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Lab Report 2

This experiment explains the process of synthesizing soap from olive oil and sodium hydroxide. Soap is produced through a chemical reaction where the triglycerides in olive oil are saponified by sodium hydroxide to form soap and glycerol. The student calculates the theoretical and experimental yields to determine the percentage yield of the reaction, which is 103.7%.

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447 views3 pages

Lab Report 2

This experiment explains the process of synthesizing soap from olive oil and sodium hydroxide. Soap is produced through a chemical reaction where the triglycerides in olive oil are saponified by sodium hydroxide to form soap and glycerol. The student calculates the theoretical and experimental yields to determine the percentage yield of the reaction, which is 103.7%.

Uploaded by

NaN Gaming
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Nahla ALMEAMAR 62200046

Experiment 2: Synthesis of Soap


1. Objective
This experiment explains the process of converting NaCl and olive oil to soap using the
heating process and then determining the limiting reagent to find the percentage yield 1
2. Introduction
All greasy, non-polar substances can be hard to clean with water alone because soap is
needed in this situation. A soap has so much use in cleaning weather objects or bodies
according to the kinds of soaps. Saop is made out of salt of a long-chain compound known as
a fatty acid2. The molecule of soap is amphiphilic which consists of two ends, a hydrophilic
(polar) head that contains the salt chain and can bind with water and another hydrophobic
(non-polar) tail that consist of a hydrocarbon chain and can bind with oil. Soap can be made
using two ways a hot method and a cold method, the one used in this experiment will be hot
because it's faster than the cold one1. Soap is made out of triglycerides such as animal fats,
olive oil, vegetable oil, that will be hydrolyzed by lye such as sodium hydroxide, ethanol is also
used to mix both water and oil. most of the soaps form non-saponifiable fatty acids and cannot
be used in soap production. The soap cleaning mechanism is by collecting the dirt and grease
inside the micelle with the hydrocarbon chain and then the soap will be washed out of the
surface3.
In this experiment, soap will be made using olive oil as the triglyceride, sodium hydroxide as
the alkaline. The olive oil chemical formula used in this experiment is C52H96O6 so the molecular
mass will be calculated from it. In the experiment, NaOH should not have so much
concentration. Oil and sodium hydroxide will react with each other under heat and ethanol will
be added to mix the oil and water. When the mixture is heated the vapor will be replaced by
adding ethanol again. After the soap mixture form, NaCl is added to prevent soap from
dissolving in water4. While filtering the excess out of the soap by pouring some water most of
the glycerol and ethanol will be washed away. The right pH to use the soap in it is 8-9

3. Experimental Procedure Safety:


*Always wearing safety goggles, lab coat, and gloves
*NaOH can cause eye damage and if it spills on anyone it should be rinsed under running
water.
Material:
Beaker, Flask, Graduated cylinder, Glass rod, Filter paper, Heater, Vacuum pump. Olive
oil, Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH), Sodium Chloride (NaCl), Ethanol (C2H5OH).
Procedure:
1: 2.08 grams of NaOH will be measured using a graduated cylinder and added to dissolved
with water in a beaker to dilute the NaOH concentration to 20%.
2: in a separate beaker 10 ml of olive oil will be added and on top of it 15 ml ethanol. 3: the
NaOH mixture and oil mixture will be poured into a separate flask and heated at medium-
high temperature for 20 minutes with stirring.
4: while the mixture is getting heated there will be evaporated solvents that are replaced by
adding extra ethanol.
5: After cooling the reaction to room temperature a saturated NaCl will be added to the
reaction and mixed with it gently to not disturb the reaction.
6: the soap will be placed on a vacuum pump and filtered using filter paper. In this process,
the pH will be measured checked.
7: after the soap was air-dried the pH will be checked again for safety (8-9) and then the
product will be weighted.
4. Experimental Results
Nahla ALMEAMAR 62200046

First: calculate the olive oil mass


Density of the olive oil in a 25 C degree is 0.9184g/ml.
Mass (olive oil) = density x volume = 0.9184 g/ml x 10ml = 9.184 g
Second: calculate all the compounds molecular mass
Olive oil molecular mass will be calculated from its chemical formula C52H96O6
Molecular mass (olive oil)=(12.0107 x 52) + (1.00784 x 96) + (15.999 x 6) = 817.30304g/ mol
Molecular mass (NaOH) = 22.99 + 15.999 + 1.0078 = 39.997 g / mol
Molecular mass (glycerol C3H8O3) = (12.0107 x 3) +(1.00784 x 8)+(15.999 x 3) = 92.09 g/mol

Molecular mass (soap) = 817.30304+ 3 (39.997) 92.09 = 844.93194 g/ mol Third:


calculte the mole of olive oil and sodium hydroxide.

Mole (olive oil) = mass / molecular mass = 9.184 g / 817.30304 g / mol = 0.01123mole
Mole number coofeciant: 0.01127 / 1 = 0.01123 mole
Mole (NaOH) = 2.08 g / 39.997 g / mol = 0.52 mole
Mole number coofeciant: 0.52 / 3 = 0.17333 mole Limiting
reagent is olive oil.

Fourth: calculate the effeciancy

Mole(soap)= mole

Theoritical yield = molecular mass (soap) x mole (soap) = 844.93194 g/ mol x 0.01123 mole =
9.494g

Effeciancy = %

5. Discussion
In this experiment, a desalted fatty acid (soap) was made. Soap structure as
shown in figure 1 helps so much in the technic it cleans with. Soap molecules come together
to form a micelle. Micelles are not dissolved in water
and they exist as a colloid. Nonpolar interior of micelles
dissolved in oil and dirt and it’s protected from water.
The polar head repels other micelles because it has a
negative charge. Olive oil chemical structure used is
C18H34O2 Triglyceride (oil, animal fats) traded with a
strong base like sodium hydroxide a reaction happens
that leads to the breaking of easter bond and the
formation of glycerol and fatty acids salt. This is what
happened in this experiment.
Fat (easter) + sodium hydroxide soap + glycerol Figure1: soap chain
Soap was made in a hot process because it’s faster. Ethanol was added at the beginning of
the experiment to the solution to help the easter in the olive oil to dissolve better in aqueous
Nahla ALMEAMAR 62200046

alkali (NaOH). Each group has its own quantities in grams and different types of oils used.
After finishing the experiment in the result part some calculations should be done to find the
efficiency of the experiment in each group. This group's efficiency is 103.7%. Group A used
sunflower oil and their efficiency was 100% as for group B that used rapeseed oil got 85%.

6. Conclusion
In this lab, soap was produced using olive oil and sodium hydroxide in specific quantities for
each group, and the percentage yield was measured after the experiment was completed. The
percentage yield was different for each group. The percentage yield of group C was 103.7%,
suggesting that productivity was poor and the quantities used were inadequate for the
experiment.

7. References
(1) Arasaretnam, S.; Venujah, K. Preparation of Soaps by Using Different Oils and
Analyze Their Properties. Nat. Prod. Chem. Res. 2019, 7 (1), 1–4.
https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-6836.1000357.
(2) Ciara Maye A. Morales, John Ian V. Nacino, Dean Xavier C. New, Jason A. Ong, M. K.
F. O. and; Reyes, L. K. C. Synthesis of Soap and Detergent. 2012, 2–5.
(3) Royal Society of Chemistry. Appendix 2: Examples of Interdisciplinary
ChemistryBiology Laboratory Experiments INTERDISCIPLINARY LAB # 2:
SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OF SOAP. 2017.
(4) Phanstiel IV, O.; Dueno, E.; Wang, Q. X. Synthesis of Exotic Soaps in the Chemistry
Laboratory. J. Chem. Educ. 1998, 75 (5), 612–614.
https://doi.org/10.1021/ed075p612.

8. Report Questions
1) The solution is base because the pH is greater than 7 and its between 13 and 14. To lower
the pH the soap is left a couple of days until the pH is between 8 and 9 and is safe to use.
2) Ethanol is added to the solution to help the oil dissolve with sodium hydroxide.
3) Potassium hydroxide salts are much softer and more water soluble so adding potassium
hydroxide instead of sodium hydroxide will make liquid soaps.
Fat + Potassium hydroxide (KOH) glycerol + soap
4) Indicates that the functional groups are on the same side of the carbon chain while Trans
conveys that functional groups are on opposing sides of the carbon chain. Example of cis:
olive oil, sunflower oil , example of trans: popcorn, biscuits

5) Yes, it contain glycerol but in small amounts because glycerol is washed out when the soap
is dried in the vacuum pump.

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