ME 315 HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER

Dr. Mubashir Ali Siddiqui

Mechanical Engineering Department
NED University of Engineering & Technology
Karachi, Pakistan

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 Chapter 3 One Dimensional
Steady State Conduction
Thermal Networks
Temperature Distribution in a Plane Wall
Thermal Conductive Resistance offered by a Plane Wall
Temperature Distribution in a Cylinder
Thermal Conductive Resistance offered by a Cylinder
Temperature Distribution in a Sphere
Thermal Conductive Resistance offered by a Sphere
Convective Resistance
Radiative Resistance

Heat Transfer using Fins

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 Fin HT – Extended Surface HT

FIGURE 3.13 Use of fins to enhance heat transfer from a plane wall.
(a) Bare surface. (b) Finned surface.

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 Fin HT (cont’d)

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 Fin HT (cont’d)

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 Fins – Examples

FIGURE 3.14 Schematic of typical finned-tube heat exchangers

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 Fins – Examples (cont’d)

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Fins –
Examples
(cont’d)
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 Fin Configurations

FIGURE 3.15 Fin configurations.

(a) Straight fin of uniform cross section.
(b) Straight fin of nonuniform cross section.
(c) Annular fin. (d) Pin fin

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 FIGURE 3.16 Energy
balance for an
extended surface

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 Temperature
Distribution in a Fin
𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐵𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒
𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡:
𝑞𝑥 = 𝑞𝑥+𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑞𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑣 −−−−−−−− −(1)
𝑑𝑇
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑞𝑥 = −𝑘𝐴𝑐
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑇
𝑑𝑞𝑥 𝑑 −𝑘𝐴 𝑐 𝑑𝑥
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞𝑥+𝑑𝑥 = 𝑞𝑥 + . 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑞𝑥 + . 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑇
= 𝑞𝑥 − 𝑘𝐴𝑐 2 . 𝑑𝑥 −−− −(2)
𝑑𝑥
𝐴𝑙𝑠𝑜, 𝑑𝑞𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑣 = ℎ. 𝑑𝐴𝑠 . 𝑇 − 𝑇∞ −−− −(3)
Substituting eqs (2) and (3) in eq(1), we get
𝑑2𝑇
𝑞𝑥 = 𝑞𝑥 − 𝑘𝐴𝑐 2 . 𝑑𝑥 + ℎ. 𝑑𝐴𝑠 . 𝑇 − 𝑇∞
𝑑𝑥
2
𝑑 𝑇
𝑘𝐴𝑐 2 . 𝑑𝑥 − ℎ. 𝑑𝐴𝑠 . 𝑇 − 𝑇∞ = 0
𝑑𝑥
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 Temperature Distribution
2
in a Fin (cont’d)
𝑑 𝑇
𝑘𝐴𝑐 2 . 𝑑𝑥 − ℎ. 𝑑𝐴𝑠 . 𝑇 − 𝑇∞ = 0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2 𝑇 ℎ. 𝑑𝐴𝑠
− 𝑇 − 𝑇∞ = 0
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑘𝐴𝑐 . 𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑇 ℎ 𝑑𝐴𝑠
2 − . . 𝑇 − 𝑇∞ = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑘𝐴𝑐 𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑇 ℎ
2 − . 𝑃. 𝑇 − 𝑇∞ = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑘𝐴𝑐
𝑑 2 𝑇 ℎ𝑃
− 𝑇 − 𝑇∞ = 0 −−−−−− −(4)
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑘𝐴𝑐
ℎ𝑃
Define 𝜃 𝑥 = 𝑇 𝑥 − 𝑇∞ and = 𝑚2 , then eq(4)
𝑘𝐴𝑐
becomes
𝑑2 𝜃 2 𝜃 = 0 −−−−−− − 5
− 𝑚
𝑑𝑥 2
Solution to this second order differential equation is of the form
𝜽 𝒙 = 𝑪𝟏 𝒆𝒎𝒙 + 𝑪𝟐 𝒆−𝒎𝒙 −−−−−− −(𝐴)
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 Three Fin Cases
Case A: General Case

Case B: Insulated Tip Case

Case C: Long Fin Case

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 Three Fin Cases – Boundary Conditions
Case A: General Case
𝑩𝑪𝑰: 𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑡 𝑓𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 , 𝜃 𝑥 = 0 = 𝜃𝑏 = 𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇∞
𝑩𝑪𝑰𝑰: 𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 𝐿 𝑎𝑡 𝑓𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑝 ,
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑝
= 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑝 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑣𝑖𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝜃
−𝑘𝐴𝑐 = ℎ𝐴 𝑇 𝑥 = 𝐿 − 𝑇∞ ⇒ −𝑘 = ℎ𝜃 𝐿
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=𝐿 𝑑𝑥 𝑥=𝐿

Case B: Insulated Tip Case

𝑩𝑪𝑰: 𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑡 𝑓𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 , 𝜃 𝑥 = 0 = 𝜃𝑏 = 𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇∞
𝑩𝑪𝑰𝑰: 𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 𝐿 𝑎𝑡 𝑓𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑝 , 𝐻𝑇 𝑎𝑡 𝑓𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑝 𝑖𝑠 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜.
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑝 = 0
𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝜃
∴ −𝑘𝐴𝑐 =0 ⇒ =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=𝐿 𝑑𝑥 𝑥=𝐿

Case C: Long Fin Case

𝑩𝑪𝑰: 𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑡 𝑓𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 , 𝜃 𝑥 = 0 = 𝜃𝑏 = 𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇∞
𝑩𝑪𝑰𝑰: 𝐴𝑡 𝑓𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑝, 𝜃 → 0 𝑎𝑠 𝑥 → ∞
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 Case A: General Case –
Temperature Distribution and Fin HT

𝑩𝑪𝑰: 𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑡 𝑓𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 , 𝜃 𝑥 = 0 = 𝜃𝑏 = 𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇∞

𝑩𝑪𝑰𝑰: 𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 𝐿 𝑎𝑡 𝑓𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑝 ,
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑝
= 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑝 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑣𝑖𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝜃 𝒅𝜽 𝒉𝜽 𝑳
−𝑘𝐴𝑐 = ℎ𝐴 𝑇 𝑥 = 𝐿 − 𝑇∞ ⇒ −𝑘 = ℎ𝜃 𝐿 ⇒ =−
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=𝐿 𝑑𝑥 𝑥=𝐿 𝒅𝒙 𝒙=𝑳 𝒌

𝜽 𝒙 = 𝑪𝟏 𝒆𝒎𝒙 + 𝑪𝟐 𝒆−𝒎𝒙 −−−−−− −(𝐴)

𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝐵𝐶𝐼, 𝑒𝑞 𝐴 ⇒ 𝜃𝑏 = 𝐶1 𝑒 0 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −0 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 −−−−−− −(1)
In order to apply BC II, we must first differentiate eq(A).
𝑑𝜃
∴ = 𝑚𝐶1 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 − 𝑚𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑚𝑥 𝑥=𝐿
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=𝐿
ℎ𝜃 𝐿
𝑁𝑜𝑤 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐵𝐶𝐼𝐼 𝑜𝑛 𝐿𝐻𝑆 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, − = 𝑚𝐶1 𝑒 𝑚𝐿 − 𝑚𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑚𝐿
𝑘
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 Case A: General Case –
Temperature Distribution and Fin HT (cont’d)
ℎ𝜃 𝐿
− = 𝑚𝐶1 𝑒 𝑚𝐿 − 𝑚𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑚𝐿
𝑘
ℎ 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑚𝐿 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑚𝐿
− = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑚𝐿 − 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑚𝐿
𝑚𝑘
ℎ
− 𝜃𝑏 − 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑚𝐿 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑚𝐿 = 𝜃𝑏 − 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑚𝐿 − 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑚𝐿 ; 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑞(1)
𝑚𝑘
ℎ 𝑚𝐿
ℎ 𝑚𝐿
ℎ
− 𝜃𝑏 𝑒 + 𝐶2 𝑒 − 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑚𝐿 = 𝜃𝑏 𝑒 𝑚𝐿 − 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑚𝐿 − 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑚𝐿
𝑚𝑘 𝑚𝑘 𝑚𝑘
Bringing all C2 terms on LHS of the equation,
ℎ 𝑚𝐿
ℎ −𝑚𝐿 𝑚𝐿 −𝑚𝐿 𝑚𝐿
ℎ
𝐶2 𝑒 − 𝐶2 𝑒 + 𝐶2 𝑒 + 𝐶2 𝑒 = 𝜃𝑏 𝑒 + 𝜃𝑏 𝑒 𝑚𝐿
𝑚𝑘 𝑚𝑘 𝑚𝑘
𝑚𝐿 −𝑚𝐿
ℎ 𝑚𝐿
ℎ −𝑚𝐿 𝑚𝐿
ℎ
𝐶2 𝑒 + 𝐶2 𝑒 + 𝐶 𝑒 − 𝐶 𝑒 = 𝜃𝑏 𝑒 1+
𝑚𝑘 2 𝑚𝑘 2 𝑚𝑘
ℎ ℎ
𝐶2 𝑒 𝑚𝐿 + 𝑒 −𝑚𝐿 + 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑚𝐿 − 𝑒 −𝑚𝐿 = 𝜃𝑏 𝑒 𝑚𝐿 1 +
𝑚𝑘 𝑚𝑘
ℎ
𝜃𝑏 𝑒 𝑚𝐿 1 +
𝑚𝑘
∴ 𝐶2 =
ℎ
𝑒 𝑚𝐿 + 𝑒 −𝑚𝐿 + 𝑒 𝑚𝐿 − 𝑒 −𝑚𝐿
𝑚𝑘 16
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 Case A: General Case –
Temperature Distribution and Fin HT (cont’d)
Now substituting C2 in eq(1), we get
ℎ
𝜃𝑏 𝑒 𝑚𝐿 1 +
𝑚𝑘
𝐶1 = 𝜃𝑏 − 𝐶2 = 𝜃𝑏 −
ℎ
𝑒 𝑚𝐿 + 𝑒 −𝑚𝐿 + 𝑒 𝑚𝐿 − 𝑒 −𝑚𝐿
𝑚𝑘
ℎ
𝑒 𝑚𝐿 1 +
𝑚𝑘
𝐶1 = 𝜃𝑏 1 −
ℎ
𝑒 𝑚𝐿 + 𝑒 −𝑚𝐿 + 𝑒 𝑚𝐿 − 𝑒 −𝑚𝐿
𝑚𝑘
ℎ 𝑚𝐿 ℎ −𝑚𝐿 ℎ 𝑚𝐿
𝑒 𝑚𝐿 + 𝑒 −𝑚𝐿 + 𝑒 − 𝑒 − 𝑒 𝑚𝐿 − 𝑒
𝐶1 = 𝜃𝑏 𝑚𝑘 𝑚𝑘 𝑚𝑘
ℎ
𝑒 𝑚𝐿 + 𝑒 −𝑚𝐿 + 𝑒 𝑚𝐿 − 𝑒 −𝑚𝐿
𝑚𝑘
ℎ −𝑚𝐿
𝑒 −𝑚𝐿 − 𝑒
𝐶1 = 𝜃𝑏 𝑚𝑘
ℎ
𝑒 𝑚𝐿 + 𝑒 −𝑚𝐿 + 𝑒 𝑚𝐿 − 𝑒 −𝑚𝐿
𝑚𝑘
ℎ
𝜃𝑏 𝑒 −𝑚𝐿 1 −
𝑚𝑘
∴ 𝐶1 =
ℎ
𝑒 𝑚𝐿 + 𝑒 −𝑚𝐿 + 𝑒 𝑚𝐿 − 𝑒 −𝑚𝐿
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 Case A: General Case –
Temperature Distribution and Fin HT (cont’d)
Now substituting C2 and C2 in eq(A), we get
𝜃 𝑥 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑚𝑥
ℎ ℎ
𝜃𝑏 𝑒 −𝑚𝐿 1 − 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 𝜃𝑏 𝑒 𝑚𝐿 1 + 𝑒 −𝑚𝑥
𝑚𝑘 𝑚𝑘
𝜃 𝑥 = +
ℎ ℎ
𝑒 𝑚𝐿 + 𝑒 −𝑚𝐿 + 𝑒 𝑚𝐿 − 𝑒 −𝑚𝐿 𝑒 𝑚𝐿 + 𝑒 −𝑚𝐿 + 𝑒 𝑚𝐿 − 𝑒 −𝑚𝐿
𝑚𝑘 𝑚𝑘
𝑒 −𝑚 𝐿−𝑥 1 − ℎ 𝑒 𝑚 𝐿−𝑥 1 + ℎ
𝜃 𝑚𝑘 𝑚𝑘
= +
𝜃𝑏 ℎ ℎ
𝑒 𝑚𝐿 + 𝑒 −𝑚𝐿 + 𝑒 𝑚𝐿 − 𝑒 −𝑚𝐿 𝑒 𝑚𝐿 + 𝑒 −𝑚𝐿 + 𝑒 𝑚𝐿 − 𝑒 −𝑚𝐿
𝑚𝑘 𝑚𝑘
𝑒 −𝑚 𝐿−𝑥 − ℎ 𝑒 −𝑚 𝐿−𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑚 𝐿−𝑥 + ℎ 𝑒 𝑚 𝐿−𝑥
𝜃 𝑚𝑘 𝑚𝑘
=
𝜃𝑏 ℎ
𝑒 𝑚𝐿 + 𝑒 −𝑚𝐿 + 𝑒 𝑚𝐿 − 𝑒 −𝑚𝐿
𝑚𝑘
𝑒 𝑚 𝐿−𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑚 𝐿−𝑥 + ℎ 𝑒 𝑚 𝐿−𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑚 𝐿−𝑥
𝜃 𝑚𝑘
=
𝜃𝑏 ℎ
𝑒 𝑚𝐿 + 𝑒 −𝑚𝐿 + 𝑒 𝑚𝐿 − 𝑒 −𝑚𝐿
𝑚𝑘

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 Case A: General Case –
Temperature Distribution and Fin HT (cont’d)
ℎ
𝜃 𝑒𝑚 𝐿−𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑚 𝐿−𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑚 𝐿−𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑚 𝐿−𝑥
= 𝑚𝑘
𝜃𝑏 ℎ
𝑒 𝑚𝐿 + 𝑒 −𝑚𝐿 + 𝑒 𝑚𝐿 − 𝑒 −𝑚𝐿
𝑚𝑘
𝑒𝑚 𝐿−𝑥
+ 𝑒 −𝑚 𝐿−𝑥
ℎ 𝑒 𝑚 𝐿−𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑚 𝐿−𝑥
+
𝜃 2 𝑚𝑘 2
=
𝜃𝑏 𝑒 𝑚𝐿 + 𝑒 −𝑚𝐿 ℎ 𝑒 𝑚𝐿 − 𝑒 −𝑚𝐿
+
2 𝑚𝑘 2
𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥
cosh 𝑥 = sinh 𝑥 =
2 2

𝒉
𝜽 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒎 𝑳 − 𝒙 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒎 𝑳 − 𝒙
∴ = 𝒎𝒌
𝜽𝒃 𝒉
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒎𝑳 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒎𝑳
𝒎𝒌

TADREES-E-MAZHARI LECTURE SERIES, HEAT & MASS TRANSFER, MECHANICAL DEPTT, NED UET, KARACHI, PAKISTAN 19
 Case A: General Case –
Temperature Distribution and Fin HT (cont’d)
𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝜃
𝑞𝑓 : 𝐹𝑖𝑛 𝐻𝑇 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 = −𝑘𝐴 = −𝑘𝐴
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=0
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=0
ℎ
𝑑 cosh 𝑚 𝐿 − 𝑥 + sinh 𝑚 𝐿 − 𝑥
𝑞𝑓 = −𝑘𝐴𝑐 𝜃 . 𝑚𝑘
𝑑𝑥 𝑏 cosh 𝑚𝐿 +
ℎ
sinh 𝑚𝐿
𝑚𝑘 𝑥=0
−𝑚 ℎ
−𝑚 sinh 𝑚 𝐿 − 𝑥 + cosh 𝑚 𝐿 − 𝑥
𝑞𝑓 = −𝑘𝐴𝑐 𝜃𝑏 . 𝑚𝑘
ℎ
cosh 𝑚𝐿 + sinh 𝑚𝐿
𝑚𝑘 𝑥=0
ℎ
sinh 𝑚𝐿 + cosh 𝑚𝐿
𝑞𝑓 = 𝑚𝑘𝐴𝑐 𝜃𝑏 𝑚𝑘
ℎ
cosh 𝑚𝐿 + sinh 𝑚𝐿
𝑚𝑘
ℎ
ℎ𝑃 sinh 𝑚𝐿 + cosh 𝑚𝐿
𝑞𝑓 = 𝑘𝐴 𝜃 𝑚𝑘
𝑘𝐴𝑐 𝑐 𝑏 cosh 𝑚𝐿 + ℎ sinh 𝑚𝐿
𝑚𝑘
𝒉
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒎𝑳 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒎𝑳
𝒒𝒇 = 𝒉𝑷𝒌𝑨𝒄 𝜽𝒃 𝒎𝒌
𝒉
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒎𝑳 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒎𝑳
𝒎𝒌
TADREES-E-MAZHARI LECTURE SERIES, HEAT & MASS TRANSFER, MECHANICAL DEPTT, NED UET, KARACHI, PAKISTAN 20
 Case B: Insulated Tip Case –
Temperature Distribution and Fin HT
𝑩𝑪𝑰: 𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑡 𝑓𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 , 𝜃 𝑥 = 0 = 𝜽𝒃 = 𝑻𝒃 − 𝑻∞
𝑩𝑪𝑰𝑰: 𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 𝐿 𝑎𝑡 𝑓𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑝 , 𝐻𝑇 𝑎𝑡 𝑓𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑝 𝑖𝑠 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜.
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑝 = 0
𝑑𝑇 𝒅𝜽
∴ −𝑘𝐴𝑐 =0 ⇒ =𝟎
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=𝐿 𝒅𝒙 𝒙=𝑳
𝜽 𝒙 = 𝑪𝟏 𝒆𝒎𝒙 + 𝑪𝟐 𝒆−𝒎𝒙 −−−−−− −(𝐴)
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝐵𝐶𝐼, 𝑒𝑞 𝐴 ⇒ 𝜃𝑏 = 𝐶1 𝑒 0 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −0 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 −−−−−− −(1)
In order to apply BC II, we must first differentiate eq(A).
𝑑𝜃
∴ = 𝑚𝐶1 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 − 𝑚𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑚𝑥 𝑥=𝐿
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=𝐿
𝑁𝑜𝑤 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐵𝐶𝐼𝐼 𝑜𝑛 𝐿𝐻𝑆 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛,
0 = 𝑚𝐶1 𝑒 𝑚𝐿 − 𝑚𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑚𝐿
𝐶1 𝑒 𝑚𝐿 = 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑚𝐿 ⇒ 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑚𝐿 𝑒 𝑚𝐿 = 𝐶2 ⇒ 𝑪𝟐 = 𝑪𝟏 𝒆𝟐𝒎𝑳
𝜽𝒃
Substituting this in Eq(1), we get 𝜃𝑏 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑚𝐿 ⇒ 𝑪𝟏 = 𝟐𝒎𝑳 𝟏+𝒆

𝜃𝑏 𝜃𝑏 𝜽𝒃
∴ 𝐶2 = 𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑚𝐿 = .𝑒 2𝑚𝐿 = −2𝑚𝐿 ⇒ 𝑪𝟐 =
1 + 𝑒 2𝑚𝐿 𝑒 +1 𝟏 + 𝒆−𝟐𝒎𝑳
TADREES-E-MAZHARI LECTURE SERIES, HEAT & MASS TRANSFER, MECHANICAL DEPTT, NED UET, KARACHI, PAKISTAN 21
 Case B: Insulated Tip Case –
Temperature Distribution and Fin HT (cont’d)
Now substituting C2 and C2 in eq(A), we get
𝜃 𝑥 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑚𝑥
𝜃𝑏 𝑚𝑥
𝜃𝑏
𝜃 𝑥 = 2𝑚𝐿
𝑒 + −2𝑚𝐿
𝑒 −𝑚𝑥
1+𝑒 1+𝑒
𝜃 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 𝑒 −𝑚𝑥
= +
𝜃𝑏 1 + 𝑒 2𝑚𝐿 1 + 𝑒 −2𝑚𝐿
𝜃 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 𝑒 −𝑚𝐿 𝑒 −𝑚𝑥 𝑒 𝑚𝐿
𝑁𝑜𝑤, = . + .
𝜃𝑏 1 + 𝑒 2𝑚𝐿 𝑒 −𝑚𝐿 1 + 𝑒 −2𝑚𝐿 𝑒 𝑚𝐿
𝜃 𝑒 −𝑚 𝐿−𝑥 𝑒 𝑚 𝐿−𝑥
= +
𝜃𝑏 𝑒 −𝑚𝐿 + 𝑒 𝑚𝐿 𝑒 𝑚𝐿 + 𝑒 −𝑚𝐿
𝑒 −𝑚 𝐿−𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑚 𝐿−𝑥
𝜃 𝑒 −𝑚 𝐿−𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑚 𝐿−𝑥 2
= =
𝜃𝑏 𝑒 −𝑚𝐿 + 𝑒 𝑚𝐿 𝑒 −𝑚𝐿 + 𝑒 𝑚𝐿
2
𝜽 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒎 𝑳 − 𝒙
=
𝜽𝒃 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒎𝑳

TADREES-E-MAZHARI LECTURE SERIES, HEAT & MASS TRANSFER, MECHANICAL DEPTT, NED UET, KARACHI, PAKISTAN 22
 Case B: Insulated Tip Case –
Temperature Distribution and Fin HT (cont’d)
𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝜃
𝑞𝑓 : 𝐹𝑖𝑛 𝐻𝑇 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 = −𝑘𝐴 = −𝑘𝐴
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=0 𝑑𝑥 𝑥=0
𝑑 cosh 𝑚 𝐿 − 𝑥
𝑞𝑓 = −𝑘𝐴𝑐 𝜃𝑏 .
𝑑𝑥 cosh 𝑚𝐿 𝑥=0
−𝑚 sinh 𝑚 𝐿 − 𝑥
𝑞𝑓 = −𝑘𝐴𝑐 𝜃𝑏 .
cosh 𝑚𝐿 𝑥=0
sinh 𝑚𝐿
𝑞𝑓 = 𝑚𝑘𝐴𝑐 𝜃𝑏
cosh 𝑚𝐿
ℎ𝑃
𝑞𝑓 = 𝑘𝐴𝑐 𝜃𝑏 tanh 𝑚𝐿
𝑘𝐴𝑐
𝒒𝒇 = 𝒉𝑷𝒌𝑨𝒄 𝜽𝒃 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒉 𝒎𝑳

TADREES-E-MAZHARI LECTURE SERIES, HEAT & MASS TRANSFER, MECHANICAL DEPTT, NED UET, KARACHI, PAKISTAN 23
 Case C: Long Fin Case –
Temperature Distribution and Fin HT
𝑩𝑪𝑰: 𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑡 𝑓𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 , 𝜃 𝑥 = 0 = 𝜃𝑏 = 𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇∞
𝑩𝑪𝑰𝑰: 𝐴𝑡 𝑓𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑝, 𝜃 → 0 𝑎𝑠 𝑥 → ∞
𝜽 𝒙 = 𝑪𝟏 𝒆𝒎𝒙 + 𝑪𝟐 𝒆−𝒎𝒙 −−−−−− −(𝐴)

𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝐵𝐶𝐼, 𝑒𝑞 𝐴 ⇒ 𝜃𝑏 = 𝐶1 𝑒 0 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −0 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 −−−−−− −(1)

𝐶2
Applying BC II, 0 = 𝐶1 𝑒 ∞ + ∞
𝑒
0 = 𝐶1 ∞ + 0 ⇒ 𝑪𝟏 = 𝟎

∴ 𝐸𝑞 1 ⇒ 𝐶2 = 𝜃𝑏 − 𝐶1 ⇒ 𝑪𝟐 = 𝜽𝒃

Now substituting C2 and C2 in eq(A), we get

𝜃 𝑥 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑚𝑥
𝜃 𝑥 = 𝜃𝑏 𝑒 −𝑚𝑥
𝜽
∴ = 𝒆−𝒎𝒙
𝜽𝒃

TADREES-E-MAZHARI LECTURE SERIES, HEAT & MASS TRANSFER, MECHANICAL DEPTT, NED UET, KARACHI, PAKISTAN 24
 Case C: Long Fin Case –
Temperature Distribution and Fin HT (cont’d)
𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝜃
𝑞𝑓 : 𝐹𝑖𝑛 𝐻𝑇 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 = −𝑘𝐴 = −𝑘𝐴
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=0 𝑑𝑥 𝑥=0
𝑑
𝑞𝑓 = −𝑘𝐴𝑐 𝜃𝑏 . 𝑒 −𝑚𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=0
𝑞𝑓 = −𝑘𝐴𝑐 𝜃𝑏 −𝑚 𝑒 −𝑚𝑥
𝑥=0
𝑞𝑓 = 𝑚𝑘𝐴𝑐 𝜃𝑏
ℎ𝑃
𝑞𝑓 = 𝑘𝐴𝑐 𝜃𝑏
𝑘𝐴𝑐
𝒒𝒇 = 𝒉𝑷𝒌𝑨𝒄 𝜽𝒃

TADREES-E-MAZHARI LECTURE SERIES, HEAT & MASS TRANSFER, MECHANICAL DEPTT, NED UET, KARACHI, PAKISTAN 25
 Temp Distribution and Fin HT Rate - Summary
Case A: General Case
ℎ
𝜃 cosh 𝑚 𝐿 − 𝑥 + sinh 𝑚 𝐿 − 𝑥
= 𝑚𝑘
𝜃𝑏 ℎ
cosh 𝑚𝐿 + sinh 𝑚𝐿
𝑚𝑘
ℎ
sinh 𝑚𝐿 + cosh 𝑚𝐿
𝑞𝑓 = ℎ𝑃𝑘𝐴𝑐 𝜃𝑏 𝑚𝑘
ℎ
cosh 𝑚𝐿 + sinh 𝑚𝐿
𝑚𝑘

Case B: Insulated Tip Case

𝜃 cosh 𝑚 𝐿 − 𝑥 𝑞𝑓 = ℎ𝑃𝑘𝐴𝑐 𝜃𝑏 tanh 𝑚𝐿
=
𝜃𝑏 cosh 𝑚𝐿

Case C: Long Fin Case

𝜃 𝑞𝑓 = ℎ𝑃𝑘𝐴𝑐 𝜃𝑏
= 𝑒 −𝑚𝑥
𝜃𝑏

TADREES-E-MAZHARI LECTURE SERIES, HEAT & MASS TRANSFER, MECHANICAL DEPTT, NED UET, KARACHI, PAKISTAN 26
3-129) A long, circular aluminum rod is attached
at one end to a heated wall and transfers heat by
convection to a cold fluid.
(a)If the diameter of the rod is tripled, by how
much would the rate of heat removal change?
(b)If a copper rod of the same diameter is used in
place of the aluminum, by how much would
the rate of heat removal change?

𝜋𝐷 2 𝜋 3
𝑎 𝑞𝑓 = ℎ𝑃𝑘𝐴𝑐 𝜃𝑏 = ℎ 𝜋𝐷 𝑘 𝜃𝑏 = ℎ𝑘𝜃𝑏 𝐷 2
4 2
𝜋 3 𝜋 3
If the dia is trippled, then 𝑞𝑓,𝑛𝑒𝑤 = ℎ𝑘𝜃𝑏 3𝐷 2 = ℎ𝑘𝜃𝑏 𝐷 2 × 5.196
2 2
Thus 𝑞𝑓,𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 5.196 × 𝑞𝑓
𝑏 𝑞𝑓 = ℎ𝑃𝑘𝐴𝑐 𝜃𝑏 = ℎ𝑃𝐴𝑐 𝜃𝑏 𝑘
𝑞𝑓,𝐴𝑙 = ℎ𝑃𝐴𝑐 𝜃𝑏 𝑘𝐴𝑙 and 𝑞𝑓,𝐶𝑢 = ℎ𝑃𝐴𝑐 𝜃𝑏 𝑘𝐶𝑢
𝑞𝑓,𝐶𝑢 𝑘𝐶𝑢 𝑞𝑓,𝐶𝑢 𝑘𝐶𝑢 393
Thus = Now at 400K, = = = 1.28
𝑞𝑓,𝐴𝑙 𝑘𝐴𝑙 𝑞𝑓,𝐴𝑙 𝑘𝐴𝑙 240
𝑞𝑓,𝐶𝑢 𝑘𝐶𝑢 379
And at 600 K, = = = 1.28 Thus 𝑞𝑓,𝐶𝑢 = 1.28𝑞𝑓,𝐴𝑙
𝑞𝑓,𝐴𝑙 𝑘𝐴𝑙 231
TADREES-E-MAZHARI LECTURE SERIES, HEAT & MASS TRANSFER, MECHANICAL DEPTT, NED UET, KARACHI, PAKISTAN 27
 3-130) A brass rod 100 mm long and 5
mm in diameter extends horizontally
from a casting at 200 oC. The rod is in an
air environment with T∞= 20oC and h =
30 W/m2. K. What is the temperature of
the rod 25, 50, and 100 mm from the
casting?
ℎ
𝜃 𝑇 − 𝑇∞ cosh 𝑚 𝐿 − 𝑥 +
sinh 𝑚 𝐿 − 𝑥
= = 𝑚𝑘 −−−−−− −(1)
𝜃𝑏 𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇∞ ℎ
cosh 𝑚𝐿 + sinh 𝑚𝐿
𝑚𝑘

ℎ𝑃 ℎ 𝜋𝐷 ℎ 𝜋 × 0.005
𝑚= = = = 13.236
𝑘𝐴𝑐 𝜋𝐷2 𝜋0.0052
𝑘 4 137 × 4
473+? 473+293 473+373
𝑘𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑠 @ = 383 𝐾 = 423 𝐾
2 2 2

TADREES-E-MAZHARI LECTURE SERIES, HEAT & MASS TRANSFER, MECHANICAL DEPTT, NED UET, KARACHI, PAKISTAN 28
 At x = 25 mm = 0.025 m
30
𝑇−20 cosh 13.236 0.100−0.025 + sinh 13.236 0.100−0.025
13.236×137
= 30
200−20 cosh 13.236×0.100 +13.236×137 sinh 13.236×0.100
Thus 𝑻 = 𝟏𝟓𝟔. 𝟏𝟓𝟕 𝒐𝑪

Similarly, at x = 50 mm = 0.050 m, 𝑻 = 𝟏𝟓𝟔. 𝟏𝟓𝟕 𝒐𝑪

And at x = 100 mm = 0.100 m, 𝑻 = 𝟏𝟎𝟕 𝒐𝑪

TADREES-E-MAZHARI LECTURE SERIES, HEAT & MASS TRANSFER, MECHANICAL DEPTT, NED UET, KARACHI, PAKISTAN 29
 3-131) The extent to which the tip condition affects the thermal performance of a
fin depends on the fin geometry and thermal conductivity, as well as the
convection coefficient. Consider an alloyed aluminum (k = 180 W/m · K)
rectangular fin of length L = 10 mm, thickness t = 1 mm, and width w >> t. The
base temperature of the fin is Tb = 100oC, and the fin is exposed to a fluid of
temperature T∞ = 25oC.
(a) Assuming a uniform convection coefficient of h = 100 W/m2· K over the entire
fin surface, determine the fin heat transfer rate per unit width qf ’, efficiency ηf,
effectiveness εf, thermal resistance per unit width R't,f and tip temperature T(L)
for cases A and B of Table 3.4. Contrast your results with those based on an
infinite fin approximation.
ℎ
sinh 𝑚𝐿 + cosh 𝑚𝐿
𝑞𝑓 = ℎ𝑃𝑘𝐴𝑐 𝜃𝑏 𝑚𝑘 −−−−−− −(1)
ℎ
cosh 𝑚𝐿 + sinh 𝑚𝐿
𝑚𝑘
ℎ𝑃 ℎ 2𝑤 + 2𝑡 ℎ 2𝑤 2ℎ 2 × 100
𝑚= = = = =
𝑘𝐴𝑐 𝑘 𝑤𝑡 𝑘 𝑤𝑡 𝑘𝑡 180 × 0.001
= 33.33
TADREES-E-MAZHARI LECTURE SERIES, HEAT & MASS TRANSFER, MECHANICAL DEPTT, NED UET, KARACHI, PAKISTAN 30
 ℎ
sinh 𝑚𝐿 + cosh 𝑚𝐿
𝑞𝑓 = ℎ𝑃𝑘𝐴𝑐 𝜃𝑏 𝑚𝑘 −−−−−− −(1)
ℎ
cosh 𝑚𝐿 + sinh 𝑚𝐿
𝑚𝑘
ℎ
sinh 𝑚𝐿 + cosh 𝑚𝐿
𝑞𝑓 = ℎ 2𝑤 + 2𝑡 𝑘 𝑤𝑡 𝜃𝑏 𝑚𝑘
ℎ
cosh 𝑚𝐿 + sinh 𝑚𝐿
𝑚𝑘
ℎ
sinh 𝑚𝐿 + cosh 𝑚𝐿
𝑞𝑓 = ℎ 2𝑤 𝑘 𝑤𝑡 𝜃𝑏 𝑚𝑘
ℎ
cosh 𝑚𝐿 + sinh 𝑚𝐿
𝑚𝑘
ℎ
𝑞𝑓 sinh 𝑚𝐿 + cosh 𝑚𝐿
= ℎ 2 𝑘 𝑡 𝜃𝑏 𝑚𝑘
𝑤 ℎ
cosh 𝑚𝐿 + sinh 𝑚𝐿
𝑚𝑘
𝑞𝑓 ′ = 2 × 100 × 180 × 0.001 100 − 25
100
sinh 33.33 × 0.01 + cosh 33.33 × 0.01
33.33 × 180
100
cosh 33.33 × 0.01 + sinh 33.33 × 0.01
33.33 × 180
⇒ 𝒒𝒇 ′ = 𝟏𝟓𝟏. 𝑾 HEAT & MASS TRANSFER, MECHANICAL DEPTT, NED UET, KARACHI, PAKISTAN
𝟓𝟐𝟓SERIES,
TADREES-E-MAZHARI LECTURE 𝒎 31
 𝑯𝑻 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒇𝒊𝒏 𝒒𝒇 𝒒𝒇
𝐅𝐢𝐧 𝐄𝐟𝐟𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝜺𝒇 = = =
𝑯𝑻 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝒇𝒊𝒏 𝒉𝑨𝒄 𝑻𝒃 − 𝑻∞ 𝒉𝑨𝒄 𝜽𝒃
𝐻𝑇 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑓𝑖𝑛 𝑞𝑓 𝑞𝑓 ′
𝜀𝑓 = = =
𝐻𝑇 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑓𝑖𝑛 ℎ 𝑤𝑡 𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇∞ ℎ 𝑡 𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇∞
151.525
= ⇒ 𝜺𝒇 = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟐𝟎𝟑
100 0.001 100 − 25

𝑯𝑻 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒇𝒊𝒏
𝐅𝐢𝐧 𝐄𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐲 𝜼𝒇 =
𝑴𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝑯𝑻 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒘𝒐𝒖𝒍𝒅 𝒕𝒂𝒌𝒆 𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆
𝒊𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒓𝒆 𝒇𝒊𝒏 𝒘𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝒕𝒆𝒎𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆
𝒒𝒇 𝒒𝒇 𝒒𝒇
= = =
𝒉𝑨𝒔 𝑻𝒔 − 𝑻∞ 𝒉𝑨𝒔 𝑻𝒃 − 𝑻∞ 𝒉𝑨𝒔 𝜽𝒃

𝑁𝑜𝑤𝐴𝑠 = 2 × 𝐿 × 𝑤 + 2 × 𝐿 × 𝑡 + 𝑤 × 𝑡 = 2𝐿𝑤 + 2𝐿𝑡 + 𝑤𝑡

= 2𝐿 𝑤 + 𝑡 + 𝑤𝑡 = 2𝐿 𝑤 + 𝑤𝑡 = 𝑤 2𝐿 + 𝑡
𝑞𝑓 𝑞𝑓 ′
∴ 𝜂𝑓 = =
ℎ 𝑤 2𝐿 + 𝑡 𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇∞ ℎ 2𝐿 + 𝑡 𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇∞
151.525
= ⇒ 𝜼𝒇 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟔𝟏𝟔 = 𝟗𝟔. 𝟏𝟔%
100 2 × 0.010 + 0.001 100 − 25
TADREES-E-MAZHARI LECTURE SERIES, HEAT & MASS TRANSFER, MECHANICAL DEPTT, NED UET, KARACHI, PAKISTAN 32
 Fin
Effectiveness

Fin
Efficiency

TADREES-E-MAZHARI LECTURE SERIES, HEAT & MASS TRANSFER, MECHANICAL DEPTT, NED UET, KARACHI, PAKISTAN 33
 ∆𝑻 𝜽𝒃
𝐅𝐢𝐧 𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝑹𝒇 = =
𝒒𝒇 𝒒𝒇
𝜃𝑏
′ 100 − 25 𝑚. 𝐾
𝑅𝑓 = ′ = = 0.456
𝑞𝑓 151.525 𝑊
ℎ
𝜃 𝑇−𝑇∞ cosh 𝑚 𝐿−𝑥 +𝑚𝑘 sinh 𝑚 𝐿−𝑥
General Case = = ℎ
𝜃𝑏 𝑇𝑏 −𝑇∞ cosh 𝑚𝐿 + sinh 𝑚𝐿
𝑚𝑘

100
𝑇 − 25 cosh 33.33 𝐿 − 𝐿 +
sinh 33.33 𝐿 − 𝐿
= 33.33 × 180
100 − 25 cosh 33.33 × 0.01 + 100
sinh 33.33 × 0.01
33.33 × 180
∴ 𝑻 = 𝟗𝟓. 𝟔𝟒 𝒐𝑪
𝜃 𝑇−𝑇∞ cosh 𝑚 𝐿−𝑥
Insulated Fin Case = =
𝜃𝑏 𝑇𝑏 −𝑇∞ cosh 𝑚𝐿
𝑇 − 25 cosh 33.33 𝐿 − 𝐿
⇒ = ⇒ 𝑻 = 𝟗𝟔. 𝟎𝟐 𝒐𝑪
100 − 25 cosh 33.33 × 0.01
𝜃 𝑇−𝑇∞ 𝑇−25
Long Fin Case = = 𝑒 −𝑚𝑥 ⇒ = 𝑒 −33.33×0.010
𝜃𝑏 𝑇𝑏 −𝑇∞ 100−25
⇒ 𝑻 = 𝟕𝟖. 𝟕𝟒𝒐𝑪
TADREES-E-MAZHARI LECTURE SERIES, HEAT & MASS TRANSFER, MECHANICAL DEPTT, NED UET, KARACHI, PAKISTAN 34
 Corrected Fin Length
𝐴𝑐
𝐿𝑐 = 𝐿 +
𝑝
Ac is the cross-sectional area and
p is the perimeter of the fin at the tip

𝑡
For Rectangular Fins 𝐿𝑐 = 𝐿 +
2
𝐷
For Cylindrical Fins 𝐿𝑐 = 𝐿 +
4

Fins subjected to convection at their

tips can be treated as
fins with insulated tips
by replacing the actual fin length by
the corrected length

TADREES-E-MAZHARI LECTURE SERIES, HEAT & MASS TRANSFER, MECHANICAL DEPTT, NED UET, KARACHI, PAKISTAN 35