𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒)
Carbon
𝐶𝑁 − 𝐶𝑦𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑑𝑒
𝐶2 𝐻3 𝑂2− 𝐴𝑐𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒

𝑺𝑶𝟐−
𝟒 𝑺𝒖𝒍𝒇𝒂𝒕𝒆
𝐻𝑆𝑂4− 𝐻𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛 𝑆𝑢𝑙𝑓𝑎𝑡𝑒 (𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑖𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑓𝑎𝑡𝑒)
Sulfur
𝑆𝑂32− 𝑆𝑢𝑙𝑓𝑖𝑡𝑒
𝐻𝑆𝑂3− 𝐻𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛 𝑆𝑢𝑙𝑓𝑖𝑡𝑒 (𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑖𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑓𝑖𝑡𝑒)

𝑷𝑶𝟑−𝟒 𝑷𝒉𝒐𝒔𝒑𝒉𝒂𝒕𝒆
𝐻𝑃𝑂42− 𝐻𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛 𝑃𝑕𝑜𝑠𝑝𝑕𝑎𝑡𝑒
Phosphorous
𝐻2 𝑃𝑂4− 𝐷𝑖𝑕𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛 𝑃𝑕𝑜𝑠𝑝𝑕𝑎𝑡𝑒
𝑃𝑂33− 𝑃𝑕𝑜𝑠𝑝𝑕𝑖𝑡𝑒
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*Formulas and names in bold type indicate the most common polyatomic ion for that element.
Naming Compounds
w/ Polyatomic Ions Name the following
compounds that contain
polyatomic ions:

a. Mg3(PO4)2
b. (NH4)2C2O4
c. KMnO4

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Naming Compounds
w/ Polyatomic Ions Write the formula of the
following compounds that
contain polyatomic ions:

a. Lead (II) dichromate

b. Sodium hydroxide
c. Chromium (III) carbonate

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 Naming Covalent Compounds
How do you recognize that something is a covalent compound
(versus an ionic compound)?

S2Cl2 CO2 N2O For example, ammonium bromide NH4Br

and ammonium sulfate (NH4)2SO4 are
If a compound contains only nonmetals (no metals), then you can be reasonably ionic compounds even though they
contain only nonmetals.
sure that it is a covalent compound.
Note: Some exceptions would be compounds that contain polyatomic ions.

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 Naming Covalent Compounds

CO2 Carbon-
The first element in the compound is named first using the name of the element.

CO2 oxide
The second element is named as though it were an anion (the root name + suffix -ide); even though, we know there are no
anions in a covalent compound

CO2 Carbon Dioxide

Prefixes are used to denote the numbers of each atom present. Since there are no formal charges on the atoms in covalent
compounds, it is more difficult to predict the proportions that the atoms combine in. (Note: the prefix mono is never used with 43
the first element).
Covalent Compound
Molecular compound names clearly specify how many of each type of
atom participate in the compound.

Prefixes for Binary Molecular Compounds

Prefixes Number of Atoms Prefixes Number of Atoms

Mono- 1 Hexa- 6

Di- 2 Hepta 7

Tri- 3 Octa- 8

Tetra 4 Nona- 9

Penta- 5 Deca- 10

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Naming Covalent
Compounds
What are the names
of the compounds:

a. N2O
b. SF6
c. Cl2O8

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 Naming a compound XaYb
Is X Hydrogen?
Yes No

XaYb is an acid Is X a metal?

No Yes

XaYb is a molecular compound; Is X a group B element?

prefixes are required, ends in
-ide No Yes

XaYb is an ionic compound,

XaYb is an ionic compound
Roman Numerals needed

Is Y a polyatomic ion?

Yes No

Ending depends on anion Ends in -ide 46