Week 1-3 Module 1 | Intro.

To Programming 1

CHAPTER
I Introduction to Computer
and Programming
CHAPTER LEARNING OUTCOME
Describe and Discuss the different components of Computer Hardware and Software

Discuss brief History of Computer

Discuss and Describe the Generations of Computer
Discuss how computers stores data

Discuss how computer program works

Introduction
Think about some of the different ways that people use computers. In school, students
use computers for tasks such as writing papers, searching for articles, sending email, and
participating in online classes. At work, people use computers to analyze data, make
presentations, conduct business transactions, communicate with customers and coworkers,
control machines in manufacturing facilities, and do many other things. At home, people use
computers for tasks such as paying bills, shopping online, communicating with friends and
family, and playing computer games. And don’t forget that cell phones, iPods®,
BlackBerries®, car navigation systems, and many other devices are computers too. The uses
of computers are almost limitless in our everyday lives.

Computers can do such a wide variety of things because they can be programmed.
This means that computers are not designed to do just one job, but to do any job that their
programs tell them to do. A program is a set of instructions that a computer follows to
perform a task. For example, Figure 1-1 shows screens from two commonly used programs,
Microsoft Word and Adobe Photoshop. Microsoft Word is a word processing program that
allows you to create, edit, and print documents with your computer. Adobe Photoshop is an
image editing program that allows you to work with graphic images, such as photos taken
with your digital camera.

Programs are commonly referred to as software. Software is essential to a computer

because it controls everything the computer does. All of the software that we use to make
our computers useful is created by individuals working as programmers or software
developers. A programmer, or software developer, is a person with the training and skills
necessary to design, create, and test computer programs. Computer programming is an

1 IT5 | MSC-Junior High School (Grade 9)

 Week 1-3 Module 1 | Intro. To Programming 2

exciting and rewarding career. Today, you will find programmers’ work used in business,
medicine, government, law enforcement, agriculture, academics, entertainment, and many
other fields.

Figure 1.1: A word processing program and an image editing program

LESSON 1.1: History of Computer and Computer Generations

ENGAGE

Do you know that the first computer is really the

people? “Computer” then was a job title. It was used
to describe human beings especially women whose
job is to perform repetitive calculations required to
compute such thing as navigation tables, tide charts,
and planetary positions for almanacs.

2 IT5 | MSC-Junior High School (Grade 9)

 Week 1-3 Module 1 | Intro. To Programming 3

EXPLORE
Let me show you the of Computer.

Definition of Computer
 Computer is a programmable machine.
 Computer is a machine that manipulates data according to a list of instruction.
 Computer is any device which aids human in performing various kinds of
computations or calculations.

Three principle characteristic of computer:

1. It responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner.

2. It can execute a pre-recorded list of instructions.
3. It can quickly store and retrieve large amounts of data.

EARLIEST COMPUTER

o Originally calculations were computed by humans, whose job title was computers.
o These human computers were typically engaged in the calculation of a mathematical
expression.
o The calculations of this period were specialized and expensive, requiring years of
training in mathematics.
o The first use of the word "computer" was recorded in 1613, referring to a person who
carried out calculations, or computations, and the word continued to be used in that
sense until the middle of the 20th century.

Figure 1.2: Tally Sticks

A tally stick was an ancient

memory aid device to record and
document numbers, quantities, or
even messages.

3 IT5 | MSC-Junior High School (Grade 9)

 Week 1-3 Module 1 | Intro. To Programming 4

Figure 1.3: A typical computer operation back when computers is a people

Figure 1.4: ABACUS

Abacus is an ancient instrument used in

performing arithmetic calculations. It can do add,
subtract, multiply and divide. It consists of tablet or
frame bearing parallel wires or grooves in which the
counters or beads are moved. For a skilled user of
abacus he could perform addition and subtraction in
the same speed with the person using an electronic
computer. However, multiplication and division are
much slower.

It is not in China that abacus was really

invented. The oldest surviving abacus was used 300
B.C by the Babylonians. Until now, China, Japan and
Korea are still using the abacus.

Figure 1.4: A modern abacus

4 IT5 | MSC-Junior High School (Grade 9)

 Week 1-3 Module 1 | Intro. To Programming 5

Abacus is just a
representation of the human
fingers: the 5 lower rings in each
rod represent the 5 fingers and
the upper rings represent the 2
hands.

Figure 1.5: NAPIER’S BONES

Invented by a Scottish named John

Napier. He first invented the logarithms in
1617 and he got the idea from printed
tables. From the printed tables he made an
alternative wherein logarithms values are
carved on ivory sticks

Figure 1.6: SLIDE RULE

A slide rule can do very difficult calculations engineers and architects were using it
before in calculations. Three men developed the slide rule and they were Edmund Gunter,
William Oughtred, and Robert Bissaker. It was in 1632 when slide rule was first built in
England. It was used in the 1960s by engineers of Mercury, Gemini and Apollo programs
which landed men on moon.

5 IT5 | MSC-Junior High School (Grade 9)

 Week 1-3 Module 1 | Intro. To Programming 6

Figure 1.7: GEAR-DRIVEN CALCULATING MACHINE

Leonardo da Vinci made had drawn gear-driven

calculating machines but had never built any.

Figure 1.8: SCHICKARD’S CALCULATING CLOCK

In 1623, German Professor, Wilhelm Schickard built this first

gear-driven calculating device. However this device got little publicity
for its inventor died because of the outbreak of bubonic plague in the
Mediterranean.

Figure 1.9: PASCALINE

At the age of 19, Blaise Pascal invented the

Pascaline in 1642 for his father who is a tax
collector. He had built 50 of this gear-driven one-
function calculator, which only performs
addition. But he wasn’t able to sell the device
because of its high cost and inaccuracy.

Pascaline uses complicated arrangement

of numbered wheels connected by gears. Pascal
continually develop his machine until it can
already perform subtraction and addition up to
nine digits long.

Photo of Blaise Pascal

6 IT5 | MSC-Junior High School (Grade 9)

 Week 1-3 Module 1 | Intro. To Programming 7

Figure 2.0: STEPPED RECKONER

Gottfried Wilhelm Von Leibniz is a German

mathematician who discovered the fundamental
principles in infinitesimal calculus.

In 1672, Leibniz invented a calculating

machine which he called the stepped reckoner. He
called it a stepped reckoner for instead of using gears
like Pascal it has fluted drums with ten flutes
arranged around their circumference in a stair-step
fashion. It is capable of adding, subtracting,
multiplying, dividing, and extracting roots. The device
uses the decimal number system.

Figure 2.1: JACQUARD’S LOOM

The Jacquard’s loom works

by using wooden punched
cards held together in a
rope to program patterns
in order to create woven
fabrics. The presence or
absence of each hole in the
card physically allows a
colored thread to pass or
stop the thread.

In 1801, Joseph-Marie Jacquard, a French inventor developed

the power loom.

7 IT5 | MSC-Junior High School (Grade 9)

 Week 1-3 Module 1 | Intro. To Programming 8

Figure 2.2: Arithmometer

 A mechanical calculator invented by Thomas de

Colmar in 1820,

 The first reliable, useful and commercially

successful calculating machine.

 The machine could perform the four basic

mathematic functions.

 The first mass-produced calculating machine

Figure 2.3: DIFFERENCE ENGINE

Charles Babbage designed this steam

driven calculating machine about the size of
the room. The machine intended to solve
tables of numbers, such as logarithm tables
which was use in navigations. The difference
engine should be capable or calculating 20-
decimal capacity of solving mathematical
problems.

The machine was greatly funded by

the British government to be used by the
Navy. Unfortunately, even though a lot of
money was put into the completion of the
machine it was never been finished.

8 IT5 | MSC-Junior High School (Grade 9)

 Week 1-3 Module 1 | Intro. To Programming 9

Figure 2.4: ANALYTICAL ENGINE

Again, Charles Babbage

conceived a new machine, called the
analytical engine. He got the
mechanism of Jacquard’s loom. The
punched card technology was used in
this machine and Babbage improved
it. The analytical engine is
programmable, it is as large as a
house with 6 steam engines. It is
capable of performing mathematical
calculations, storing information by
using punched cards as a permanent
memory. This machine also uses
conditional statement to perform
calculations.

Babbage befriended Ada Byron for the fashioning programs of the Analytical engine.
However when Ada had already made plans and notes for the machine, Babbage refused to
publish his ideas. The British government refused to fund Babbage’s machine and remain
unbuilt. It was only in 1833 that the machine was constructed but then only a part of it was
finished.

Figure 2.5: Augusta Ada Bayron

First Computer Programmer

 In 1840, Augusta Ada Byron suggests to Babbage that he use the
binary system.
 She writes programs for the Analytical Engine.

Figure 2.6: Scheutzian Calculation Engine

 Invented by Per Georg Scheutz in 1843.

 Based on Charles Babbage's difference

engine.

 The first printing calculator.

9 IT5 | MSC-Junior High School (Grade 9)

 Week 1-3 Module 1 | Intro. To Programming 10

Figure 2.7: Tabulating Machine

 Invented by Herman Hollerith in

1890.
 To assist in summarizing information
and accounting.

Figure 2.8: Harvard Mark 1

 Also known as IBM Automatic

Sequence Controlled Calculator
(ASCC).

 Invented by Howard H. Aikenin 1943

 The first electro-mechanical

computer.

Figure 3.0: Z1

 The first programmable computer.

 Created by Konrad Zusein Germany from 1936

to 1938.

 To program the Z1 required that the user insert

punch tape into a punch tape reader and all output
was also generated through punch tape.

Figure 3.1: Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)

It was the first electronic digital computing device. Invented by Professor

John Atanasoff and graduate student Clifford Berry at Iowa State
University between 1939 and 1942.

10 IT5 | MSC-Junior High School (Grade 9)

 Week 1-3 Module 1 | Intro. To Programming 11

Figure 3.2: ENIAC

ENIAC stands for Electronic Numerical Integrator and

Computer. It was the first electronic general-purpose computer.
Completed in 1946. Developed by John Presper Eckert and John W.
Mauchl.

Figure 3.3: UNIVAC 1

The UNIVAC I (UNIVersal Automatic Computer 1)

was the first commercial computer. Designed by J. Presper
Eckert and John Mauchly.

Figure 3.4: EDVAC

EDVAC stands for Electronic Discrete Variable

Automatic Computer.

The First Stored Program Computer designed by

Von Neumann in 1952. It has a memory to hold both a
stored program as well as data.

Figure 3.5: Osborne 1

The first portable computer released in 1981 by the

Osborne Computer Corporation.

11 IT5 | MSC-Junior High School (Grade 9)

 Week 1-3 Module 1 | Intro. To Programming 12

Figure 3.5: The First Computer Company

The first computer company was the Electronic Controls

Company. Founded in 1949 by J. Presper Eckert and John
Mauchly.

Exercise 1: Building Timeline

Directions: Summarize the History of Computer with the use of any graphic organizers. I will give
sample graphic organizer below,

12 IT5 | MSC-Junior High School (Grade 9)

 Week 1-3 Module 1 | Intro. To Programming 13

Sample Timeline

EXPLAIN
Now, are you finish exploring to the history of Computer? If that so, Let us now
proceed to the Generations of Computer.

Computer Generations

 First Generation – 1940 to 1956

 Second Generation – 1956 to 1963
 Third Generation – 1964 – 1971
 Fourth Generation – 1972 – 2010
 Fifth Generation – 2010 – present

First Generation

The first generation of computers used vacuum

tubes as a major piece of technology. Vacuum tubes were
widely used in computers from 1940 through 1956. Vacuum
tubes were larger components and resulted in first

13 IT5 | MSC-Junior High School (Grade 9)

 Week 1-3 Module 1 | Intro. To Programming 14

generation computers being quite large in size, taking up a lot of space in a room. Some of
the first generation computers took up an entire room.

The ENIAC is a great example of a first generation computer. It consisted of nearly

20,000 vacuum tubes, 10,000 capacitors, and 70,000 resistors. It weighed over 30 tons and
took up a lot of space, requiring a large room to house it. Other examples of first generation
computers include the EDSAC, IBM 701, and Manchester Mark 1.

Second Generation

The second generation of computers saw the

use of transistors instead of vacuum tubes.
Transistors were widely used in computers
from 1956 to 1963. Transistors were smaller than
vacuum tubes and allowed computers to be smaller in
size, faster in speed, and cheaper to build.

The first computer to use transistors was the

TX-0 and was introduced in 1956. Other computers that used transistors include the IBM
7070, Philco Transac S-1000, and RCA 501.

Third Generation

The third generation of computers introduced the use

of IC (integrated circuits) in computers. Using IC's in
computers helped reduce the size of computers even more
compared to second-generation computers, and make them
faster.

Nearly all computers since the mid to late 1960s have

utilized IC's. While the third generation is considered by many
people to have spanned from 1964 to 1971, IC's are still used
in computers today. Over 45 years later, today's computers
have deep roots going back to the third generation.

Fourth Generation

The fourth generation of computers took advantage of the

invention of the microprocessor, more commonly known as a CPU.
Microprocessors, along with integrated circuits, helped make it possible
for computers to fit easily on a desk and for the introduction of the
laptop.

14 IT5 | MSC-Junior High School (Grade 9)

 Week 1-3 Module 1 | Intro. To Programming 15

Some of the earliest computers to use a microprocessor include the Altair 8800, IBM
5100, and Micral. Today's computers still use a microprocessor, despite the fourth
generation being considered to have ended in 2010.

Fifth Generation

The fifth generation of computers is beginning to

use AI (artificial intelligence), an exciting technology that has
many potential applications around the world. Leaps have been
made in AI technology and computers, but there is still room for
much improvement.

One of the more well-known examples of AI in computers is

IBM's Watson, which was featured on the TV show Jeopardy as a
contestant. Other better-known examples include Apple's Siri on
the iPhone and Microsoft's Cortana on Windows 8 and Windows 10 computers.
The Google se arch engine also utilizes AI to process user searches.

ELABORATE
Are you finish to the discussion of the topic? So, I prepared some questions for
you to at least apply the knowledge you’ve gained from the discussion.
Practice Test 1. Choose and underline the letter of the correct answer.

1. What did first-generation computers use for circuitry?

a. Transistor c. Integrated Circuits
b. Vacuum Tubes d. Microprocessors
2. What did second-generation computers use for circuitry?
a. Transistor c. Integrated Circuits
b. Vacuum Tubes d. Microprocessors
3. What was the main technology used in third-generation computers?
a. Artificial Intelligence c. Integrated Circuits
b. Vacuum Tubes d. Microprocessors
4. What was the main technology used in fourth-generation computers?
a. Artificial Intelligence c. Integrated Circuits
b. Vacuum Tubes d. Microprocessors
5. Fifth generation computers are based on which of the following?
a. Artificial Intelligence c. Integrated Circuits

15 IT5 | MSC-Junior High School (Grade 9)

 Week 1-3 Module 1 | Intro. To Programming 16

b. Vacuum Tubes d. Microprocessors

6. What were some disadvantages of first-generation computers? You may choose
more than one answer.
a. They were enormous.
b. They were expensive.
c. They used a great deal of electricity.
d. They generated a lot heat.
e. They often malfunction.
7. What generation of computer started using keyboard and monitors?
a. First c. Third
b. Second d. Fourth
e. Fifth
8. This is called a ___________.
a. Integrated Circuit c. Vacuum Tube
b. Micro Processor d. Transistor
9. This is called a ____________.
a. Integrated Circuit
b. Vacuum Tube
c. Transistor
d. Artificial Intelligence
10. This is called a _________.
a. Integrated Circuit
b. Vacuum Tube
c. Transistor
d. Artificial Intelligence

EVALUATE
Well Done! Lesson Assessment should be given after Week 2. Please make
extra effort to answer the test items to be posted on Google classroom. I will post the
link of the examination to your GC or to your phone number. For further information,
you can contact me using these details; phone number: 09392086905; email:
[email protected].

16 IT5 | MSC-Junior High School (Grade 9)

 IT5 | MSC-Junior High School (Grade 9) 17
Correct Answers.
1. Letter B. The first generation of computers used vacuum tubes as a major piece of technology.
2. Letter A. The second generation of computers saw the use of transistors instead of vacuum tubes.
3. Letter C. The third generation of computers introduced the use of IC (integrated circuits) in computers.
4. Letter D. The fourth generation of computers took advantage of the invention of the microprocessor, more commonly known as a CPU.
5. Letter A. The fifth generation of computers is beginning to use AI (artificial intelligence), an exciting technology that has many potential applications around the world.
6. All options are correct. The following options given to this number is correct. These are all characteristic of first-generation computer.
7. Letter C. In the third generation of computer, keyboard and monitors were started to be used.
8. Letter A. The picture being shown in this item is an example of IC or microchip.
9. Letter B. The picture being shown in this item is an example of vacuum tube.
10. Letter C. The picture being shown in this item is an example of transistor.
Practice Test 1: Answer Sheet
https://www.aptaracorp.com/
https://www.computerhope.com/issues/ch001921.htm
References:
17 Module 1 | Intro. To Programming Week 1-3