Manx Lessons

Level 1
FOREWORD. .......................................................................................................................................... 4
PRONUNCIATION ................................................................................................................................. 5
Lesson 1................................................................................................................................................... 6
The Personal Pronouns in their simple form .......................................................................................... 6
The Verb "to be.".................................................................................................................................. 6
The Irregular Verbs. ............................................................................................................................. 7
Lesson 2................................................................................................................................................... 9
The Article. .......................................................................................................................................... 9
Adjectives ............................................................................................................................................ 9
The Verb "to be."................................................................................................................................ 10
Lesson 3................................................................................................................................................. 13
Irregular Verbs, past tense................................................................................................................... 13
Ayn .................................................................................................................................................... 14
Emphatic Pronouns............................................................................................................................. 14
Lesson 4................................................................................................................................................. 17
Future Tense....................................................................................................................................... 17
The Irregular Verbs, future tense......................................................................................................... 18
Infinitive of the Irregular Verbs........................................................................................................... 19
Lesson 5................................................................................................................................................. 21
Adverbs of Direction .......................................................................................................................... 21
More Prepositional pronouns. ............................................................................................................. 22
Lesson 6................................................................................................................................................. 24
More about Verbs............................................................................................................................... 24
Lesson 7................................................................................................................................................. 28
Plural of Nouns................................................................................................................................... 28
Mutations ........................................................................................................................................... 29
Lesson 8................................................................................................................................................. 31
More about Mutations......................................................................................................................... 31
Lesson 9................................................................................................................................................. 34
Declensions of er, on and lesh............................................................................................................. 34
Lesson 10............................................................................................................................................... 37
The Genitive Case. ............................................................................................................................. 37
Eclipsis............................................................................................................................................... 38
Lesson 11............................................................................................................................................... 40
More Prepositional pronouns .............................................................................................................. 40
Lesson 12............................................................................................................................................... 43
The Numerals..................................................................................................................................... 43
 Level 2
FOREWORD. ........................................................................................................................................ 47
Lesson 1................................................................................................................................................. 48
The Regular Verbs.............................................................................................................................. 48
Conversational Phrases. ...................................................................................................................... 50
Lesson 2................................................................................................................................................. 51
The Regular Verbs, Future Tense........................................................................................................ 51
Conversational Phrases. ...................................................................................................................... 52
Reading Practice, Cheer Nyn Aeg. Cabdil 1. Oshin as Parick........................................................... 52
Lesson 3................................................................................................................................................. 53
Grammar - The Compound Tenses of the Regular verbs. ..................................................................... 53
Conversational Phrases. ...................................................................................................................... 54
Reading, Cheer Nyn Aeg. Cabdil l: Oshin as Parick ............................................................................ 55
Lesson 4................................................................................................................................................. 56
Grammar - The Relative Pronoun........................................................................................................ 56
Reading Practice, Cheer Nyn Aeg. Cabdil 2. Cheet Niau. ................................................................ 57
Lesson 5................................................................................................................................................. 58
Grammar (for study). .......................................................................................................................... 58
The Adjective – Comparative.............................................................................................................. 58
Reading, Cheer Nyn Aeg. Cabdil 2. .................................................................................................... 59
Lesson 6................................................................................................................................................. 60
Grammar - More about Adjectives. ..................................................................................................... 60
Practical Conversation ........................................................................................................................ 61
Reading Practice, Cheer Nyn Aeg.Cabdil 3: Immeeaght Oshin. ........................................................... 62
Lesson 7................................................................................................................................................. 63
Grammar. The auxiliary verb Fod (may, can). ..................................................................................... 63
Expressing “to have” .......................................................................................................................... 64
Conversation ...................................................................................................................................... 65
Reading Practice. Cheer Nyn Aeg. Cabdil 3. ....................................................................................... 65
Lesson 8................................................................................................................................................. 67
Grammar, Combinations of verb and preposition................................................................................. 67
Conversation ...................................................................................................................................... 68
Reading, Cheer Nyn Aeg. Cabdil 4.—Ayns Cheer nyn Aeg................................................................. 69
Lesson 9................................................................................................................................................. 70
Grammar (for study). The verb “she” .................................................................................................. 70
Reading Practice. Cheer Nyn Aeg. Cabdil 4. Ayns Cheer nyn Aeg...................................................... 71
Lesson 10............................................................................................................................................... 73
Grammar, Further idiomatic phrases. .................................................................................................. 73
Reading , Cheer Nyn Aeg. Cabdil 5. Foddeeaght Oshin....................................................................... 75
Lesson 11............................................................................................................................................... 76
Grammar (For Study). ........................................................................................................................ 76
Conversatlon ...................................................................................................................................... 76
Reading Practice. Cheer Nyn Aeg. Cabdil 5. Foddeeaght Oshin........................................................... 77
Lesson 12............................................................................................................................................... 78
Grammar, Particles. ............................................................................................................................ 78
CONVERSATION ............................................................................................................................. 79
READING PRACTICE, CHEER NYN AEG. Cabdil 6. Oshin ayns yn Erin reesht. ............................. 79
Lesson 13............................................................................................................................................... 79
VOCABULARY (for memorising). .................................................................................................... 79
Conversation ...................................................................................................................................... 81
Reading Practice. Cheer Nyn Aeg.Oshin ayns yn Erin Reesht.............................................................. 81
LESSON 14. .......................................................................................................................................... 83
GRAMMAR: Forming the plural of nouns. ......................................................................................... 83
CONVERSATION. ............................................................................................................................ 84
READING PRACTICE. ..................................................................................................................... 84
LESSON 15. .......................................................................................................................................... 86
GRAMMAR: Forming the plural of nouns. Group 1 (continued). ........................................................ 86
CONVERSATl0N. ............................................................................................................................. 87
READlNG PRACTICE. ASHLISH VAXEN. ..................................................................................... 87
LESSON 16. .......................................................................................................................................... 89
Forming the Plural of Nouns............................................................................................................... 89
READING PRACTICE. ASHLISH VAXEN. Skeeal Shenn Vretin. .................................................... 90
LESSON 17. .......................................................................................................................................... 92
Forming the Plural of Nouns (continued)............................................................................................. 92
READING PRACTICE. ASHLISH VAXEN.Skeeal Shenn Vretin. ..................................................... 94
GLOSSARY....................................................................................................................................... 95

Glossary
English-Manx......................................................................................................................................... 96
Manx-English........................................................................................................................................104
FOREWORD.
The following series of lessons are reprinted from the columns of the Mona's Herald, where they
appeared weekly during the Spring of 1935.
The lessons were started as a direct result of a debate in the Manx Society Annual Meeting for 1934,
which the position and prospects of the Manx language, and the attitude of Manx people towards its
preservation were discussed. A motion was passed at that meeting resolving that a class for the study and
use of the language should immediately be organised, provided that (1) a sufficient number of members
could be secured to make it worthwhile twelve students being the minimum decided upon and (2) that some
means could be found of reprinting and making immediately available some form of elementary grammar
for the use of students.
Through the patriotic interest and enterprise of the proprietors of the Mona's Herald, and the
kindness of the Trustees of the late Edmund Goodwin, of Peel, these lessons, were compiled by Miss Mona
Douglas, the organiser of the class, printed as stated, and used as working texts week by week by the class
teacher, Mr. H. P. Kelly, B.A. They are based almost entirely upon Goodwin's earlier book, "First Lessons
in Manx," which has long been out of print, and are now made available in a more permanent form than the
newspaper column. It is hoped that they may serve elementary students of Manx for some years to come,
and that such students will increase in number year by year.
Last year, instead of the dozen stipulated as a minimum, the class organised under the auspices of
the Manx Society attracted an average of 25 students during the whole session, and in addition reports
came to hand of many others who, although unable to attend the class, studied the weekly lessons at home.
The present book covers about half of Goodwin's book, and it is hoped during the coming winter to
continue the good work with a more advanced series of lessons based on the second half, which will later
on be reprinted as a second volume the two together forming an excellent elementary to intermediate
course in Manx from which the student should be able to progress easily to Mr. J. J. Kneen's more
advanced and scholarly "Grammar of the Manx Language."
Thanks are due to Mr. J. J. Kneen, M.A., in connection with the present volume, for his kindness in
reading the final proofsheets, and also for much help and advice during the session in the compilation of the
lessons. We have also been most fortunate in our teacher, Mr. Kelly, who has kindly agreed to continue
with the class during this coming winter.
With so many keen students and good helpers we need not despair of preserving our ancient speech
for future generations: and if at times the effort, seems a hard one, I would have every student realise that
by making it he is truly serving that ideal, "Ellan Vannin in the heart," in which I think most of us believe
although we seldom speak of it.
Bannaght lhieu, studeyryn Gailckagh!
October, 1935.

MONA DOUGLAS.
PRONUNCIATION
Looking at the language itself, we have already observed that the spelling system differs radically
from the traditional Gaelic system, and the following examples, in which the Manx and Scottish Gaelic
pronunciations approximate quite well to each other, illustrate this clearly:

Manx Scot. Gaelic English

loayrt labhairt speaking

soiaghey suidheachadh settling
gowee gabhaidh will take
dooinney ooasle duin' uasal gentleman
y varnish a' bhanais the wedding
Jeheiney Oi-h-aoine Friday
bwaagh boidheach pretty
dooyrt d'thubhairt said.

The pronunciation of Manx is fully explained in J.J. Kneen "A Grammar of the Manx Language"
and "English-Manx Pronouncing Dictionary", to which the student is referred. Its most striking features
may, however, be summarised here: -ey, also -y- in words of one syllable, is pronounced like the final -a of
'sofa'; ea, eh, ei, ai are most often pronounced like the stressed vowel of French 'ete' of German 'geben' (i.e.
the pure vowel of Scottish 'day') whilst aa is like - ai- in 'fair', or a drawn out version of -e- in 'pen'. When -
y follows a vowel it is often silent, and -i after a vowel frequently modifies the consonant following it as
well as the vowel accompanying it, so whereas 'fanney' is pronounced 'fanna','fainey' is like 'fain-ye'. A
final -e usually serves merely to lengthen the preceding vowel as in English, so 'dhone' sounds like 'dthawn'
and 'hene' like 'heen' (or 'heedn' - see below).
Many consonants correspond fairly well to their English counterparts, but these points should be
noted: 'ch' sounds as in Scottish 'loch', but may in many words sound as in 'church'; to avoid confusion,'çh'
is often used for the latter sound. When in the middle or at the end of a word, 'gh' is also like Scottish 'loch',
but at the beginning of a word it resembles the voiced throaty sound as when gargling. A prevalent
characteristic of Manx pronunciation is the softening or even complete elision of consonants in the middle
of a word, so 'cappan' is pronounced 'cah-van' and 'magher' is 'mahrr'. In recent times, also, there has been a
tendency, in words where a stressed final syllable contains a long vowel followed by -m, -n or -ng, to
develop an intrusive consonant after the vowel (which is then often shortened), so that 'bane' may become
'bae-dn', 'lheim' is 'l-yibm' and 'lhong' is 'lug-ng'. whilst 'farrane' can be 'fa-radn'. As a rule words are
stressed on the first syllable, but the next syllable can take the stress if it contains a long vowel: thus
'cláshtyn' but 'arráne'
In connexion with Manx pronunciation, it is worth mentioning that the system of representing
sounds in writing is full of inconsistencies, and there can be no guarantee that words of different meanings
but sounding the same will be written similarly; in fact, there seems to have been a policy to ensure that
they were not! Thus 'lieh', 'lheh' sound like 'l-yay', 'olley', 'ollay' are both 'awla' and 'leigh': 'leih' represent a
sound between 'lay' and ‘lie’.
Lesson 1.
The Personal Pronouns in their simple form

The Personal Pronouns in their simple form (with English equivalent in parenthesis):

mee (I)
oo (you)
eh (he)
ee (she)
shin (we)
shiu (you)
ad (they)

(The word oo (you) is used when speaking to ONE person only, shiu being, strictly, plural: but shiu is
often, out of politeness, substituted for oo).

The Verb "to be."

Present tense, affirmative form, ta. Present tense, interrogative or dependent form, vel.
ta mee (I am) vel mee? (am I?)
t'ou, ta oo (you are) vel oo? (are you?)
t'eh, ta eh (he is) vel eh? (is he?)
t'ee, ta ee (she is) vel ee (is she?)
ta shin (we are) vel shin? (are we?)
ta shiu (you are) vel shiu? (are you?)
t'ad, ta ad (they are) vel ad? (are they?)

T'eh, when meaning 'it is' is often written te

It will be seen that in Manx the nominative is placed AFTER the verb.

Cur Gaelg orroo shoh

she is.
you are. (plural
they are.
he is.
we are.
I am.
you are. (singular)
Present tense, negative, cha nel. Present tense, interrogative negative, nagh vel.
cha nel mee (I am not) nagh vel mee? (am I not?)
cha nel oo (you are not) nagh vel oo? (are you not?)
cha nel eh (he is not) nagh vel eh? (is he not?)
cha nel ee (she is not) nagh vel ee? (is she not?)
cha nel shin (we are not) nagh vel shin? (are we not?)
cha nel shiu (you are not) nagh vel shiu? (are you not?)
cha nel ad (they are not) nagh vel ad? (are they not?)

Instead of the colloquial form cha nel, the more In the spoken language, nagh is sometimes
literary form cha vel may be used shortened to ny, but in the written language ny is
only used in the imperative (see later).

Cur Baarle orroo shoh.

nagh vel shin?
cha nel oo
nagh vel ad?
vel shin?
nagh vel eh?
vel shiu?
cha nel mee
nagh vel ee?

The Irregular Verbs.

The following nine verbs. together with the Verb representing 'to be,' are the chief Irregular verbs of the
Manx language. They are in such constant use that scarcely a sentence can be found which does not contain
one or more of them.

Verbal-noun, or Infinitive.

cheet (coming)
goll (going)
cur, or coyrt (giving or putting)
goaill (taking)
gra (saying)
jannoo (doing)
clashtyn (hearing)
fakin (seeing)
feddyn, or geddyn (finding, getting)

Imperative, singular.

abbyr (say)
clasht (hear)
cur (give, put)
fow (find, or get)
gow (take)
immee (go)
jean (do)
jeeagh (see, look)
tar (come you)

All the above should be memorised and the following two exercises in translation done without reference to
the verbs, etc.
1.— Cur Baarle orroo shoh.

Vel oo goll? Ta mee goll. Cha nel mee goll.

Vel ee cheet? T'ee cheet. Cha nel ee cheet.
Nagh vel oo cheet? Cha nel mee cheet; ta mee goll.
Vel oo clashtyn? Ta mee clashtyn.
Vel ad goll? Vel shiu goll? Vel shin goll?
Vel eh goll? T'eh goll. Cha nel eh goll. T'eh cheet.
Vel oo fakin?
Tar! Abbyr! Jeeagh! Immee!
Ta mee gra.
Ta mee fakin dy vel eh goll.

2.—Cur Gaelg orroo shoh.

I am coming.
Are you (singular) going?
I am not going.
Is he coming?
He is coming.
She is going.
Are they coming?
They are coming.
Am I not going?
You are not going, you are coming.
Is he going?
He is going.
Are you (plural) going?
We are not going, we are coming.
I am not coming.
You see that he is going.
Are they going?
They are going.
Come! Go!
Do you see? (are you seeing?).

(It will be seen that in the present tense the three English forms, "I am going," "I go," and "I do go.' are to
be translated into Manx by the one form "ta mee goll.").

Phrases for learning and use.

Vel oo goll thie? (Are you going home?) Ta (yes). Cha nel (no).
Jeeagh quoi ta cheet! (Look who's coming!).
Nagh vel eh cheet? (Isn't he coming?).
Moghrey mie! (Good morning!). Oie vie! (Good-night!)
Cre'n aght ta shiu? (What is the way you are? = How are you?).
Ta mee goll as gaccan. (I'm going and grumbling).
Lesson 2.
Last lesson we learnt the Manx personal pronouns, the verb to be and the irregular verbs in their present
tense. Even from these first elements it was found possible to form short sentences; and the beginner in
Manx should, from the very start, make a habit of forming and saying such sentences, incorporating what
he learns of the language from day to day. In this way a ready vocabulary will gradually be built up, the
grammatical rules more easily learnt and applied, and a foundation laid for later conversational practice.

The Article.
There is no indefinite article in Manx. Thus dooinney means "man" or ' a man."
The definite article is yn (the) yn dooinney (the man); yn soilshey (the light).
When the following noun begins with a consonant the final N of the article is often dropped.
When the preceding word ends with a vowel sound the initial Y of the article is often dropped.
"as va’n fastyr, as y moghrey yn nah laa." And were the evening and the morning the second day.
("And the evening and the morning were the second day." — Genesis i. 8).

When the article is the first word of a sentence, or when it is specially emphatic, no contraction occurs. The
verb goes before its nominative. The verb does not usually change its form for number or person.

The noun or pronoun does not change its form for accusative case.
mee (I, me).
oo (you).

t’ad fakin y dooinney (they see the man).

ta’n dooinney fakin ad (the man sees them).

Adjectives
Adjectives, as a rule, are placed after the nouns which they qualify.

cree dooie (a kind heart).

dooinney boght (a poor man).
dooinney berchagh (a rich man).

The adjectives drogh (bad), shenn (old), and a very few others are, by exception, placed before the nouns
which they qualify, and in so doing they usually make a sort of compound noun.

shenn-ayr (forefather; old father).

drogh-spyrryd (evil spirit).
lhag-laynt (indisposition, slack health) .
slane-palchey (abundance, complete plenty).
ard-valley (city: high town; chief town).

The verb ta often corresponds to the English "there is." "there are."
VOCABULARY.

ayns in. schoill f. school.

dy, (da, dys) to. schoillar, m scholar.
cre what?. lioar, f. book.
cre ta what is? pabyr. m. paper.
cre vel where is? thie, m. house.
c'red what cashtal, m. castle.
c'red what thing? slieau, m. (pl. sleityn) mountain.
c'raad where? what road? er yn clieau on the mountain.
c'el? where is? cronk. m. (pl. crink. croink) hill.
rieau ever (used of past) boayl, m. (pl. buill, boaylyn) a place, a spot.
dy bragh, dy bra ever ( that is to come). ayns y voayl in the place.
ve it was. ynnyd, f. a place, a stead.

Loan words from English are sometimes met with, such as drawer dresser, etc. They should be used as
sparingly as possible.
Children's Rhyme.

C'raad t'ou goll?

Goll dy schoill.
C'raad ta n lioar?
Ayns y drawer.
C'raad ta'n drawer?
Ayns y dresser.
C'raad ta'n dresser?
Ayns y thie.
C'raad ta'n thie?
Ayns y clieau.
C'raad ta'n slieau?
Ayns y voayl ve rieau.

The Verb "to be."

Past tense affirmative, va. Past tense, interrogative or dependent form, row
va mee (I was). row mee? (was I?).
v'ou (va oo) (you were). r'ou, row oo? (were you?).
v'eh (va eh) (he was). row uss, row-oo? (were you?).
v'ee (va ee) (she was). row eh? (was he?).
va shin (we were). row ee? (was she?).
va shiu (you were) row shin? (were we?).
v'ad (va ad) (they were). row shiu? (were you?).
row ad? (were they?).

Wherever the simple form r'ou (were you?) is likely to be mistaken for row "was" it is better to substitute
the emphatic form, "row uss."
Past tense, negative. Past tense interrogative negative
cha row mee (I was not). nagh row mee? (was I not?).
cha row uss (you were not). nagh row uss? (were you not?).
cha row eh (he was not). nagh row eh? (was he not?)
cha row ee (she was not). nagh row ee? (was she not?)
cha row shin (we were not). nagh row shin? (were we not?).
cha row shiu (you were not). nagh row shiu? (were you not?)
cha row ad (they were not). nagh row ad? (were they not?).

There is not a special verb to have" in Manx. The English verb to "have" is usually translated by ta ... ec
(there is a ... at).

Ta cabbyl ec Juan (John has a horse = There is a horse at John).

Ec (at)

'Ec' combines with its personal pronoun to form a prepositional pronoun.

aym (at me). ain (at us).

ayd (at you). eu (at you).
echey (at him). oc (at them).
eck (at her).

Cur Baarle orroo shoh.

Ta thie aym.
Ta pabyr ain.
Ta lioar ayd.
Ta shenn-ayr eu.
Ta ynnyd echey.
Ta cashtal oc.
Ta cabbyl eck.
In Manx the present tense of any verb consists, as a rule, of the verbal noun and the auxiliary "to be."

creck (sell)
ta mee creck (I sell; I am selling).
cha nel mee creck (I do sell, I am not selling).
vel mee creck? (do I sell? am I selling?).
nagh vel mee creck? (do I not sell? am I not selling?).

kionnaghey (buy)
Ta mee kionnaghey.
Cha nel mee kionnaghey.
Vel mee kionnaghey?
Nagh vel mee kionnaghey?
When the verb-stem has a vowel initial the letter g is prefixed to the verbal-noun.

eeck (pay).
Ta mee geeck.
Cha nel mee geeck.
Vel mee geeck?
Nagh vel mee geeck?
aase (grow, growth).
Ta mee gaase.
Cha nel mee gaase.
Vel mee gaase?
Nagh vel mee gaase?

Cur Baarle orroo shoh.

Ta lioar aym.
Ta fys ayd.
Nagh row thie ayd? Va thie aym.
Row thie oc? Cha row thie oc.
Vel fys ayd? Cha nel fys aym.
Vel ad ec y thie? Cha nel.
Row ad ec y thie? Cha row.
Nagh vel ad ec y thie? Ta. Cha nel.
Vel oo goll dy schoill? Cha nel; ta mee goll thie.
Vel shiu goll thie? Ta shin goll thie. Cha nel shin goll thie.
Vel shiu cheet? Ta. Vel eh cheet? Cha nel.
Vel shiu clashtyn mee? Cha nel; c'red ta shiu gra?
Ta mee gra dy vel mee goll dy schoill.
Ta mee gra dy row mee (that I was) ec y thie.

Cur Gaelg orroo shoh.

Were they going?

They were going.
They were not going.
Was he coming? [He] was. [He] was not.
Was he at home? He was at home.
She was not at home.
They were not at home.
Does he know? (is knowledge at him?) He knows.
They do not know that I am at home.
Have you a book? I have a book. He has not a book
They see, they come, they hear, they say, they find.
They give they take.
I do not find.
Do I find? Do I not find?
I say that he sees the book.

A Phrase a Day for Memorising and Use

Vel peiagh erbee sthie? (Is there any person in?).
Cha 'sayms dy-jarroo! (I don't know indeed!)
Tar as cur shilley orrym mairagh. (Come and put a sight on me to-morrow).
Gur-eh-mie-eu! (Thank you!)
Cur dou yn sollan, my sailliu. (Give to me the salt, if you please, pass the salt, please.)
Row uss ec Doolish jea? (Were you at Douglas yesterday?)
Va (yes; past tense); Cha row (no; past tense).
Lesson 3.

Last lesson, we learnt the rules governing the article, adjectives, prepositional pronouns indicating
possession, and the past tense of the verb "to be."

We have also learnt the nine irregular verbs in most common use and each of these has also a special and
different form in the past tense. These forms must be thoroughly memorised before much progress can be
made in sentence-construction or conversation. They are as follows:—

Irregular Verbs, past tense.

haink mee (I came). cha daink mee (I did not come).

hie mee (I went). cha jagh mee (I did not go).
hug mee (I gave. or put). cha dug mee (I did not give: or put).
ghow mee (I took). cha ghow mee (I did not take).
dooyrt mee (I said). cha dooyrt mee (I did not say).
ren mee (I did; or made). cha ren mee (I did not make).
cheayll mee (I heard). cha geayll mee (I did not hear).
honnick mee (I saw). cha vaik mee (I did not see).
hooar mee (I got, or found). cha dooar mee (I did not get: find).

(The colloquial form naik may be substituted for the more literary form vaik, and the form chluin or chlinn
may be used for cheayll.)
As a rule, the form of the verb given above in the negative is that used also in the interrogative:—

Daink mee? (did I come?) Nagh daink mee? (did I not come?).

By exception, the form "geayll is only used after cha or nagh.

Cheayll oo? (did you hear?). Nagh geayll oo? (did you not hear?)

The Imperative plural adds the syllable jee:—

Gow (take). Gow-jee (take) (you).

jean (do). jean-jee (do) (you).

In the spoken language shiu is frequently substituted for jee:—

Gow shiu (take you).

In the imperative the negative particle is ny:—

Ny cur (do not give) (sing). Ny cur-jee (do not give) (plural)

Before a vowel, "nagh" is used instead of "ny"; nagh insh dou (do not tell me).

We have learnt that in the present tense, "I go," "I am going" and "I do go." are all translated by the one
form ta mee goll, but we now see that in the past tense there are three methods of expression:—

hie mee (I went). va mee goll (I was going). ren mee goll (I did go).
There is NO NEUTER GENDER in Manx.

All nouns are classed as either masculine or feminine. Thus "dorrys" (door) is masculine, and has to be
represented by the pronoun eh. "Uinnag" (window) is feminine, and has to be represented by ee.

Ayn
An important word in Manx is ayn (in).

Such sentences as "There is a man," or There is a woman," become in Manx "Ta dooinney ayn" (There is a
man in), "Ta ben ayn" (There is a woman in).

"In the" is not translated by "ayn yn" but by "ayns yn," which on contraction may become "syn" or "sy":

ayns yn eayst (in the moon).

ayns y ghrian (in the sun).
'syn 'astyr (in the evening).
'sy voghrey (in the morning).
'sy laa (in the day).
'syn oie (in the night).

Ayn combines like ec to form prepositional pronoun:—

aynym (in me).

aynyd (in you).
ayn (in him).
aynjee (in her).
aynin, ayndooin (in us).
ayndiu (in you).
ayndoo, ayndaue (in them)

Emphatic Pronouns
When special emphasis is laid upon any personal pronoun, it assumes what is known as the emphatic form:

mee becomes mish.

oo becomes uss.
eh becomes eshyn.
ee becomes ish.
shin becomes shinyn.
shiu becomes shiuish.
ad becomes adsyn.
All the prepositional pronouns have both a simple and an emphatic form, and these are as follows:—
Simple. Emphatic.
aym ayms
ayd ayds
echey echeysyn
eck ecksh
ain ainyn
eu euish
oc ocsyn

aynym aynyms
aynyd aynyds
ayn aynsyn
anjee aynjeeish
ayndooin ayndooinyn
ayndiu ayndiuish
ayndaue ayndausyn

Example. Shoh yn lioar ayms, cha nee yn lioar echeysyn. (This is my book, not his book).

VOCABULARY.

aeg young foddey far

agh but follan wholesome
annoon feeble foshil open
arran bread fosley opening
balley pl. baljyn town fuirree wait
beg small furriaght waiting
blaa, my-vlaa blossom, in bloom glare short
boayrd table glass lock
chaglym gathering glionney glass
çheer country grian, yn ghrian sun, the sun
cheerey, gen. of the country harrish over
çhing sick, ill jeigh shut, shutting
choud as, choud's as long as, whilst keayn sea
clag clock laa; pl. laghyn day
cre vel? c'el? where is? laare floor
cre, cre-erbee what, whatever lajer strong
cre-veih? voish where from? liauyr long, tall
curn, kurn can losserey herbage
dooin shut magh out (after verbs of motion)
dorrys door mean, y vean middle, the midst
dys, gys to, towards mean-oie midnight
eayst moon miljid sweetness
eeym butter mill honey
eisht then millish sweet
er on, upon mooar big, large
erbee at all mooie out (after verbs of rest).
erskyn above mooir, marrey sea, tide, of the sea.
faag leave mun-laa, mean-laa mid-day, noon
faagail leaving neesht, myrgeddin also
faarkey, yn 'aarkey sea, the ocean niartal mighty
faase weak nish now
faggys, er-gerrey, gerrit near noa new
feer very ogher key
foast yet, still ollan wool
ooilley all stiagh in (after verbs of motion)
ooir, ooirrey soil, of soil stoyl seat
oor fresh tarroogh industrious, thrifty
ooreyder a watch thalloo land, earth
quoi-erbee whoever thallooin of the land
reesht again thombagey tobacco
rollage star toallee stalwart
seihll world traa time
shellan a bee uinnag window
shenn old (placed before noun) ushtey water
slayntoil healthy veih, voish from
soilshean shining yn theihll the world
sthie in (after verbs of rest)

1.— Cur Baarle orroo shoh.

T'ee ec y dorrys.
Cha nel Ned as Jem ec y dorrys; t'ad goll harrish y raad.
Ny jean furriaght ec y dorrys; jeigh yn dorrys.
Ny jean faagail curn er y laare.
Ta'n stoyl beg ec y dorrys. Cha nel yn stoyl mooar ec y dorrys.
Ta soilshey ec yn uinnag.
Ny faag y soilshey ayns shen (there).
Faag y soilshey er y voayrd.
Ny jean faagail yn thombagey er y laare.
Ta'n ollan er y stoyl, as ta'n arran er y voayrd.
Vel yn ogher ayd? Cha nel.
Ta mee fakin dy vel shiu goll thie.
Hie ad magh. V'ad mooie. Hie ad stiagh. V'ad sthie.
Vel oo sthie? Cha nel.
Vel oo goll voish y thie? C'raad t'ou goll voish y thie?
Ta mee goll er y çheer. Vel oo goll foddey er y çheer?
C'raad er y çheer t'ou goll? Fow magh eh.
Ta Juan aeg, t'eh liauyr, as t'eh gaase foast; t'eh lajer as slayntoil.
Ta Chalse mooar as toallee; cha nel eh çhing nish.
Haink shiu veih'n thie. Cha daink shiu veih'n thie.
Cre voish haink shiu? Veih çheer feer foddey, veih America.
Ren oo fakin y dooinney? Honnick mee eh.
Ta mish er y thalloo; as t'eshyn er y cheayn.
Ta'n oie foddey ceaut (spent), ta'n laa er-gerrey.

2.—Cur Gaelg orroo shoh.

He is at the door.
She was at the door.
There is a light on the table.
I am going over to the road.
Leave the can on the table.
There is bread on the table.
I have bread and butter.
Leave the tobacco on the table, and do not leave it at the door.
Take the bread and leave the tobacco.
The can is small. You have the large can.
She had bread and butter.
There is a lock on the door.
Is there a glass on the table? No.
Do you see the door, the floor and the window? Yes.
He went out. He is out. Are they out? They went out.
I am in the house and they are on the road.
Far and near. Long and short. Big and little.
She is weak and I am strong.
I see. I say! I saw. I said.
Land and water. Town and country.
Are you going into (on) the country?
I saw a village (balley beg cheerey).
He came in, and he went out again.

Phrases for Learning and Use.

Fastyr-mie-eu. Ta mee booiagh dy 'akin shiu. Trooid stiagh as soie sheese. (Good evening! I am glad to see
you. Come in and sit down.)
Vel oo lesh tey? (Have you had tea?)
Ta, agh goym cappan elley nish, my sailliu. (Yes, but I'll take another one now, if you please.)
Honnick shiu yn pabyr-naigh jiu? (Did you see the newspaper to-day?)
Cha vaik mee agh cheayll mee va lessoon Gailckagh prentit ayn. (I did not, but I heard there was a Manx
lesson printed in it.)
Vel oo goll nish? Bannaght lhiat eisht! (Are you going now? A blessing with you, then! (Good-bye.)

Lesson 4.

Future Tense
We have seen that in the present and past tenses the verb remains unchanged whatever the person or
number. In the FUTURE tense there are changes made in the FIRST PERSON, SINGULAR AND
PLURAL. As these terminations (ym or yms for the first person singular, and mayd for the first person
plural) show clearly the person and number without the aid of the usual pronouns, it is customary when
using the FIRST PERSON FUTURE TENSE of any verb to OMIT the personal pronouns.

The verb "to be," future tense, affirmative, bee. When the future of ta occurs in a relative or
conditional clause, it has a special form:
bee'm (=beeym). I shall be. my vee'm (if I shall be)
bee oo (or b'ou). you will be. my vees oo (if you will be)
bee eh he will be. my vees eh (if he will be)
bee ee she will be. my vees ee (if she will be)
bee-mayd we shall be. my vees-mayd (if we shall be)
bee shiu you will be. my vees shiu (if you will be)
bee ad they will be. my vees ad (if they will be)

(The emphatic form of mayd is mainyn, but this is

rarely found.)

The future interrogative and future negative of ta are like the affirmative: Bee oo ayns Doolish mairagh?
(Will you be in Douglas tomorrow?). Cha bee. (No; future tense).
 The Irregular Verbs, future tense.
Affirmative Interrogative. Negative. Affirmative Interrogative. Negative.
(Will) (Will?) (Will not) (Will) (Will?) (Will not)

Cheet, coming. Jannoo, doing or making.

higym jigym? (or jim?) cha jigym nee'm. jeanym? cha jeanym.
hig oo jig oo? cha jig oo nee oo. jean oo? cha jean oo.
hig eh, ee jig eh, ee? cha jig eh, ee nee eh, ee. jean eh, ee? cha jean eh, ee.
hig-mayd jig-mayd? cha jig-mayd nee-mayd. jean-mayd? cha jean-mayd.
hig shiu jig shiu cha jig shiu nee shiu. jean shiu? cha jean shiu.
hig ad jig ad? cha jig ad nee ad. jean ad? cha jean ad.
(nagh takes the same form as interrogative and negative).
Clashtyn, hearing.
Goll, going. cluinym. chluinym? cha gluinym
hem (=hedym). jem (=jedym?) cha jem. cluinee oo. chluinnee oo? cha gluinnee oo
hed oo. jed oo? cha jed oo. cluinee eh, ee. chluinnee eh, ee? cha gluinnee eh, ee
hed eh, ee. jed eh, ee? cha jed eh, ee. cluinee-mayd. chluinnee-mayd? cha gluinnee-mayd
hemmayd. jemmayd? cha jemmayd cluinee shiu. chluinnee shiu? cha gluinee shiu,.
(= hed-mayd) (= jed-mayd) cluinee ad. chluinnee ad? cha gluinee ad.
hed shiu. jed shiu? cha jed shiu. nagh ghluinym?
hed ad. jed ad? cha jed ad. nagh ghluinnee oo?
nagh ghluinnee eh, ee?
Cur, giving or putting. nagh gluinneemayd)
verym. derym? cha derym. nagh ghluinnee shiu?
ver oo. der oo? cha der oo. nagh ghluinnee ad?
ver eh, ee. der eh, ee? cha der eh, ee.
ver-mayd. der-mayd? cha dermayd.
ver shiu. der shiu? cha der shiu. Fakin, seeing.
ver ad. der ad? cha der ad. hee'm. vaikym? cha vaikym.
(or naikym)
Goaill, taking. hee oo. vaikys oo? cha vaikys oo.
goym (=gowym) Goym? cha goym. hee eh, ee. vaikys eh, ee? cha vaikys eh, ee
gowee oo gow oo? cha gow oo hee-mayd. vaik-mayd? cha vaik-mayd.
gowee eh, ee gow eh, ee? cha gow eh, ee hee shiu. vaikys shiu? cha vaikys shiu.
gowee-mayd. gow-mayd? cha gow-mayd. hee ad. vaikys ad? cha vaikys ad.
gowee shiu gow shiu? cha gow shiu
gowee ad gow ad? cha gow ad Feddyn, Geddyn, finding or getting.
yioym voym (or noym)? cha voym.
Gra, saying. (or yiowym) (or noym)?
jirym. n'yiarrym? cha n'yiarrym yiow oo. vow oo? cha vow oo.
jir oo. n'yiarrys oo? cha n'yiarrys oo eh, ee. yiow eh, ee. vow eh, ee?
yiow cha vow eh, ee.
jir eh, ee. n'yiarrys eh, ee? cha n'yiarrys eh,ee yiow-mayd. vow-mayd? cha vow-mayd.
jir-mayd. n'yiarr-mayd? cha n'yiarr-mayd). yiow shiu. vow shiu? cha vow shiu.
jir-shiu. n'yiarrys shiu? cha n'yiarrys shiu yiow ad. vow ad? cha vow ad.
jir-ad. n'yiarrys ad? cha n'yiarrys ad (Instead of "vow oo?" simply "vow?"or "vow uss?"
may be used).
Infinitive of the Irregular Verbs.

dy akin to see
dy chlashtyn to hear
dy chur to give
dy gheddyn to get
dy ghoaill to take
dy gholl to go
dy ghra to say
dy heet to come
dy ve to be
dy yannoo to do

Cur Baarle orroo shoh.

A. B.
ver eh. der eh?
cha jig ee cha gow-mayd.
cha n'yiarrym cha vaikym.
der-mayd? vow ad?
cha der eh. jig eh?
hig eh der ee?
cluinee ad. cha jeanym.
hig oo cha jean-mayd.
jirym. jig ee?
vaikym? (or naikym) hee oo.
jir- ad. jed ee?
cha der ee. cha jemmayd
cha n'yiarrys shiu. nee'm.
cha gluinee shiu. hee'm.
cha vow-mayd. yiow shiu.
cha jean eh. nee-mayd.
vaikys ee? vow eh?
hig ee n'yiarrym?
nee ad. jean ad?
cha dermayd. gowee-mayd.
jeanym? chluinnee shiu?
hed ee. n'yiarrys shiu?
jean-mayd? cha jig oo.
cha jed ee. hemmayd.
jemmayd? ver-mayd.
cha vow oo. vow-mayd?
gow-mayd? jed eh?
Vocabulary.

arroo-y-jea the day before yesterday. goaill nearey to be ashamed.

arroo-y-riyr the night before last. goaill padjer to pray.
Balley-Cashtal Castletown. goaill yindys to wonder.
cre shen? what's that? jea yesterday.
cre shoh? what's this? jiu to-day.
cre shid? what is yonder. mairagh to-morrow.
Doolish Douglas. noght to-night.
dy heet dy ve to become. nuyr the day after to-morrow.
dys shen, gys shen thither. there. Purt-ny-Hinshey Peel.
goaill arrane to sing. Rhumsaa Ramsey.
goaill ayns laue to undertake. riyr last night.
goaill boggey to be glad. veih shen from there.
goaill fea to rest. yn nah laa the next day
.

Cur Baarle orroo shoh.

Cha nel oo ayns Purt-ny-Hinshey nish.
Va mee ayns shen jea.
Vel oo goll thie jiu? Ta. Cha nel.
R'ou ayns shen jea? Va. Cha row.
Bee ad ayns shen mairagh? Bee Cha bee.
Bee oo goll dys çheer feer foddey? Ta mee goll dys Sostyn (England).
Ta mee goll dy-valley (home) nish, ta mee goll gys Purt-ny-Hinshey.
V'ad ayns shoh jiu, as va mee ayns shen arroo-y-jea.
Vaik mee dy row eh ayns shen?
Foddey as gerrit (near).

Cur Gaelg orroo shoh.

Are they at Peel? They are in Douglas.
Is he here? He is there.
They are yonder.
What's this? What's that?
He will be here to-morrow.
She was there yesterday, and will be here again to-morrow.
I am here to-day, I shall be at Castletown to-morrow and I shall be back (= here again) the day after.
I say that I am in PeeI.
I said that I was in Douglas. Did he say that I was there?
He did not say that you were there, but that you were going there.

Conversational Phrases for Memorising and Use.

R'ou ec y thie riyr? (Were you at home last night?)
Cha row. Hie mee dys Villa Marina. Va daunse ayns shen. No, I went to Villa Marina. There was a dance
there.)
Row ymmodee pobble ayn? (Were there many people at it (in)?)
Va slane palchey. Mysh three cheead. Agh cha vaik mee uss ayns shen. (Yes, a lot. About three hundred.
But I didn't see you there.)
Cha row mish ayns shen dy-jarroo! Haink mee dy-valley anmagh, as va mee feer skee, myr shen hie mee
dy lhiabbee mysh lieh-oor lurg nuy er y chlag. (Indeed, I wasn't there! I came home late and I was very
tired, so I went to bed about half-past nine o'clock).
Shegin dou goll nish, cha nel traa aym dy heet harrish y traid. Hee'm oo mairagh! (I must go now. I haven't
time to come over the street. I'll see you to-morrow).
Lesson 5.

Adverbs of Direction
In Manx there are two adverbs of direction, the use of which is somewhat confusing at first. They have
three forms, as follows: -

Rest

Heese down, below.

Heose up, above.

Motion to.

Sheese down, downwards.

Seose up, upwards

Motion from

Neese from below, up.

Neose from above, down.

The forms heese and heese are used after the verb 'to be,' and after prepositions without motion.
The forms sheese and seose are used after verbs with motion, as also are the forms neese and neose.

Examples:
Ta dooinney heese y traid (there's a man down the street).
Ta mee goll sheese y traid (I am going down the street)
Tar neese veih'n traid (come up from the street).
Irree seose! (get up! Rise up!).
Tar neose as soie sheese er y chlagh vooar (Come down and sit down on the big stone.)
V'ad cheet neose jeh'n clieau (they were coming down off the mountain)
Lhie mee sheese, as dirree mee seose (I lay down and I rose up).
More Prepositional pronouns.

Simple Emphatic. Jeh, of.

jeem of me. jeems.
Da, to (when not emphasised often written dy). jeed of you. jeeds.
dou to me. dooys. jeh of him. jehsyn.
dhyt to you. dhyts. j'ee of her. j'eeish
da to him. dasyn. jin of us. jinyn
j'ee to her. j'eeish. jiu of you. jiuish
dooin to us. dooinyn. jeu of them. jeusyn.
diu to you. diuish.
daue to them. dauesyn.
Hene added to a pronoun or noun means 'self',

Examples: mee-hene 'myself'

Cur dou eh (give it to me). dou-hene 'to myself'
Cur dooys eh, cha nee dasyn (give it to me, not oo-hene 'thyself'
to him). jeh-hene 'of himself.'

After the termination in m, hene becomes pene

jeem-pene of myself.
aynym-pene in myself.
aym-pene at myself.

VOCABULARY.
an-vennick seldom. magher field.
arragh any more. mennick often.
bainney milk. neayr since.
caashey cheese. neesht both
cassan pathway nhee erbee anything at all.
cha row rieau never was. nhee, nheeghyn thing, things.
cleigh cleiy hedge. ny or, nor.
dy bragh ever in the future, to be. raad road.
dy chooilley nhee everything. red erbee anything.
elley other, another. (elley is placed after the red, reddyn thing, things.
noun, ymmodee, gagh and dagh, before it). rieau the ever in the past, ever was.
gagh, dagh every, each. seihll world.
gyllagh er calling to (shouting on). son dy bragh as dy bragh for ever and ever
keayrt once, a turn, a time. straid street
keayrt elley another time, once more. sy theill in the world.
keayrt-ny-ghaa many a time. voish y vagher from the field.
kinjagh dy kinjagh always. ymmodee many.
1.—Cur Baarle orroo shoh..
Jean oo fakin eh keayrt elley?
Heem's eh reesht mairagh; ny nuyr.
Jean oo gyllagh er Juan dy heet thie voish y vagher?
Ren eh clashtyn oo?
Cheayll eh mee mie dy liooar.
Hie mee sheese y traid dy gheddyn arran, as eeym as caashey as ymmodee reddyn elley.
Ta mee goll seose y read nish.
Jean oo goll seose reesht?
Cha jean. Va shin goll sheese y raad.
R'ou ayns shen jea? Va. Cha row.
Jean oo shen reesht? Nee. Cha jean.
Cre'n chiaulliaght (music) villish t'ayns shen? She (it is) Moirrey as Juan, t'ad goaill arrane.

2.— Cur Gaelg orroo shoh.

Will he see me to-morrow?
He will not; he saw you yesterday and the day before.
I am going down the road. He is coming up the street.
Have you (any) bread and milk?
I have bread and cheese and milk.
She has butter.
I saw a man down the road.
He did not see me.
I shall see you to-morrow again.
He will go to Douglas to-morrow.
I was in Ramsey yesterday.
She is in Castletown and we are in Peel.

A Phrase a Day for Learning and Use.

Dirree me seose moghey moghrey jiu. (I got up early this morning.)
Ta'n earish kiune as meein, lhig dooin goll magh. (The weather is calm and fine. let us go out.)
C'raad hemmayd? (Where shall we go?)
Hemmayd roin seose gys y clieau dy yeeaghyn ny kirree. (We'll go (before us) up to the mountain to see
the sheep).
Bee eh feayr heose ayns shen. (It will be cold up there.)
My vees-mayd feayr, hig-mayd neose reesht, agh ta'n ghrian soilshean er y clieau, as ta'n cassan goll seose
dy-jeeragh. (If we will be cold we will come down again, but the sun is shining on the hill, and the pathway
goes up directly).
Lesson 6.
More about Verbs

The secondary future, or conditional, tense of the verbs is as follows:—

Ta, to be.
veign—I would be (dy) beign—would I be?
veagh (oo, eh, ee, shin, shiu. ad). (dy) beagh (oo, eh, ee shin shiu

Cheet, coming.
harrin—I would come. darrin?—Would I come?
harragh (oo, eh, etc.) darragh? (oo, eh, etc.)

Goll, going.
raghin, roin—I would go. raghin?—Would I go?
ragh (oo, eh, etc.). ragh? (oo, eh, etc.).

Cur, giving or putting.

verrin—I would give. derrin?—Would I give?
verragh (oo, eh, etc.) derragh? (oo, eh, etc.)

Goaill, taking.
ghoin, ghowin—I would take. goin?—would I take?
ghoghe (oo, eh, etc.). goghe? (oo, eh, etc.).

Gra, saying. *
yiarrin—I would say. jirrin?—would I say?
yiarragh (oo, eh, etc.). jirragh? (oo, eh, etc.).

Jannoo, doing.
yinnin—I would do. jinnin?—would I do?
yinnagh (oo, eh, etc.). jinnagh? (oo, eh, etc.)

Clashtyn, hearing. †
cluinnin—I would hear. chluinin?—would I hear?
cluinagh (oo, eh, etc.). chluinagh (oo, eh, etc.).
Fakin, seeing.
heein—I would see. vaikin, naikin?—Would I see?
heeagh (oo, eh, etc.). vaikagh, naikagh (oo, eh, etc.).

Feddyn, Geddyn, finding, getting.

yioin. yiowin—I would find. voin, nowin?—would I find?
yiogh (oo, eh, etc.). voghe, noghe (oo, eh, etc.).

* Cha and nagh take the interrogative form but

(cha n'yiarrin—I would not say, cha n'yiarragh (oo, eh, etc.).

† Negative of Clashtyn substitutes initial g for c and gh for ch).

The past participle of a verb ends in it or t; fakinit, seen; jeant, done, etc.

The verb ta has no past participle, neither has the verb goll. The adverb ersooyl (away) is used for "gone."

Compound tenses are formed by using the participle er (on, after) along with the auxiliary and the verbal-
noun).

Ta mee er ve I have been (I am on being). Ta mee er ghra I have said.

Va mee er ve I had been. Va mee er ghra I had said.

Ta mee er jeet I have come. Ta mee er n'yannoo I have done.

Va mee er jeet I had come. Va mee er n'yannoo I had done.

Ta mee er n'gholl. I have gone. Ta mee er chlashtyn I have heard.

Va mee er n'gholl. I had gone. Va mee er chlashtyn I had heard.

Ta mee er chur I have given Ta mee er vakin (nakin) I have seen

Va mee er chur I had given. Va mee er vakin (nakin) I had seen.

Ta mee er n'ghoaill I have taken. Ta mee er n'gheddyn I have got.

Va mee er n'ghoaill I had taken. Va mee er n'gheddyn I had got.

VOCABULARY.

Ellan Vannin Isle of Man. shiaull sail.

Sostyn England. shiolteyr sailor.
Nherin Ireland. argid silver (money).
Nalbin Scotland. prash brass.
Cheer ny Albey Scotland. staillin steel.
Bretin, yn thalloo Vretnagh Wales. ayr; gen. ayrey. father
Yn Rank France. moir; gen. mayrey. mother (in formal address)
Yn Spainey Spain. jishag father.
Yn Raue Rome. mummig mother (familiar form)
Lunnin London. mac son.
Manninagh Manx person. inneen daughter (or "a girl").
Sostnagh English person braar brother.
Albinagh Scottish person. shuyr sister.
Romanagh Roman person. jishag-vooar, shaner grandfather.
baatey boat. mwarree grandmother.
oe grandchild. skillin shilling.
naim, braar ayr, braar voir uncle. ping penny.
naunt, shuyr ayr, shuyr voir aunt. lhieng half-penny.
mac vraarey, mac shayrey nephew sporran purse.
inneen vraarey, inneen-shayrey niece. poagey bag, pocket
feallagh folks, ones (pers. pron.) Yernagh Irish person.
peiagh person. Spaainagh Spaniard.
fer a man, a person (pers. pron. masc.). Raueagh Romish
unnane one. lhong ship.
fer ny ghaa many a one. croan mast
cheddin the same. eeasteyr fisherman.
myr like, as airh gold.
myrgeddin also. yiarn iron.
punt a pound (money or weight). leoaie lead.

1.—Cur Baarle orroo shoh..

Vel peiagh sthie?
Quoi t'ayns shen? She mish t'ayn.
Haink yn dooinney dys y vagher.
Cha dooar eh fer elley ayns shen,
Cha ren eh geddyn peiagh erbee ayns shen.
Hooar mee punt voish Juan, cha dooar mee punt voish Illiam,
Hooar mee punt voish Thom as ta'n punt as yn skillin ayns my phoagey nish.
Nee shen myr te? (Is that so?). She, Cha nee.
Dug oo shen da? Hug. Cha dug.
Ta mee goaill yindys jeh.
Goyms boggey mooar jeh shen.
Gowee ad arrane.
Gow shen. Gow padjer
Vel braar erbee ayds? Ta, Cha nel
Ta shuyr ayms, as ta braar echeysyn.
Cur kied (leave) dou.
Gow my leshtal (excuse).
Ta kied aym.

2.—Cur Gaelg orroo shoh.

He has a mother.
She has a father.
You have a brother and a sister.
They have a son and a daughter.
The grandfather and grandmother have a grandchild.
Who was there?
Who will be there'?
Did a man come to the field?
He got a pound from William and a penny from Tom.
I have a penny, but I have not a pound.
I have leave to go.

A Phrase a Day for Learning and Use.

Ta emshyr braew ayn jiu, agh ve feer gharroo riyr. (The weather is fine to-day, but it was very rough last
night).
Va sniaghtey harrish ny sleityn, as geay vooar ayn myrgeddin. (There was snow over the mountains and a
big wind (in) too.)
Ta rio er y thalloo moghrey jiu. (There is frost on the ground this morning.)
Ta'n ghrian çheh nish, bee'n rio goll ersooyl dy-tappee. (The snow is warm now. the frost will be going
away quickly.)
Er-lhiam dy nee shoh jerrey yn geurey. (I think this is the end of the winter.)
Ta'n arragh er-gerrey nish, she Mart t'ayn. (The spring is near now, it is March (is in) ).
Lesson 7.

Plural of Nouns.

Most nouns form their plural by adding the syllable yn to the end of the singular:
Laue—a hand; laueyn-hands.

Nouns ending in a vowel usually add ghyn.

The termination ey becomes aghyn: Caggey — war; caggaghyn—wars.

The following ending in ey are exceptions:—

baatey a boat. baatyn.

billey a tree. biljyn.
balley a town. baljyn.
bunney a sheaf. bunneeyn.
carrey a friend. caarjyn
dooinney a man. deiney
guilley a boy. guillyn
keyrrey a sheep. kirree
kynney kindred. kynneeyn
losserey a herb. lossreeyn.
moddey a dog. moddee.
paitchey a child. paitchyn.
urley an eagle. urlee.

Where further plurals are formed otherwise than by simply adding yn they will be marked in the list of
words.

The article, when used with a plural noun, becomes ny:

yn laue—the hand; ny laueyn—the hands.

The plural article is unchangeable in form.

The Possessive Pronouns.

my my.
dty your.
e his.
e her.
nyn our, your, or their.

When my or dty, comes before a vowel the final y is often dropped.

M'annym—my soul; dt'eddin—your face.
A possessive pronoun is made emphatic by adding the letter s to the end of the following noun:
M'annyms—my soul.

Mutations
A very important peculiarity occurring in all the Celtic languages is the mutation, or change of initial
letters. Thus the word 'ben' means 'woman.' but instead of saying 'yn ben.'—the woman, it was found easier
of pronunciation to say 'yn ven' or 'y ven,' so the softer sound in such circumstances took the place of the
harder.

Though the mutations were first brought about for the sake of smoothness and pleasantness of sound, their
present use is to a certain extent settled according to rules having to do with gender, case, tense, etc. The
possessive pronouns my, dty and e (his) cause mutation as follows:

p becomes ph: my phadjer. dty phoagey. e phunt.

b becomes v: my vraar. dty veeal. e voyn.
m becomes v: my voir. dty vac. e vain
t, th becomes h: my hubbag. dty hie. e hraa.
d, dh becomes gh: my ghoarn. dty ghreeym. e ghorrys.
ch becomes h: my hiarn. dty hengey. e heer.
j becomes y: my yee. dty yishag. e yough.
c, k becomes eh: my chree. dty chione. e chass.
g becomes gh: my ghraih. dty ghlioon. e gheaylin.
qu becomes wh: my wheeyl.
s, sh becomes h: my hooill. dty huyr e hiaull
sl becomes l: my laynt. dty leeayst e lingan
f drops out: my eill. dty uill e olt

b and m when followed by w are sometimes dropped: my wannal—my neck.

In the spoken language g when followed by i or e often mutates to y: giat (a gate), my yiat. d when
followed by oo sometimes mutates to w, and colloquially b and m when followed by oo often mutate to w
instead of to v.

All the other initial letters remain unchanged, as also does s when followed by a consonant other than h or
l: my sporran—my purse.

e (her) does not cause mutation in any of the consonants, but it makes an initial vowel add the aspirate h: e
heddin—her face.
Vocabulary.

abane ankle (bone). Jee God

ainle angel. jesh right
annym soul. keeil cab jaw.
baase death. kione, (pl. king) head.
bea life. laue hand.
beeal, (pl. beill) mouth. laue-chiuttagh left hand.
boyn heel. laue-yesh right hand
breearrey vow. laue-jesh right hand.
cass foot. lhiattee side.
çhengey, (pl. chengaghyn) tongue. lieckan cheek.
Chiarn Lord. lurgey, (pl. lurgaghyn) leg.
cleaysh ear. mair, (pl. meir) finger.
cleeau chest. mair-chass toe.
coraa, (pl. coraaghyn) voice. meill lip.
corrag fore-finger. mwannal neck.
cowag chatter. mwannal y chass ankle.
crackan, (pl. craitnyn). skin mwannal y laue wrist.
craue bone. Niau, Flaunys Heaven.
cree, (pl creeaghyn) heart ordaag thumb.
cuishlyn, (pl. cuishleeyn) vein. ordaag-chass great toe
doarn, (pl. duirn) fist. renaig, (pl. renaigyn) hair.
dreeym back. roih, (pl. roihaghyn) arm.
drogh ghoo disrepute. Saualtagh Saviour.
dy gheddyn baase to die. scoarnagh, (pl. scoarneeyn) throat.
dy ve bio to be alive. shleeayst thigh.
eam a call. shlingan back of the shoulder
eddin face. smeggyl, smeggin chin.
feeackle, (pl. feeacklyn) tooth. sooill eye.
feill flesh. Spyrryd-Noo Holy Ghost.
fockle word (pl. focklyn). stroin, (pl. strointeeyn) nose.
folt the hair. taggloo conversation.
geaylin, (pl. geayltyn) shoulder. toshtal left.
glare language. trie sole of foot.
glioon knee. uillin, (pl. uiljyn) elbow.
goo, (pl. goan) speech. Yeesey Creest Jesus Christ.
goo-mie reputation. yllagh shout.
graih love. yngyn, (pl. yngnyn) nail.

1.—Cur Baarle orroo shoh.

Ta mee er ve ayns Sostyn, as ayns Nalbin; ta mee nish ayns Ellan Vannin.
Ta shin goll dys Nherin. Bee shiu ayns shen mairagh? Bee. Cha bee.
Ta mooir eddyr shin as Nalbin.
Ta'n baatey er n'gholl dys Nherin.
Cha nel Juan as Illiam goll dys yn Ellan; cha nel baatey oc nish.
Ta baatey noa ec yn eeasteyr.
Cha nel ayms agh skillin; cha nel argid arragh aym.
Yiowym ee.
Cre yinnagh uss?
Cha jinnin eh.
Voghe oo eh?
Vel oo goll seose y raad?
Ta mee goll sheese y 'traid.
T'ad ooilley goll yn un (one) raad.
T'ad ooilley goll yn raad cheddin.
2.—Cur Gaelg orroo shoh.

I see a boat on the water.

There is a large sail on the boat.
The boat is going to Ireland.
Where is the ship now?
The ship has gone to England.
We have a new boat.
I have only a penny.
You have a penny and he has a pound.
He has silver, but I have gold.
Where was the pound?
It was in the house.
He has been in England; will you go there? What to do? To get money.
The new boat has a mast and a sail.

A Phrase a Day.
Quoi s'lesh yn moddey shoh? (Whose is this dog?)
Cha sayms dy-jarroo! Hooar mee eh shooyl ny lomarcan er yn raad. (I don't know at all! I found him
walking by himself on the road.)
T'eh moddey braew, haink eh voish thie mie. (He's a fine dog; he came from a good home.)
Lhig dooin cummal eh derrey vees eh goit voin. Let's keep him until he's taken from us.)
Cre'n raad hemmayd? Lhig dooin goaill walkal dys Rhumsaa. (What road shall we go? Let's take a walk to
Ramsey).
Tar dys shoh, Dash. Jig oo marin? Voddey vie, eisht! T'eh cheet. (Come here, Dash. Will you come with
us? Good dog, then! He's coming.)

Lesson 8.

More about Mutations

Mutations like those caused by my, dty and e (his) are made after the preposition dy (of), and after the
particIe dy, "the sign of the infinitive":

Gloyr (glory)
Lane dy ghloyr (full of glory.)

Ta mee aignagh dy gholl—I am willing to go.

When the preposition da is replaced by dy, no mutation usually follows:

Quoi dy mac oo? Whose son are you?

(who to a son you?).
When dy is placed before an adjective, it takes the place of the old particle gy, and does not cause any
mutation, but turns the adjective into an adverb:

boght (poor).
dy boght (poorly)
mie (good).
dy mie (well).
cam (crooked).
dy cam (crookedly)
jeeragh (straight).
dy jeeragh (directly).

The conjunction dy (that) when placed before a verb affects certain of the initial consonants in a way that
will be given later. This conjunction ("that") makes the verb take the dependent form:—

dy vel mee—that I am.

The words ard (high, chief) and ro (too) cause mutations like those following my, dty and e (his):

yn ard-vie the chief good

ard-ghooinney a great man, a chief
ard-valley a city
ro-vie too good
ro-chreoi too hard.

Ard is, however, occasionally used without causing mutation:

Ard-saggyt - high priest

When any two words join so closely as to form a compound, the second of the two usually undergoes
mutation.

After the particle yn or y, the noun if feminine mutates as follows:

p becomes ph padjer, yn phadjer (prayer).

b becomes v breag, yn vreag (lie).
m becomes v muck, yn vuck (pig).
f is usually dropped after yn but retained after y:—
c, k becomes ch keyrrey, yn cheyrrey (sheep).
qu becomes wh queeyl, yn wheeyl (wheel).
g becomes gh (y) guiy, yn ghuiy (goose).
s becormes t sooill, yn tooill (eye).
sh becomes çh shellan, yn çhellan (bee).
sl becomes cl slane. yn clane (whole).
s usually disappears before tr:— straid, y traid (street).
s followed by any other consonant than h, l or tr, remains unchanged.
The article does not cause mutation in feminine nouns initialled by the dental letters
t, d, ch, j, nor by any of the remaining letters of the alphabet.
Vocabulary.

bwoailley (pl. buillaghyn). a blow. lhiy (pl. lhiyaghyn) colt.

bwoalley striking. sharragh foal.
bwoaill strike. tarroo (pl. terriu) bull.
brishey breaking. booa cow (pl. booaghyn), gen. baa.
brish break. bainney baa cow's milk
gialdyn promising. lheiy (pl. lheiyee) calf.
giall promise. colbagh (pl. colbeeyn) heifer.
shilley eyesight. dow (pl. dew) ox.
pian pain. ollagh, maase cattle.
beisht (pl. beishtyn). a beast, term used for baagh (pl. beiyn) a beast.
toothache. thie-ollee, bwaane cow-house.
atchimagh terrible. mart a beef.
dy atchimagh terribly. keyrrey (pl. kirree) sheep.
braew brave, fine. rea (pl. reaghyn) a ram.
dy braew bravely, fine. eayn (pl. eayin) a lamb.
doal blind. goayr (pl. goair) a goat.
balloo dumb. mannan a kid.
bouyr deaf. assyl a donkey.
croobagh lame. muck a pig.
moal slow, feeble, dull. bannoo a young pig.
tappee quick. moddey (pl. moddee) a dog.
bio alive. coo (pl. coyin) a hound.
marroo dead. quallian a pup, a cub.
aght way, manner. kayt (pl. kiyt) a cat.
castreycair middling, tolerable. pishin (pl. pisheeyn) a kitten.
towl (pl. tuill) a hole . lugh (pl. lughee) a mouse.
ennym name. roddan a rat.
bock (pl. buick) horse. conning a rabbit.
cabbyl (pl. cabbil) horse. mwaagh (pl. mwaee) a hare .
laair (pl. laaireeyn) mare. assag a weasel.

1.—Cur Baarle orroo shoh.

Kys t'ou? Ta ny beishtyn aym.
Cre'n aght ta shiu? Lane vie.
Va mee çhing jea, as va'n pian atchimagh, agh cha nel mee çhing nish, cha nel pian aym ayns my ghreeym.
Cur dty laue ayns dty phoagey as cur skillin dou.
Ny jean brishey dty ghialdyn
Ta towl mooar ayns dty phoagey.
Immee, ny bee ayns my raad.
Cha nel my hilley lajer, ta'n shilley ayms faase; cha nel shilley erbee ec Juan: t'eh doal.
Hooar Ned bwoailley voish Thom; cha nel eh marroo foast.
Cre'n ynnyd ta Dan ayn nish?
Ta Dan ayns Nalbin nish, as ta e vummig ayns Sostyn, as e yishag ayns America.
Vel Kirree ayns Sostyn nish? Ta Kirree ayns Sostyn, as ta e mummig ayns yn Ellan, as e jishag ayns
Nherin.
Cur dty ennym ayns y lioar.
"Bwoaill choud as ta'n yiarn çheh."
2. - Cur Gaelg orroo shoh.
How are you? I am well to-day.
I was ill yesterday. Where is your mother? She is at home.
Where is her father? He is in Ireland.
Where is his mother? She is at Douglas.
Where is my pound? You have it.
Have you my penny? I have not.
She is dumb, he is deaf, they are blind.
The man is poor, but he is strong and industrious.
Have you the toothache? No.
Is she there? Yes. No, she is not.

A Phrase a Day.
Cre'n traa te? (What time is it?)
Te feed minnid gys shiaght. (It is twenty minutes to seven).
Nod oo ginsh dou ny earrooyn er yn chlag? (Can you tell me the numbers on the clock?).
Foddym. Nane, jees, tree, kiare, queig, shey, shiaght, hoght, nuy, jeih, unnane-jeig ('nane-jeig), daa-yeig. (I
can. One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve).
Ta'n laa jeant jeh ooryn, ooryn jeh minnidyn, as minnidyn jeh shallidyn. (The day is made up of hours,
hours of minutes, and minutes of seconds.)
Ta queig minnidyn jeig ennymyssit "kerroo-oor," as jeih-as feed "lieh-oor," er-y-fa ta three feed minnid
ayns dagh oor (Fifteen minutes are called " a quarter of an hour," and thirty "half an hour," because there
are sixty minutes in each hour.)

Lesson 9.

Declensions of er, on and lesh

Simple Emphatic Simple Emphatic

orrym on me. orryms. lhiam with me. lhiams.

ort on you. orts. lhiat with you. lhiats.
er on him. ersyn. lesh with him. leshyn.
urree on her. urreeish. lhee with her. lheeish.
orrin on us. orrinyn lhien with us. lhienyn.
erriu on you. erriuish. lhiu with you. lhiuish.
orroo on them. orroosyn. lhieu with them. lhieusyn.

The compound er-lhiam has the idiomatic meaning of "I think," and can be declined in this form:— er-
lhiam, er-lhiat, er-lesh, er-lhee, er-lhien, er-lhiu, er-lhieu.

Emphatic form, as Ihiats, etc., above.

Further idiomatic usages of lesh are:—

cur (or coyrt) lesh bringing.

hug lhiam I brought.
cha dug lhiam I did not bring.
der oo lhiat eh? will you bring it?
ver eh lesh he will bring.

"Er-lhiam dy heeyn Creest magh e laue as hug eh lesh yn stroialtagh thie."

— ("I thought that Christ stretched out His hand and brought the prodigal home.")

(sheeyn, stretch.)

Plural of Adjectives.
Many adjectives of one syllable have a plural form when used in immediate connection with a plural noun.

Adjectives of more than one syllable have seldom a plural form. Adjectives of one syllable ending with a
vowel do not usually take a plural form.

Adjectives used predicatively remain unchangeable in termination and do not mutate.

Faiyr glass—green grass. claghyn glassey—grey stones.

Neeal glass (a pale complexion). Eddinyn glassey—pale faces.
Magheryn glassey—green fields. Ta ny magheryn glass—the fields are green.

Vocabulary.

farrane fountain. fea quietness, rest.

geill water-spring. siyr haste
strooan stream. siyragh hasty.
loghan pool, pond. skeeal a tale, news.
chibbyr (pl. chibbraghyn) well. lioar-skeeal story-book
awin river. naight news.
logh lake. pabyr-naight newspaper.
dub, dubbey (pl. dhubbaghyn) small pool, bun the base, the meaning.
puddle. dellal dealing.
aer air, sky. margey a market.
feagh restful, quiet. feaill a feast.
skee tired. doo black.
bioyr lively, vigorous. bane (pl. baney) white.
gastey active, nimble. jiarg red, ruddy.
litcheragh lazy. ruy (pl. jiargey) red, reddish-brown.
jeidagh diligent. ruissagh rosy.
bolvanagh stupid. gorrym blue.
toiggalagh intelligent. bwee, buigh (pl. buighey) yellow.
çheh hot. dhone, dhoan (pl. dhoane) brown.
chiass heat. glass grey, green, pale.
yn chiassagh fever. geayney green.
feayr cold. keear-leeah brownish-grey (homespun)
feayraght coldness, a cold. gial bright, white
chirrym dry. sollys light, clear.
fluigh wet dorraghey dark.
jough (pl. joughyn, joughinyn) a drink. loaghtan, loghtan tawny.
bee (pl. beeghyn) food. ouyr dun-coloured.
paays thirst. Jedoonee Sunday.
paa, paagh thirsty. Jelhein Monday
accrys hunger. Jemayrt Tuesday.
accrysagh hungry. Jercean Wednesday.
aash ease, rest Jerdein Thursday.
Jeheiney Friday. Doonaght Sabbath.
Jesarn Saturday.

1.—Cur Baarle orroo shoh.

Dooar oo jough ec y chibbyr? Cha dooar: hooar mee bainney ec y thie.
Trooid stiagh as soie sheese, as gow aash.
Ny soie ec y dorrys, ta'n laa feayr as fluigh.
Ta feayaght aym, cha nel mee accrysagh, ta mee paa, cur jough dou.
T'ou uss ayns siyr, c'red ta jannoo ort? Ta mee çhing.
Jig oo reesht? Cha jig.
Va margey mie ayns Doolish Jesarn; va dellal mie ayn.
Ta'n oie dorraghey. Cha nel eayst ayns yn aer.
Vel, oo skee? Cha nel mish skee jiu, va mee skee jea.
Bee'm ayns Nherin Jecrean. Bee ad ayns Sostyn Jerdein
Ta'n kione echey lheeah.
Ta ny sooillyn eck gorrym.
Ta'n folt echey dhoan.
T'ou gra dy vel oo aeg.
Er-lhiams dy vel oo shenn.

2. — Cur Gaelg orroo shoh.

Give me a drink. I am thirsty.
I am very tired.
I am old and my head is grey.
Is the night dark?
Is the moon shining yet?
His eyes are blue her eyes are black.
His cheeks are red, her teeth are white.
Your fist is strong.
Where will you be on Monday? I shall be in the Isle of Man.
Will you see my mother there? Yes, and your brother and your sister.
Will you be here again on Friday? No, I shall be at home.
What is the matter with you? (What is doing on you?).

A Phrase a Day.

Yuan, vel oo girree? Te anmagh. (John, are you getting up? It's late).
Ta mee er my chosh, c'wooad er y chlag eh? (I am up, what time is it?)
Te bunnys lieh oor lurg hoght. (It's nearly half-past eight.)
Bee'm anmagh, as bee'n mainstyr ec yn oik roym. (I'll be late, and the boss will be at the office before me.)
She d'oill hene eh ansherbee, d'eie mee ort moghey dy-liooar. (It's your own fault anyway, I called you
early enough.)
Shegin dou cur my chass share roym, cha nhegin dou ve ro anmagh jiu. (I must put my best foot before me,
I must not be too late to-day.)
Cha nheghin dhyt dy-jarroo, ta'n laa jiu Jesarn. (No, indeed, to-day is Saturday.)
Lesson 10.

The Genitive Case.

When two nouns come together and one of them depends on or belongs to the other, the second is put in the
genitive case: lioar skeeal (book of story); pabyr-naight (paper of news). In Manx the noun when genitive
must be placed after the noun that governs it.

The genitive of most nouns is in form the same as the nominative. Some nouns however have a special
form for the genitive.
Thus: Nominative - cass (foot), genitive—coshey (of a foot).

When one noun governs another in the genitive case, the article is left out before the first noun, but retained
before the second: ushtey yn chibbyr (the water of the well); Cass y stoyl (the foot of the stool). When a
possessive pronoun is used with the genitive noun, the article is not used with either noun:

mwannal my laue (my wrist): garey my ayrey (my father's garden).

The genitive article in the masculine singular is in form like the nominative (yn, y), but the genitive article
in the feminine singular becomes ny: boyn ny coshey (the heel of the foot). Occasionally the genitive
article masculine is used before a feminine noun:
"Va ennym y voidyn, Moirrey" ('The virgin's name was Mary." — Luke i., 27).

We have already seen that in the singular the article (yn y) causes mutation in a feminine noun whether
nominative or accusative. The article does not cause mutation in a masculine nominative or accusative. In
the genitive, however, this is reversed, for, as a rule, the article in the genitive singular masculine causes
mutation like that in the nominative singular feminine.

Thus:
pobble (m) people: screeudeyryn y phobble—scribes of the people.

Kione—head (m). gen. king: folt y çhing—the hair of the head.

The feminine article in the genitive does not cause mutation but makes any vowel initial add the letter h:
nom. fem. ooir—earth: gen. ooirrey; eaghtyr ny hooirrey—the surface of the earth.

In the use of the mutations grammatical exactitude often gives way to convenience of utterance, and we
find in this matter occasional diversities and inconsistencies in the practice of the very best speakers and
writers.

Baatey (boat) takes a masculine article and adjective, but a feminine pronoun.
Eclipsis.
The word nyn (our, your, their) causes a series of peculiar mutations of the nature of what in Irish is known
as eclipsis:

p becomes b padjer (prayer); nyn badjer—our, your or their prayer.

b becomes m braar (brother); nyn mraar—our, your or their brother.
f becomes v folt (hair); nyn volt—our, your or their hair.
t becomes d thalloo (land); nyn dhalloo—our, your or their land.
d becomes gh dooinney (man); nyn ghooinney—our, your or their man.
çh becomes j çheer (country); nyn jeer—our, your or their country.
j becomes y Jee (God); nyn Yee—our, your or their God.
c, k, q becomes g, gh king (heads); nyn ging—our, your or their heads.
g becomes gh garey (garden); nyn gharey—our, your, or their garden.

The other initial letters remain unchanged after nyn. Such words as 'nyn mraar' are usually pronounced 'ny
mraar' for ease of utterance, it being difficult to pronounce n immediately before m in rapid speech.

Whenever the context does not show unmistakably whether nyn is in the 1st, 2nd or 3rd person, it is
customary to use the prepositional pronouns ain, eu oc.

Thus, instead of saying 'nyn badjer,' it is often preferable to use the article and say 'yn phadjer ain,' etc.

The plural article "ny" does not cause mutation in the nominative or accusative: thie (house), ny thieyn.

In the genitive, the plural article usually causes mutations similar to those caused by 'nyn': Ny dhieyn—of
the houses.

In the vocative case (nominative of address), a noun mutates in the same way as when preceded by the
possessive pronoun 'my':

O Yee! (O God!).
Ghooinney! (Man!).
Yuan, tar dys shoh! (John, come here!).
Vocabulary.

ben (pl. mraane) woman. guilley (pl. guillyn) boy.

Ben-ainshtyr Mistress, Madam, Mrs. inneen, 'neen girl
Ben-ainshtyr aeg or Inneen Miss. insh tell.
boddagh (pl. boadee) cod. lieen (pl. lieenteeyn) net.
brack (pl. brick) mackerel. lhiannoo (pl. g. lhiennoo) an infant.
breag a lie. lhig dooin let us.
breck speckled. lhig dou let me
cha nod (or vod) cannot. lhig, da let him.
chaggil assemble. lioaran small book, pamphlet.
chaglym gathering. loayr speak.
cloan (g. clienney) offspring. loayrt speaking.
cloan ny clienney posterity. Mainshtyr Master, Sir, Mr.
cooidjagh together (placed after noun) ny lhig dou let me not.
cre'n fa? why? olkan a baby.
cre'n fa nagh why not? ooilley all (placed before noun).
cre'n oyr? for what reason? paitchey (p. paitchyn) child.
cred believe penn (g. penney) a pen.
credjal believing. ponniar a lad, a girl.
dooinney (pl. deiney) man. purt (pl. puirt) harbour.
dy cheilley together. scollag a youth.
eaisht listen screeuyn (pl. screeunyn) a letter.
eeast fish. shen y fa therefore.
eeastagh fishing. shenn ayryn ancestors.
eeasteyr fishermen. skeayley scattering.
er my (dty, e, nyn) hon for my (your, his, their) skeayll scatter.
sake. skeddan herring.
er y fa therefore. skynn (pl. skynnaghyn) knife.
firrinagh true. skynn-phenney pen-knife.
firrinys truth. son for.
fockleyr dictionary. stuggey (pl. stuggaghyn) halfgrown.
fod can. toig understand
freayll keeping. toiggal understanding.
freill keep. veih-my-cheilley from one another.
geaishtagh listening. yn irriney the truth.
ginsh telling. yn vreck smallpox.

1.—Cur Baarle orroo shoh.

Ren shiu clashtyn woish thie? Hooar mee screeunyn jea.
Cre naightyn t'eu? Naightyn mie.
Vel shiu credjal eh? Cha nel mee credjal fockle jeh.
Quoi ren ginsh diu?
Cha nel eh yn irriney, cha nod shen y ve.
Ta'n baatey ayns y phurt as hig ee magh mairagh, as bee ee mooie son laghyn, t'ee goll magh dy eeastagh
skeddan ny breck.
Ta shiu ayns siyr mooar.
Cha nod mee furriaght.
Cre'n oyr nagh ren shiu eh? Cre'n aght nee shiu jannoo eh?
Ta shen nearey mooar.
Ec dy chooilley hraa.
Ooilley laghyn nyn mea chaglym cooidjagh.
2.— Cur Gaelg orroo shoh.
Will you hear from home? I shall get a letter to-morrow.
Was the boat in the harbour yesterday? Yes, and she is there now, but she will go out tomorrow to fish
herring or mackerel.
Where is their father now? He is at home, and he will be there all day.
They are in a hurry, they cannot stay. Is that the truth?
Is your mother in the house? She is within. My father is out.
Why are you doing that?

A Phrase a Day.

Vel brishey-trostee aarloo? (Is breakfast ready?)

Aarloo! Dy ve shickyr te. Rieau er dy lieh oor lurg shiaght. (Ready! To be sure it is. Ever since half-past
seven.)
Eisht foddee oo deayrtey magh yn tey, bee'm heese ayns tullagh. (Then you can pour out the tea, I'll be
down in a moment.)
Nee tey ny caffee t'ayd? (Is it tea or coffee you have?)
Caffee dy ve shickyr, vel oo er choayl dty vlass? (Coffee, to be sure, have you lost your taste?)
T'eh blastyn ny smoo gollrish tey, dar m'annym, cha noddym gra c'red t'eh! (It tastes more like tea, upon
my soul, I can't say what it is!)

Lesson 11.
More Prepositional pronouns
The following words complete the list of prepositional pronouns:—

Ass, out of, Fo, under Hug, gys or dys, towards

assym foym hym
assyd (or assdhyt) foyd hood
ass fo huggey
assjee foee hic (or huic)
ass-shin (or ass- foin hooin
dooin), feue hiu
assdiu foue heu
ass-ad (or ass-doo,
ass-daue)
Mysh, about Rish, unto, by Harrish, over
moom rhym harrym
mood rhyt harryd
mysh rish harrish
mooee (or m'ee) r'ee harree
moom rooin harrin
miu riu harriu (or harrishdiu)
moo. roo. harroo (or harrystoo, harrysdoo).
Liorish, by Marish, with, along with Roish, before
liorym marym roym
liort mayrt royd
liorish marish roish
lioree maree roee
liorin marin roin
lieriu meriu reue
lioroo. maroo. roue.

Shaghey, past Veih, Voish, from

shaghym voym
shaghyd voyd (or void)
shaghey voish
shagh'ee voee
shagh' ain voin
shagh'eu veue
shagh'ad. voue. (Initial w may be
substituted for v in each of these.)

In the older Gaelic, instead of saying "I am sleeping," "I am sitting," etc., it was usual to say- "I am in my
sleeping,' etc. In later Gaelic, the preposition was often omitted and the sentence became "I am my
sleeping," etc. So that in Manx Gaelic we have with, for instance, the verbal-noun cadley (sleeping) such
forms as:—

ta mee my chadley I am sleeping.

t'ou dty chadley you are sleeping.
t'eh ny chadley he is sleeping.
t'ee ny cadley she is sleeping.
ta shin nyn gadley we are sleeping
ta shiu nyn gadley you are sleeping.
t'ad nyn gadley they are sleeping.

It will be seen that here ny stands for 'n e, or ayn e (in his, in her), and that nyn stands for ayn nyn (in our,
your or their). Such verbs as these are conjugated as above in all the tenses and forms of "to be" (ta, vel, va,
etc.).

In such sentences as "he is a king.' "I am a man," it is usual to say ;

"He is in his king," meaning "he is in his (state of) king," "I am in my man" "I am in my (state of) man," so
that we have
"T'eh ny ree," He is a king.
"Ta mee my ghooinney," I am a man.
"T'eh ny ghooinney ynrick," He is a faithful man.
"V'ee ny ben vie." She was a good woman.
"Va Victoria ny ben-rein," Victoria was a queen.
Instead of saying "ta mee my chadley," we are also allowed to substitute the less idiomatic form, "ta mee
cadley" and so with other similar verbs. We can also say "ta shin ny chadley" instead of "ta shin nyn
gadley," and so with other such verbs in the plural.

Some examples of this form:—

shassoo (standing); ta mee my hassoo.
soie (sitting) ta mee my hoie.
lhie (lying); ta mee my lhie.
doostey (waking); ta mee er my ghoostey (I have awakened).
tost (silent): bee dty host (be silent; be in your silence).
1. Cur Baarle orroo shoh..
Row uss dty chadley? Va mee my chadley. Cha row mee my chadley.
Va shin nyn shassoo. Cha row shin nyn shassoo.
Ta mee my hassoo, t'ou uss dty hoie.
Vel oo er dty ghoostey? Ta mee er my chosh (I am on foot, or up).
Va mee my ghoostey. Cha row mee er my chosh.
Vel eh ny hassoo? T'eh ny hoie.
Ta my voir ny lhie, t'ee feer çhing.
Ta shin nyn shassoo, ta shin goll magh.
Ta cadley orrym (I am sleepy).
Trooid marym. Va mee mayrts jea.

2.— Cur Gaelg orroo shoh.

Are you sleepy? I am awake. I am up.
Are you sitting? I am standing.
Were you awake? I was asleep.
Is the horse lying down? He is standing.
He is asleep. We are awake.
I am on foot all the day. Are you sleepy? No.
Will you be awake, then? Yes.
I will not go with you to-day, I am ill, and tired, and sleepy.
I shall go with you to-morrow.

A Phrase a Day.
B'laik lhiat cappan dy chaffee elley? (Would you like another cup of coffee?)
B'laik lhiam, as palchey dy chey ayn. (Yes, and plenty of cream in it.)
C'wooad dy hugyr verym stiagh? (How much sugar will I put in?)
Daa spein-tey lane, my sailt. (Two teaspoonsful, please.)
Va rieau feeackle villish ayd, Yuan! (You had ever a sweet tooth, John!)
Sonnys ort, Voirrey, ny jarrood dty phoagey-laue! (The best of luck Mary, don't forget your handbag!)
Lesson 12.

The Numerals.
Cardinal (as in counting).

1 unnane or 'nane.
2 jees.
3 tree.
4 kiare.
5 queig.
6 shey.
7 shiaght.
8 hoght.
9 nuy.
10 jeih.
11 'nane-jeig.
12 daa-yeig, ghaa-yeig.
13 tree-jeig.
14 kiare-jeig.
15 queig-jeig.
16 shey-jeig.
17 shiaght-jeig.
18 hoght-jeig.
19 nuy-jeig.
20 feed.
20-29 'nane-as-feed, etc.
30 jeih-as-feed.
31-39 'nane-jeig-as-feed, etc.
40 daeed.
50 jeih-as-daeed.
60 three feed.
70 three feed as jeih.
80 kiare feed
90 kiare feed as jeih.
100 keead, un cheead.
200 daa cheead.
300 tree cheead.
400 kiare cheead.
500 queig cheead.
600 shey cheead.
700 shiaght cheead.
800 hoght cheead.
900 nuy cheead.
1000 thousane, jeih cheead.

1,000,000 jeih cheead thousane.

The forms three-yeig, kiare-jeig, etc., are also found. Troor—a set of three, dussan—dozen. The form
meeiley—"a thousand"—is now only used with the meaning of "a mile." Its plural is millaghyn.

When the cardinal numerals are used in connection with nouns, the forms un, daa and daa-yeig are used
instead of unnane, jees and ghaa-yeig. The noun remains singular after the numerals daa, feed, daeed, and
the other multiples of feed, and also after keead and thousane: un laue—one hand; daa laue—two hands;
three lauyn—three hands; feed laue—twenty hands, etc.

Nouns of measure (laa, punt, etc.) usually remain singular after any numeral.

After un the noun mutates as it would after the article: un dooinney, un ven.

After daa the noun mutates as it would after the possessive pronoun "my": Daa ghooinney, daa ven. The
other numerals do not usually cause mutation; but there are occasional exceptions.

Keayrt (a time, a turn). Un cheayrt—once; daa cheayrt—twice; three keayrtyn—three times, etc.

The noun usually comes after the first portion of a compound numeral, and before the connecting particle
as (and) Daa ghooinney yeig—twelve men, jeih deiney as feed—thirty men; kiare cheead deiney as jeih as
feed—430 men. It may, however, be placed otherwise: "Kiare-feed as nuy persoonyn jeig"—"Ninety-nine
persons" (Luke xv., 7).

The Ordinal Numbers.

1st yn chied.
2nd yn nah.
3rd yn trass.
4th yn chiarroo.
5th yn wheiggoo.
6th yn cheyoo.
7th yn chiaghtoo.
8th yn hoghtoo.
9th yn nuyoo.
10th yn jeihoo.
20th yn 'eedoo.
100th yn cheeadoo.
1000th yn jeih-cheeadoo.

The syllable oo is added to all the ordinals except the first, second and third. Chied causes mutation like
those found after the article. All the other cardinals cause mutations like those found after the pronoun
"my."
Vocabulary.

anmagh late. lieh-oor half-hour.

arragh spring (gen. arree). lurg after.
aspick bishop. Mart March.
Avril April. Mee houney November.
blein (pl. bleeantyn, gen. bleeaney) a year. Mee ny Boaldyn May.
Boaldyn May. Mee s'jerree yn ouyr October.
cabbal chapel. Mee s'jerree yn touree July.
clag bell (or clock). Mee vart March.
c'woad how much, how many? Mee veanagh y gheuree December.
dy-gerrid shortly, soon. Mee veanagh y touree June.
eash age. Mee veanagh yn ouyr September.
er y laa cheddin on the same day. mee, (pl. meeaghyn) month.
fouyr autumn (or harvest). minnid minute.
geurey winter. moghey early.
giare short. oie houney Hollantide night.
grig second. oor hour.
imbagh, (gen. imbee) season. oor-dy-lieh an hour and a half.
Jedoonee chaie last Sunday. quoid how much, how many?
keeill church. raaie quarter of a year.
kegeesh a fortnight. saggyrt priest, clergyman.
kerroo a quarter. shiaghtin, (pl. shiaghtinyn) a week.
laa chaie the other day. shirveish service.
laa Nollick Christmas Day. sourey summer.
laa-Boaldyn May-day. tullagh second.
laa-feailley holiday. Yn chied vee jeh'n ouyr August.
laa-ruggyr birthday. Yn chied vee jeh'n vlein January.
laccal wanting. Yn nah vee jeh'n vlein February.

1. Cur Baarle orroo shoh.

Cre'n eash ta shiu? Bee'm jeih as daeed dy-gerrid.

T'eh feed blein dy eash.
Cre'n traa te? T'eh shiaght er y chlag.
Vel eh nuy er y chlag foast? T'eh lieh-oor lurg nuy.
T'eh kerroo dys jeih. T'eh giare kerroo jeh jeih.
T'eh kerroo lurg 'nane.
Cha nel eh jees er y chlag foast, cha nel eh as (agh) queig minnidyn as feed lurg 'nane.
Vel y clag er woailley? T'eh er woailley kiare.
Ta'n clag bwoalley son shirveish-chillagh.
Ta ben y taggyrt feer dooie.
Ta mee er vakin daa haggyrt goll gys y cheeill jiu.
Quoid laa t'ayns yn vlein-lheim (leap year)? Three cheead shey as three feed.
Tree shiaghtin son Jelhein shoh cheet.
Shiaghtin Jedoonee shoh s'jerree (a week last Sunday).
Ayns shiaghtin dy hraa. Bee'm ayns shen.
Veryms dhyt jeih punt 'sy vlein.
2.—Cur Gaelg orroo shoh.

How old is he? He will be twenty to-morrow.

What time of day was it? It was six o'clock.
Is it eight o'clock now? It is half-past eight.
It is a quarter to nine. It is half-past two o'clock.
It was a quarter past six.
It will soon be eight.
I see in the field three men and four women, six horses and seventeen cows.
He will be here shortly: he is always early.
I am often late.
Sunday is the first day of the week, and Saturday is the last.
There are twenty-four hours in one day, and sixty minutes in one hour.
How many days are there in a year? Three hundred and sixty-five.
There are thirty days in April and thirty-one in May.
Come next Sunday to service with me.

A Phrase a Day.

Aigh vie y chree! Moghrey mie dhyt, bee'm moghey ec y thie gys kirbyl, as foddym cur lhiam carrey.
(Good luck, dear! Good-morning, I'll be home to lunch early, and I may bring a friend.)
Ta mee guee ort, ny cur lhiat carrey dys shoh jiu, bee'm ro harroogh dy yeeaghyn pyagh erbee. (I beseech
you, don't bring a friend here to-day. I'll be too busy to see anyone.)
Feer vie, yio'm kirbyl 'sy valley, agh n'oddym cur lhiam eh gys jinnair? (Very well, I'll have lunch in town,
but may I bring him to dinner?)
Chiart myr saillt, er-lhiam dy bee palchey dy vee dooin ooilley ayn. (Just as you please, I think there'll be
plenty of food for us all.)
S'mie shen, ta mee er n'ghialdyn da rish foddey dy hraa dy chur lhiam eh thie marym. (That's good. I've
promised for a long time to bring him home with me.)
As cre'n oyr nagh dug oo lhiat eh? (And why didn't you bring him?).
 LESSONS IN MANX
Part 2

FOREWORD.
The lessons in Manx Gaelic, which form the contents of part two of this book are a continuation of the
series published by the Manx Society in the autumn of 1935, under the title of "Beginning Manx Gaelic."

Like the earlier lessons, the following appeared serially in the columns of "Mona's Herald," which explains
the week-to-week references to be found in the introductions to each chapter.

They are based on the late Edmund Goodwin's "First Lessons in Manx," and thanks are due to the trustees
of his estate for permission to make use of that work, which had long been out of print.

Thanks are also due to Mr. J. J. Kneen, M.A., who not only revised the weekly lessons and the final proof
sheets, but also provided much additional matter which enhances the value of this little volume. It is issued
in the hope that it will further stimulate the study of the Island's mother tongue.

October, 1936.
Lesson 1.

The Regular Verbs.

The imperative singular and the verbal noun are the stems from which the other parts branch. Some
verbal-nouns remain in form like the imperative. A few others undergo internal change, but the great
majority are formed by adding one of the various terminations —ey, aghey, agh, aght, al, eil, ym, yn, etc.
Initial vowel stems prefix the letter g to the verbal-noun.

Examples of the various forms of verbal-nouns.

Imperative. Verbal-Noun.
screeu write. screeu writing.
lhaih read. lhaih reading.
caill lose coayl losing.
brish break. brishey breaking.
foshil open. fosley opening.
kionnee buy. kionnaghey, kionnagh buying.
fuirree wait. fuirraght, fuirraghtyn waiting.
freggyr reply. freggyrt replying.
follee hide. follaghey, follaghtyn hiding.
trog lift. troggal lifting.
leeid lead. leeideil leading.
giall promise. gialdyn promising.
chaggil gather. chaglym gathering
ee eat. gee eating.
iu drink. giu drinking.
insh tell. ginsh telling.
eeck pay. geeck paying.
eeassee lend, borrow. geeassaghey, geeassaght lending, borrowing.
The present tense always consists of the verbal-noun and the auxiliary (ta, vel):
Ta mee screeu, ta mee brishey, ta mee kionnaghey, etc.
VeI ad screeu? Cha nel oo screeu. Nagh vel eh screeu?

The past tense is formed from the imperative stem:—

Screeu mee I wrote.
Cha screeu mee I did not write.

If the initial letter of the imperative is a mutable consonant, this in the past tense undergoes the changes, or
mutations, caused by the possessive pronouns:—
Vrish mee I broke, etc.

If the initial letter is a vowel, the letter d, or occasionally j, is prefixed to the stem:—
Diu mee I drank.
Jeeck mee I paid, etc.

A stem with initial f drops the f and prefixes d:—

Doshil mee I opened, etc.

In the past tense, we can also say:

"Va mee screeu” and " Ren mee screeu.' This applies to all verbs.
Cur Baarle orroo shoh.

1. baatey 8. billey
2. moddey 9. losserey
3. kynney 10. urley
4. balley 11. bunney
5. guilley 12. paitchey
6. dooinney 13. keyrrey
7. carrey

Cur Baarle orroo shoh. Cur Gaelg orroo shoh.

1. hie mee 1. I did not give: or put). 6. dooyrt mee 6. I did not come).
2. haink mee 2. I did not say). 7. honnick mee 7. I did not see).
3. cheayll mee 3. I did not make). 8. ren mee 8. I did not hear).
4. hooar mee 4. I did not take). 9. ghow mee 9. I did not get: find).
5. hug mee 5. I did not go).

Cur Gaelg orroo shoh.

Imperative.

1. drink.
2. open.
3. pay.
4. break.
5. read.
6. eat.
7. lead.
8. hide.
9. lend, borrow.
10. buy.
11. reply.
12. gather.
13. tell.
14. promise.
15. write.
16. wait.
17. lift.
18. lose
Conversational Phrases.
1. Ah, er hoh oo Mnr Quilliam! Jig oo thie gys jinnair marym?—(Ah, here you are, Mr Quilliam!
Will you come home to dinner with me?)

2. Dy ve shickyr higym, as bee’m feer wooiagh dy-jarroo dy hoiagh jeh dty chuirrey dooie—
(Certainly I will, and I shall be very pleased indeed to accept your kind invitation.)

3. Hooin roin eisht, beemayd chiart ayns traa dy hayrtyn y barroose ta faagail Straid Victoria ec lieh
oor lurg queig.—(Let us go then. We'll just be in time to catch the bus which leaves Victoria Street
at 5.30.)

4. Lhig dooin jannoo siyr eisht, te queig minnidyn as feed lurg queig nish. —(Let's hurry then, it is
5.25 now.)

5. Er hoh shin; chiart ayns traa. Lheim stiagh. Dy beagh shin er ve shallid elley anmagh, veagh shin
er choayl eh.— (Here we are; just in time. Jump in! If we had been another moment late, we
should have missed it.)
Lesson 2.

The Regular Verbs, Future Tense.

The future tense consists of the imperative stem with the addition of the terminations ym for the first person
singular, mayd for the first person plural, and ee for all the others. In a relative clause ee is replaced by ys.
The termination ee is sometimes retained before ym and mayd.

screeuym
screeuee ( oo, eh, ee)
screeuee (shiu, ad).

cailleeym (—caillym)
caillee (oo eh, ee)
cailleemayd.
caillee (shiu, ad).

For ease of utterance the verb 'ee' (eat) usually assumes the relative form:
Eeys ee—she will eat.

After the negative particle cha or nagh, an initial vowel in the future tense adds the letter n:

Cha niuym—I shall not drink.

In this tense, after cha or nagh, the letter f usually becomes v, or in the spoken language is dropped
altogether, and n substituted.

In the future tense after cha or nagh:

k, c or q becomes g.
p becomes b.
t becomes d.
ch becomes j.

The other initial letters usually remain unaltered after cha or nagh.

In the secondary future, or conditional tense, the first person singular ends in in, and all the others in agh:

screeuin—I would write. screeuagh (oo, eh, ee, shin, shiu, ad).

Cha and nagh affect the mutable in this tense in the same way as in the future tense.
Conversational Phrases.
1. Yiarragh ad dy row eh ny share dy ve ruggit aighoil na berchagh. — (They used to say that it was
better to be born lucky than rich. )

2. Ny creid eh. Er my hon hene bare lhiam ve ruggit berchagh. — (Don't believe it. For my own part
I'd rather be born rich.)

3. Ta mee smooinaghtyn dy blaik lhiam ny neesht. — (I think I would like both)

4. T'ou kiart dy-jarroo. — (You're right indeed.)

Reading Practice, Cheer Nyn Aeg. Cabdil 1. Oshin as Parick.

The following translation into Manx of an Old Irish legend has been made by Mr. J. J. Kneen M.A.,
especially for students. A short section of the tale will be printed each lesson.

Va Oshin fer s'jerree ny Fenee faagit syn Erin. V'eh yn fer smoo jeh ny Fenee va fir-chaggee
myrgeddin. V'eh mac da Fynn, agh v'eh toast bio ayns lhing Pharick. Hoiagh eh taggloo rish y noo as eer
g'eaishtagh rish.

Va'n noo er spreih ushtey casherick er yn Eniagh. Ny yeih cha row eh shickyr son tammylt beg by
chair da taggloo rish lheid y fer er-lhimmey jeh taggloo mysh Creestiaght. Va Oshin ro henn tushtey dy ve
echey mychione y chredjue shoh. Agh d'ansoor daa ainle ny ourysyn echey. Dooyrt ad rish dy lhisagh eh
screeu sheese goan Oshin, er-lheh ny skeealyn echey jeh'n chennaghys er yn oyr, as yn ainle, verragh ad
boggey da deiney ayns ny laghyn va ry-heet.

Va Oshin nish cha meein as Creestee erbee. Cha yarg eh markiagh, cha yarg eh roie, cha yarg eh
kiaulleeagh monney. Agh yn chooid smoo jeh'n traa echey hoiagh eh lieh-lhie er e hoshiaght er e leiy. V'eh
goll rish billey-ooyl ennagh v'er choayl ooilley agh unnane jeh ny banglaneyn echey as rish foddey nagh
row er n'ymmyrk mess erbee er-lhimmey jeh cliegeenyn dy gheul. V'eh bentyn da sliught va'n jannoo as
yrjid as aght beaghee echey jeeaghyn dy ve ny s'cooie da'n thalloo na shen v'ec Creesteeyn, ny smoo ayns
cordail rish sleityn, keylljyn, faarkaghyn dorrinagh, as niaughyn. Eaishtagh eh rish skeealyn craueeaght,
agh cha d'oddagh eh y hyndaa gys Creestiaght. V'eh ro henn as foawragh ooilley cooidjagh, as va'n
cooinaghtyn echey ro lane. Tra ghow Parick ny saggyrt ny s'moal-hushtee ennagh elley orroo dy
ghreinnaghey eh liorish gra nagh row Fynn as e vraaraghyn ayns Flaunys, dreggyr eh; Mannagh bee adsyn
ayns shid, cre yinnins ayns shid? Cre'n-oyr dy je'ms gys shid?
Lesson 3.

Grammar - The Compound Tenses of the Regular verbs.

The Compound Tenses of the Regular verbs are formed in the same way as those of the Irregular verbs, i.e.,
by using the particle er (on, after) along with the auxiliary and the verbal-noun—

Ta mee er screeu I have written.

Ta mee er niu I have drunk.
Ta mee er choayl I have lost.
Ta mee er vrishey I have broken.
Va mee er screeu I had written; etc.

After the particle er the verbal noun mutates as follows:—

p becomes ph.
b becomes v.
m becomes v.
f becomes v.
t becomes d.
d becomes gh.
ch becomes j.
j becomes y.
c or k becomes ch
g becomes gh or y.
qu becomes wh.
s or sh becomes h.

s before l drops out, but remains before other consonants.

A vowel initial prefixes the letter n:

Ta mee er n'aaseI have grown.

After er a verbal-noun in c or k usually mutates to ch, but occasionally to g. Colloquially, er goll and er
goaill are often used without mutation
The past participle ends in it, which on contraction may become simply t: screeuit or scruit—written.

iuit or iut drunk.

caillit or caillt lost.

By the help of the participle any active verb can be made passive:—

T'eh screeuit It is written.

T'eh iuit It is drunk.
Ta mee caillt I am lost.

And so on through all the tenses and persons. There is, however, another and more idiomatic way ot
expressing the passive by means of the particle er and the possessive pronoun followed by the verbal-
noun:—

Ta mee er my choayl — I am lost; I have been lost —(I am on my losing).

t'ou er dty choayl
t'eh er ny choayl.
t'ee er ny coayl.
ta shin er nyn goayl.
ta shiu er nyn goayl
t'ad er nyn goayl.

And similarly in the other tenses. We can also occasionally express the passive by the help of the verb goll
(going):—

Hie mee er coayl I was lost.

Hem er coayl I shall be lost: etc.
Ga nagh ragh shoh er credjal Though this should not be believed.

When goll is thus used as an auxiliary the particle er does not cause mutation.

Conversational Phrases.

1. Cre'n boayl shoh ta shin goll shaghey nish? (What place is it we are passing now?)
2. Nagh vel oo cur enn er? (Don't you recognise it,)
3. Cha nel mee shickyr jeh edyr. (I'm not sure of it at all).
4. Heill mee dy bione dhyt Doolish feer vie (I thought you knew Douglas very well. )
5. Cha bione, t'ou fakin dy vel mee er vaghey ayns Rhumsaa yn chooid smoo jeh my vea, as cha nel
mee feer vennick ayns Doolish; ta mee s'menkey ayns Balley Cashtal, agh ny cheayrtyn ta mee
goll dys Purt ny Hinshey neesht. (No. You see, I have been living in Ramsey the greater part of
my life, and I am not very often in Douglas; I am often in Castletown, but sometimes I go to Peel
also).
6. Ta shen Oik yn Chiannoortys , as ayns y thie jiarg shen liorish, ta'n Chiare-as-feed cheet nyn quail.
(That is Government Office, and in that red house alongside, the Keys meet).
7. As c'raad ta'n Coonseil Leigh meeiteil (And where does the Legislative Council meet?)
8. Oh, ta shamyryn ocsyn myrgeddin ayns shen. (Oh, they have chambers also there.)
 9. Ta mee credjal dy boallagh ad meeiteil ayns Balley Cashtal keayrt dy row. (I believe they used to
meet in Castletown once upon a time?)
10. Boallagh ad. Va Balley Cashtal yn chenn Ardvalley jeh'n Ellan. (Yes. Castletown was the old
capital of the Island ).
11. Ta traaghyn er chaghlaa! (Times have changed!)
12. Ta, as ta mee dy-mennick goaill yindys vel eh son y chooid share na'n chooid smessey. Quoi ec ta
fys? (Yes and I often wonder is it for the better or the worse. Who knows?)

Reading, Cheer Nyn Aeg. Cabdil l: Oshin as Parick

Cha row eh rieau skee jeh ginsh mysh yn Fynn jeeoil. Tra dooyrt saggyrt da nagh d'od eer quaillag
cosney stiagh ayns Flaunys gyn-yss da Jee imraagh eh yn feoiltys as oltaghey bea v'ec Fynn. Dooyrt eh, dy
beagh duillagyn yn ouyr airh, as tonnyn ny marrey argid, verragh Fynn ad ooilley ersooyl. D'od millaghyn
dy gheiney g'entreil stiagh er y halley echey g'ee as g'iu ec e voayrd as faagail reesht gyn feysht ve currit
orroo. Dooyrt eh loayragh ny fenee yn irriney as chummagh ad gialdyn cha mie as saggyrt erbee. Hass
Parick jeeaghyn er yn kione echey cha nee monney s'yrjey na jerrey daah-foalley er shleiy Oshin. Baillish
dy beagh deiney ooilley foawir dy beagh ad er ve cha ooasle as mec Ynn. Bione da deiney veggey va feer
vroutagh.

Cre erbee dooyrt saggyrt, va Oshin ro henn as dooie dy ve mennick trimshagh, er-lhimmey jeh'n
traa va'n gheay ass y niar. Eisht hug ny oieghyn feayrey as liauyrey skeeys er, as by chooinee lesh yn chelg
as caggeeaght rish ny mec liauyr-foltagh ec Fynn. Eishtagh va enn echey cha yarg eh shelg, caggey ny cloie
arragh, ny snaue ayns ny thooillaghyn, dy row eh ny henn dooinney boght fegooish niart ny kiaull. V'eh
faagit ny lomarcan er , as veagh eh er ve boggoil dy ve marish Fynn e ayr as Oscar e vac, raad erbee v'ad.
Ren eh foast boirey eh nagh row eh er ve marish e ayr dy chooney lesh ayns y chaggey tra va dagh oarlagh
Fynn mooar sheeynt feayr as feagh liorish y Voinn. Cha ghow eh ayrn ayns y chaggey s'jerree ec ny Fenee
noadyr, tra varr Oscar Cairbre as hooar eh baase eh hene as cha ren cagh scapail er lhimmey jeh'n fer bieau-
coshey jeh'n sluight. V'eh yn foill echey hene nagh row Oshin er ve fenish ec ny caggaghyn shoh. S'joarree
v'eh dy lhisagh lheid y kiontoyrtys jeh aegid er ve yn saase jeh tayrn magh e vioys gys eash cha mooar!
D'insh eh da Parick y skeeal.

(Tannaghtyn).
Lesson 4.

Grammar - The Relative Pronoun.

1. The relative pronoun affirmative is ny (who, which, that):—

Cha hoig ad shen ny v'eh er loayrt roo. (They understood not that which he had spoken to them.)
Ta ooilley ny haink royms nyn maarlee as nyn roosteyryn. (All who came before me are thieves and
robbers ).

2. Ny often stands for "that which" or "what":—

Ny ta scruit aym, te scruit. (What I have written, l have written).

3. The negative relative pronoun is represented by nagh (who are not, which is not, that is not, etc.):—
Ny deiney nagh vel lajer (The men who are not strong).

4. The affirmative relative pronoun ny is usually omitted as the structure of the sentence shows the meaning
without its aid.
Ayr ain t'ayns niau. (Our Father which art in Heaven)

6. In a relative sentence the nominative is placed before the verb, and if the verb is in the future tense, the
termination ee becomes ys:—
(She) mish loayrys rish. (It is I who will speak to him).

7. In a relative negative clause nagh is used and not cha.

8. In a relative sentence, the emphatic form of pronouns is usual:—

Adsyn ta mie. (They who are good), etc.

9. In the conditional, the particle dy sometimes means if —

Dy beagh eh er aght elley (if it were otherwise).

10. We have already seen (elementary series) that when in English the conjunction "that" comes before a
verb, the corresponding word in Manx is dy placed before a dependent verb:
Dooyrt eh dy row mee aeg (He said that I was young).

11. The English negative "that ............ not" is represented by nagh :—

Dooyrt eh nagh row mee aeg. (He said that I was not young).

When dy (that) is used with the future or conditional, it causes mutation as follows:—

p becomes b.
f becomes v.
t becomes d.
ch becomes j.
c, k or q becomes g.

The other mutables usually remain unchanged.

Dy is used in the formation of an optative or subjunctive, as dy row, dy jig, dy der, etc.:—

Bannit dy row yn chiarn (Blessed be the Lord).

Dy jean y chiarn shin y vannaghey (The Lord bless us).

The particle dy is also used as an insensitive before a verbal noun:—

Ta mee dy ghra (I do say);

Ta mee dy hickyraghey diu (I do assure you).

Cur Baarle orroo shoh. Cur Gaelg orroo shoh.

1. Va mee er chur 1. She will be.
2. Ta mee er vakin (nakin) 2. If I shall be.
3. Va mee er ve 3. If they will be.
4. Va mee er vakin (nakin) 4. They will be.
5. Va mee er n'gheddyn 5. I shall be.
6. Ta mee er ghra 6. If she will be.
7. Ta mee er n'gheddyn 7. If you will be.
8. Va mee er jeet 8. If they will be.
9. Ta mee er n'yannoo 9. We shall be.
10. Va mee er n'yannoo 10. If he will be.
11. Va mee er chlashtyn 11. He will be.
12. Ta mee er ve 12. You will be.
13. Ta mee er n'gholl. 13. He will be.
14. Ta mee er chur 14. If we shall be.
15. Va mee er n'ghoaill
16. Ta mee er jeet
17. Va mee er n'gholl
18. Va mee er ghra
19. Ta mee er n'ghoaill
20. Ta mee er chlashtyn

Reading Practice, Cheer Nyn Aeg. Cabdil 2.

Cheet Niau.

Er moghrey kayeeagh ayns yn arragh va Fynn as ny Fenee, as Oshin ny vud oc, shelg fud Loghyn
Keeill Aarn. V'ad feeaihagh dy-chionn tra by leayr daue dy-doaltattym un maarliagh lhigey huc er cabbyl
bane. Roie yn feeaih as ny coyin rhymboo, agh hass ny deiney ooilley dy yeeaghyn yn ven waagh markiagh
ass y Niar. Hug ee er y chabbyl shassoo tammylt beg voish ny shelgeyryn gyn-ghleashaght. Va gorm ayns
sooillyn myr cliegeen-ghruight aahoilshaghey aer gyn vodjal; va e lieckanyn gillid yiargit myr sniaghtey sy
vadran; cheil e folt airhey cast yn attey as fainaghyn airh va ry-hoi ornaghey eh. Va cloagey dy heeidey
dhone costal urree, lesh rollageyn airh, as clespit lesh jialgane airh, tuittym sheese harrish y jeelt jiarg-
airhey as y churleid chabbyl vane gys ny yngnyn airh as y faiyr glass. V'ee keyl as e laue vane veg, ny yeih
varkee ee yn eagh lesh ny smoo dy ghrayse na varkee ny ollee yn ushtey.

"Ta mee er varkiagh," dooyrt ee, "voish çheer foddey."

(Tannaghtyn).
Lesson 5
Grammar (for study).

When in English the object of a transitive verb in the infinitive is a personal pronoun this latter is in Manx
often replaced by a possessive pronoun set immediately before a verbal noun, and preceded by the particle
dy:
Moylley (praising) — Ta shin dy dty voylley (we praise thee, or, literally, we are to your praising)
Slatt (rod) — Ta dty lhatt as dty lorg dy my gherjaghey (Thy rod and thy stall comfort me).
An adjective qualifying a noun mutates if the noun is nominative singular feminine, but not if masculine :
Dooinney mie — ben vie.
Initial s, sh, t and ch are often left unmutated.
An adjective in the vocative usually mutates with both genders and in both numbers.
Adjectives used predicatively, and adjectives not placed in immediate connection with a noun, remain
unchanged: -
Ta'n ven mie (The woman is good.)

The Adjective – Comparative

The comparative form of the adjective, whether singular or plural usually ends like the plural positive.
Adjectives of one syllable add ey in the comparative.
Adjectives ending in agh change 'agh' into ee.
The termination of other adjectives usually remains unchanged. The letter s before an adjective is a
fragment of the verb 'she' (it is), and it is used to intensify the force of the adjective. The comparative is
always preceded by some portion of the verb she expressed or understood. The syllable ny is placed in
front, and the particle na (than) comes after the adjective:—
T'ee ny s'boghtey na mish (She is poorer than I).
When the comparative preceded by s' follows the noun, it has the force of a superlative:—
Yn guilley s'boghtey (the poorest boy)
Adjectives in the comparative and superlative do not undergo mutation.
yn ven ghennal (the cheery woman)
yn ven s'gennal (the cheeriest woman).
The comparative and superlative can also be expressed by prefixing the adverb smoo to the positive:
Smoo vyghinagh (most merciful).
In comparisons of equality the adjective takes the particle cha before it and as after it:—
T'ou cha aalin as eshyn (You are as handsome as he).
 Reading, Cheer Nyn Aeg. Cabdil 2.

Vrie Fynn jee e hennym as çheer, as dooyrt ee dy nee Niau Folt Airhey ee, inneen da Ree Cheer nyn Aeg,
cheu-hoal jeh'n vooir hiar. V'ee er jeet er yn oyr nagh d'od ee cur graih da dooinney erbee elley agh Oshin
mac Ynn yn fer ardghooagh as bioyral. Tra cheayl Oshin ee fockley magh e ennym hug eh graih jee. Myr
ren ee gurneil yn cabbyl mooar lesh e laue veg, myr shen ren ee gurneil eshyn veih'n traa shen lesh coraa
bing ren kiaull joarree mastey yn lught-shelg. Cre-erbee dooyrt e coraa b'eign da cur graih da Niau, agh ny-
sheyn ghow ee toshiaght dy ockley reddyn oddagh cur er coraa yn chaaig jeeaghyn dy ve bing. Son tra va
Oshin er loayrt e ghraih as er chur jee oltaghey meein firrinagh gys e heer, dooyrt ee: "Shegin dhyt cheet
marym er my chabbyl gys Cheer nyn Aeg. She yn çheer s'graihoiley as s'ardghooee fo yn ghrian. Duillagys,
blaaghyn as mess t'ad coodaghey ny biljyn ec y traa cheddin as son dy bragh. Airh, argid as ooilley ta cur
taitnys da ny sooillyn t'ad palchagh ayns shid. T'ee stroo lesh feeyn as mill. Bee ayd ayns shen keead eagh
varkee s'bieau, keead coo slane. Bee ayd cooat dy eilley do-haihagh as cliwe nagh vod cagh scapail ny
shassoo roish. Bee cliegeenyn ayd nagh vel bentyn da'n theihll shoh. Bee dty hellooyn gyn-earroo. Bee
loamraghyn airhey ec dty hioltaneyn. Bee feaillaght as claaseyraght ayn dagh laa. Bee keead caggeyder
slane eillit as keead claaseyr fo dty eam. Ceauee oo attey ree Cheer nyn Aeg, nagh vel fer erbee elley agh
eshyn rieau er cheau, as freillee eh oo voish dagh gaue oie as laa. Bee aalid as niart ayd son dy bragh. Cha
jig shirgagh dy-bragh ort, as cha bee enn ayd mychione eig as baase, as beem dty ven ayns Cheer ny Aeg."

Huitt Fynn as ny Fenee er dobberan tra honnick ad Oshin chyndaa hug y voidyn shid as hug y Niar. Ghow
Fynn e laue as dooyrt eh:

"Y treih, my vac, t'ou goll ersooyl, as ta aggle orrym nagh jyndaa oo."

Ga dy dooyrt Oshin: "Lurg tammylt beg higym er-ash dy yeeaghyn oo." Cha scuirr e ayr voish keayney
myr chlame ad y cheilley, chamoo scuirr eh tra lheim eh er mooin yn chabbyl bane cooyl Niau. Lhig ad
rhymboo shiar, dy-meeley as dy bieau gys traih ny marrey. Cha loayr ad fockle, er-yn-oyr dy row Niau er
ghra: "Lhig dooin ve nyn dost derrey roshmayd y vooir."

Yn ynrican sheean ry-chlashtyn va'n dobberan ec Fynn as ny Fenee.

(Tannaghtyn. )
Lesson 6.
Grammar - More about Adjectives.
The following adjectives are irregularly compared:-

mie good share better, best.

olk bad smessey worse, worst.
beg little sloo less, least.
mooar big smoo bigger, more, biggest, most.
ymmodee many slee more most.
mennick frequent smenkey oftener, oftenest.
faggys near sniessey nearer, next.
leah soon sleaie sooner, soonest.
foddey far sodjey farther,farthest.
lhean wide shlea wider, widest.
aeg young saa younger, youngest.
shenn old shinney older, eldest.
lajer strong stroshey stronger, strongest.
trome heavy strimmey heavier, heaviest
ard high syrjey higher, highest.
aashagh easy sassey easier, easiest.
chiu dense s'chee denser, densest
çheh hot schoe hotter, hottest.

lt will be seen that in these irregular adjectives and adverbs the initials of the comparative and superlative is
usually written without the apostrophe.
Several other adjectives are more or less irregular—

aalin beautiful s'aaley.

anvennick seldom s'anvenkey.
broigh dirty s'broiee.
bwaagh pretty s'bwaaee.
cadjin common s'cadjinee.
chionn tight s'chenney.
dowin deep s'diuney
garroo rough s'girroo.
gerrid shortly s'gerjey.
giall bright s'gilley.
giare short s'girrey.
jerrinagh late, ending s'jerree,
millish sweet s'miljey.
moal sluggish s'melley.
roauyr fat s'riurey.
scoan, s'goan scarce s'genney.
thanney thin s'theinney.
Practical Conversation
(for improving vocabulary and readiness of response).

WALKAL DYS KIONE Y DROGHAD

(Co-loayrtys eddyr daa inneen, Ealish as Moirrey).

Moirrey: Vel oo er dty ghoostey, Ealish?

Ealish: Ta, c'wooad er y chlag eh?
Moirrey: Te bunnys hoght er y chlag.
Ealish: Lhisagh shin ve er nyn gosh.
Moirrey: Ta moghrey gloyroil ayn. B'laik lhiat goaill walkal lurg brishey trostey.
Ealish: Nagh beagh eh aalin. Hooin roin er cor erbee
Moirrey: Shen nish, cha leah's ta shin er niee ny claareeyn hemmayd roin.
Ealish: Craad hemmayd: cre mysh Kione y Droghad?
Moirrey: Veagh shen walkal taitnyssagh.
Ealish: Lhig dooin goll eisht!
Moirrey: Nagh vel yn aer millish?
Ealish: Ta dy-jarroo, t'ee goll-rish feeyn.
Moirrey: Jeeagh er ny bodjalyn kys t'ad siyrraghey harrish yn aer, myr dy beagh ad geabey dy verraghtyn er
y cheilley.
Ealish: Cre cha aalin ta ny bodjalyn, t'ad jeeaghyn goll-rish carnaneyn d'ollan sniaghtagh.
Moirrey: Ta, as ny cheayrtyn ta fer geddyn falleays jeh'n çheer hoal: Foddee flaunys— quoi ec ta fys?
Ealish: Ta shen ardthie yn chianoort, nagh vel?
Moirrey: Ta, as cummal bwaagh neesht.
Ealish: Nagh vel keayn Ghoolish aalin?
Moirrey: Nagh vel dy-jarroo, er-lheh tra ta fer fakin eh ayns grian y voghrey — er-nonney ec lhie ny
greiney.
Ealish: Eaisht, ta ushag kiaulley er nyn skyn, cre'n kiaull millish t'eck?
Moirrey: Ta mee goaill yindys cre'n ushag oddys ee ve? Nagh bing yn arrane eck!
Ealish: O she ushag-happagh t'ayn, cre'n ushag elley oddagh kiaulley cha millish?
As t'ee dy-bragh kiaulley ard heose syn aer.
Reading Practice, Cheer Nyn Aeg.Cabdil 3: Immeeaght Oshin.

Craa eh hene as shutternee tree keayrtyn myr venn eh rish yn ushtey, roie yn cabbyl er e hoshiaght myr dy
beagh ny tonnyn faiyr. V'eh ny s'tappee na geay yn Vart er mullagh ny sleityn. Nish er y derrey cheu as
nish er y cheu elley honnick ny markee slystyn joaree ellanyn as mooarheeraghyn, lesh ardvaljyn as
plaaseyn baney as doonyn as caayryn soilshean er y thalloo glass harrish yn ushtey. V'ad foddey magh cheu
hoal jeh roie lhongyn, agh keayrt ren feeaih gyn-eairk aeg keimyragh lioroo, roie roish coo bane as
cleayshyn jiargey echey; as honnick ad moidyn ghraihoil, er eagh dhone, cur lesh ooyl airhey, as fer-caggee
aeg geiyrt urree er eagh bane, coamrit ayns brat jeant jeh strol jiarg, as cliwe lesh duirneen airhey echey.
Vrie Oshin quoi va ny markee.

"Cha vel veg ayns ny reddyn shoh," dooyrt Niau, cha vel ad veg soylit rish yindyssyn Cheer nyn Aeg."

Varkee ad rhymboo derrey honnick ad feer foddey jeh grianane erskyn ny tonnyn, as vrie Oshin quoi by
lesh y plaase as quoi va'n flaih.

"She Cheer Mienyn ee," dooyrt Niau, "reillt harrish liorish Foawr. Ta'n ven-rein echey inneen da Ree Cheer
Bioys. D'ymmyrk eh ersooyl ee er-egin as t'eh cummal ee er-egin ayns y phlaase, boayl t'ee fieau son
roortagh dy chaggey rish Foawr. Cha vel fer erbee er ve ry-gheddyn as creeaght dy-liooar echey."

"Bee'm," dooyrt Oshin, "yn roortagh eck as seyrym y Ven-rein."

(Tannaghtyn.)
Lesson 7.
Grammar. The auxiliary verb Fod (may, can).

Present.
Singular—
Foddym—I may, I can, I am able.
Foddee oo.
Foddee eh.
Foddee ee.

Plural—
Fodmayd—we may, we can, we are able.
Foddee shiu.
Foddee ad.

Singular.
Neg.—Cha voddym, Cha noddym.
Interr.—Voddym? Noddym?
Int.-Neg.—Nagh Voddym? Nagh noddym?

Plural.
Neg.—Cha vodmayd, Cha nodmayd.
Interr.—Vodmayd? Nodmayd?
Int.-Neg.—Nagh vodmayd? Nagh nodmayd?

With the other persons vod or nod, as:—

Cha nod eh—He cannot

Vod shiu—Can you?
Nagh vod ad?—Can they not?

In the negative, either vod or nod may be used. In the interrogative, use vod.

Past.

In the past tense there is only one form—dod, which is used in all persons; affirmatively, interrogatively or
negatively.

Dod mee—I might, I could, I was able.

Dod oo, eh ee; shin, shiu, ad.
Cha dod mee—I could not, I was not able.
Dod mee?—Could I? Was I able?

Nagh dod mee?—Could I not? Was I not able? and so on.

Subjunctive.

Oddin —I might, I could, I might be able.

Oddagh oo, eh, ee; shin, shiu, ad.

Neg.— Cha noddin (voddin),

Cha noddagh (voddagh) oo, etc.
Interr.—Noddin? (Voddin?)
Noddagh oo? etc.

Int.-Neg—Nagh noddin? (voddin) etc.

IF
Dy voddin —If I could If I were able (subjunctive).
My oddym —If I can; If I am able (indicative).
My dod mee —If I could; If I was able (indicative).

Nod oo heet marym mairagh? Fod. —Can you come with me tomorrow? Yes.

Foddee —maybe, perhaps.

Cha nod shen y ve —that is impossible.

Portions of the verb jarg are sometimes substituted for the negative and interrogative of fod:

Cha jargym —I cannot.

Nagh jargym —can I not?
Cha jarg oo, eh, etc.
Jarg oo? etc.

Expressing “to have”

We have seen how the preposition ec is used in expressing to have. In the same way the preposition lesh is
used in expressing to possess, to own, to belong to:—

Ta'n lioar lhiams —the book is mine.

Ta'n lioar echey nish, cha nel yn lioar lesh-hene.—He has the book now but, the book is not his own).

The word beg (little) when used under the form 'veg' in conjunction with an interrogative or negative verb
has the meaning of "any," ''anything'' (vel nhee erbee):—

Cha nel veg lhiams —I have nothing.

Cha nel veg dy eeym er yn arran ayms —There is no butter on my bread.
Cha daag eh veg dou —He left nothing, for me.

Vel veg ayd? —Have you any?

Occasionally the word veg, when following a preposition, is used for gyn-veg, "nothing":—

Er aggle dy der oo lhiat mee gys veg. —Lest thou bring me to nothing.
Conversation
(For improvement of vocabulary and readiness of response).

WALKAL DYS KIONE Y DHOGHAD.

Coloayrtys eddyr daa inneen, Ealish as Moirrey.

Ealish: Nish ta shin cheet er-gerrey da Kione y Droghad, cre'n balley beg joarree jeh'n chenn theill t'eh!

Moirrey: Ta, as cha nel eh feer foddey er dy henney neayr as loayr ad Gailck feer vie ayns shoh.

Ealish: As nish er-lhiam dy bee yn Ghailck marroo ayns Kione y Droghad?

Moirrey: Ta mee jerkal dy bee. Dy jarroo yiarrin dy bee.

Ealish: S'trimshey lhiam shen.

Moirrey: Yiarragh y chenn sleih, "Cre'n ymmyd t'ee lhig jee goll roee," as d'ynsee ad ny paitchyn dy
haggloo Baarle.

Ealish: Nearey orroo!

Moirrey: Nearey dy-liooar. Agh shegin dooin jannoo nyn gooid share dy ynsagh ee choud as ta ghaa ny tree
dy phersoonyn faagit oddys foast loayrt ee.

Reading Practice. Cheer Nyn Aeg. Cabdil 3.

Hug yn ven-rein aeg waagh oltaghey daue as hug ee daue caayryn airhey, bee blaystal, cayrnyn airhey lesh
feeyn as milljough ayndoo; as ghiaIl Oshin dy ve e roortagh, dy varroo Foawr er-nonney dy ve er ny varroo
hene. Haink Foawr nyn aar oc, graney as anvooar, cummal barr yiarn mooar ayns e ghoarn son slattan, as
gyn croymmey ny failtaghey, hug eh yn lane fo Oshin. Rish tree laghyn chagg ad; as hass Niau as yn Ven-
rein lioroo keayney. Fy-yerrey lheig Oshin Foawr, as myr v'eh ny lhie ghiare eh jeh e chione. Rish minnid
va jeeaghyn dy ve daa oawr ayns ynnyd jeh unnane, rowl y kione cast e hooillyn as jingey e hengey edyr e
eeacklyn, as y challin hummidagh phandoogh. Hug Niau as y ven-rein eamyn boggoil assdoo ec y shilley.
Hug ad lhieu Oshin stiagh ayns y phlaase as ren ad e lhottyn y niee as y lanaghey, as tra v'eh slane choodee
eh seose yn eajeeys ec Foawr fo carn.

"By haitnyssagh yn çheer ee," dooyrt Oshin rish Parick, "as dy beagh gloyraghyn cosoylaghey roo er
Flaunys voyllin yn Jee eu."

Ny yeih phaart ny myrneenyn rish y Ven-rein, as by-hrimshey lhee er nyn ngholl wheesh as by-haittyn lhee
er e livreyys. Varkee ad rhymboo gys Cheer nyn Aeg. Keayrt elley va nyn goorse harrish y vooir. Honnick
ad y coo g'eiyrt er y feeaih aeg, as yn fer-caggee aeg ny lurg y voidyn cur lesh yn ooyl airhey. D'irree
sterm, agh cha voir edyr kesh er nyn skyn ny tonnyn foue yn coorse oc.

Ayns sollyssid y tendreil as yn dorrid haink ny yei varkee ad rhymboo dy-maynrey as cha feagh as ny
eeastyn er grunt ny marrey. Tra haink y ghrian rish honnick ad roue çheer blaaghyn as faaieyn liauyrey,
loghyn as awinyn loandyrnee, lesh geulaghyn easyn as cruink ghorm ardey. Eddyr yn traie airh as ny cruink
d'irree plaase jesheenit lesh obbyr ghrainnit as skeaylt harrish lesh airh as claghyn ymghaahit, as dooyrt
Niau:

"Shoh Cheer nyn Aeg."

(Tannaghtyn.)
Lesson 8.

Grammar, Combinations of verb and preposition.

Combinations of verb and preposition are employed in the construction of many phrases and idioms. In the
Manx language the great variety and freedom of these combinations amply compensate for what at first
sight appears the fewness of its verbs. Following are a few examples:—
goaill er lamenting, assuming — taking on.
goaill rish acknowledging, confessing.
goaill stiagh including.
goll fo sinking, going under.
goll rish resembling.
goll er y hoshiaght proceeding.
loayrt rish accosting.
gra rish saying to, telling.
cur ass extinguishing.
cur fys acquainting, sending word.
cur da giving to, striking.
cur lesh bringing, carrying.
cur jerrey finishing.
cur-my-ner beholding.
cheet er y hoshiaght prospering.
cheet er ash showing itself, appearing.
cheet rish showing itself, appearing.
jannoo ass y noa repeating, renewing.
jannoo soo dy vie making good use of.
jeeaghyn er looking at.
jeeaghyn da showing to.
jeeaghyn lesh looking towards, regarding.
jeeaghyn jei looking after.
goll rhym like me.
goll rish like him.
cur rish practising.
guee er invoke, beseech.

She dooinney dooyrt rhym It was a man who told me.

Dooyrt mee rish I told him.
Dy chur ny host to silence.
Ta çhengey ny-host ny share na olk y ghra Better a silent tongue than evil speaking.
Ta mee guee ort I beseech thee, I beg you.
Gwee mollaght er imprecate, curse.
Fuirree rish wait for.
Eaisht rish listen to.
Duirree mee rish sheshaght I waited for company.
Deaisht me rish chouds dod mee I listened to him as long as I could.
Conversation
(for improvement of vocabulary and readiness of response).

WALKAL DYS KIONE Y DROGHAD.

Co-loayrtys eddyr daa inneen, Ealish as Moirrey.

Ealish: Er hoh shin ec y cheeill.

Moirrey: Vel y cheeill feer shenn?

Ealish: O, cha nel y cheeill t'ayn feer shenn eddyr, agh foddee yn chied cheeill Chreestee er ve troggit ayns
shoh ayns y chey cheeadoo vlein nyn Jiarn.

Moirrey: Cre cha yindyssagh!

Ealish: As te bunnys shickyr dy row chiamble phaganagh ayns shoh ymmodee keead blein roish rug Creest.

Moirrey: T'ou cur yindys mooar orrym. Quoi da va'n cheeill casherickit?

Ealish: Da Noo Cristofer.

Moirrey: As kys ta'n ennym echey er ny yarrood?

Ealish: Ta aggle orrym dy vel eh ny skeeal liauyr, agh dy b'laik lhiat clashtyn eh, ver eh taitnys mooar dou
dy insh dhyt eh.

Moirrey: Ta mee shickyr dy derragh eh mooarane taitnys dou clashtyn eh, dy beagh oo cha mie as dy insh
dou

Ealish: Eisht inshym dhyt skeeal Noo Cristofer. Va'n Cristofer shoh dooinney feer chreeney, as tra ren ad
jallooyn cloaie jeh, hug ad kione coo ny moddey er e gheayltyn, er yn oyr dy vel coyin ny moddee shellit
dy ve feer chreeney. Shen-y-fa va Cristofer enmyssit ayns yn Erin Con-cheann, veagh ayns Gailck Coyin-
chione. Va'n cummey Yernagh freilt ayns Mannin, Con-cheann, haink ayns traa dy ve Conchan

Moirrey: As cre'n-fa ta'n ennym nish Onchan?

Ealish: Oh, ta shen skeeal elley. T'ou fakin dy dug ny Loghlinee 'kirk' huggey, as eisht haink eh dy ve Kirk
Conchan. Tra haink ny Sostnee, b'egin dauesyn goaill laue ayns y ghamman neesht, as haink eh dy ve Kirk
Onchan, as eisht Onchan ny lomarcan.
Moirrey: Cre'n skeeal yindyssagh!
Ealish: Nagh vel? as foast ny s'yindysee, my hed oo stiagh ayns y cheeill, hee oo daa chlagh cooinaghtagh,
as orroo jalloo jeh Cristofer, as er ny geayltyn echey nee oo fakin kione moddee ayns ynnyd jeh kione
dooinney.
Moirrey: Nagh nee shen ass towse yindyssagh? Cre cha shenn bee ny claghyn shen?
Ealish: Oh mysh daa cheead vlein yeig er dy henney.
Moirrey: Te bunnys ro ghoillee dy chredjal.
Ealish: Ve mysh daa cheead vlein roish ghow ny Loghlinee toshiaght dy reill er Mannin.
Moirrey: Nagh yindyssagh eh!
Ealish: Nish te tayrn er-gerrey da traa jinnairagh. Share dooin goll thie.
Moirrey: Hooin roin eisht.
 Reading, Cheer Nyn Aeg. Cabdil 4.—Ayns Cheer nyn Aeg.

Haink sheshaght fir-chaggee neose veih'n Phlaase dy veeiteil roo. Nyn lurg oc d'eiyr Ree Cheer nyn Aeg
ayns attey jeant jeh airh as diamonyn as garmad d'airh hollys er, as marish yn ven-rein as e moidynyn, as
ayns ny tammyltyn sheidey ny cayrnyn. Ghow yn ree laue Oshin as vannee eh rish roish y sleih as ghow eh
eh marish stiagh ayns y phlaase. Ayns shen ren ad feailley rish jeih laghyn as chum ad bannish Oshin as
Niau.

Va Cheer nyn Aeg cha aalin as maynrey as va Niau er ghra. E goan, dy jarroo, eer marish y choraa bing,
tuittym er cleayshyn graihder, v'ad er hoilshaghey aalid as maynrys ny cheerey, ynrican myr foddee goan y
yannoo, dauesyn shen nagh vel er n'akin shen ny t'ad ginsh jeh. V'eh ny s'taitnyssee da Oshin dy ghoaill
soylley jeh na v'eh ny yei shen sharroo dy chooinaghtyn. Whilleen taitnyssyn v'echey, tra by-chooinee lesh
e vioys ayns shid va keead red jarroodit, as foast v'eh jeeaghyn dy ve do-yantagh. Son va Cheer nyn Aeg er
n'yannoo aeg e annym as e chorp. Ny cahnyn v'eh er chaggey ayns yn Erin ayns ny shenn traaghyn, ny
lhottyn, yn skeeys, yn imnea, yn dobberan, cha ren ad arragh cooney lesh dy chreoighey e oltyn as dy
howse sheese e chree. D'irree eh 'sy voghrey gennal as hie eh booiagh dy lhie er yn oie. Cha d'aase eh rieau
skee jannoo reddyn taitnyssagh harrish as harrish reesht. Va dagh oor v'ayn cha maynrey da myr ta'n oor
foddey shaghey jeeaghyn dy ve da deiney nagh vel rieau er ve ayns Cheer nyn Aeg.

(Tannaghtyn).
Lesson 9.
Grammar (for study). The verb “she”

The verb she is used in certain combinations of verb with preposition, etc.:

Share lhiam (I prefer).

share lhiat, share-lesh, etc.

The past tense of she is by. Thus we get the form bare-lhiam (I preferred), etc.

The old future of this verb, bu, is also represented by the later form by, having now no separate existence
in Manx; so that bare-lhiam may also mean "I would rather." Other expressions are, Bare dou (best for
me), bare dhyt (best for you), etc. The present form, she, has, however, now almost wholly taken the place
of the form by in general: "She'n dooinney ren eh."

From the old word ail (pleasing) we get saillym (I am willing or, I wish); sailt, saillish, saillee, saillin,
sailliu sailleu. In the past the form is baillym (I would be pleased), bailt, etc. In the interrogative we have
nailt? (Are you willing?), etc. A common phrase in which the present form is used is "My sailliu" (If you
please).

She and eol (knowledge) combine in the form, shione dou (lit. she-eol dou—it is knowledge to me, I
know), shione dhyt, etc. Cha nione dou (I don't know, I have no knowledge of), becomes n by assimilation.

"Share yn olk shione dooin ny yn olk nagh nione dooin." (better the evil that is known to us than the evil
that is not known to us). She also combines with egin (compulsion): Shegin dou (I must), shegin dhyt, etc.;
Cha nhegin dou (I must not), etc.

Following are further idiomatic phrases, formed similarly by combinations.

Shynney lhiam (I love—it is dear with me); shynney lhiat, etc.

Cha nhynney lhiam (I don't care for).

Bynney lhiam (I loved)

Cha bynney lesh (he did not love).

S'laik lhiam (I like).

Laik lhiat shoh? (Do you like this?).

Cha b'laik lhiam shen (I wouldn't like that ).

B'laik lhiam yn boayl shoh (I liked this place).

S'mie lhiam shen! (I like that, or that is well with me).

S'liooar lhiam shen! that's enough for me, with the colloquial meaning of
("I can hardly think it.").

B'liooar lhiam! (that was enough for me.)

S'cair dou shen y yannoo (I ought to do that).

Sheeu eh (it is worth).

Cha neeu eh (it is not worth).

S'cooin lhiam (I remember); s'cooin lhiat. etc.

S'loys dhyt (You dare).

Loys dhyt? (dare you?)

Cha b'loys dhyt (you dare not).

Cur Baarle orroo shoh:—

1. ymmodee 19. jerrinagh

2. trome 20. çheh
3. aeg 21. chiu
4. cadjin 22. moal
5. lajer 23. aashagh
6. chionn 24. giall
7. scoan 25. olk
8. aalin 26. roauyr
9. mennick 27. mooar
10. faggys 28. ard
11. bwaagh 29. garroo
12. mie 30. leah
13. beg 31. shenn
14. millish 32. gerrid
15. anvennick 33. lhean
16. dowin 34. giare
17. foddey 35. broigh
18. thanney

Reading Practice. Cheer Nyn Aeg. Cabdil 4. Ayns Cheer nyn

Aeg.

S'anvennick hyndaa ny shenn laghyn ayns yn Erin gys e aigney. Tra haink ad er-ash huggey honnick eh ny
Fenee as ny cahnyn oc, ooilley cha bwaagh as feagh as ny jallooyn er ny boallaghyn. Myr shen by leayr da
Fynn e ayr meen, creeney, feoiltagh, ayns ymmodee aghtyn e vioys agh harrish ooilley tra woaill eh e
voddey Bran. Yeeagh yn moddey ooasle er lesh yindys, as myr chroym Fynn dy chur nuiddraghys da'n
voddey, baillish dy row yn roih er ve raipit voish e gheaylin roish v'ee er chur comys. By leayr da e naim
Fergus, yn bard bing-chengagh Oscar, e vac niartal hene, chossyn er ash, cah caillt lesh bun billey son bad;
yn Goal lieh-hooillagh; yn Dermod reejeragh aalin. By leayr da ad ayns y chelg as ayns caggey, dy kinjagh
geddyn y varriaght liorish nyn insh-irriney as treanid nyn laueyn. By chooinee lesh ny laghyn prowal son
deiney shirrey cochiangley rish ooashley ny Fenee. Va'n yeearreyder kianlt gyn dy-bragh dy obbal
oltaghey-bea, gyn dy-bragh dy chur comys da ben, gyn dy ghoaill toghar marish e ven. Erreish gialdyn ry
reddyn shoh, v'eh prowit son niart as creeaght. B'eign da shassoo ayns sloghan rooisht voish ny glioonyn
heose as gyn veg echey agh scaap as slat-choull dy hyndaa ry-lhiattee ny shleiyghyn tilgit echey liorish nuy
fir-chaggee cooidjagh. Ta immeeaght veg currit da myrgeddin as b'eign da roie trooid y cheyll roish deiney
armit; cha vod eh cur fastee da hene ynrican liorish binn billey, agh dy beagh eh lhottit ny tayrit-eer dy
beagh eh er vrishey banglane ayns e choorse ny er n'eaysley e olt, er-nonney dy grieagh eh ec y jerrey ny
greinyn ayns e laueyn—cha dod eh ve unnane jeh ny Fenee. Beign da roie ayns slane bieauid as gyn
lhaggaghey jialg y hayrn ass e voyn, lheim banglane cha ard as eh hene, as croymmey fo unnane nagh row
ny s'yrjey na e ghlioon.

(Tannaghtyn.)
Lesson 10.
Grammar, Further idiomatic phrases.

Further idiomatic phrases are as follows

Er skyn (above), er-my-skyn (above me), er-dty-skyn, er-nyn-skyn, etc.

My-chione (about, concerning), My-my-chione (about me), my-dty-chione, etc.

Mygeayrt (around), mygeayrt y moom (around me), mygeayrt y mood, etc.

Er son (for, on account of), er my hon (on my account), er e hon, etc.

Lomarcan (alone), My lomarcan, dty lomarcan, ny lomarcan, etc.

M'oi (against me), dt'oi, n'oi, etc.

My yei (after me), dty yei, ny yei (after him), nyn jei (after us, you, them).

'Ny yei' is also used for 'notwithstanding, nevertheless.'

Lurg (after, alternative word). My lurg, dty lurg, ny lurg.

Fegooish (without), M'egooish (without me), dt'egooish, n'egooish.

Fenish (in the presence of, before). Ayns dty enish (in your presence).

Kiongoyrt rhyms (before me).

The preposition gyn or dyn (without) does not take the article. When gyn combines so closely with the
following noun as to form a compound, mutation may occur:

gyn-vree (vigourless); but gyn bree (without vigour), dyn-yss (unawares), but gyn fys (without knowledge).

When in English, the negative 'not' is placed before the infinitive, the preposition gyn is placed before the
verbal noun:

Share dooin gyn ve er yn aarkey nish (It is better for us not to be on the sea now).

The word dyn is sometimes the equivalent of dy nyn.

"Ta mish dyn goyrt shiu magh myr eayn mastey moddee-oaldey." (I send you forth as lambs among
wolves).

Dy (of) always causes mutation in a noun immediately following it, but any preposition followed by the
article causes, as a rule, mutation in a noun singular, coming after the article, even though that noun be
masculine:

Veih'n voghrey gys y vun-laa (from morning until noon).

The negative prefixes an, neu and mee, cause mutations like those made after "my":
Casherick (holy) Anchasherick (unholy),

Glen (clean) neughlen (unclean).

Credjal (believing) meechredjal (unbelieving, misbelieving).

The prefix mee is a negative expressing disapproval.

The prefix aa (second) causes mutation: aa-hroggal (re-erecting).

Cur Baarle orroo shoh.

1. kiare cheead. 18. daa cheead.

2. queig-jeig. 19. tree feed.
3. daa-yeig. 20. feed.
4. thousane 21. shiaght-jeig.
5. jeih cheead. 22. jeih-as-feed.
6. nane-jeig. 23. tree-jeig.
7. keead 24. jees.
8. jeih cheead thousane. 25. nane-as-feed.
9. jeih-as-daeed. 26. hoght.
10. shey-jeig. 27. kiare feed as jeih.
11. tree cheead. 28. nane-jeig-as-feed.
12. daeed. 29. nuy-jeig.
13. queig cheead. 30. shey.
14. kiare feed 31. hoght-jeig.
15. queig. 32. kiare.
16. tree feed as jeih. 33. shiaght.
17. kiare-jeig. 34. shey cheead.
35.
Reading , Cheer Nyn Aeg. Cabdil 5. Foddeeaght Oshin.

Hoilshee e chooinaght da ny reddyn shoh, as v'ad joarree as taitnyssagh. Cha bione da nagh row ad agh
cooinaghtyn. V'ad bentyn da bioys cha anchasley rish bioys ayns Cheer nyn Aeg, dy vaik eh ad gyn oayll
ve echey dy row eh keayrt er helg marish ny shelgeyryn shid as er chaggey liorish ny caggeyderyn shid.
Ghear eh er cooid oc myr er shillaghyn quaagh. Va'n bioys ec Cheer nyn Aeg ooilley aalin, v'eh bentyn da
sorch dy vel deiney rieau er n'obbal dy lhisagh y lheid y ve ayn, er yn oyr dy row eh tappee as bioyral as
lane caghlaa foast cha dug eh lesh rieau baase ny fioghys, skeeys ny arrys. Cha nee shoh aashagh dy
smooinaghtyn liorish deiney yn thallooin. T'ad gra dy beagh slane maynrys dullyr dy beagh eh ayn. Dy
voddagh ad sheiltyn eh, cha beagh ad cha graihagh er tra by lhieu eh myr va Oshin: obbagh ymmodee eh er
yn oyr dy vel eh dolley magh yn yeearree as y chooinaght ennaghtagh jeh thalloo. S'cooin lesh fir Cheer
nyn Aeg y thalloo gyn oayll ve oc t'eh dy gooin lhieu, eer as ayns ashlishyn foddeemayd cooinaghtyn er
nheeghyn nagh bione dooin dy row ad rieau er daghyrt orrin.

(Tannaghtyn)
Lesson 11.

Grammar (For Study).

Nouns may be made emphatic by adding the letter s to the end. This comes from an older form, se, akin to
or she. "Yn veeals y feddan-kiaull smoo t'ain," (The mouth is the most of a music-pipe we have.)

Nouns are frequently formed from adjectives by adding the terminations ys or id, and occasionally aght.
The endings id and aght are feminine; ys is usually masculine: mie (good), mieys (m. goodness)
doo (black), dooid (f. blackness), foalsey (false), foalsaght (f. falseness).

The termination der added to a verbal-noun indicates a doer: iuder (drinker), kiangleyder (binder, tieer). A
few words take eyr: shelgeyr (hunter). Some nouns of this description end in agh: jeantagh (doer, maker),
troailtagh (traveller), fendeilagh (defender). Words expressing a doer are sometimes given more at length;
thus, for troailtagh we say fer er jurnaa, etc.

Adjectives are often formed from nouns by adding al, oil agh: niart (strength, niartal (strong, powerful),

shee (peace), sheeoil (peaceful), grian (sun), grianagh (sunny). etc.

Conversatlon
(for improving vocabulary and readiness of response).
SHIAULLEY MYGEAYRT MANNIN
Taggloo eddyr jees.
A. Vel oo rieau er ve mygeayrt yn ellan?
B. Cha vel, shimmey keayrt ta mee er n'eearree dy gholl, agh cha row rieau yn caa aym.
A. Shoh'n caa ayd eisht. Ta baatey goll jiu ec tree er y chlag. Cre mysh goll?
B. Nagh beagh eh aalin! Agh ta aggle orrym ta rouyr obbyr aym dy yannoo.
A. Lhig da'n obbyr fieau.
B. Cha nel mee credjal ayns "traa-dy-liooar."
A. Cha nel mish noadyr. Agh ta lheid y laa aalin ayn dy vel mee shickyr dy jinnagh y shiaulley mie dooin.
B. Feer vie, higym mayrt eisht.
A. S'mie shen, hee'm oo er-gerrey da'n oik-lioaragh ec lieh oor lurg jees.
B. C'raad ta'n oik-lioaragh?
A. T'ee ec kione heose y challoo, faggys da'n arcade
B. Ooilley kiart, nee'm fakin oo ec lieh oor lurg jees.
A. Ny bee anmagh eisht.
B. Cha bee'm. Slane lhiat!
A. Slane lhiat!
Reading Practice. Cheer Nyn Aeg. Cabdil 5. Foddeeaght Oshin.

Rish keeadyn dy vleeantyn veagh Oshin marish Niau ayns y jarrood shoh. Va troor dy phonniaryn oc, daa
vac as inneen, as d'enmys ad ny mec Fynn as Oscar. Agh laa dy row myr v'eh shelg honnick eh urley.
Ghooin eh e hooillyn as honnick eh yn ushag foast, agh ayns shilley anchasley. Hiaull eh erskyn slieau lesh
eaynin yiarg er yn jerrey jeh as logh fo. Cha n'aik eh un logh agh shiartanse jeu, y derrey jeh cheu hoal jeh'n
jeh elley, mastey ny sleityn, as er unnane jeu naaue ollay. Chelleeragh hug yn ollay er smooinaghtyn er
Niau. Cha row veg joarree ayns shoh. Agh smooinee eh urree cha nee myr v'ee nish, agh myr v'ee tra
honnick eh hoshiaght ee markiagh ayns Keeill Aarn, as honnick eh myrgeddin ny fir-chaggee faagail
bannaght lesh myr v'ad er n'yannoo tree keead blein er dy-henney. Va shoh cooinaght as b'ione da Oshin
eh. Feer shenn as barbagh as mollagh v'ad jeeaghyn, goll rish possan biljyn er mullagh cruink, as by vian
lesh markiagh jeeragh roish gys Keeill Aarn. Agh va'n cree echey seaghnit. D'ennee eh nagh d'od eh
treishteil roie er ny ushtaghyn er e chabbyl, myr shen varkee eh thie hug Niau as dinsh eh jee as da'n ree dy
baillish cur shilley er yn Erin. Dooyrt ad nagh shaghnagh ad eh, agh dooyrt Niau:

"Ta aggle orrym, Oshin, nagh jig oo er-ash, tra t'ou er jyndaa gys yn Erin. Cha vel yn Erin cre v'ee. Cha vel
Fynn as ny Fenee arragh ayns shid. Ta nooghyn as saggyrtyn ayns ny ynnydyn oc. Foast ta aggle orrym
nagh jig oo er-ash. Cha n'egin dhyt bentyn rish ooir ny Herin lesh dty chassyn. Cha jarg oo chyndaa dy
bragh my harlheimys oo jeh'n chabbyl bane as my vennys oo rish ooir Erinagh. Cha vod uss dy-bragh fakin
mish as cha voddyms dy-bragh fakin uss my yarroodys oo shoh!"

(Tannaghtyn.)
Lesson 12

Grammar, Particles.

The word "my," like the word "dy" has many uses. When placed before a noun 'my' is usually a
possessive pronoun: "Ta graih aym er m'ayr as er my voir" (I love my father and my mother). When placed
before an affirmative or relative form of verb, the word 'my' means 'if': "My she shen" (if that is so). "My
vees eh ayns shen (if he will be there). "My ta dy gha" (if it is or not). "My va dy gha" (if it was or not).

The particle 'my' is sometimes a weakened form of 'mysh' (about). It can also stand for roish my (idiom,
"before about"): "Roish my dooar eh baase" (before he died). The word roish may be omitted and the
sentence stand simply "My dooar eh baase." "My voym baase" (before I die). "My dod mee" (before I can).
In early Gaelic, "Mo" (Manx "my" meant "soon," and was used before a future tense. "My" is also
sometimes a mutation of "by."

The particle "my" is prefixed to certain words making a compound: "My-niessey" (next to), "my-vlaa" (in
bloom), "my-yeish" (in ear), "my-yiass" (southward), "my-cheilley" (continuous), "my-lesh" (belonging
to).

The particle "rish," shortened to "ry," is found before a few words;

Ry-cheilley (together); ry-chosh (on foot); ry-lhiattee (aside), ry-hoi (for the purpose of), ry-akin (to be
seen); ry-chlashtyn (to be heard), ry-gheddyn (to be found); ry-heet (to become); ry-laccal (to be wanting).

The particle 'by' usually represents the past tense of 'she' and is occasionally found in connection with
adjectives: By-verchee (which was richest); by-vian (would fain); by-niessey (nearest). Burrys enn (it was
well known); surrys enn (it is well known or evident). Jeh yioin (intentionally). Eer (merely, even): Eer jeh
ny claghyn shoh (even of these stones).

The prefix 'co' means equal: Co-dowin (equally deep); co-hrome (of equal weight); co-laik (alike); coloayrt
(conversing); co-soyley (comparison).
CONVERSATION
(for improvement of vocabulary and readiness of response).

SHIAULLEY MYGEAYRT MANNIN.

Taggloo eddyr Jees.
(Ec yn oik lioaragh).

A. Ah! Er hen oo. Vel dty chaart ayd?

B. Cha nel foast. Va mee fuirragh rhyts.
A. Shegin ve ram sleih goll.
B. Shegin. As ta ymmodee hannah er-boayrd.
(rish yn chleragh-lioaragh)
A. Daa chaart my sailliu.
B. Queig punt jeig my sailliu. Gura mie eu.
A. Lhig dooin jannoo siyr.
B. Er hoh shin er boayrd fy-yerrey.
A. Booise da mieys son shen!
B. Ta mee credjal dy bee shiaulley mie ain.
A Cha lhisin goaill yindys.
B. Jeeagh er y cheayn, t'eh cha rea as gless. (Ta'n vaatey sheidey).

READING PRACTICE, CHEER NYN AEG. Cabdil 6. Oshin ayns yn

Erin reesht.

Cheayn Oshin agh varkee eh roish gys yn Erin goll shaghey reesht ny ellanyn as mooarheeraghyn as
ardvaljyn as plaaseyn. Tra raink eh gys yn Erin cha vaik eh veg dy dug eh enn er. Va'n soar y lheid cheddin,
paart jeh ny sleityn foddey neesht. Agh cha row ny Fenee ayns shen. Honnick eh reddyn foddey jeh yeeagh
goll rish deiney, agh erreish v'eh er varkiagh seose huc honnick eh nagh row ad; son cha ren ad roshtyn agh
gys y chlesp airh er e vraag. V'ad dooie as cooyrtoil as loayr ad Erinish, agh yeeagh ad seose as ghow ad
yindys. D'eysht eh orroo mychione Fynn as Oscar as y chooid elley.

"Ta shin er chlashtyn jeh Fynn," dooyrt ad. "She ree creeney as feoiltagh ayns yn Erin v'eh keayrt dy row.
Ta ny bardyn ginsh mysh as e heshaghyn. Va deiney mooarey ayn ayns ny laghyn shid as va ny Fenee
mooar nyn vud oc. Ta ny bardyn kiaulleeagh moo. Fynn, t'ad gra dy vel eh marroo foddey er dy henney, as
e vraaraghyn as e vec as e oghyn as e heshaghyn, t'ad ooilley marroo. She deiney mooarey v'ad, roortee ny
s'lhiurey na shinyn, dy-chooilley fer jeu cha liauyr as oo hene, agh t'ad ooilley marroo lesh nyn lhottyn.
Ooilley er-lhimmey jeh unnane, myr ta ny bardyn gra. V'eh unnane jeh ny mec ec Fynn enmyssit Oshin.
Daag eh e ayr as y cheshaght ooilley shen dy gholl marish moidyn gys Cheer nyn Aeg. Dooyrt eh dy
darragh eh er-ash, agh cha daink eh rieau. Hir ad er e hon, agh roish yarg ad feddyn eh v'ad marroo. Veagh
ad jarroodit mannagh gooin ny bardyn ad ................."
"Bardyn?" dooyrt Oshin, ayns trimshey as ayns corree, "Cre ny hardyn oddys ve ayn my ta Fergus marroo
as Oshin ayns Cheer nyn Aeg?

(Tannaghtyn)

Lesson 13
VOCABULARY (for memorising).
 plaggad (oats as a plant).
moyll (praise). corkey; pl. corkaghyn (oats as grain).
losht (burn). flooyr (flour).
lossey (a flame). brasnag (a stick for burning).
foad (kindle, light). conney (gorse fuel).
billey (a tree). renniagh (fern).
thammag (a bush). freoagh (ling).
luss, losserey (a herb, herbage). moain (a peat bog).
fraue (root). foaid voaney (a sod of turf).
duillag (a leaf). geayl (coal ).
bangan (bough). smarage (cinder, ember).
banglane (branch). slouree (chain and hook to hang a pot on).
mess (fruit) leoie (ashes).
berrish (a berry). builg-heidee (bellows).
smeyr; pl. smeir (a blackberry). ingan (anvil).
faiyr (grass). oard (hammer).
traagh (hay). brod-yiarn, brod-aile (poker).
arroo (corn) clou (tongs; also used for a printing press).
curnaght (wheat). clou-beg (pincers).
oarn ( barley)
Conversation
(for improving vocabulary and readiness of response).

SHIAULLEY MYGEAYRT MANNIN

Taggloo eddyr Jees.

(Ta'n vaatey sheidey).
A. Nish ta shin ersooyl, bee mayd goll mygeayrt Kione Doolish ayns minnid ny ghaa.
B. Er hoh yn thie-soilshee. Cre'n vannaght t'ad da sheelnaue.
A. Ta dy-jarroo. Nagh nhimmey persoon boght b'eign ve er ny vaih my daink ad ayn!
B. Ta mee credal dy nee Reejerey Illiam Hillary hug lesh stiagh ad.
A. She, as t'eh ny lhie ec fee ayns rullick Noo Yeorge.
B. Nish ta shin goll shaghey Purt Soderick.
A. Shoh raad ta ny joarreeyn goaill soylley daue hene ayns y tourey.
B. As ayns y gheurey cha nel veg ry akin agh foillanyn as ushagyn marrey elley.
A Ta Kione Stondane cheet rish nish as gerrid beemayd goll shaghey Runnysvie. Er hen, foddee oo fakin
Langness nish.
B. As ayns shen ta Inish Michal neesht.
A. Va Runnysvie ny phurt reeoil ayns ny shenn laghyn.
B. Va, ta mee er lhaih shen raad ennagh.
A. Nish ta shin goll shaghey Balley Cashtal.
B. Yn lheid cheddin jiu, jea as son dy-bragh!
A. She, cha nel eh gleashagh monney lesh ny traaghyn.
B. Foddee t'eh feer chreeney ayns e hendeeaght
A. Cha b'laik lhiam fakin eh er ny chaghlaa, t'eh jeeaghyn feer chiarnoil as ooasle

(Tannaghtyn).

Reading Practice. Cheer Nyn Aeg.Oshin ayns yn Erin Reesht.

Va'n cree echey ro hrome dy ve foddey corree rish ny jallooyn beggey shoh jeh deiney. Hyndaa eh ersooyl
e chabbyl as varkee eh roish gys ny buill jeh caggey as shelg as feailley bione da dy-mie. Va plaase Ynn yn
thie jeh geayghyn as ushagyn er e skyn, jeh flee as onnaneyn fo. Va cronyn buill-aarlee ny Fenee foast ry-
akin er ny reeastyn ardey, agh va ny Fenee ersooyl. Cha row deiney erbee er vakin ad. Cha d'od ad agh
jeeaghyn da screeunyn cummal ny enmyn jeh Fynn, Oshin, Fergus, Oscar. Goal Dermod, as y chooid elley.
Raad erbee hie eh cheayll eh mysh ny daanyn as arraneyn shoh ayns ynnyd jeh ny Fenee. Vlake deiney er,
agh cha heill cagh dy nee Oshin v'ayn, fer jeh ny Fenee.

Noon as noal varkee eh cur shilley er ynnydyn feniaghtys. Agh cha vaik eh beg agh ny cretooryn beggey
jeant ayns jalloo dooinney. D'ennee eh feer erreeishagh orroo.

Laa dy row ayns Glion Lhonyn honnick eh possan jeh ny deiney shoh goaill orroo troggal seose clagh
vooar. Va tree keeadyn jeu ayn, agh cha yarg ad troggal ee gys e boayl ny seyrey ad hene veih foee, as
dooyrt ad

"O roortagh reeoil, cooin lhien!"

Er shen heeyn Oshin er e hoshiaght hene er mwannal e chabbyl as lhoob eh as ghreim eh er y chlagh ayns
un laue. Roie ny deiney beggey ooilley veih foee myr jialganyn-leaghyr boirit. Eisht hug Oshin magh e
niart. Hrog eh yn chlagh erskyn e chione as hilg eh ee. Choodee ee yn chochruinnaght goll rish clea ard
myr d'ettyl ee. Agh v'eh er vrishey tarragh-jeelt y chabbyl lesh yn eab huitt y jeelt as cha d'od eh tayrn eh
hene seose reesht; as venn e chassyn rish yn ooir. Skell y cabbyl bane roish.

Nish haink ooilley cooidjagh yn caghlaa as eigid nagh d'od cheet er ayns Cheer nyn Aeg, hraie ersooyl e
niart dy-bieau, as hie eh sheese g'osnaghey myr tonn; haink eh dy ve yn fer trean, annoon, shenn ren lieh-
lhie er e leiy as eaishtagh rish Parick taggloo mysh Flaunys, as loayragh eshyn rish mysh Niau as mysh
Cheer nyn Aeg.

(Yn jerrey.)
LESSON 14.
GRAMMAR: Forming the plural of nouns.
Group 1. Plural formed by internal change of vowel:

Singular. Plural.

bart bundle buirt

beeal mouth beill
beinn summit binn
block block blick
blod blade bluid
boayl place buill
boayrd table buird
bock gelding buick
bolg stomach builg
breck trout brick
cabbyl horse cabbil
carkyl circle carkil
carbyd vehicle carbid
carroo carp kerriu
cayr knot khyr
gob beak gib
jialg, jolg thorn jilg
kayt cat kiyt
kione head king
koir cist koiyr
lagg hollow ligg
liack flagstone lhic
lhiannoo infant lhiennoo
lorg staff luirg
mac son mec
mayll rent maaihll
mair finger meir
mart beef muirt
moddey dog moddee
mohlt mutton muihlt
CONVERSATION.
SHILLEY MYGEAYRT MANNIN

Taggloo eddyr Jees.

B Nish ta shin cheet dys Purt Noo Moirrey as er hen yn Colloo. Nagh vel ellan beg elley ayns y Cheyllys?
A. Ta, agh t'eh ro veg da persoon erbee dy vaghey er, ta mee er chlashtyn my hennayr gra dy vel eh kiart
mooar dy-liooar dy yndyr lieh ghussan dy chirree ayns y tourey.
B. Vel sleih erbee baghey er y Cholloo?
A. Oh ta. As b'eign sleih er ve baghey er ayns ny shenn laghyn neesht, er-yn oyr dy row keeill as rullick er.
B. Nagh row eh veih shen haink y chrosh aalin t'ayns y Vuseum.
A Ta mee credjal dy ren. Nish ta shin cheet er-gerrey da Purt Chiarn.
B. T'eh g'aase dy-tappee ayns balley. T'eh ayns foayr mooar lesh ny joarreeyn ayns y tourey.
A. Nish ta shin goll mygeayrt Kione Bradda.
B. Cre'n toor ta shen?
A Va shen er ny hroggal dys cooinaghtyn dooinney enmyssit Milner, t'ad gra dy row eh feer vie da ny
cummaltee, as b'ynney mooar lhieu eh.
B Ta mee sheiltyn dy bee Purt ny hinshey yn balley s'niessey hedmayd shaghey.
A. Bee, ta shin ayns Baie Mooar nish.
B. Shen ennym y cheayn eddyr Fleshwick as yn Arbyl.
A. Nish ta shin cheet gys Delby, purt veg aalin.
B Cre'n kione ta shen?
A. Ta shen Kione Roauyr. Er hen lnish Parick, boayl jeh'n scansh s'moo ayns laghyn foddey shaghey.
Foddey, foddey er-dy-henney va mannishter er Inish Parick as ny yei shen ren Reeaghyn Vannin baghey
ayns shen.
(Tannaghtyn).

READING PRACTICE.

In the last lesson, Mr. Kneen's translation into Manx of an old Irish tale was concluded. In this lesson we
commence another translation which has been made for this series of lessons, this time from Welsh
literature.

ASHLISH VAXEN.

Skeeal Shenn Vretin.

Va Maxen yn Impir Romanagh. V'eh yn fer s'aaley mastey deiney as yn fer s'creeney mastey impiryn. Er
laa dy row chum eh coonseil reeaghyn as dooyrt eh roo: "Shelgym mairagh." Marish daa ree crooinit yeig
as feed va fo, helg eh rish yn awin derrey munlaa. Eisht, myr ve feer çheh, chaddil eh. Hass deiney
mygeayrt y mysh as chum ad y ghrian ersooyl voish lesh nyn scaapyn. Ayns e chadley va ashlish echey.

Choud as v'eh markiagh liorish coan ny hawin haink eh gys yn clieau s'yrjey 'sy theill, as veih'n vullagh
honnick eh awinyn mooarey goll neose gys yn aarkey. Hroailt eh hug beill ny hawinyn harrish yn strah
s'aaley. Fy-yerrey d'eiyr yn raad echey er unnane jeh ny hawinyn shoh, y nane s'lhea va rieau fakinit echey.
Ec e beeal haink eh gys ard valley mooar as cashtal lesh ymmodee tooryn jeant jeh caghlaaghyn dy chlagh
ghaait. Va lhuingys akerit ayns yn awin. Yn lhuingys smoo v'eh rieau er n'akin. Ren droghad dy chraue-
vuc-varrey sheeyney gys y Ihong s'moo as s'aaley, as hie eh harrish y droghad er y lhong. Va shiaull ny
lhuingey er ny hroggal as hiaull eh harrish mooir as faarkey gys traie yn ellan s'aaley ayns y clane theill.
Ghow eh thalloo as hie eh harrish yn ellan gys y traie s'odjey. Honnick eh sleityn ardey as coanyn dowiney
as eayninyn atchimagh, Iheid as nagh row eh er n'akin roie. Veih mullagh un clieau honnick eh ellan elley
as awin roie veih'n clieau stiagh ayns y cheayn. Va cashtal ec beeal ny hawin shoh yn fer s'bwaaie va rieau
fakinit ec dooinney. Va'n giat foshlit as hie eh stiagh.

(Tannaghyn)
LESSON 15.

GRAMMAR: Forming the plural of nouns. Group 1 (continued).

Plurals by internal change of vowels:

Singular English. Plural.

olk evil uilk
poht pot poiyt
poyll pool puill
punt pound puint
purt port puirt
sack sack saick
seyir joiner sieyr
shiaull sail shiauihll
smeyr berry smeir
sock nossle sick
sparroo sparrow sperriu
spoht spot spuit
stabyl stable stabil
stott bullock stitt
stouyr store stewir
stoyl stool stuill
tarroo bull terriu
towl hole tuill
clag clock cluig
corp body kirp
criggyl cripple criggil
croan mast cruin
cronk hill crink,croink
cront knot cruint
cubbyl couple cubbil
doarn fist duirn
dooinney man deiney
dow ox dew
eayn lamb eayin
edd nest idd
eean fowl ein
fer person fir
foawr giant foawir
geayl coal geayil
glack hollow glick
glass lock glish
goayr goat goair
CONVERSATl0N.
SHIAULLEY MYGEAYRT MANNIN.

Taggloo eddyr Jees.

B. Vel Purt ny Hinshey feer shenn?

A Ta dy-jarroo, v'ee ayns shen tra haink ny Loghlinee gys yn Ellan, d'enmys ad ee Holmtun.
B. Cre'd ta'n cheeayll er shen?
A. Ta'n cheeayll cheddin echey as t'ec Purt ny hInshey. Ta shiartanse dy glionteenyn bwaagh er y slyst
shoh. Erskyn shen ta'n slyst feer gheinnagh as t'eh dy kinjagh nieet ersooyl liorish y cheayn.
B. Bastagh! Shegin shen ve goll er rish foddey.
A. Shegin. Er hoh ta shin cheet gys Kione ny hAyrey.
B. Ta mee credjal dy vel y thalloo g'aase ayns shoh. Nish t'ad goaill ersooyl yn geinnagh ayns lhongyn ta
mee clashtyn. Ta mee gindys c'red t'ad jannoo lesh?
A. T'ad gra dy vel ad jannoo sheeabin jeh.
B. Sheeabin! Cre'n sorch dy heeabin foddee ad jannoo ass geinnagh.
A. Sheeabin scooiree. Tra ta sheeabin as geinnagh er nyn mastey t'ad mie son scooirey puit as pannaghyn
as claareeyn as red erbee elley ta laccal glenney ayns y thie.
B. Nagh yindyssagh eh dy vod ad feddyn lheid yn ymmyd son geinnagh.
A. Nish ta shin cheet faggys da Rhumsaa.
B Yn nah balley ayns yn Ellan.
B. Vel Rhumsaa feer shenn?
A. Cha nel mee smooinaghtyn dy vel y halley hene feer shenn, foddee er ve balley beg ayns shenn ayns
laghyn Loghlinagh, agh cha nel monney caslys jeh.
B. Nagh row unnane jeh ny reeaghyn Manninagh er ny varroo ayns Rhumsaa?
A Va. Va Ree Olave er ny varroo. V'eh er ny ghunverys liorish unnane jeh e vec braarey ny shayrey, ta mee
jarrood quoi jeu. Agh lhaihee oo ooilley my e chione ayns Cronickyl Vannin as ny Hellanyn. Nish ta shin
goll mygeayrt Kione Maghal as gerrid beemayd ec Laksaa.
B. Row ny Loghlinee ayns Laksaa?
A. O va, shegin daue er ve ayns shen son ta dy-chooilley red pointeil gys shen. Ta'n ennym Loghlinagh son
ta'n keeayll er Awin Braddan.
B. Foddee v'ad feddyn argid as leoaie.
A. Ta shen likly dy-liooar son t'ad er n'gheddyn moorane er dy traa shen.
B. Er hoh shin ec Doolish reesht.
A. Ta mee goaill foddiaght ny yei cappan dy hey.
B. Mish neesht!
A. Lhig dooin goaill baroose seose.
B. C'raad t'ou lheim jeh?
A. Ec Keeill Noo Ninian. Slane lhiat!
B. Slane lhiat! Bee'm fakin oo gerrid reesht.

Yn Jerrey.

READlNG PRACTICE. ASHLISH VAXEN.

Skeeal Shenn Vretin.

Va'n halley aalin. Va'n mullagh as dorrysyn jeant jeh airh as va boallaghyn jeant jeh cliegeenyn glistral. Va
ny buird jeant jeh argid as va ny stuill jeant jeh airh. Ec unnane jeh ny buird hoie daa phonniar cloie ec
tawlish (chess), as va boayrd-gamman argid oc as babbanyn-tawlish (chessmen) airhey. Va ny garmadyn oc
jeant jeh strol (satin) doo, va ny boadrymyn (buskins) oc jeant jeh liare Cordovan noa as bugglyn airhey
orroo; as va'n folt oc kianlt lesh attaghyn dy airh ruy as cliegeenyn.

Liorish unnane jeh ny pillyryn ayns y halley honnick Maxen dooinney niartal lesh folt lheeah ny hoie ayns
stoyl iuaagagh (ivory) as daa urley dy airh ruy er. Va brashleidyn airhey er e roihaghyn as ymmodee
fainaghyn er e laueyn, as colliar dy airh mygeayrt e wannal as er e chione va crooin d'airh. Va boayrd
tawlish airhey kiongoyrt rish as slat airhey as craueghan staillinagh ny laue as v'eh grainney babbanyn-
tawlish.

Noi yn chenn dooinney hass moidyn ayns caayr (chair) jeant jeh airh ruy. V'eh ny s'assey dy yeeaghyn ec y
ghrian tra v'ee sollys na ve dy yeeaghyn urree, v'ee cha bwaagh. Cheau ee perree sheeidey bane clespit lesh
airh ruy er e cleeau, cooat jeant jeh, snaihaghan airhey (gold tissue) as cryss airhey, as crooin d'airh ruy,
claghyn-ruy as pearlyn er e kione.

Dirree y voidyn ass e stoyl as cheau Maxen e roihaghyn mygeayrt e mwannal as phaag eh ee, agh eer tra va
ny roihaghyn echey mygeayrt-y-moee as e lieckan noi yn lieckan ecksh, ren feiyr scaapyn as shutternee
cabbil y ghoostey yn lmpir.

(Tannaghtyn).
LESSON 16.
Forming the Plural of Nouns
( continued). Nouns ending in 'agh' usually form the plural by changing 'agh' into 'ee'. The following
irregular plurals also end in 'ee':

Singular English Plural.

cleigh hedge cleighee
feeagh raven fee
feeaih deer feeaihee
guiy goose guoiee
jiulean lodger jiuleanee
keyrrey sheep kirree
lheiy calf lheiyee
lourane foetus louranee
lugh mouse lughee
moddey dog moddee
mwaagh hare mwaaie
ollay swan ollee
roosteen nudist roosteenee
urley eagle urlee

Plurals in 'eeyn':

bunney sheaf bunneeyn

cagliagh boundary caglieeyn
claare list claareeyn
claddagh river bank claddeeyn
colbagh heifer colbeeyn
cuishlin vein cuishleeyn
curnaght wheat curneeyn
daunse dance daunseeyn
doonaght sabbath dooneeyn
drillin spark drilleeyn
scoarnagh throat scoarneeyn
shiaghtin week shiaghteeyn
eaddagh cloth,material eaddeeyn
farling farthing farleeyn
genniagh sand genneeyn
gounagh heifer gouneeyn
keynnagh moss keyneeyn
kynney race, people kynneeyn
laair mare laaireeyn
lhergagh slope lhergeeyn
losserey plant lossreeyn
mullagh top mulleeyn
pishin kitten pisheeyn
puiddin pudding puiddeeyn
skillin shilling skilleeyn
taarnagh thunder taarneeyn
tullagh second tulleeyn

READING PRACTICE. ASHLISH VAXEN. Skeeal Shenn Vretin.

Dooyrt e hirveishee rish: "Hiarn, nagh vel eh shaghey yn traa dhyt dy ee?" Agh cha row bioys ny spyrryd
faagit ayn er son graih yn voidyn. Lheim eh er mooin e chabbyl, yn dooinney s'trimshee va rieau fakinit ec
dooinney as varkee eh dys y Raue.

Son shiaghtin ve ayns fardail dy arral bee ny jough da'n Impir. Cha n'eaishtagh eh rish arraneyn na skeealyn
erbee; cha jinnagh eh veg agh cadley as streeu liorish ooilley ny saaseyn d'od eh dy chadley reesht, er-yn-
oyr dy voddagh eh fakin y voidyn shid. Un laa haink guilley stiagh ayns e hamyr as d'insh eh da dy row yn
sleih neuaashagh as loayrt dy-lunagh noi er-yn-oyr nagh ghow eh tastey jeh red erbee grait ny jeant.
"Ghooinney aeg," dooyrt Maxen. "Cur lhiat hym deiney creeney yn Raue as inshym daue yn oyr dy vel
mee trimshagh."

Hoie ny deiney creeney mygeayrt y mysh, as dooyrt Maxen.

"Gheiney chreeney yn Raue, ta ashlish er ve aym. Ayns yn ashlish honnick mee moidyn, as ta mee
smooinaghtyn wheesh moee nagh vel bioys ny spyrryd faagit aynym, as cha jargym smooinaghtyn er red
erbee agh ish."

"Hiarn," d'reggyr ny deiney creeney, "fakin dy vel oo briwnys shin feeu dy choyrlaghey oo, shoh nyn
goyrle: dy der oo chaghteryn stiagh ayns tree ayrnyn y theill dy hirrey son moidyn dty ashlish. Myr nagh
s'eu cre'n oie ny laa oddys cur bioys dhyt."

Hroailt chaghteryn rish blein, wandrail harrish y theill, shirrey naight mychione yn ellan, y cashtal, as
moidyn ashlish Vaxen. Agh ec kione ny bleeaney, ga dy row ad er n'akin ymmodee ellanyn, ymmodee
cashtalyn, ymmodee moidynyn, cha row ad er n'gheddyn veg mysh yn ashlish. Va'n Impir ny s'trimshee na
rieau nish; smooinee eh nagh naikagh eh yn voidyn dy-bragh reesht, as va ooilley ooryn e chadley tarroogh
lesh ashlishyn myr dy beagh eh er ve dooisht, as tra v'eh dooisht v'eh dreamal ooilley yn traa.

Eisht choyrlee Ree ny Romanee yn Impir dy immeeaght magh dy helg myr v'eh er n'yannoo er laa yn
ashlish. Ren eh myr shen as haink eh dys broogh ny hawin raad v'eh er chadley

"Shoh yn boayl va mee lhie tra va'n ashlish aym," dooyrt eh, "as veih shoh va mee jeeaghyn dy gholl my
heear''

(Tannaghtyn)
LESSON 17.
Forming the Plural of Nouns (continued).

Plural in 'teeyn' and 'teenyn':

Singular English Plural.

gioal bet gioalteeyn
glion glen glionteeyn
keeill church kialteenyn
lhieen net lhieenteeyn
oarn barley oarnteeyn
raane pledge raanteeyn
raun seal raunteeyn
streean rein streeanteeyn
stroin nose strointeeyn

Plurals in 'tyn'.

Singular English Plural.

blein year bleeantyn
geaylin shoulder geayltyn
lheeannee meadow lheeantyn
lheiney shirt lheintyn
slieau mountain sleityn
bwoaillee fold bwoailtyn

Plurals in 'jyn'. Plurals in 'nyn' and 'inyn'.

breb kick brebinyn

balley farm baljyn briw judge briwnyn
bannish wedding banjyn broogh bank brooinyn
keyll wood keylljyn cliwe sword cliwenyn
raad road raaidjyn Creestee Christian Creesteenyn
billey tree hiljyn dreeym back dreeyminyn
carrey friend caarjyn gaaue blacksmith gaauenyn
mwyllin mill mwiljyn greie machine greienyn
uillin elbow, corner uiljyn jaghee tithe jagheenyn
jough drink joughinyn
jeeg ditch jeeginyn
kere wax kerenyn
kerroo quarter kerrinyn
naboo neighbour naboonyn
oltey member olteynyn
rass seed rasinyn
saaue saw saauenyn snaie thread snaienyn

Nouns ending in 'ey' usually form the plural in 'aghyn.'

Nouns ending in other vowels usually take 'ghyn.'

The following nouns also take the plurals 'aghyn' and 'ghyn'

Singular English Plural.

ayr father ayraghyn
moir mother moiraghyn
braar brother braaraghyn
shuyr sister shuyraghyn
bing committee bingaghyn
çheer country cheeraghyn
glare language glareaghyn
gloyr glory gloyraghyn
leigh law leighaghyn
oor hour ooraghyn
pinn peg pinnaghyn
pooar power pooaraghyn
peccah sinner peccaghyn
rheynn section ronnaghyn
oaie (grave) oaieghyn
oaie (face) oaieyn
ooh (udder) ooghyn
ooh (egg) oohyn
skynn knife skynnaghyn

The following nouns are more or less irregular:

Singular English Plural

annym soul anmeenyn
baagh animal beiyn
ben woman mraane
coo hound coiyn
cro nut croiyn
crammag snail crummeeyn
crackan skin craitnyn
ennym name enmyn
goo word goan
saagh container siyn
yngin fingernail yngnyn
READING PRACTICE. ASHLISH VAXEN.Skeeal Shenn Vretin.

Va tree chaghteryn jeig er ve ynsit mysh e ashlish, as jimmee ad roue dy hirrey my heear. Haink ad dys y
clieau s'yrjey sy theihll, as veih'n vullagh b'leayr daue awinyn mooarey goll sheese dys y cheayn. Hroailt ad
harrish yn strah 'saaley, as haink ad dys balley mooar ec beeal unnane jeh ny hawinyn er y strah.

Bione daue dy row ee shoh çheer ashlish Vaxen, as honnick ad y flod akerit ayns beeal ny hawin fo ny
tooryn ardey ymmodee-ghaahit er y chashtal. Myr va'n Impir er n'yannoo, hie ad er boayrd y lhong s'aaley
as hiaull ad harrish mooir as faarkey derrey haink ad dys Ellan. Va'n Ellan shoh Bretin. Hroailt ad harree
derrey haink ad dys Snowdon.

"Shoh çheer sleityn ardey, coanyn dowiney as eayninyn agglagh honnick yn Impir," dooyrt ad. Veih
mullagh dy row honnick ad ellan Anglesey, as bione daue dy row eh shen yn ellan elley ayns ashlish
Vaxen. Honnick ad myrgeddin Aber Sain as cashtal ec beeal ny hawin. Va'n giat foshlit as hie ad stiagh.
Bione daue y halley. Va'n daa phonniar lesh folt airhey cloie babban-tawlish. Va'n chenn dooinney niartal
grainney babbanyn-tawlish ayns caayr lesh urlee airhey urree.

Va'n voidyn ny soie noi. Huitt ny chaghteryn er nyn ghlioonyn roee, gra, "Ven-Impir y Raue dy bannee
dhyt!"

"Ta shiu jeeaghyn dy ve deiney onnoroil ceau cowrey chaghteryn reeoil, cre'n oyr dy vel shiu craidey
moom er yn aght shoh?" dooyrt y voidyn.

"Cha nel shin craidey miu y venseyr. Ta Impir y Raue er n'akin oo dty chadley as er dy traa shenn cha nel
bioys ny spyrryd faagit ayn kyndagh rhyts. Jig oo marin dys y Raue dy ve jeant ben-Impir, er-nonney bare
lhiat yn Impir dy heet dys shoh dy dty phoosey?"

"Hiarnyn cha jargym obbal ny ta shiu er ghra as cha jargym credjal eh noadyr. My shynney lesh yn Impir
mee, lhig da cheet dys shoh," d'reggyr ee.

"Hiyree ny chaghteryn oie as laa er-ash dys y Raue as vannee ad rish yn Impir, gra: "Ta shin er n'akin ee ta
Helen yn ennym eck; as neemayd dy-aignagh y leeideil oo dys e cashtal"

Chelleeragh jimmee yn Impir as e armee roue, as myr lhig eh harrish ny sleityn ny hooill eh seose as sheese
y lhong bione da yn anchaslys eddyr ashlish as shen nagh vel ashlish. Hug eh enn er yn ellan foddey jeh.
Ghow eh thalloo, as lhig eh er e hoshiaght derrey honnick eh reesht yn cashtal ec beeal ny hawin. Va'n giat
foshlit as hie eh stiagh. Hoie Helen ayns shen yn voidyn honnick eh ayns e ashlish, as lhoob eh huic gra:
"Ven-Impir y Raue, dy bannee dhyt!"

Haink ee dy ve e ven-phoost as hug eh jee myr toyrtys ellan Vretin as ny tree ellanyn ny sloo, as tree
cashtalyn dy ve troggit raad d'oardee ee. Va'n fer s'yrjey jeant ec Arvon as ny feallagh elley ec Caerlleon as
Carmarthen. Veih'n derrey cashtal dys y jei elley ren ee raaidyn harrish ny sleityn jeeragh tessyn er Bretin,
as t'ad shoh enmyssit raaidyn Helen eer dys y laa t'ayn jiu as cha jinnagh deiney Vretin er n'yannoo ny
raaidyn mooarey shoh agh er e sons. Dys Cashtal Arvon hug deiney lhieu ooir Romanagh, dy n'oddagh yn
Impir cadley as soie as shooyll er ooir ghooie. Hannee eh ayns shen shiaght bleeaney, as d'aase deiney yn
Raue skee fieau as ren ad Impir noa. Screeu yn dooinney shoh lettyr dys Vaxen as ny focklyn shoh er.

"My hig oo as my hig oo dy-bragh dys y Raue."

As hug Maxen lettyr er-ash lesh ny focklyn shoh er

"My higym dys y Raue, as my higym."

Geiyrt er y lettyr leeid eh armee dys giattyn y Raue, as braaraghyn Helen, ny deiney aegey lesh folt ruy,
ghow adsyn yn ard valley da Maxen. Ayns shen reill eh marish Helen. Er son ny braaraghyn jimmee ad
rhymboo reesht lesh sleih. Hug ad fo nyn gosh cheeraghyn as cashtalyn as ard valjyn, as tra va nyn ging
lheeah hyndaa ad dys Bretin goaill maroo paart jeh ny mraane bwaagh bentyn da'n sleih va currit haart oc,
giarrey magh nyn jengey er-aggle dy millagh ad glare Vretin.

(Yn Jerrey.)

GLOSSARY.

craue-vuc-varrey whalebone.

tawlish chess.
babbanyn-tawlish chessmen.
strol satin.
boadrymyn buskins.
iuaagagh ivory.
craueghan staillinagh a steel file.
caayr chair.
snaihaghan airhey gold tissue.
b'leayr daue they saw.
 beholding, cur-my-per
English-Manx believe, cred
believing, credjal
above, erskyn bell, clag
abundance, complete plenty, slane-palchey bellows, builg-heidee
accosting, loayrt rish berry, berrish, smeyr
acknowledging, confessing, goaill rish bet, gioal
acquainting, sending word, cur fys better, share
active, nimble, gastey big, large, mooar
after, lurg bigger, more, smoo
again, reesht birthday, laa-ruggyr
age, eash bishop, aspick
air, sky, aer black, doo
alive, bio blackberry, smeyr; pl. smeir
all placed before noun, ooilley blacksmith, gaaue
also, neesht, myrgeddin blade, blod
always, kinjagh dy kinjagh blind, doal
ancestors, shenn ayryn block, block
angel, ainle blossom, in bloom, blaa, my-vlaa
ankle, mwannal y chass blow, bwoailley pl. buillaghyn.
ankle bone, abane blue, gorrym
another time, once more, keayrt elley boat, baatey
anvil, ingan body, corp
any more, arragh bone, craue
anything, red erbee, nhee erbee book, lioar, f.
April, Avril both, neesht
arm, roih, pl. roihaghyn bough, bangan
as long as, whilst, choud as, choud's boundary, cagliagh
ashes, leoie boy, guilley pl. guillyn
assemble, chaggil branch, banglane
at all, erbee brass, prash
at me. aym brave, fine, braew
at her, eck bravely, fine, dy braew
at him, echey bread, arran
at them, oc break, brish
at us ain breaking, brishey
at you, eu, ayd bright, white, gial
August, Yn chied vee jeh'n ouyr bringing, carrying, cur lesh
aunt, naunt, shuyr ayr, shuyr voir brother, braar
autumn or harvest, fouyr brown, dhone, dhoan pl. dhoane
baby, oikan brownish-grey homespun, keear-leeah
back, dreeym bull, tarroo pl. terriu
back of the shoulder, shlingan bullock, stott
bad, olk bundle, bart
bag, pocket, poagey burn, losht
bank, broogh bush, thammag
barley, oarn but, agh
beak, gob butter, eeym
beast, baagh pl. beiyn buy, kionnee
beast, term used for toothache, beisht pl. buying, kionnaghey, kionnagh
beishtyn. calf, lheiy pl. lheiyee
beautiful, aalin call, eam
bee, shellan calling to shouting on, gyllagh er
beef, mart can curn, kurn
can, fod dictionary, fockleyr
cannot, cha nod or vod diligent, jeidagh
carp, carroo directly, dy jeeragh
castle, cashtal, m. dirty, broigh
Castletown, Balley-Cashtal disrepute, drogh ghoo
cat kayt pl. kiyt ditch, jeeg
cattle, ollagh, maase do, jean
chain and hook slouree do not give plural, Ny cur-jee
chapel, cabbal do not give sing., Ny cur
chatter, cowag do you, jean-jee
cheek, lieckan dog, moddey pl. moddee
cheese, caashey doing, jannoo
chest, cleeau donkey, assyl
child, paitchey pl. paitchyn door, dorrys
chin, smeggyl, smeggin Douglas, Doolish
Christian, Creestee down, below, heese
Christmas Day, laa Nollick down, downwards, sheese
church, keeill drink, iu, jough pl. joughyn, joughinyn
cinder, ember, smarage drinking, giu
circle, carkyl dry, chirrym
cist, koir dumb, balloo
city: high town; chief town, ard-valley dun-coloured, ouyr
clock, clag eagle, urley
cloth, material, eaddagh ear, cleaysh
coal, geayl early, moghey
cod, boddagh pl. boadee ease, rest, aash
cold, feayr easier, sassey
coldness, a cold, feayraght easy, aashagh
colt, lhiy pl. lhiyaghyn eat, ee
come! tar! eating, gee
coming, cheet egg ooh
committee, bing elbow, uillin, pl. uiljyn
common, cadjin England, Sostyn
conversation, taggloo English person, Sostnagh
corn, arroo ever that is to come, dy bragh, dy bra
country, çheer ever in the future, to be, dy bragh
couple, cubbyl ever used of past, rieau
cow pl. booaghyn, gen. baa, booa every, each, gagh, dagh
cow's milk, bainney baa everything, dy chooilley nhee
cow-house, thie-ollee, bwaane evil, olk
cripple, criggyl evil spirit, drogh-spyrryd
crooked, cam extinguishing, cur ass
crookedly, dy cam eye, sooill
dance, daunse eyesight, shilley
dark, dorraghey face, eddin, oaie
daughter or "a girl", inneen far, foddey
day, laa; pl. laghyn farm, balley
dead, marroo farther, sodjey
deaf, bouyr farthing, farling
dealing, dellal fat, roauyr
death, baase father, ayr; gen. ayrey, jishag
December, Mee veanagh y gheuree feast, feaill
deep, dowin February, Yn nah vee jeh'n vlein
deer, feeaih feeble, annoon
dense, chiu fern, renniagh
denser, s'chee fever, yn chiassagh
field, magher going, goll
find, or get, fow gold, airh
finding, getting, feddyn, or geddyn good, mie
finger, mair, pl. meir goose, guiy
finishing, cur jerrey gorse fuel, conney
fish, eeast grandchild, oe
fisherman, eeasteyr grandfather, jishag-vooar, shaner
fishing, eeastagh grandmother, mwarree
fist, doarn, pl. duirn grass, faiyr
flagstone, liack grave, oaie
flame, lossey great man, a chief, ard-ghooinney
flesh, feill great toe, ordaag-chass
floor, laare green, geayney
flour, flooyr grey, green, pale, glass
foal, sharragh hair, renaig, pl. renaigyn
foetus, lourane half-hour, lieh-oor
fold, bwoaillee half-penny, lhieng
folks, ones pers. pron, feallagh halfgrown, stuggey pl. stuggaghyn
food, bee pl. beeghyn hammer, oard
foot, cass hand, laue
for, son harbour, purt pl. purt
for ever and ever, son dy bragh as dy bragh hare, mwaagh pl. mwaee
for my your, his, their sake, er my dty, e, nyn haste, siyr
hon hasty, siyragh
for what reason?, cre'n oyr? hay, traagh
fore-finger, corrag he, eh
forefather; old father, shenn-ayr head, kione, pl. king
fortnight, kegeesh healthy, slayntoil
fountain, farrane hear, clasht
fowl, eean hearing, clashtyn
France, Yn Rank heart, cree, pl creeaghyn
frequent, mennick heat, chiass
fresh, oor Heaven, Niau, Flaunys
Friday, Jeheiney heavier, strimmey
friend, carrey heavy, trome
from, veih, voish hedge, cleigh cleiy
from above, down, neose heel, boyn
from below, up, neese heifer, colbagh pl. colbeeyn
from one another, veih-my-cheilley heifer, gounagh
from the field, voish y vagher herb, herbage, luss, losserey
from there, veih shen herring, skeddan
fruit, mess hide, follee
gather, chaggil hiding, follaghey, follaghtyn
gathering, chaglym high, ard
gelding, bock higher, syrjey
giant, foawr hill, cronk, m. pl. crink, croink
girl, inneen, 'neen hole, towl pl. tuill
give, put, cur holiday, laa-feailley
giving or putting, cur, or coyrt Hollantide night, oie houney
giving to, striking, cur da hollow, glack, lagg
glass, glionney Holy Ghost, Spyrryd-Noo
glen, glion honey, mill
glory, gloyr horse, bock pl. buick, cabbyl, pl. cabbil
go, immee hot , çheh
goat, goayr pl. goair hotter, schoe
God, Jee hound, coo pl. coyin
hour, oor kid, mannan
hour and a half, oor-dy-lieh kind heart, cree dooie
house, thie, m. kindle, light, foad
how much, how many?, c'woad, quoid kitten, pishin pl. pisheeyn
hunger, accrys knee, glioon
hungry, accrysagh knife, skynn pl. skynnaghyn
I, mee knot, cayr, cront
I came, haink mee lad, a girl, ponniar
I did; or made, ren mee lake, logh
I gave. or put, hug mee lamb, eayn pl. eayin
I got, or found, hooar mee lame, croobagh
I heard, cheayll mee lamenting, assuming— taking on, goaill er
I said, dooyrt mee land, earth, thalloo
I saw, honnick mee language, glare
I took, ghow mee last night, riyr
I went, hie mee last Sunday, Jedoonee chaie
in, ayns late, anmagh
in after verbs of motion, stiagh late, ending, jerrinagh
in after verbs of rest, sthie law, leigh
in her, aynjee lazy, litcheragh
in him, ayn lead, leeid
in me, aynym lead, (metal) leoaie
in the day, 'sy laa leading, leeideil
in the evening, 'syn 'astyr leaf, duillag
in the moon, ayns yn eayst leave, faag
in the morning, 'sy voghrey leaving, faagail
in the night, 'syn oie left, toshtal
in the place, ayns y voayl left hand, laue-chiuttagh
in the sun, ayns y ghrian leg, lurgey, pl. lurgaghyn
in the world, sy theill lend, borrow, eeassee
in them, ayndoo, ayndaue lending, borrowing, geeassaghey, geeassaght
in us, aynin, ayndooin less, sloo
in you, ayndiu let him, lhig, da
in you, aynyd let me, lhig dou
including, gonill stiagh let me not, ny lhig dou
indisposition, slack health, lhag-laynt let us, lhig dooin
industrious, thrifty, tarroogh letter, screeuyn pl. screeunyn
infant, lhiannoo pl. g. lhiennoo lie, breag
intelligent, toiggalagh life, bea
invoke, beseech, guee er lift, trog
Ireland, Nherin lifting, troggal
Irish person, Yernagh light, clear, sollys
iron, yiarn like him, goll rish
Isle of Man, Ellan Vannin like me, goll rhym
it was, ve like, as, myr
January, Yn chied vee jeh'n vlein ling, freoagh
jaw, cab lip, meill
Jesus Christ, Yeesey Creest list, claare
joiner, seyir listen, eaisht
judge, briw listening, geaishtagh
July, Mee s'jerree yn touree little, beg
June, Mee veanagh y touree lively, vigorous, bioyr
keep, freill lock, glass
keeping, freayll lodger, jiulean
key, ogher London, Lunnin
kick, breb long, tall, liauyr
looking after, jeeaghyn jei never was, cha row rieau
looking at, jeeaghyn er new, noa
looking towards, regarding, jeeaghyn lesh news, naight
Lord, Chiarn newspaper, pabyr-naight
lose, caill niece, inneen vraarey, inneen-shayrey
losing, coayl nose, stroin, pl. strointeeyn
love, graih nossle, sock
machine, greie November, Mee houney
mackerel, brack pl. brick now, nish
making good use of, jannoo soo dy vie nudist, roosteen
man, dooinney pl. deiney, fer oats as a plant, plaggad
Manx person, Manninagh oats as grain, corkey; pl. corkaghyn
many, ymmodee October, Mee s'jerree yn ouyr
many a one, fer ny ghaa of the country, cheerey, gen.
many a time, keayrt-ny-ghaa of the land, thallooin
March, Mart, Mee vart offspring, cloan g. clienney
mare, laair pl. laaireeyn often, mennick
market, margey oftener, smenkey
mast, croan old, shenn
Master, Sir, Mr, Mainshtyr older, shinney
May, Boaldyn, Mee ny Boaldyn on the mountain, er yn clieau
May-day, laa-boaldyn on the same day, er y laa cheddin
meadow, lheeannee on, upon, er
member, oltey once, a turn, a time, keayrt
mid-day, noon, mun-laa, mean-laa one, unnane
middle, the midst, mean, y vean open, foshil
middling, tolerable, castreycair opening, fosley
midnight, mean-oie or, nor, ny
mighty, niartal other, another, elley
milk, bainney out after verbs of motion, magh
mill, mwyllin out after verbs of rest, mooie
minute, minnid over, harrish
Miss, Ben-ainshtyr aeg or Inneen ox, dow pl. dew
Mistress, Madam, Mrs, Ben-ainshtyr pain, pian
Monday, Jelhein paper, pabyr. m.
month, mee, pl. meeaghyn pathway, cassan
moon, eayst pay, eeck
more, slee paying, geeck
moss, keynnagh peat bog, moain
mother familiar form, mummig Peel, Purt-ny-Hinshey
mother in formal address, moir; gen. mayrey. peg, pinn
mountain, slieau, m. pl. sleityn pen, penn g. penney
pen-knife, skynn-phenney
mouse, lugh pl. lughee penny, ping
mouth, beeal, pl. beill person, fer, pyagh, peiagh
mutton, mohlt pig, muck
nail, yngyn, pl. yngnyn pincers, clou-beg
name, ennym place, a spot, boayl, m. pl. buill, boaylyn, ynnyd,
near, faggys, er-gerrey, gerrit f.
nearer, sniessey plant, losserey
neck, mwannal pledge, raane
neighbour, naboo poker, brod-yiarn, brod-aile
nephew, mac vraarey, mac shayrey pool, pond, loghan,poyll
nest, edd poor, boght
net, keen pl. lieenteeyn poor man, dooinney boght
net, lhieen poorly, dy boght
port, purt Saturday, Jesarn
posterity, cloan ny clienney Saviour, Saualtagh
pot, poht saw, saaue
pound, punt say, abbyr
pound money or weight, punt saying, gra
power, pooar saying to, telling, gra rish
practising, cur rish scarce, s'goan
praise, moyll scatter, skeayll
pretty, bwaagh scattering, skeayley
priest, clergyman, saggyrt scholar, schoillar, m
proceeding, goll er y hoshiaght school, schoill f.
promise, giall Scotland, Cheer ny Albey, Nalbin
promising, gialdyn Scottish person, Albinagh
prospering, cheet er y hoshiaght sea, keayn
pudding, puiddin sea, the ocean, faarkey, yn 'aarkey
pup, a cub, quallian sea, tide, of the sea, mooir, marrey
purse, sporran seal, raun
quarter, kerroo season, imbagh, gen. imbee
quarter of a year, raaie seat, stoyll
quick, tappee second, grig
quietness, rest, fea second, tullagh
rabbit, conning section, rheynn
race, people, kynney see, look, jeeagh
ram, rea pl. reaghyn seed, rass
Ramsey, Rhumsaa seeing, fakin
rat, roddan seldom, an-vennick
raven, feeagh seldom, anvennick
read, lhaih September, Mee veanagh yn ouyr
reading, lhaih service, shirveish
red, reddish-brown, ruy pl. jiargey she, ee
red, ruddy, jiarg sheaf, bunney
rein, streean sheep, keyrrey pl. kirree
rent, mayll shilling, skillin
repeating, renewing, jannoo ass y noa shining, soilshean
reply, freggyr ship, lhong
replying, freggyrt shirt, lheiney
reputation, goo-mie short, giare
resembling, goll rish shortly, gerrid
restful, quiet, feagh shortly, soon, dy-gerrid
rich man, dooinney berchagh shoulder, geaylin, pl. geayltyn
right, jesh shout, yllagh
right hand, laue-jesh, laue-yesh showing itself, appearing, cheet er ash, cheet rish
river, awin showing to, jeeaghyn da
river bank, claddagh shut, dooin, jeigh
road, raad sick, ill, çhing
Roman person, Romanagh side, lhiattee
Rome, Yn Raue silver money, argid
Romish, Raueagh since, neayr
root, fraue sinking, going under, goll fo
rosy, ruissagh sinner, peccah
rough, garroo sister, shuyr
Sabbath, Doonaght skin, crackan, pl. craitnyn.
sack, sack slope, lhergagh
sail, shiaull slow, feeble, dull, moal
sailor, shiolteyr sluggish, moal
sand, genniagh small, beg
small book, pamphlet, lioaran the base, the meaning, bun
small pool, puddle, dub, dubbey pl. dhubbaghyn the chief good, yn ard-vie
smallpox, yn vreck the day after to-morrow, nuyr
sod of turf, foaicl voaney the day before yesterday, arroo-y-jea
soil, of soil, ooir, ooirrey the ever in the past, ever was, rieau
sole of foot, trie the hair, folt
son, mac the next day, yn nah laa
soon, leah the night before last, arroo-y-riyr
sooner, sleaie the other day, laa chaie
soul, annym the same, cheddin
Spain, Yn Spainey the truth, yn irriney
Spaniard, Spaainagh the world, yn theihll
spark, drillin then, eisht
sparrow, sparroo therefore, er y fa
speak, loayr therefore, shen y fa
speaking, loayrt they, ad
speckled, breck thigh, shleeayst
speech, goo, pl. goan thin, thanney
spot, spoht thing, things, nhee, nheeghyn, red, reddyn
spring gen. arree, arragh thirst, paays
stable, stabyl thirsty, paa, paagh
staff, lorg thither. there, dys shen, gys shen
stalwart, toallee thorn, jialg, jolg
star, rollage thread, snaie
steel, staillin throat, scoarnagh
stick for burning, brasnag throat, scoarnagh, pl. scoarneeyn
stomach, bolg thumb, ordaag
stool, stoyl thunder, taarnagh
store, stouyr Thursday, Jerdein
story-book, lioar-skeeal tight, chionn
straight, jeeragh time, traa
stream, strooan tired, skee
street, straid tithe, jaghee
strike, bwoaill to, dy, da, dys
striking, bwoalley to be alive, dy ve bio
strong, lajer to be ashamed, goaill nearey
stronger, stroshey to be glad, goaill boggey
stupid, bolvanagh to become, dy heet dy ve
summer, sourey to die, dy gheddyn baase
summit, beinn to pray, goaill padjer
sun, the sun, grian, yn ghrian to rest, goaill fea
Sunday, Jedoonee to sing, goaill arrane
swan, ollay to undertake, goaill ayns laue
sweet, millish to wonder, goaill yindys
sweetness, miljid to, towards, dys, gys
sword, cliwe to-day, jiu
table, boayrd to-morrow, mairagh
take, gow to-night, noght
take you, Gow-jee tobacco, thombagey
taking, goaill toe, mair-chass
tale, news, skeeal together, dy cheilley
tawny, loaghtan, loghtan together placed after noun, cooidjagh
tell, insh tongs; also used for a printing press, clou
telling, ginsh tongue, çhengey, pl. chengaghyn
terrible, atchimagh too good, ro-vie
terribly, dy atchimagh too hard, ro-chreoi
tooth, feeackle, pl. feeacklyn what is yonder, cre staid?
top, mullagh what is?, cre ta
town, balley pl. baljyn what thing?, c'red
tree, billey what's that?, cre shen?, cre shoh?
trout, breck what, whatever, cre, cre-erbee
true, firrinagh what?, cre
truth, firrinys wheat, curnaght
Tuesday, Jemayrt where from?, cre-veih? voish
udder, ooh where is?, c'el?, cre vel? c'el?
uncle, naim, braar ayr, braar voir where? what road?, c'raad
understand, toig white, bane pl. baney
understanding, toiggal whoever, quoi-erbee
up, above, heose wholesome, follan
up, upwards, seose why not?, cre'n fa nagh
vehicle, carbyd why?, cre'n fa?
vein, cuishlyn, pl. cuishleeyn wide, lhean
very, feer wider, shlea
voice, coraa, pl. coraaghyn window, uinnag
vow, breearrey winter, geurey
wait, fuirree woman, ben pl. mraane
waiting, fuirraght, fuirraghtyn wood, keyll
Wales, Bretin, yn thalloo Vretnagh wool, ollan
wanting, laccal word pl. focklyn, fockle
watch, ooreyder world, seihll
water, ushtey worse, smessey
water-spring, geill wrist, mwannal y laue
wax, kere write, screeu
way, manner, aght writing, screeu
we, shin year, blein pl. bleeantyn, gen. bleeaney
weak, faase yellow, bwee, buigh pl. buighey
weasel, assag yesterday, jea
wedding, bannish yet, still, foast
Wednesday, Jercean you, oo, shiu
week, shiaghtin, pl. shiaghtinyn young, aeg
well, chibbyr pl. chibbraghyn young pig, bannoo
well, dy mie younger, saa
wet, fluigh youth, scollag
what, c'red
 baatey, a boat
baatey, boat
Manx-English bainney, milk
aalin, beautiful bainney baa, cow's milk
aash, ease, rest balley pl. baljyn, town, farm
aashagh, easy Balley-Cashtal, Castletown
abane, ankle bone balloo, dumb
abbyr, say bane pl. baney, white
accrys, hunger banglane, branch
accrysagh, hungry bannish , wedding
ad, they bannoo, a young pig
aeg, young banyan, bough
aer, air, sky bart, bundle
agh, but bea, life
aght, way, manner bee pl. beeghyn, food
ainle, angel beeal, pl. beill, mouth
airh, gold beg, little,small
Albinagh, Scottish person beinn, summit
an-vennick, seldom beisht pl. beishtyn, a beast, toothache
anmagh, late ben pl. mraane, woman
annoon, feeble Ben-ainshtyr, Mistress, Madam, Mrs
annym, soul Ben-ainshtyr aeg or Inneen, Miss
anvennick, seldom berrish, a berry
ard, high billey, tree
ard-ghooinney, a great man, a chief bing, committee
ard-valley, city: high town; chief town bio, alive
argid, silver money bioyr, lively, vigorous
arragh, any more; spring gen. arree blaa, my-vlaa, blossom, in bloom
arran, bread blein pl. bleeantyn, gen. bleeaney, a year
arroo, corn block, block
arroo-y-jea, the day before yesterday blod, blade
arroo-y-riyr, the night before last Boaldyn, May
aspick, bishop boayl, m. pl. buill, boaylyn, a place, a spot
assag, a weasel boayrd, table
assyl, a donkey bock pl. buick, horse
atchimagh, terrible boddagh pl. boadee, cod
Avril, April boght, poor
awin, river bolg, stomach
ayd at you, eu at you bolvanagh, stupid
aym at me, ain at us booa, cow pl. booaghyn, gen. baa
ayn, in him bouyr, deaf
ayndiu, in you boyn, heel
ayndoo, ayndaue, in them braar, brother
aynin, ayndooin, in us brack pl. brick, mackerel
aynjee, in her braew, brave, fine
ayns, in brasnag, a stick for burning
ayns y ghrian, in the sun breag, a lie
ayns y voayl, in the place breb, kick
ayns yn eayst, in the moon breck, speckled, trout
aynyd, in you breearrey, vow
aynym, in me Bretin, yn thalloo Vretnagh, Wales
ayr, father brish, break
ayr; gen. ayrey, father brishey, breaking
baagh pl. beiyn, a beast briw, judge
baase, death brod-yiarn, brod-aile, poker
broigh, dirty claddagh, river bank
broogh, bank clag, bell
builg-heidee, bellows clag, clock
bun, the base, the meaning clasht, hear
bunney, sheaf clashtyn, hearing
bwaagh, pretty cleaysh, ear
bwee, buigh pl. buighey, yellow cleeau, chest
bwoaill, strike cleigh, cleiy, hedge
bwoaillee, fold cliwe, sword
bwoailley pl. buillaghyn, a blow cloan g. clienney, offspring
bwoalley, striking cloan ny clienney, posterity
c'el?, where is? clou, tongs; printing press
c'raad, where? what road? clou-beg, pincers
c'red, what, what thing? coayl, losing
c'woad, how much, how many? colbagh pl. colbeeyn, heifer
caashey, cheese conney, gorse fuel
cab, jaw conning, a rabbit
cabbal, chapel coo pl. coyin, a hound
cabbyl pl. cabbil, horse cooidjagh, together placed after noun
cadjin, common coraa, pl. coraaghyn, voice
cagliagh, boundary corkey; pl. corkaghyn, oats as grain
caill, lose corp, body
cam, crooked corrag, fore-finger
carbyd, vehicle cowag, chatter
carkyl, circle crackan, pl. craitnyn, skin
carrey, a friend craue, bone
carroo, carp cre, what?
cashtal, m, castle cre shen?, what's that?
cass, foot cre shoh?, what's this?
cassan, pathway cre staid?, what is yonder
castreycair, middling, tolerable cre ta, what is?
cayr, knot cre vel, where is?
cha nod or vod, cannot cre vel? c'el?, where is?
cha row rieau, never was cre'n fa nagh, why not?
chaggil, assemble, gather cre'n fa?, why?
chaglym, gathering cre'n oyr?, for what reason?
cheayll mee, I heard cre, cre-erbee, what, whatever
cheddin, the same cre-veih? voish, where from?
çheer, country cred, believe
Cheer ny Albey, Scotland credjal, believing
cheerey, gen, of the country cree dooie, a kind heart
cheet, coming cree, pl creeaghyn, heart
cheet er ash, showing itself, appearing Creestee, Christian
cheet er y hoshiaght, prospering criggyl, cripple
cheet rish, showing itself, appearing croan, mast
çheh, hot cronk. m. pl. crink. croink, hill
çhengey, pl. chengaghyn, tongue cront, knot
Chiarn, Lord croobagh, lame
çhiass, heat cubbyl, couple
chibbyr pl. chibbraghyn, well cuishlyn, pl. cuishleeyn, vein
çhing, sick, ill cur, give, put
çhionn, tight cur ass, extinguishing
çhirrym, dry cur da, giving to, striking
çhiu, dense cur fys, acquainting, sending word
choud as, choud's, as long as, whilst cur jerrey, finishing
claare, list cur lesh, bringing, carrying
cur rish, practising ee, eat; she
cur, or coyrt, giving or putting eean, fowl
cur-my-per, beholding eeassee, lend, borrow
curn, kurn, can eeast, fish
curnaght, wheat eeastagh, fishing
daunse, dance eeasteyr, fisherman
dellal, dealing eeck, pay
dhone, dhoan pl. dhoane, brown eeym, butter
doal, blind eh, he
doarn, fist eisht, then
doarn, pl. duirn, fist Ellan Vannin, Isle of Man
doo, black elley, other, another
dooin, shut ennym, name
dooinney, pl. deiney, man er, on, upon
dooinney berchagh, a rich man er-gerrey, gerrit, near
dooinney boght, a poor man er my dty, e, nyn hon, for my your, his, their
Doolish, Douglas sake
Doonaght, Sabbath er y fa, therefore
dooyrt mee, I said er y laa cheddin, on the same day
dorraghey, dark er yn clieau, on the mountain
dorrys, door erbee, at all
dow pl. dew, ox erskyn, above
dowin, deep faag, leave
dreeym, back faagail, leaving
drillin, spark faarkey, yn 'aarkey, sea, the ocean
drogh ghoo, disrepute faase, weak
drogh-spyrryd, evil spirit faggys, near
dub, dubbey pl. dhubbaghyn, small pool, puddle faiyr, grass
duillag, a leaf fakin, seeing
dy atchimagh, terribly farling, farthing
dy boght, poorly farrane, fountain
dy braew, bravely, fine fea, quietness, rest
dy bragh, ever in the future, to be feagh, restful, quiet
dy bragh, dy bra, ever that is to come feaill, a feast
dy cam, crookedly feallagh, folks, ones pers. pron
dy cheilley, together feayr, cold
dy chooilley nhee, everything feayraght, coldness, a cold
dy gheddyn baase, to die feddyn, finding
dy heet dy ve, to become feeackle, pl. feeacklyn, tooth
dy jeeragh, directly feeagh, raven
dy mie, well feeaih, deer
dy ve bio, to be alive feer, very
dy, da, dys, to feill, flesh
dy-gerrid, shortly, soon fer, a man, a person
dys shen, gys shen, thither. there fer ny ghaa, many a one
dys, gys, to, towards firrinagh, true
eaddagh, cloth, material firrinys, truth
eaisht, listen flooyr, flour
eam, a call fluigh, wet
eash, age foad, kindle, light
eayn pl. eayin, a lamb foaid voaney, a sod of turf
eayst, moon foast, yet, still
echey, at him. foawr, giant
eck at her, fockle, word pl. focklyn
edd, nest fockleyr, dictionary
eddin, face fod, can
foddey, far goaill rish, acknowledging, confessing
follaghey, follaghtyn, hiding goaill stiagh, including
follan, wholesome goaill yindys, to wonder
follee, hide goayr, goat
folt, the hair goayr pl. goair, a goat
foshil, open gob, beak
fosley, opening goll, going
fouyr, autumn or harvest goll er y hoshiaght, proceeding
fow, find, or get goll fo, sinking, going under
fraue, root goll rhym, like me
freayll, keeping goll rish, like him; resembling
freggyr, reply goo, pl. goan, speech
freggyrt, replying goo-mie, reputation
freill, keep gorrym, blue
freoagh, ling gounagh, heifer
fuirraght, fuirraghtyn, waiting Gow, take
fuirree, wait Gow-jee, take you
gaaue, blacksmith gra, saying
gagh, dagh, every, each gra rish, saying to, telling
garroo, rough graih, love
gastey, active, nimble greie, machine
geaishtagh, listening grian, yn ghrian, sun, the sun
geayl, coal grig, second
geaylin, pl. geayltyn, shoulder guee er, invoke, beseech
geayney, green guilley pl. guillyn, boy
geddyn, getting guiy, goose
gee, eating gyllagh er, calling to shouting on
geeassaghey, geeassaght, lending, borrowing haink mee, I came
geeck, paying harrish, over
geill, water-spring heese, down, below
genniagh, sand heose, up, above
gerrid, shortly hie mee, I went
geurey, winter honnick mee, I saw
ghow mee, I took hooar mee, I got, or found
gial, bright, white hug mee, I gave. or put
gialdyn, promising imbagh, gen. imbee, season
giall, promise, bright immee, go
giare, short ingan, anvil
ginsh, telling inneen, 'neen, daughter or girl
gioal, bet inneen vraarey, inneen-shayrey, niece
giu, drinking insh, tell
glack, hollow iu, drink
glare, language jaghee, tithe
glass, grey, green, pale; a lock jannoo, doing
glion, glen jannoo ass y noa, repeating, renewing
glionney, glass jannoo soo dy vie, making good use of
glioon, knee jea, yesterday
gloyr, glory jean, do
goaill, taking jean-jee, do you
goaill arrane, to sing Jedoonee, Sunday
goaill ayns laue, to undertake Jedoonee chaie, last Sunday
goaill boggey, to be glad Jee, God
goaill er, lamenting, assuming— taking on jeeagh, see, look
goaill fea, to rest jeeaghyn da, showing to
goaill nearey, to be ashamed jeeaghyn er, looking at
goaill padjer, to pray jeeaghyn jei, looking after
jeeaghyn lesh, looking towards, regarding leeid, lead
jeeg, ditch leeideil, leading
jeeragh, straight leigh, law
Jeheiney, Friday leoaie, lead
jeidagh, diligent leoie, ashes
jeigh, shut, shutting lhag-laynt, indisposition, slack health
Jelhein, Monday lhaih, read, reading
Jemayrt, Tuesday lhean, wide
Jercean, Wednesday lheeannee, meadow
Jerdein, Thursday lheiney, shirt
jerrinagh, late, ending lheiy pl. lheiyee, calf
Jesarn, Saturday lhergagh, slope
jesh, right lhiannoo pl. g. lhiennoo, an infant
jialg, jolg, thorn lhiattee, side
jiarg, red, ruddy lhieen, net
jishag, father lhieng, half-penny
jishag-vooar, shaner, grandfather lhig dooin, let us
jiu, to-day lhig dou, let me
jiulean, lodger lhig, da, let him
jough pl. joughyn, joughinyn, a drink lhiy pl. lhiyaghyn, colt
kayt pl. kiyt, a cat lhong, ship
keayn, sea liack, flagstone
keayrt, once, a turn, a time liauyr, long, tall
keayrt elley, another time, once more lieckan, cheek
keayrt-ny-ghaa, many a time lieh-oor, half-hour
keear-leeah, brownish-grey homespun lioar, f, book
keeill, church lioar-skeeal, story-book
keen pl. lieenteeyn, net lioaran, small book, pamphlet
kegeesh, a fortnight litcheragh, lazy
kere, wax loaghtan, loghtan, tawny
kerroo, a quarter loayr, speak
keyll , wood loayrt, speaking
keynnagh, moss loayrt rish, accosting
keyrrey pl. kirree, sheep logh, lake
kinjagh dy kinjagh, always loghan, pool, pond
kione, pl. king, head lorg, staff
kionnaghey, kionnagh, buying losht, burn
kionnee, buy losserey, a herb, plant, herbage
koir, cist lossey, a flame
kynney, race, people lourane, foetus
laa chaie, the other day lugh pl. lughee, a mouse
laa Nollick, Christmas Day Lunnin, London
laa-boaldyn, May-day lurg, after
laa-feailley, holiday lurgey, pl. lurgaghyn, leg
laa-ruggyr, birthday luss, losserey, a herb, herbage
laa; pl. laghyn, day mac, son
laair pl. laaireeyn, mare mac vraarey, mac shayrey, nephew
laare, floor magh, out after verbs of motion
laccal, wanting magher, field
lagg, hollow Mainshtyr, Master, Sir, Mr
lajer, strong mair, pl. meir, finger
laue, hand mair-chass, toe
laue-chiuttagh, left hand mairagh, to-morrow
laue-jesh, right hand mannan, a kid
laue-yesh, right hand Manninagh, A Manx person
leah, soon margey, a market
marroo, dead nhee, nheeghyn, thing, things
Mart, March Nherin, Ireland
mart, beef niartal, mighty
mayll, rent Niau, Flaunys, Heaven
mean, y vean, middle, the midst nish, now
mean-oie, midnight noa, new
mee, I noght, to-night
Mee houney, November nuyr, the day after to-morrow
Mee ny Boaldyn, May ny, or, nor
Mee s'jerree yn ouyr, October Ny cur, do not give sing
Mee s'jerree yn touree, July Ny cur-jee, do not give plural
Mee vart, March ny lhig dou, let me not
Mee veanagh y gheuree, December oaie, face; grave
Mee veanagh y touree, June oard, hammer
Mee veanagh yn ouyr, September oarn, barley
mee, pl. meeaghyn, month oikan, a baby
meill, lip oc, at them
mennick, frequent, often oe, grandchild
mess, fruit ogher, key
mie, good oie houney, Hollantide night
miljid, sweetness olk, bad; evil
mill, honey ollagh, maase, cattle
millish, sweet ollan, wool
minnid, minute ollay , swan
moain, a peat bog oltey, member
moal, slow, feeble, dull, sluggish oo, you
moddey pl. moddee, dog ooh, egg, udder
moghey, early ooilley, all - placed before noun
mohlt, mutton ooir, ooirrey, soil, of soil
moir; gen. mayrey, mother in formal address oor, hour, fresh
mooar, big, large oor-dy-lieh, an hour and a half
mooie, out after verbs of rest ooreyder, a watch
mooir, marrey, sea, tide, of the sea ordaag, thumb
moyll, praise ordaag-chass, great toe
muck, a pig ouyr, dun-coloured
mullagh, top paa, paagh, thirsty
mummig, mother familiar form paays, thirst
mun-laa, mean-laa, mid-day, noon pabyr-naight, newspaper
mwaagh pl. mwaee, a hare pabyr. m, paper
mwannal, neck paitchey, a child
mwannal y chass, ankle paitchey p. paitchyn, child
mwannal y laue, wrist peccah, sinner
mwarree, grandmother penn g. penney, a pen
mwyllin, mill pian, pain
myr, like, as ping, penny
myrgeddin, also pinn, peg
naboo, neighbour pishin pl. pisheeyn, a kitten
naight, news plaggad, oats as a plant
naim, braar ayr, braar voir, uncle poagey, bag, pocket
Nalbin, Scotland poht, pot
naunt, shuyr ayr, shuyr voir, aunt ponniar, a lad, a girl
neayr, since pooar, power
neese, from below, up poyll, pool
neesht, both, also prash, brass
neose, from above, down puiddin, pudding
nhee erbee, anything at all punt, a pound money or weight
purt pl. purt, harbour shenn, old - placed before noun
Purt-ny-Hinshey, Peel shenn ayryn, ancestors
pyagh, peiagh, person shenn-ayr, forefather; old father
quallian, a pup, a cub shiaghtin, pl. shiaghtinyn, a week
quoi-erbee, whoever shiaull, sail
quoid, how much, how many? shilley, eyesight
raad, road shin, we
raaie, quarter of a year shinney, older
raane, pledge shiolteyr, sailor
rass, seed shirveish, service
Raueagh, Romish shiu, you
raun, seal shlea, wider
rea pl. reaghyn, a ram shleeayst, thigh
red erbee, anything shlingan, back of the shoulder
red, reddyn, thing, things shuyr, sister
reesht, again siyr, haste
ren mee, I did; or made siyragh, hasty
renaig, pl. renaigyn, hair skeayley, scattering
renniagh, fern skeayll, scatter
rheynn, section skeddan, herring
Rhumsaa, Ramsey skee, tired
rieau, the ever in the past, ever was skeeal, a tale, news
riyr, last night skillin, shilling
ro-chreoi, too hard skynn pl. skynnaghyn, knife
ro-vie, too good skynn-phenney, pen-knife
roauyr, fat slane-palchey, abundance, complete plenty
roddan, a rat slayntoil, healthy
roih, pl. roihaghyn, arm sleaie, sooner
rollage, star slee, more
Romanagh, Roman person slieau, m. pl. sleityn, mountain
roosteen , nudist sloo, less
ruissagh, rosy slouree, chain and hook to hang a pot on
ruy pl. jiargey, red, reddish-brown smarage, cinder, ember
s'chee, denser smeggyl, smeggin, chin
saa, younger smenkey, oftener
saaue, saw smessey, worse
sack, sack smeyr; pl. smeir, a blackberry
saggyrt, priest, clergyman smoo, bigger, more
sassey, easier snaie, thread
Saualtagh, Saviour sniessey, nearer
schoe, hotter sock, nossle
schoill f, school sodjey, farther
schoillar, m, scholar soilshean, shining
scoan, scarce sollys, light, clear
scoarnagh, pl. scoarneeyn, throat son, for
scollag, a youth son dy bragh as dy bragh, for ever and ever
screeu, write, writing sooill, eye
screeuyn pl. screeunyn, a letter Sostnagh, English person
seihll, world Sostyn, England
Seose, up, upwards sourey, summer
seyir, joiner Spaainagh, Spaniard
share, better sparroo, sparrow
sharragh, foal spoht, spot
sheese, down, downwards sporran, purse
shellan, a bee Spyrryd-Noo, Holy Ghost
shen y fa, therefore stabyl, stable
staillin, steel towl, pl. tuill a hole
sthie, in after verbs of rest traa, time
stiagh, in after verbs of motion traagh, hay
stott, bullock trie sole of foot
stouyr, store troggal, lifting
stoyl, stool trome, heavy
straid, street trog lift
streean, rein tullagh, a second
strimmey, heavier uillin, pl. uiljyn, elbow
stroin, pl. strointeeyn, nose uinnag, window
strooan, stream unnane, one
stroshey, stronger urley, an eagle
stuggey pl. stuggaghyn, halfgrown ushtey, water
'sy laa, in the day ve, it was
'sy voghrey, in the morning veih shen, from there
'syn 'astyr, in the evening veih, voish, from
'syn oie, in the night. veih-my-cheilley, from one another
'sy theill, in the world voish y vagher, from the field
syrjey, higher Yeesey Creest, Jesus Christ
taarnagh, thunder Yernagh, Irish person
taggloo, conversation yiarn, iron
tappee, quick yllagh, shout
tar, come you ymmodee, many
tarroo pl. terriu, bull yn ard-vie, the chief good
tarroogh, industrious, thrifty yn chiassagh, fever
thalloo, land, earth Yn chied vee jeh'n ouyr, August
thallooin, of the land Yn chied vee jeh'n vlein, January
thammag, a bush yn irriney, the truth
thanney, thin yn nah laa, the next day
thie, m, house Yn nah vee jeh'n vlein, February
thie-ollee, bwaane, cow-house Yn Rank, France
thombagey, tobacco Yn Raue, Rome
toallee, stalwart Yn Spainey, Spain
toig, understand yn theihll, the world
toiggal, understanding yn vreck, smallpox
toiggalagh, intelligent yngyn, pl. yngnyn, nail
toshtal, left ynnyd, f, a place, a stead.