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Industrial A C Machines Lab - Manual Mail 8-5-19

This document provides a certificate and preface for a practical manual on industrial AC machines. The certificate certifies that a student has satisfactorily attained skills in industrial AC machines. The preface explains that the focus of the manual is on developing industry-relevant competencies through practical exercises. It also outlines the program outcomes and industry skills that students will gain related to using induction, synchronous, and fractional HP motors for different electrical engineering applications.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

343 views140 pages

Industrial A C Machines Lab - Manual Mail 8-5-19

Uploaded by

Jai Ganesh

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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

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A Practical Manual

for

Industrial A C Machines
(22523)

Semester – V

(EE, EP, EU)

Maharashtra State
Board of Technical Education
Certificate
This is to certify that Mr./Ms…………………………………… Roll
No……………………….of Fifth Semester of Diploma in
………………………………………………………….of
Institute…………………………………………………………….…
……….. (Code………………..) has attained predefined practical
outcomes (PROs) satisfactorily in course Industrial A.C. Machines
(22523) for the academic year 20…….to 20…..... as prescribed in the
curriculum.

Place ………………. Enrollment No……………………

Date:…..................... Exam Seat No. ………………......

Course Teacher Head of the Department Principal

Seal of the
Institute
Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)

Preface
The primary focus of any engineering laboratory/ field work in the technical education
system is to develop the much needed industry relevant competencies and skills. With this
in view, MSBTE embarked on this innovative ‘I’ Scheme curricula for engineering diploma
programmes with outcome-base education as the focus and accordingly, relatively large
amount of time is allotted for the practical work. This displays the great importance of
laboratory work making each teacher; instructor and student to realize that every minute of
the laboratory time need to be effectively utilized to develop these outcomes, rather than
doing other mundane activities. Therefore, for the successful implementation of this
outcome-based curriculum, every practical has been designed to serve as a ‘vehicle’ to
develop this industry identified competency in every student. The practical skills are
difficult to develop through ‘chalk and duster’ activity in the classroom situation.
Accordingly, the ‘I’ scheme laboratory manual development team designed the practicals to
focus on the outcomes, rather than the traditional age old practice of conducting practicals
to ‘verify the theory’ (which may become a byproduct along the way).

This laboratory manual is designed to help all stakeholders, especially the students, teachers
and instructors to develop in the student the pre-determined outcomes. It is expected from
each student that at least a day in advance, they have to thoroughly read through the
concerned practical procedure that they will do the next day and understand the minimum
theoretical background associated with the practical. Every practical in this manual begins
by identifying the competency, industry relevant skills, course outcomes and practical
outcomes which serve as a key focal point for doing the practical. The students will then
become aware about the skills they will achieve through procedure shown there and
necessary precautions to be taken, which will help them to apply in solving real-world
problems in their professional life.

This manual also provides guidelines to teachers and instructors to effectively facilitate
student-centered lab activities through each practical exercise by arranging and managing
necessary resources in order that the students follow the procedures and precautions
systematically ensuring the achievement of outcomes in the students.

The electrical diploma holder has to work in industry as technical person in middle level
management. He has to work as production, maintenance, testing engineer in various
industries like power generation, transmission, distribution, traction etc. and has to deal
with different electrical measurement. While performing above task he has to measure
different electrical and electronic parameters with testing, therefore he/she must require
the skills for these measurements and broad idea of different meters and equipments.
Although all care has been taken to check for mistakes in this laboratory manual, yet it is
impossible to claim perfection especially as this is the first edition. Any such errors and
suggestions for improvement can be brought to our notice and are highly welcome.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education i

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)

Programme Outcomes (POs) to be achieved through Practical of this

Course

Following POs and PSO are expected to be achieved through the practicals of the course,
Industrial A.C. Machine.

PO 1. Basic knowledge: Apply knowledge of basic mathematics, sciences and basic

engineering to solve the broad-based Electrical engineering problems.
PO 2. Discipline knowledge: Apply Electrical engineering knowledge to solve broad-based
electrical engineering related problems.
PO 3. Experiments and practice: Plan to perform experiments and practices to use the
results to solve broad-based Electrical engineering problems.
PO 4. Engineering tools: Apply relevant Electrical technologies and tools with an
understanding of the limitations.
PO 5. The engineer and society: Assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and
the consequent responsibilities relevant to practice in the field of Electrical
engineering.
PO 6. Environment and sustainability: Apply Electrical engineering solutions also for
sustainable development practices in societal and environmental contexts.
PO 7. Ethics: Apply ethical principles for commitment to professional ethics,
responsibilities and norms of the practice also in the field of Electrical engineering.
PO 8. Individual and team work: Function effectively as a leader and team member in
diverse/ multidisciplinary teams.
PO 9. Communication: Communicate effectively in oral and written form
PO 10. Life-long learning: Engage in independent and life-long learning activities in the
context of technological changes also in the Electrical engineering and allied industry.

Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs)

PSO 1. Electrical Equipment: Maintain various types of rotating and static electrical
equipment.
PSO 2. Electric Power Systems: Maintain different types of electric power systems.

List of Industry Relevant Skills

The following industry relevant skills of the competency ‘Use relevant Induction,
Synchronous and FHP Machines for different electrical engineering applications’.

1. Use the relevant three phase induction motor (IM) for different applications.
2. Use the relevant single phase induction motors in different applications.
3. Use the relevant three phase alternator for different load conditions.
4. Use suitable synchronous motors in different applications.
5. Use suitable Fractional HP motors for different applications.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education ii

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)

Practical- Course Outcome matrix

Course Outcomes (COs):-
a. Use the relevant three phase Induction motor (IM) for different applications.
b. Use the relevant single phase Induction motor in different applications.
c. Use the relevant 3 phase alternator for different load condition.
d. Use suitable synchronous motors in different applications.
e. Use suitable Fractional HP motors for different applications..
S. No. CO CO CO CO CO
Practical Outcome
a. b. c. d. e.
1. Identify the different parts (along with
function and materials) for the given single √ √ - - √
phase and three phase induction motor.
2. Connect and run the three phase squirrel
cage induction motors (in both directions)
using the DOL, star-delta, auto-transformer √ - - - -
starters (any two)

3. Perform the direct load test on the three

phase squirrel cage induction motor and
plot the i) efficiency versus output, ii)
√ - - - _
power factor versus output, iii) power
factor versus motor current and iv) torque –
slip/speed characteristics.
4. Conduct the No-load and Blocked-rotor
tests on given 3- squirrel cage induction √ - - - -
motor and determine the equivalent circuit
parameters.
5. Conduct the No-load and Blocked-rotor
tests on given 3- squirrel cage induction √ - - - -
motor and plot the Circle diagram.
6. Control the speed of the given three phase
squirrel cage induction motor using the
√ - - - -
applicable methods: i) auto-transformer, ii)
VF
7. Control the speed of the given three phase
slip ring induction motor using rotor √ - - - -
resistance starter.
8. Control the speed of the given three phase
induction motor using pole changing √ - - - -
methods

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education iii

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)

9. Identify different windings & components

of single phase capacitor start Induction
- √ - - √
Run motor & Connect to start & reverse the
direction of rotation
10. Conduct the direct load test to determine
the efficiency and speed regulation for
different loads on the given single phase - - √ - -
induction motor; plot the efficiency curves
with respect to the output power.
11.  Perform the direct loading test on the given
three phase alternator and determine the - - √ - -
regulation.
12.  Determine the regulation of the given three
phase alternator from OC and SC tests - - √ - -
(Synchronous impedance method)
13.  Start 3 phase synchronous motor & run
synchronous motor in forward & reverse - - - √ -
direction
Conduct the test on load or no load to plot
14.
the ‘V’ curves and inverted ‘V’ curves of
- - - √ -
3- synchronous motor.

Note:- A Judicial mix of minimum 12 or more practices need to be performed , out of

which practicals marked as * are compulsory.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education iv

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)

Guidelines to Teachers
1. Teacher need to ensure that a dated log book for the whole semester, apart from the
laboratory manual is maintained by every student which s/he has to submit for
assessment to the teacher in the next practical session.
2. There will be two sheets of blank pages after every practical for the student to report
other matters (if any), which is not mentioned in the printed practicals.
3. For difficult practicals if required, teacher could provide the demonstration of the
practical emphasizing of the skills which the student should achieve.
4. Teachers should give opportunity to students for hands-on after the demonstration.
5. Assess the skill achievement of the students and COs of each unit.
6. One or two questions ought to be added in each practical for different batches. For this
teachers can maintain various practical related question bank for each course.
7. If some repetitive information like data sheet, use of software tools etc. has to be
provided for effective attainment of practical outcomes, they can be incorporated in
Appendix.
8. For effective implementation and attainment of practical outcomes, teacher ought to
ensure that in the beginning itself of each practical, students must read through the
complete write-up of that practical sheet.
9. During practical, ensure that each student gets chance and takes active part in taking
observations/ readings and performing practical.
10. Teacher ought to assess the performance of students continuously according to the
MSBTE guidelines.

Instructions for Students

1. For incidental writing on the day of each practical session every student should
maintain a dated log book for the whole semester, apart from this laboratory manual
which s/he has to submit for assessment to the teacher in the next practical session.

2. For effective implementation and attainment of practical outcomes, in the beginning

itself of each practical, students need to read through the complete write-up including
the practical related questions and assessment scheme of that practical sheet.
3. Student ought to refer the data books, IS codes, Safety norms, Electricity act/rules,
technical manuals, etc.
4. Student should not hesitate to ask any difficulties they face during the conduct of
practicals.
5. Select the proper range of meters referring to the machine/s specifications/ratings.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education v

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)

Content Page
List of Practicals and Progressive Assessment Sheet

Sr. Practical Outcome Page Date of Date of Assess Dated Remar

No No. performanc submission ment sign. of ks (if
e marks teacher any)
(25)
1* Identify the different parts
(along with function and
materials) for the given single 1
phase and three phase
induction motor.
2* Connect and run the three
phase squirrel cage induction
motors (in both directions)
10
using the DOL, star-delta,
auto-Transformer starters
(any two)
3* Perform the direct load test on
the three phase squirrel cage
induction motor and plot the
i) efficiency versus output, ii)
power factor versus output, 18
iii) power factor versus motor
current and iv) torque –
slip/speed characteristics.
4* Conduct the No-load and
Blocked-rotor tests on given
3- squirrel cage induction 30
motor and determine the
equivalent circuit parameters.
5* Conduct the No-load and
Blocked-rotor tests on given
3- squirrel cage induction 39
motor and plot the Circle
diagram.
6* Control the speed of the
given three phase squirrel
cage induction motor using 48
the applicable methods: i)
auto-transformer, ii) VF
7* Control the speed of the
given three phase slip ring
56
induction motor using rotor
resistance starter.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education vi

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)
8 Control the speed of the
given three phase induction
63
motor using pole changing
methods
9 Identify different windings &
components of single phase
capacitor start Induction Run
70
motor & Connect to start &
reverse the direction of
rotation
10 Conduct the direct load test to
determine the efficiency and
speed regulation for different
loads on the given single 78
phase induction motor; plot
the efficiency curves with
respect to the output power.
11 * Perform the direct loading
test on the given three phase
87
alternator and determine the
regulation.
12 * Determine the regulation of
the given three phase
alternator from OC and SC 97
tests (Synchronous
impedance method)
13 * Start 3 phase synchronous
motor & run synchronous
107
motor in forward & reverse
direction
14 Conduct the test on load or no
load to plot the ‘V’ curves
114
and inverted ‘V’ curves of 3-
 synchronous motor.
.
Total

Note: To be transferred to relevant proforma of CIAAN-2017

Note:- A Judicial mix of minimum 12 or more practices need to be performed , out of which
practicals marked as * are compulsory.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education vii

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)

Experiment No. 1: Identify the different parts of given single phase

and three phase Induction motor.

I Practical Significance
Single phase and three phase Induction motors are widely used in various home
appliances and industries as drive motors for variety of machines due to its rugged
construction, smoother and efficient operation. Its construction is simple consisting
Stator &rotor as main parts.
II Relevant Program Outcomes (POs)
PO4: Engineering tools: Apply relevant Electrical technologies and tools with an
understanding of the limitations.

PSO1: Electrical Equipment: Maintain various types of rotating and static electrical
equipment.

III Competency and Skills

This practical is expected to develop the following skills for the industry identified
Competency: ‘Use relevant Induction, Synchronous and FHP Machines for
different electrical engineering applications’.
 To use various tools such as spanner, plier, screw driver
 To identify induction motor &it’s different internal parts
 To reassemble the induction motor.
 To dismantle & reassemble the induction motor

IV Relevant Course Outcomes

 Use the relevant three phase induction motor (IM) for different applications.
 Use the relevant single phase Induction motor for different application.

V Practical Learning Outcome

 Identify the different parts for the given single phase and three phase induction
motor.
 Know the function and materials used for different parts of single phase and three
phase induction motor.

VI Minimum Theoretical Background

Single phase Induction motor consists of squirrel cage rotor & stator with two
windings (main & starting) placed at 900 Electrical degrees for providing split phase.
Starting winding can be disconnected with the help of centrifugal switch.
Three phase squirrel cage induction motor consists of squirrel cage rotor & stator with
three windings in delta or star. In slip ring motor, rotor consists of 3 phase star
connected windings whose terminals are connected to slip ring with brushes and rotor
resistance starter.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 1

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)

VII Circuit diagram:

1) Draw circuit diagram of given single phase Induction motor.

2) Draw neat diagram of rotor of given three phase motor.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 2

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)

VIII Resources required

Sr. Instrument
Specification Quantity Remarks
No. /Object
1. Induction motor 3 HP/ 5 HP, 415 V, 50 Hz, 01
1440 RPM squirrel cage type
2. Induction motor Single phase 1HP 230 V 50Hz 01
Capacitor start IM
3. Screw driver Suitable set 01

4. Plier Suitable 01

5. Spanner Suitable 01

6. Hammer ½ kg 01

7. Multimeter Digital 01

IX Precautions to be followed
1) Make sure that main switch is in OFF position & motor is disconnected from
supply
2) Motor is mechanically disconnected from load

X Procedure
1) Open the given 1 phase motor with the help of suitable tools.
2) Identify all the parts & prepare the table for parts, material & function.
3) Open the given 3 phase motor with the help of suitable tools.
4) Identify all the parts & prepare the table for parts, material & function.

XI Resources used (with major specifications)

Sr. Name of Resource Broad Specifications Quantity Remarks

No. Make Details (If any)
1.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 3

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)
XII Actual procedure followed
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XIII Precautions followed

XIV Observations :

Single Phase motor Type ______________________

Specification/ Name plate details of given motor

____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Sr.
Name of the Part Material used Function of the part
No.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 4

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)

Three Phase motor Type ______________________

Specification/ Name plate details of given motor

___________________________________________________________________________

Sr. Name of the Part Material used Function of the part

No.
1

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 5

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)
7

XV Results:

Single Phase motor Type ______________________

 Resistance of starting winding is ________________
 Resistance of Main winding is ________________
 Type and value of Capacitor used ____________________

Three Phase motor Type ______________________

 Stator connection is _______________
 Bearing type ______________
 Rotor type ________________

XVI. Interpretation of results

XVII. Conclusion
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Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 6

1) How does the centrifugal switch function in Single phase induction motor?
2) State the initial position of centrifugal switch at start & also give its function.
3) Give classification of Induction motor. Give relevant application of each type of
motor.
4) ‘Rotor bars of squirrel cage rotor are skewed’ -Justify
5) Compare single phase & three phase induction motor with respect to any four
aspect.
6) Three phase Squirrel Cage Induction motor is most widely used in industry. Give
the reasons.

[Space for Answers]

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 7

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)
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Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 8
Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)

XIX References / Suggestions for Further Reading

 https://jimhedges.weebly.com/parts-of-an-induction-motor.html
 https://www.electrical4u.com/types-of-single-phase-induction-motor/

XX Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

Process related (15 Marks ) (60%)
1 Selection of meters and components 20 %
2 Handling of the meters and components 10 %
3 Reading meters accurately 10 %
4 connection of circuits 10 %
5 Follow safe practices 10 %
Product related (10 Marks) (40%)
6 Calculation 10 %
7 Interpretation of result 05 %
8 Conclusions 05 %
9 Practical related questions 15 %
10 Submitting the journal in time 05%
Total (25 Marks) 100 %

Names of Student Team Members

1. ……………………............
2. ………………………........
3. ………………………...….
4. ……………………………
5. .............................................

Dated signature of
Marks Obtained
Teacher
Process Product Related Total
Related (15) (10) (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 9

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)

Experiment No. 2: Connect and run the three phase squirrel cage
induction motor (in both directions) using the DOL,
Star-Delta, Auto-transformer starter (any two)

I Practical Significance
Most of the small induction motors are started directly on line, but when very large
motors are started that way, the high starting current will produce a severe voltage
drop and will affect the operation of other equipment connected to the same line. To
limit this starting current surge, large induction motors are started at reduced voltage
and then have full supply voltage when they start to accelerate.

II Relevant Program Outcomes (POs)

 PO3: Experiments and practice: Plan to perform experiments and practices to
use the results to solve broad-based Electrical engineering problems.

 PO4: Engineering tools: Apply relevant Electrical technologies and tools with an
understanding of the limitations.

 PSO1: Electrical Equipment: Maintain various types of rotating and static

electrical equipment.

III Competency and Skills

This practical is expected to develop the following skills for the industry identified
Competency: ‘Use relevant Induction, Synchronous and FHP Machines for
different electrical engineering applications.’
i. To use various tools such as spanner, plier, screw driver
ii. To identify induction motor &starter required.
iii. To start the motor with suitable starter.
iv. To Run the motor in both direction.

IV Relevant Course Outcomes

 Use the relevant three phase induction motor (IM) for different applications.

V Practical Learning Outcome

Connect and run the three phase squirrel cage induction motors (in both directions)
using the DOL, star-delta, auto-transformer starters (any two)

VI Minimum Theoretical Background

The high starting current will produce a severe voltage drop and will affect the
operation of other equipment. So it is not desirable to start large motors direct on line
(giving full voltage to the stator). Normally with motors beyond 5 HP, starters are
provided. For reduction in the starting current, a lower voltage is applied to the stator,
especially for the squirrel cage induction motor & full voltage is only applied when
the motor picks up speed.

Starting methods of Induction motor by reducing voltages are

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 10

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)
1. Direct –On– line (DOL) starters are used for less than 10 Kw motors. Motor is
started directly at rated voltage. This starter gives overload & no volt protection.
2. Star–Delta starters for large motors. The stator winding is initially connected in a
star configuration and later on changed over to a Delta connection, when the
motor reaches rated speed.
3. Auto transformer--In starting position supply is connected to stator windings
through an auto-transformer which reduces applied voltage to 50, 60, and 70% of
normal value depending on tapping used.

Direction of rotation of Induction motor is changed by changing stator flux which

depends on phase sequence of stator voltage.

VII Circuit diagram:

1) Reversal of squirrel cage Induction motor with DOL starter

2) Reversal of squirrel cage Induction motor with star delta / Autotransformer

Starter. (Students can draw the circuit diagram)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 11

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)
VIII Resources required

Sr. Instrument/
Specification Quantity Remarks
No. Object
1. Induction 3-phase,3 HP/ 5 HP, 01
motor 415 V, 50 Hz, 1440
RPM squirrel cage
type
2. Starter DOL 01
3. Starter Star –Delta 01
4. Starter Auto transformer 01
starter
5. Induction Delta connected 01
motor 414V, 2HP
Induction motor
6. Screw Suitable set 01
driver
7. Plier Suitable 01
8. Multimeter Digital 01

IX Precautions to be followed
1) Make sure that main switch is in OFF position & motor is disconnected from
supply.
2) Select appropriate starter
3) Wires used for circuit connection have proper size & insulation cover.
4) All electrical connections should be neat and tight.

X Procedure
1) Reversal of squirrel cage Induction motor with DOL starter
1) Connect DOL starter to Induction motor with supply phase sequence RYB
2) Switch ON the 3 phase supply &Observe direction of rotation of Induction
motor.
3) Switch off the supply &Reverse phase sequence of supply by interchanging
any 2 supply lines
4) Switch ON the 3 phase supply &again Observe direction of rotation of
Induction motor. Note down changes in direction.

2) Reversal of squirrel cage Induction motor with star delta / Autotransformer

starter
1) Connect Star delta / Autotransformer starter to Induction motor with supply
phase sequence RYB
2) Switch ON the 3 phase supply &Measure voltage at start & Run mode
3) Observe direction of rotation of Induction motor
4) Switch off the supply &Reverse phase sequence of supply by interchanging
any 2 supply lines
5) Switch ON the 3 phase supply. Measure voltage across motor winding at start
& Run mode

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 12

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)
6) Observe direction of rotation of Induction motor& Note down changes in
direction.

XI Resources used (with major specifications)

Sr. Name of Resource Broad Specifications Quantity Remarks

No. Make Details (If any)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

XII Actual procedure followed

XIII Precautions followed

XIV Observations :

1) Reversal of squirrel cage Induction motor with DOL starter

Phase sequence of supply Direction of rotation

2) Reversal of squirrel cage Induction motor with star delta / Autotransformer

starter

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 13

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)
R-Y-B R-B-Y
Phase sequence of supply Phase sequence of supply
Starter voltage Direction of Starter voltage Direction
position across motor rotation position across motor of rotation
winding winding
volt/ph volt/ph
START
RUN

XV Results:
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XVI. Interpretation of results

XVIII. Practical related Questions

Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teachers must design
more such questions so as to ensure the achievement of identified CO.
1) Draw neat diagram of DOL starter.
2) Describe working of DOL starter.
3) Draw neat diagram of Star/Delta starter. State advantage & drawback of it.
4) Draw neat diagram of an Auto transformer starter.
5) Select suitable starter for following motor. Give justification of selection.
2 HP Squirrel cage Induction motor
10 HP delta connected Squirrel cage Induction motor
15 HP Squirrel cage Induction motor
3 HP slip ring Induction motor
6) State the concept of Soft starter.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 14

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)
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Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 15
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Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 16

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)

XIX References / Suggestions for Further Reading

 https://circuitglobe.com/starting-of-an-induction-motor.html
 https://www.brighthubengineering.com/diy-electronics-devices/44951-learn-
about-capacitor-start-induction-run-motors/

XX Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

Process related (15 Marks) (60%)
1 Selection of meters and components 20 %
2 Handling of the meters and components 10 %
3 Reading meters accurately 10 %
4 connection of circuits 10 %
5 Follow safe practices 10 %
Product related (10 Marks ) (40%)
6 Calculation 10 %
7 Interpretation of result 05 %
8 Conclusions 05 %
9 Practical related questions 15 %
10 Submitting the journal in time 05%
Total (25 Marks) 100 %

Names of Student Team Members

1. …………………………….
2. …………………………….
3. …………………………….
4. …………………………….
5. …………………………….

Dated signature of
Marks Obtained
Teacher
Process Related Product Related Total
(15) (10) (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 17

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)

Experiment No. 3: Direct load test on the 3 phase squirrel cage

Induction Motor

I Practical Significance
Direct load test on the three phase induction motor is conducted by actually loading
the motor with the help of Braking arrangement or by coupling calibrated generator to
`understand the performance parameters like speed, power factor, efficiency & torque.

II Relevant Program Outcomes (POs)

PO2: Discipline knowledge: Apply Electrical engineering knowledge to solve broad-
based electrical engineering related problems.
PO3: Experiments and practice: Plan to perform experiments and practices to use
the results to solve broad-based Electrical engineering problems
PO4: Engineering tools: Apply relevant Electrical technologies and tools with an
understanding of the limitations.
PSO1: Electrical Equipment: Maintain various types of rotating and static electrical
equipment.

III Competency and Skills

This practical is expected to develop the following skills for the industry identified
Competency: ‘Use relevant Induction, Synchronous and FHP Machines for
different electrical engineering applications.’
 Select various meters.
 Measure electrical quantities.
 Connect Circuits.
 Follow safe practices.
IV Relevant Course Outcomes
 Use the relevant three phase induction motor (IM) for different applications.

V Practical Learning Outcome

Perform the direct load test on the three phase squirrel cage induction motor and plot
the i) efficiency versus output, ii) power factor versus output, iii) power factor versus
motor current and iv) torque – slip/speed characteristics.

VI Minimum Theoretical Background

By conducting the load test on three phase induction motor, the performance of the
motor viz. slip, power factor, efficiency, torque etc. at various loads can be studied.
The induction moto load test is carried out by any of the following methods:
1. Brake test
2. By connecting a d.c. generator

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 18

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)
In case of loading by connecting a d.c. generator, the induction motor is connected to
a d.c. generator. The generator is loaded by a lamp bank. Thus intern an induction
motor is loaded.
The variation of Efficiency & Power factor wrt output/ motor current, torque wrt
slip/speed can be studied by actually loading the motor. Load on motor may be
generator or Braking system.
Efficiency of motor is zero at no load as shaft output is zero. As motor is loaded
output increases so efficiency also increases & reaches maximum at about 80 to 95%
of load. If motor is loaded beyond this, efficiency decreases as losses increases at
faster rate than output.
Power factor of motor is between 0.1 to 0.3 (poor) low & lagging at no load. As load
increases power factor also increases. It is 0.85 to 0.9 at 80 to 90% of FL Output.
As motor is loaded, Speed decreases/Slip increases & Torque developed increases to
supply load torque. Torque is directly proportional to slip, this is stable region of
torque slip characteristic. At start slip is one & torque is starting torque. Maximum
Torque will be at 80 to 90 % of full load. Then motor is unstable, torque decreases
with increase in slip.

VII Circuit diagram :

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 19

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)
VIII Resources required

Sr. Instrument /Object Specification Quantity Remarks

No.
1. 3 phase ,3 HP/ 5HP , 415 V, 50
Induction motors
Hz, 1440 RPM squirrel cage 01
type
2. Brake load or other
suitable means to
load motors with
Mechanical
suitable measurement 01
220V ,10A
facilities of powers.
or coupled DC shunt
generator
3.
Ammeters AC/DC 0-5-10AmpMI 01

4.
Ammeters DC 0-5-10AmpPMMC 01

5. AC/DC,0-150/300V,
Voltmeter MI Type: 01
0-250/500V
6. Voltmeter PMMC DC,0-150/300V,
01
Type: 0-250/500V
7. Wattmeter: Three
5/10Amp, 250/500V 01
phase double element
8. Load bank: Resistive,
1 kW, 220V 01

9. Tachometer Contact / non-contact types 100

01
to 10000 RPM

IX Precautions to be followed
1. Make sure that main switch is in OFF position while making connection
2. Wires used for circuit connection have proper size & insulation cover.
3. All electrical connections should be neat and tight.
4. At start keep resistance in generator field winding in maximum position.
5. Check that lamp load is OFF at start.
6. Provide shunt for ammeter & current coil of wattmeter at start before switching on
motor by DOL starter.

X Procedure
1) Select the instruments and meter ranges as per the resources required table.
2) Make the connections as per the circuit diagram shown in Fig.
3) Set generator field rheostat to its maximum value.
4) Switch on the 3 phase supply & start motor with the help of starter.
5) Excite generator to its rated voltage at rated speed by varying generator field
rheostat

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 20

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)
6) Note down all meter readings &speed of motor.
7) Switch ON electrical load on generator side, increase load in steps upto full load
& note down corresponding all meter readings & speed of motor.
8) Reduce load, increase generator field rheostat &Switch OFF the power supply.
9) plot the characteristics for i) efficiency versus Motor output, ii) power factor
versus Motor output, iii) power factor versus motor current and iv) torque –
slip/speed.

XI Resources used (with major specifications)

Sr. Name of Broad Specifications Quantity Remarks
No. Resource (If any)
Make Details
1.

XII Actual procedure followed

XIII Precautions followed

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 21

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)
XIV Observations and Calculations:
Induction Motor side DC Generator side
Sr. Motor Motor Input Speed Generator Generator
No. Voltage Current Power 𝐍𝐫 rpm voltage Current
V1 Volt I1 Amp W Watts V2 Volt I2 Amp

Calculation
Generator efficiency ηg = _______
Ns = _______________

Gene
rator Motor
Genera Input Motor efficie
Motor tor output ncy = Pf= Torque =
Sr. = Slip =
input output = Motor Motor
No Gene (𝐍𝐬 − W/(√𝟑
W V2 genera output output x
. rator 𝐍𝐫 )/𝐍𝐬 xV1 x I1 )
Watts xI2 tor / 60/(2π𝐍𝐫 )
watts outpu input motor
t/ηg input

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 22

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)

Calculations:

XV Results:

From graph

Efficiency is maximum at __________% of full load

Torque is maximum at __________% of full load
Starting torque = _____________
No load pf =______ & Full load pf = _____

XVI. Interpretation of results

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 23

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)
XVIII. Practical related Questions
Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teachers must design
more such questions so as to ensure the achievement of identified CO.
1) ‘Induction motor pf is poor at no load’ –Justify.
2) ‘At start generator field rheostat is kept at maximum value’ -Justify
3) Draw torque slip characteristic for all four quadrant.
4) ‘Shunts are to be provided for ammeter & current coil at start when operated by
DOL starter’ -Justify
5) Draw alternative method of loading motor other than your experimental set up.

[Space for Answers]

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 24

XX Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

Names of Student Team Members

1. ……………………...........
2. ……………………….......
3. …………………………...
4. ...........................................

Dated signature of
Marks Obtained
Teacher
Process Product Total
Related (15) Related (10) (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 26

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 27

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 28

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 29

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)

Experiment No. 4: No-load and Blocked-rotor test on given 3-Phase

squirrel cage Induction motor to determine the
equivalent circuit parameters.

I Practical Significance
No load testis similar to the open circuit test on a transformer. It is performed to
obtain the magnetizing branch parameters (shunt parameters) in the induction machine
equivalent circuit. Blocked rotor test is similar to the short circuit test on a
transformer. It is performed to calculate the Leakage reactance & winding resistance
(series parameters) in the induction machine equivalent circuit.

II Relevant Program Outcomes (POs)

PO2: Discipline knowledge: Apply Electrical engineering knowledge to solve broad-
based electrical engineering related problems.

PO3: Experiments and practice: Plan to perform experiments and practices to use
the results to solve broad-based Electrical engineering problems

PO4: Engineering tools: Apply relevant Electrical technologies and tools with an
understanding of the limitations.

PSO1: Electrical Equipment: Maintain various types of rotating and static electrical
equipment.

III Competency and Skills

This practical is expected to develop the following skills for the industry identified
Competency: ‘Use relevant Induction, Synchronous and FHP Machines for
different electrical engineering applications.’
i. Select various meters
ii. Measure electrical quantities.
iii. Connect the machines as per relevant circuits.
iv. Follow safe practices.

IV Relevant Course Outcomes

 Use the relevant three phase induction motor (IM) for different applications.

V Practical Learning Outcome

Conduct the No-load and Blocked-rotor tests on given 3-phase squirrel cage Induction
motor and determine the equivalent circuit parameters.

VI Minimum Theoretical Background

In No load test, motor is allowed to run with no-load at the rated voltage of rated
frequency across its terminals. Machine will rotate at almost synchronous speed,
which makes slip nearly equal to zero. This causes the equivalent load resistance
R2ʹ{(1/s)-1} tends to infinity. Hence rotor current is negligible &the rotor equivalent
impedance is an open circuit. So the data obtained from this test will give information
on no load branch parameters.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 30

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)
In blocked rotor test rotor is blocked to prevent rotation which makes slip equal to
unity. This causes the equivalent resistance R2ʹ{(1/s)-1} tends to very low value. So
the rotor current is much larger than current in the excitation branch of the circuit
such that the excitation branch can be neglected .Hence, the data obtained from this
test will give information on winding parameters.

VII Circuit diagram :

No load test on 3 phase Induction motor

Blocked Rotor test 3 phase Induction motor

(Students can draw the circuit diagram; write meter ranges & specifications of
equipments)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 31

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)
VIII Resources required

Sr. Instrument /Object Specification Quantity Remarks

No.
1. Induction motors 3 hp/ 5hp, 415 V, 50 Hz, 1440 01
RPM squirrel cage type
2. Ammeters MI Type: AC/DC 0-5-10Amp 01
3. Voltmeter MI AC/DC,0-150/300V, 01
Type: 0-250/500V
4. Wattmeter: Three 5/10Amp, 250/500V 01
phase double
element

IX Precautions to be followed
1. Make sure that main switch is in OFF position while making connection.
2. Ensure that Autotransformer is at zero position at start.
3. Wires used for circuit connection have proper size & insulation cover.
4. All electrical connections should be neat and tight.

X Procedure
No load test on 3 phase Induction motor
1. Select the instruments and meter ranges as per the resources required table.
2. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram shown in Fig.
3. Switch ON the 3 phase supply, start the motor at reduced voltage& then run at
rated voltage with the help of Autotransformer.
4. Note down all meter readings.
5. Switch OFF the power supply.

Blocked Rotor test 3 phase Induction motor

1) Select meter ranges required for blocked rotor test.
2) Hold rotor by hand/ Brake system
3) Switch ON the 3 phase supply & apply voltage slowly with the help of
autotransformer so that rated current flows to motor .
4) Note down all meter readings.
5) Reduce Voltage & Switch OFF the power supply.
6) Using appropriate method measure Stator resistance across the motor terminals &
determine per phase AC value.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 32

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)
XI Resources used (with major specifications)

Sr. Name of Resource Broad Specifications Quantity Remarks

No. Make Details (If any)

XII Actual procedure followed

XIII Precautions followed

XIV Observations and Calculations:

No load test

Motor voltage Motor current Motor NL Power

VratedVolts Io Amps Wo watts

Vrated Io W1 W2

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 33

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)
Blocked Rotor test

Motor current Motor voltage Motor blocked rotor Power

Irated Amps VscVolts Wsc watts

Irated Vsc W1 W2

Stator Resistance (AC) R1/ph = ____________

Calculation

From No load test data

𝑾𝒐
Cos Φo = = −−−−−
√𝟑𝒙𝑽𝒐𝒙𝑰𝒐

Iw = Io Cos Φo = ______________

Im = Io Sin Φo = ______________

𝐕𝐩𝐡
Ro =
𝐈𝐰
𝐕𝐩𝐡
Xo =
𝐈𝐦

From Blocked Rotor test data

Ro1=Wsc/(3 Irated2) = ________________

R2ʹ= Ro1 - R1/ph=___________________

Zo1= Vscph /Irated = _____________________

Xo1= √(Zo1 2 - Ro12) = _________________

Assuming X1 = X2’ , X1 = X2’ = Xo1/2 = _________________

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 34

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)
XV Results:
Draw Equivalent circuit of Induction motor with determined parameters value

XVI. Interpretation of results

XVIII. Practical related Questions

Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teachers must design
more such questions so as to ensure the achievement of identified CO.
1) List out the losses measured in the No load test.
2) List out the losses measured in the Blocked rotor test.
3) ‘In no load test on Induction motor one wattmeter reads negative‘-Justify.
4) How reading of wattmeter is taken for wattmeter which reads negative?
5) ‘Blocked rotor test is called as short circuit test’ -Justify
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 35
Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)
6) If rated voltage is applied in blocked rotor test, what will be effect?
7) ‘Induction motor is a generalized transformer’ -Justify
8) State the difference between transformer &Induction motor w.r.t Equivalent
circuit parameters.

[Space for Answers]

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 36

XIX References / Suggestions for Further Reading

 http://www.yourelectrichome.com/2011/09/load-test-on-three-phase-
induction.html
 https://www.electrical4u.com/testing-of-induction-motor/

XX Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

Process related (15 Marks) (60%)
1 Selection of meters and components 20 %
2 Handling of the meters and components 10 %
3 Reading meters accurately 10 %
4 connection of circuits 10 %
5 Follow safe practices 10 %
Product related (10 Marks) (40%)
6 Calculation 10 %
7 Interpretation of result 05 %
8 Conclusions 05 %
9 Practical related questions 15 %
10 Submitting the journal in time 05%
Total (25 Marks) 100 %

Names of Student Team Members

1. ………………………………….
2. ………………………………….
3. ………………………………….
4. ………………………………….
5. ………………………………….

Dated signature of
Marks Obtained
Teacher
Process Related Product Related Total
(15) (10) (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 38

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)

Experiment No. 5 : No-load and Blocked-rotor test on given 3-Phase

squirrel cage Induction motor to Draw circle
diagram

I Practical Significance
The circle diagram of an induction motor is very useful to study its performance
under all operating conditions. We can get information about its power output, power
factor, torque, slip, speed, copper loss, efficiency, starting & maximum quantities etc.

II Relevant Program Outcomes (POs)

PO2: Discipline knowledge: Apply Electrical engineering knowledge to solve broad-
based electrical engineering related problems.

PO3: Experiments and practice: Plan to perform experiments and practices to use
the results to solve broad-based Electrical engineering problems

PO4: Engineering tools: Apply relevant Electrical technologies and tools with an
understanding of the limitations.

PSO1: Electrical Equipment: Maintain various types of rotating and static electrical
equipment.

III Competency and Skills

This practical is expected to develop the following skills for the industry identified
Competency: ‘Use relevant Induction, Synchronous and FHP Machines for
different electrical engineering applications.’
 Select various meters
 Measure electrical quantities.
 Connect the machines as per relevant circuits.
 Follow safe practices.

IV Relevant Course Outcomes

 Use the relevant three phase induction motor (IM) for different applications.

V Practical Learning Outcome

Conduct the No-load and Blocked-rotor tests on given 3- squirrel cage induction
motor and plot the Circle diagram.

VI Minimum Theoretical Background

The circle diagram is the graphical representation of the performance of the electrical
machine drawn in terms of the locus of the machine's input voltage and current.
Equivalent circuit for Rotor of Induction motor is series R-L circuit with variable load
resistance, so locus of rotor current for changing load is circle. As Motor current is
vector sum of constant no load current & rotor current referred to stator, locus of

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 39

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)
motor current is also circle with changing load which is shifted by no load current as
shown in diagram.

Circle diagram is locus of end of motor current vector when Induction motor is tested
at various loads

VII Circuit diagram :

No load test on 3 phase Induction motor

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 40

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)
Blocked Rotor test 3 phase Induction motor
(Students can draw the circuit diagram; write meter ranges & specifications of
equipments)

VIII Resources required

Sr. Instrument / Specification Quantity Remarks

No. Object
1. Induction 3 phase,3 HP/ 5 HP, 415 01
motors V, 50 Hz, 1440 RPM
squirrel cage type
2. Ammeters MI AC/DC 0-5-10Amp 01
Type:

3. Voltmeter MI AC/DC,0-150/300V, 01
Type: 0-250/500V

4. Wattmeter: 5/10Amp, 250/500V 01

Three phase
double element

X Procedure
No load test on 3 phase Induction motor
1) Select the instruments and meter ranges as per the resources required table.
2) Make the connections as per the circuit diagram shown in Fig.
3) Switch ON the 3 phase supply, start the motor at reduced voltage& then run at
rated voltage with the help of Autotransformer
4) Note down all meter readings.
5) Switch OFF the power supply.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 41

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)
Blocked Rotor test 3 phase Induction motor
1) Select meter ranges required for blocked rotor test.
2) Hold rotor by hand/ Brake system
3) Switch ON the 3 phase supply & apply voltage slowly with the help of
autotransformer so that rated current flows to motor
4) Note down all meter readings
5) Reduce Voltage & Switch OFF the power supply.
6) Using appropriate method measure Stator resistance across the motor
terminals & determine per phase AC value.

XI Resources used (with major specifications)

Sr. Name of Broad Specifications Quantity Remarks

No. Resource Make Details (If any)
1.

XII Actual procedure followed

XIII Precautions followed

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 42

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)

XIV Observations and Calculations:

No load test

Motor voltage Motor current Motor NL Power

VratedVolts Io Amps Wo watts
Vrated Io W1 W2

Blocked Rotor test

Motor current Motor voltage Motor blocked rotor Power

IratedAmps Vsc Volts Wsc watts

Irated Vsc W1 W2

Calculations
Circle diagram calculations
Wo
Cos Φo = = −−−−−
√3 Vo Io

Wsc
Cos Φsc = = −−−−−
√3 Vsc Isc

ISCN =

Selecting Current scale 1cm = ________

 Power scale calculation

WSCN= ----------

Power scale is 1cm =______________W

Rated o/p = ______________

 FL calculation –

• Full load current = __cm = cm X current scale = _Amp

Full load Power factor = ______________

• Full load output=__cm = cm X Power scale = _Watt

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 43
Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)
• Full load Input =______________

• Full load efficiency = ___________________

• Full load stator cu losses = ________________

• Fixed losses = _____________________

• Full load rotor cu losses = ____________________

• Full load Rotor Input = _____________________

• Full load slip = _______________________

• Full load torque = ____________________________

• Full load speed = _______________________________

 Maximum Quantities calculation

• Max Output = ___________________________

• Max. Input = ___________________________

• Max Torque = __________________________

 Starting Torque Calculation

• Starting Torque = _______________________

XV Results:

Motor FL Efficiency = ______________%

Motor FL Torque = _______________Nm

Motor Max output = ______ HP

Circle diagram is approximate / accurate method of finding performance of

Induction Motor.

XVI. Interpretation of results

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 44

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)
XVII. Conclusion
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XVIII. Practical related Questions

Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teachers must design
more such questions so as to ensure the achievement of identified CO.
1) Define circle diagram of Induction motor.
2) Describe the step by step procedure for drawing Circle diagram.
3) Give advantages of circle diagram.
4) Define unit synchronous watt.
5) List out the parameters which can be calculated from circle diagram.
6) List out the testing of Induction motor as per IS.
[Space for Answers]
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Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 45

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)
XIX References / Suggestions for Further Reading

 https://www.electrical4u.com/circle-diagram/
 https://www.electrical4u.com/testing-of-induction-motor/

XX Assessment Scheme

Performance indicators Weightage

Process related (60%) 15 Marks
1 Selection of meters and components 20 %
2 Handling of the meters and components 10 %
3 Reading meters accurately 10 %
4 connection of circuits 10 %
5 Follow safe practices 10 %
Product related (40%) 10 Marks
6 Calculation 10 %
7 Interpretation of result 05 %
8 Conclusions 05 %
9 Practical related questions 15 %
10 Submitting the journal in time 05%
Total (25 Marks) 100 %

Names of Student Team Members

1. …………………………
2. …………………………
3. …………………………
4. …………………………
5. …………………………

Dated signature of
Marks Obtained
Teacher
Process Related Product Related Total
(15) (10) (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 46

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 47

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)

Practical No. 6 : Control the speed of the given 3 phase induction

motor using the methods Auto transformer method
& Variable frequency method

I. Practical Significance
Three phase induction motor is widely used in many industries. Therefore it is
necessary to learn the methods of speed control of 3 phase induction motor so as to
understand its suitability for various applications.

II. Relevant Program Outcomes (Pos)

PO2: Discipline knowledge: Apply Electrical engineering knowledge to solve broad-
based electrical engineering related problems.

PO3: Experiments and practice: Plan to perform experiments and practices to use
the results to solve broad-based Electrical engineering problems.

PO4: Engineering tools: Apply relevant Electrical technologies and tools with an
understanding of the limitations.

PSO1: Electrical Equipment: Maintain various types of rotating and static electrical
equipment.

III. Competency and Practical skills

IV. Relevant Course Outcome(s)

● Use the relevant 3 phase induction motor for different applications.

V. Practical Outcome :
Control the speed of the given three phase squirrel cage induction motor using the
applicable methods: i) auto-transformer, ii) VF

VI. Minimum Theoretical Background

A three phase induction motor is practically a constant speed motor having speed
regulation less than 5% at full load. The different methods by which speed control of
induction motor is achieved are: (i) Changing the supply voltage (ii) Changing the
applied frequency (iii) Changing the number of stator poles (iv) Rotor resistance

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 48

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)
control (v) By operating two motors in cascade (vi) By injecting an emf in the rotor
circuit.
The first three methods are obtained by control from stator side and the next three
methods are by control from rotor side. The speed reduction of 3 phase induction
motor is accompanied by a corresponding loss of efficiency.

VII. Circuit diagram :

Circuit diagram 1.for Autotransformer method.

Circuit diagram 2 .for Variable frequency method.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 49

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)
VIII. Resources Required

Sr. Suggested Broad

Name of Resource Quantity
No. Specification
1. Three phase slipring 3 Hp, 230 V, 7.8 Amp, 1
induction motor 1500 Rpm
2. 3 phase alternator 3 KVA, 240 V, 7.2 1
Amp, 50 Hz
3. DC Shunt motor 5 Hp, 220 V, 15 Amp 1

4. 3 phase auto transformer 230 V, 10 Amp 1

5. Frequency meter 46-54 Hz 1

6. Tacho meter Non-contact type digital 1

7. Volt meter 0-300 V, MI type 1

0-300 V, PMMC type 1
8. Ammeter 0-5 Amp, MI type 1
0-2 Amp PMMC type 1
0-20 Amp PMMC type 1
Rheostats 400 Ohms, 1.7 Amp 1
9.
1000 Ohms, 1.2 Amp 2
3 point starter 1
10.

IX. Precautions to be followed

1. Do not switch on the supply without the connections checked thoroughly by the
competent staff.
2. Do not touch/make/alter any connection when the circuit is live.
3. The auto transformer should be kept at zero output position initially.
4. Ensure that the DC motor field rheostat is kept at minimum resistance position
and DC generator field rheostat is kept at maximum resistance position.
5. The resistance of rotor resistance starter should be kept at maximum resistance
position initially when switching on the supply (for a slipring induction motor).

X. Procedure
For the Circuit diagram 1
1. Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram 1
2. Kept the 3 phase auto transformer at zero output voltage and rotor resistance at
maximum resistance position.
3. Switch on the supply and increase the input voltage to the stator winding upto
75% of rated voltage.
4. Decrease the rotor resistance in steps and bring it to minimum resistance position.
5. Note down the speed.
6. Increase the supply voltage to the stator winding from 80%, to 100% in steps of
5% increase in voltage and note down the speed at every value of supply voltage.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 50

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)
7. Then reduce the supply voltage to zero using 3 phase auto transformer and switch
off the supply.

For the Circuit diagram 2

1. Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram 2

2. Keep the rheostat of alternator exciter at maximum resistance position.
3. Keep the rheostat of DC motor at minimum position.
4. Switch on the DC supply and move the starter of DC motor to the zero resistance
position.
5. Adjust the speed of DC motor to synchronous speed of alternator using the field
rheostat of DC motor.
6. Adjust the rheostat of alternator exciter to get the rated terminal voltage from
alternator.
7. Close ICTP switch to supply the three phase induction motor from the three phase
output of alternator.
8. Vary the speed of DC motor by adjusting its field rheostat in steps so that the
frequency of induced emf of alternator changes accordingly and hence the
frequency of input supply voltage to the stator winding of alternator.
9. Change in frequency of supply voltage will change the rotor speed of induction
motor and hence note down the values of frequency of input supply voltage to the
induction motor using frequency motor and corresponding speed of induction
motor using tachometer.

XI. Resources used

Sr. Suggested Broad

Name of Resource Quantity
No. Specification

XII. Actual Procedure followed (use blank sheet if space is not sufficient)
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Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 51
Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)
XIII. Precautions followed
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XIV. Observation & Calculation

For Auto Transformer method of speed control

Sr. Supply Voltage to the stator of Speed in rpm

No. induction motor in Volts

For Variable frequency supply method of speed control

Supply voltage = __________ volts

Sr.
Variable frequency in Hz Speed in rpm
No.

XV. Results :
1. With increase in stator supply voltage there is a corresponding __________in the
speed.
2. The speed of induction motor increases as supply frequency ______________

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 52

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)
XVI. Interpretation of results (Write the meaning of above obtained results)
...........................................................................................................................................
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...........................................................................................................................................

XVII. Conclusion (Actions/decisions to be taken based on the interpretation of results)

XVIII. Practical related questions:

Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teachers must design
more such questions so as to ensure the achievement of identified CO.
1. State the drawback of speed control by changing supply voltage.
2. How will you calculate the number of poles in the stator of three phase induction
motor.
3. “3 phase induction motor does not rotate at synchronous speed”.- Justify.
4. List the methods of speed control of 3 phase induction motor which can be
applied from the stator side.
[Space for Answers]
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Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 53

XX. Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage %
Process Related (15 Marks) 60%
1. Handling/Selection of the meters and equipments 10%
as per specification of the machine
2. Identification of machine, winding terminals and 20%
taking adequate safety precautions
3. Connecting the circuit and making observation 20%
following systematic procedure.
4. Working in team 10%
Product Related (10 Marks) 40%
5. Calculating accurately the required results. 05%
6. Interpretation of result 10%
7. Conclusions 10%
8. Practical related questions 10%
9. Submitting the journal in time 05%
Total (25 Marks) 100%

Names of Student Team Members

1. ...................................
2. ...................................
3. ....................................
4. ....................................
5. .....................................

Dated signature
Marks Obtained
of Teacher
Process Related Product Related Total
(10) (25)
(15)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 55

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)

Practical No. 07 : Control the speed of the given three phase slip ring
induction motor using rotor resistance starter.
I. Practical Significance
Slip ring induction motor is widely used in industries since it is easier to obtain its
speed control by varying the resistance of rotor resistance starter. Further the rotor
resistance starter is used to reduce the starting current, improve the power factor at
start and produces higher starting torque.

II. Relevant Program Outcomes (Pos)

PO2: Discipline knowledge: Apply Electrical engineering knowledge to solve broad-

based electrical engineering related problems.
PO3: Experiments and practice: Plan to perform experiments and practices to use
the results to solve broad-based Electrical engineering problems
PO4: Engineering tools: Apply relevant Electrical technologies and tools with an
understanding of the limitations.
PSO1: Electrical Equipment: Maintain various types of rotating and static electrical
equipment.

III. Competency and Practical skills

This practical is expected to develop the following skills for the industry identified
Competency: ‘Use relevant Induction, Synchronous and FHP Machines for
different electrical engineering applications.’
● Select relevant meters and rheostats with proper range.
● Understand the working of rotor resistance starter.
● Measure the speed of variation of induction motor using tachometer.

IV. Relevant Course Outcome(s)

● Use the relevant three phase induction motor for different applications.

V. Practical Outcome :
Control the speed of the given three phase slip ring induction motor using rotor
resistance starter.

VI. Minimum Theoretical Background

The speed of an induction motor depends upon slip (s), frequency of the stator supply
(f) and the number of poles (p) for which the windings are wound. The ability of
varying any one of the above three quantities will provide methods of speed control
from stator side. The speed of induction motor is changed from rotor side by varying
the resistance of the rotor circuit, injecting emf in phase with rotor induced emf.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 56

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)
VII Circuit diagram

VIII. Resources Required

Sr. Name of Resource Suggested Broad Quantity
No. Specification
Three phase slip ring 230 V, 3 HP, 7.8 Amp,
1. 1
induction motor 1500 Rpm
2. Rotor Resistance Starter 3 phase, 10 Amp, 150 V 1
3. Voltmeter 0-300 V, MI type 1
4. Ammeter 0-5 Amp, MI type 1
0-3000 Rpm, Digital
5. Tachometer 1
type

XI. Precautions to be followed

1. Do not switch on the supply without the connections checked thoroughly by the
competent staff.
2. Do not touch/make/alter any connection when the circuit is live.
3. Ensure that the rotor resistance is kept initially at 100% resistance position.

X. Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram 1.

2. Switch ON the supply and increase the input voltage to stator winding upto its rated
value.
3. Measure the speed.
4. Now decrease the rotor resistance in steps and note the corresponding values of
speed.
5. Draw a graph of rotor resistance versus speed.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 57

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)
XI. Resources used
Sr. Suggested Broad
Name of Resource Quantity
No. Specification
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

XII. Actual Procedure followed (use blank sheet if space is not sufficient)

XIII. Precautions followed

XIV. Observation & Calculation (use blank sheet if space is not sufficient)

Stator supply voltage = ________Volts

Sr. External rotor resistance in Ohms

Stator current
No. Approximate % of external Speed (rpm)
(Amp)
resistance in rotor circuit
1 100% (full)
2 75%
3 50%
4 25%
5 0%

Graph : Draw a graph taking rotor resistance in % on X – axis and speed in rpm on
Y-axis

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 58

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)
XV. Results :
● It is found that with increase in rotor resistance, there is a corresponding
_____________(increase/decrease) in the speed.
 Stator current is found to be ______________(constant/change)with increase in
speed.

XVI. Interpretation of results (Write the meaning of above obtained results)

XVII. Conclusion (Actions/decisions to be taken based on the interpretation of results)

XVIII. Practical related questions : (Use separate sheet for answer)

Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teachers must design
more such questions so as to ensure the achievement of identified CO.
1. “The rotor circuit of a slip ring induction motor is kept open and electric supply is
given to stator winding” Mention what will happen at rotor side of the motor.
2. List out the different methods of speed control of three phase induction motor
based on the principle of changing synchronous speed.
3. Draw and explain the Torque-speed characteristic of a slip ring I.M. for different
values of rotor resistance.
4. State the effect of changing the rotor resistance on the slip at max torque SMT?
5. List two methods of speed control of three phase induction motor which can be
applied from rotor side.

[Space for Answers]

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 59

XX. Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage %
Process Related (15 Marks) 60%
Handling/Selection of the meters and
1. 10%
equipments as per specification of the machine
Identification of machine, winding terminals
2. 20%
and taking adequate safety precautions
Connecting the circuit and making observation
3. 20%
following systematic procedure.
4. Working in team 10%
Product Related (10 Marks) 40%
5. Calculating accurately the required results. 05%
6. Interpretation of result 10%
7. Conclusions 10%
8. Practical related questions 10%
9. Submitting the journal in time 05%
Total (25 Marks) 100%

Names of Student Team Members

1…………………………………………….
2…………………………………………….
3……………………………………………..
4……………………………………………..
5……………………………………………..

Marks Obtained
Dated signature
Product Related Total of Teacher
Process Related
(15) (10) (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 61

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 62

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)

Experiment No. 8 : Control the speed of the given three phase Induction
Motor using Pole Changing methods

I Practical Significance
A Speed of Induction motor can be controlled from stator side or Rotor side. From
stator side we can vary supply voltage, supply frequency or number of poles. For
changing number of poles, one of the method is to connect coils in series or in
parallel.

II Relevant Program Outcomes (POs)

III Competency and Skills

IV Relevant Course Outcomes

 Use the relevant three phase induction motor (IM) for different applications.

V Practical Learning Outcome

Control the speed of the given three phase Induction Motor using Pole Changing
methods.

VI Minimum Theoretical Background

Pole Changing is one of the simple method of the speed control of an induction motor
which is mainly used for cage motor only because the cage rotor automatically
develops a number of poles, which is equal to the poles of the stator winding. The
number of stator poles can be changed by the following three methods.
 Multiple Stator Windings
 Method of Consequent Poles
 Pole amplitude modulation (PAM).
In the method of consequent poles, a single stator winding is divided into few coil
groups. The terminals of all these groups are brought out. By simply changing the coil
connections, the number of poles can be changed.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 63

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)
In practice, the stator windings are divided only in two coil groups. The number of
poles can be changed in the ratio of 2:1. The stator coils are carrying current in the
given directions by connecting coil groups either in series or in parallel as shown in
the figure below.

VII Circuit diagram :

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 64

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)
VIII Resources required

Sr. Instrument
Specification Quantity Remarks
No. /Object
1. Induction motors 3Phase,2HP/ 3 HP, 415 V, 50 01
Hz, 1440 RPM squirrel cage
type
2. Voltmeter MI AC, 0-250/500V 01
Type:

3. Tachometer Digital 01

X Procedure
1) Connect the motor through pole changing switch as shown in circuit.
2) Switch ON 3 phase supply
3) Switch is thrown in SLOW position.
4) Measure speed of motor by tachometer
5) Throw Switch in HIGH position without allowing motor to come to rest
6) Measure speed of motor by tachometer

XI Resources used (with major specifications)

Sr. Name of Resource Broad Specifications Quantity Remarks

No. Make Details (If any)
1.

XII Actual procedure followed

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 65

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)
XIII Precautions followed
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XIV Observations and Calculations:

Switch Supply L1, L2& Measured Nearest No of Remark

position L3 Connected Rotor Synchronous poles
to speed Nr speed Ns rpm =
rpm 120 f/Ns
Coils are
U1, V1& W1
connected in
1SLOW keeping U2,
Series/Parallel
V2& W2 Open
to supply lines
2 star
connected
U2, V2& W2
Coils are
2HIGH withU1, V1&
connected in
W1 Shorted
Series/Parallel
to supply lines

XVI. Interpretation of results

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 66

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)
XVIII. Practical related Questions
Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teachers must design
more such questions so as to ensure the achievement of identified CO.
1) State the various methods of speed control of squirel cage Induction motor.
2) State the method of speed control for Slipring Induction motor.
3) State the drawback of pole changing method.
4) State the most commonly method used in industry for speed control of Induction
motor.
5) State the pole changing method used in this experiment and describe another two
methods for pole changing of Induction motor.

[Space for Answers]

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Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 68
Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)
XIX References / Suggestions for Further Reading
 https://circuitglobe.com/pole-changing-method.html

XX Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

Process related (15 Marks) 60%
1 Selection of meters and components 20 %
2 Handling of the meters and components 10 %
3 Reading meters accurately 10 %
4 connection of circuits 10 %
5 Follow safe practices 10 %
Product related (10 Marks) 40%
6 Calculation 10 %
7 Interpretation of result 05 %
8 Conclusions 05 %
9 Practical related questions 15 %
10 Submitting the journal in time 05%
Total (25 Marks) 100 %

Names of Student Team Members

1. …………………………
2. …………………………
3. …………………………
4. …………………………
5. …………………………

Dated signature
Marks Obtained
of Teacher
Process Related Product Related Total
(15) (10) (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 69

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)

Experiment No. 9: Identify different windings & components of

single phase capacitor start Induction Run motor.
Connect to start & reverse the direction of
rotation.
I Practical Significance
Stator of Single phase Induction motor consist of Main winding & starting winding
placed at 90o electrically apart to produce rotating magnetic field. For this capacitor is
connected in series with starting winding along with centrifugal switch.

II Relevant Program Outcomes (POs)

III Competency and Skills

This practical is expected to develop the following skills for the industry identified
Competency ‘Use relevant Induction, Synchronous and FHP Machines for
different electrical engineering applications.’
 Select various meters
 Measure electrical quantities & identify motor windings.
 Connect Circuits.
 Follow safe practices.

IV Relevant Course Outcomes

 Use the relevant single phase induction motors in different applications.

V Practical Learning Outcome

 Identify different windings & components of single phase capacitor start

Induction Run motor.
 Connect to start & reverse the direction of rotation

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 70

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)
VI Minimum Theoretical Background

In single phase induction motor main winding is designed for low resistance &
starting winding for high resistance. Phase difference in both winding is produced by
connecting capacitor in series with starting winding.
Direction of rotation of single phase induction motor depends upon the instantaneous
polarities of main winding flux & starting winding flux. So direction of rotation can
be changed by reversing the polarity of either main or starting winding as shown in
figure.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 71

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)
VII. Circuit diagram:

Diagram for forward direction of rotation

Diagram for reversing direction of rotation

(Students can draw the circuit diagram; write meter ranges & specifications of
equipments)

VIII. Resources required

Sr. Instrument /Object Specification Quantity Remarks

No.
1. Induction motors 1phase 1HP 230 V Cap 01
start induction run motor.
2. Multimeter Digital 01
3. Ammeters MI Type: AC/DC 0-5-10Amp 01
4. Voltmeter MI AC/DC,0-150/300V, 01
Type: 0-250/500V
5. Auto transformer 1 phase 230 V 5A 01
6. Tachometer contact / non-contact types 01
100 to 10000 RPM

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 72

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)

IX. Precautions to be followed

1. Make sure that main switch is in OFF position while making connection
2. Wires used for circuit connection have proper size & insulation cover.
3. All electrical connections should be neat and tight.

X. Procedure
1) Select the instruments and meter ranges as per the resources required table.
2) Disconnect the 1 phase capacitor start Induction run motor from supply if it is
connected.
3) Open terminal box & discharge capacitor.
4) Separate winding & capacitor terminals
5) Identify winding terminals by continuity test.
6) Measure resistance of each winding.
7) Note down resistance & identify type of winding.
8) Make the connections as per the circuit diagram shown in Fig.
9) Switch ON the supply & observe the direction of rotation
10) Switch OFF the supply & interchange connection of starting winding or main
winding.
11) Switch ON the supply & observe the direction of rotation
12) Switch OFF the supply & interchange supply terminals –phase & neutral
13) Switch ON the supply & observe the direction of rotation
14) Switch OFF the supply

XI. Resources used (with major specifications)

Sr. Name of Resource Broad Specifications Quantity Remarks

No. Make Details (If any)
1

XII. Actual procedure followed

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 73

XIV. Observations and Calculations:

 Measurement of winding Resistance.

Winding Resistance (OHM) Identification

 Reversing direction of rotation

Voltmeter Ammeter Direction of

Condition
V volt A amp rotation
Initial Forward /
Connection Reverse
Forward /
Reversing main / Reverse
starting winding
Reversing supply Forward /
lines Reverse

XVI. Interpretation of results

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 74

XVIII. Practical related Questions

Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teachers must design
more such questions so as to ensure the achievement of identified CO.
1. Differentiate between main winding & starting winding
2. Give classification of 1 phase induction motor.
3. State the type of capacitors used in 1 phase induction motor.
4. Give the applications of various types of 1 phase induction motor.
5. State the function of centrifugal switch.
6. ‘1 phase induction motor is not self-starting.’- Justify
7. State the advantages of capacitor start induction motor.
8. Compare resistance split phase & capacitor split phase induction motor.
9. ‘Main winding resistance is low & starting winding resistance is high. ‘Give reason

[Space for Answers]

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Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 75
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Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 76
Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)
XIX References / Suggestions for Further Reading

 https://woodgears.ca/motors/reversing.html
 https://woodgears.ca/motors/reversing.html
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qj8VF7nc8Zk

XX Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

Names of Student Team Members

1. ……………………....................
2. …………………………………
3. …………………………………
4. …………………………………
5. …………………………………

Dated signature of
Marks Obtained Teacher
Process Related Product Related Total
(15) (10) (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 77

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)

Practical No. 10: Conduct the direct load test to determine the
efficiency and speed regulation on single phase
induction motor and draw the performance curves.
I. Practical Significance
Single phase motor has got wide range of applications. It is essential to determine
efficiency and speed regulation for assessing its performance. The motor being
fractional kilowatt it is easy to conduct direct load test on it.

II. Relevant Program Outcomes (POS)

PO2: Discipline knowledge: Apply Electrical engineering knowledge to solve broad-

III. Competency and Practical skills

This practical is expected to develop the following skills for the industry identified
Competency: ‘Use relevant Induction, Synchronous and FHP Machines for
different electrical engineering applications.’
● Select relevant meters and rheostats with proper range.
● Understand the operation of different types of single phase induction motor.
● Load the motor upto full load and measure the speed at each load.
● Calculate the efficiency and regulation of the motor at each load.

IV. Relevant Course Outcome(s)

● Use the relevant single phase induction motor (IM) for different applications.

V. Practical Outcome :
Conduct the direct load test to determine the efficiency and speed regulation for
different loads on the given single phase induction motor; plot the efficiency curves
with respect to the output power.

VI. Minimum Theoretical Background

It is a single-phase motor having squirrel cage rotor, two stator windings (main and
starting) placed in a stators slot at 90° electrical degrees apart and connected across
the main supply. The capacitor and a centrifugal switch are connected in series with
starting windings. The starting winding has comparatively high resistance than main
winding. Using mechanical brake drum arrangement apply load gradually on the

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 78

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)
motor. Then the efficiency of the motor can be calculated from the input and output
power of the motor and speed can be calculated knowing the speed of the motor at
various loads.

Performance characteristics of single phase induction motor -

VII. Circuit diagram :

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 79

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)
VIII. Resources Required
Sr. Suggested Broad
Name of Resource Quantity
No. Specification
1. Single phase induction 2 HP, 230 V, 10.5 Amp, 1
motor 1425 Rpm

2. Mechanical brake drum Load facility upto 50 1

arrangement Kg

3. Ammeter MI type 0-10 Amp 1

Voltmeter MI type 0-300 V 1

5. Wattmeter 300 V, 10 Amp UPF 1

6. Tacho meter Non contact type digital 1

IX. Precautions to be followed

1. Do not switch on the supply without the connections checked thoroughly by the
competent staff.
2. Do not touch/make/alter any connection when the circuit is live.
3. The initial load on the motor should be kept zero when supply is switch on.

X. Procedure
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram with proper wires, meters, and
equipments as per the rating of single phase induction motor.
2. Switch on the AC supply.
3. Note down the readings of ammeter, voltmeter, wattmeter, readings on the dial of
brake drum and speed at no load.
4. Gradually increase the load upto full load and note down corresponding meter
readings.
5. Gradually decrease the load by releasing the load on the brake drum.
6. Switch off the supply.
7. Plot performance characteristics of single phase induction motor taking motor
output on X-Axis and other parameters like speed, stator current, power factor
and efficiency on Y-Axis.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 80

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)
XI. Resources used

Sr. Suggested Broad

Name of Resource Quantity
No. Specification

XIII. Precautions followed

XIV. Observation & Calculation (Use blank sheet if space is not sufficient)
Input Input Input Speed
Sr.
Voltage Current I Power N F1 Kgs F2 Kgs
No.
V Volts Amps W1Watts RPM

Radius of Pulley (brake drum)

Circumference = _____________m
r = [ Circumference ]=………. m
2π
Thickness of the belt t = ………………..m
Effective radius of pulley = re = r +( t /2) = ………….m

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 81

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)

%Speed
Re
Motor gulation = Input
Torque Output Motor % [(No Load Power
Sr.
T=9.81* re Power W2 Efficiency = Speed- Factor
No.
*(F1~F2) Nm =(2πNT)/60 (W2/W1)*100 Speed on Cos∅ =
Watts Load)/No W1/(V*I)
Load
Speed]*100

XV. Results :
The Efficiency of the motor at full load is = ……… %
Full load Speed Regulation = ………

XVI. Interpretation of results (Write the meaning of above obtained results)

XVII. Conclusion (Actions/decisions to be taken based on the interpretation of results)

XVIII. Practical related questions: (Use separate sheet for answer)

Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teachers must design
more such questions so as to ensure the achievement of identified CO.
1. Comment on the speed regulation of single phase induction motor.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 82

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)
2. State the type of motor used in this experiment and comment on its
performance characteristic curve
3. State the suitability of single phase induction motor for industrial applications.
4. State the applications of single phase shaded pole induction motor
5. Describe double field revolving theory.

[Space for Answers]

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 83

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 85

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)
XIX. References/Suggestions for further reading
 https://www.electrical4u.com/single-phase-induction-motor/
 http://www.roevertech.ac.in/department/eee/qb/machines%202%20lab%20manua
l.pdf
 http://www.srmuniv.ac.in/sites/default/files/2018/15EE210L-lab-manual.pdf

XX. Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage %
Process Related (15 Marks) 60%
1. Handling/Selection of the meters and
10%
equipments as per specification of the machine
2. Identification of machine, winding terminals
20%
and taking adequate safety precautions
3. Connecting the circuit and making observation
20%
following systematic procedure.
4. Working in team 10%
Product Related (10 Marks) 40%
5. Calculating accurately the required results. 05%
6. Interpretation of result 10%
7. Conclusions 10%
8. Practical related questions 10%
9. Submitting the journal in time 05%
Total (25 Marks) 100%

Names of Student Team Members

1. ......................................
2. ......................................
3. ......................................
4. ......................................
5. ......................................

Dated signature of
Marks Obtained
Teacher
Process Related Product Related Total
(15) (10) (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 86

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)

Practical No. 11: Perform the direct loading test on the given 3 phase
alternator and determine voltage regulation for
various p.f loads.
I. Practical Significance
Determination of voltage regulation of 3 phase alternator is one of the prime
requirements to understand the performance and efficient working of alternators
which are widely used in generating stations. Direct loading test gives accurate results
of regulation of alternator.

II. Relevant Program Outcomes (POs)

PO2: Discipline knowledge: Apply Electrical Engineering knowledge to solve broad
based Electrical Engineering related problems.
PO3: Experiments and practice: Plan to perform experiments and practices to use
the results to solve broad-based Electrical Engineering problems.
PSO: To test and maintain various electrical equipments and suggest remedial
measures.

III. Competency and Practical skills

This practical is expected to develop the following skills for the industry identified
Competency: ‘Use relevant Induction, Synchronous and FHP Machines for
different electrical engineering applications.’
● Select relevant meters and rheostats with proper range.
 Understand the operation of exciter, prime mover and alternator.
● Load the alternator with various power factor loads.
● Determine the regulation of alternator.

IV. Relevant Course Outcome(s)

● Use the relevant three phase alternator for different load conditions.

V. Practical Outcome :
Perform the direct loading test on the given three phase alternator and determine the
regulation.

VI. Minimum Theoretical Background

1. Voltage regulation of an alternator is defined as “the rise in voltage when full load
is removed (with field excitation and speed remaining the same) divided by the
rated terminal voltage”.
2. % voltage regulation ‘UP’ = Eo – V x 100
V
3. % regulation ‘Down’ = Eo – V x 100
Eo
Eo is no load induced emf of alternator
V is rated terminal voltage of alternator
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 87
Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)
VII. Practical Setup/ circuit diagram/ work situation

VIII. Resources Required

Sr. Suggested Broad
Name of Resource Quantity
No. Specification
1. Three phase alternator with 240 V, 7.2 Amp, 3 1
shunt exciter KVA, 1500 Rpm with
exciter voltage 220 V
2. D.C. Shunt motor 220 V, 19 Amp, 5 HP, 1
1500 Rpm
3. Exciter 220 V, 2.3 Amp, 0.5 1
KW, 1500 Rpm
4. Ammeter MI type 0-10 Amp 1
5. Ammeter PMMC type, 0-20 Amp 1
0-2 Amp 1
6. Voltmeter MI type 0-300 V 1
7. Voltmeter PMMC type 0-300 V 1
8. Rheostat 400 Ohm, 1.7 Amp 1
1000 Ohm, 1.2 Amp 2

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 88

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)
9. Starter for D.C. motor or any 3 point starter 1
prime mover
10. 3 phase balanced resistive 230 V 1
load
11. 3 phase balanced inductive 230 V 1
load
12. 3 phase balanced capacitive 230 V 1
load

IX. Precautions to be followed

1. Do not switch on the supply without the connections checked thoroughly by the
competent staff.
2. Ensure that the field rheostat in the D.C. motor side is kept at minimum resistance
position and the field rheostat in the shut exciter side at maximum resistance
position when the supply is switched on.
3. Do not touch/make/alter any connection when the circuit is live.
4. All the load connected to the alternator stator winding should be in off position
initially when the circuit is given supply.

X. Procedure
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram with proper wires, meters, and
equipments as per the rating of D.C. motor and alternator.
2. Ensure that all the load switches on alternator are in off position.
3. Set the rheostat on the alternator exciter winding at maximum resistance position.
4. Set the rheostat on the D.C. motor field winding at minimum resistance position.
5. Switch ON the supply of D.C. motor and move the starter to zero resistance
position smoothly and gradually.
6. Adjust the speed of prime mover to the synchronous speed of alternator using
field rheostat of D.C.motor.
7. Close the switch so that rotor winding of alternator is connected to D.C. shunt
exciter.
8. Decrease the resistance of the field rheostat of shunt exciter so that current will
start to flow in the field winding of alternator. Adjust the field current so that
alternator will build up voltage upto rated terminal voltage.
9. Start to switch on the load of the alternator in steps so that the load current
increases upto rated load current keeping the speed of the set constant for each
loading and note down load current and terminal voltage readings at each load
conditions in the observation table.
10. Switch “OFF” complete load keeping the speed and field current constant. Note
down alternator terminal voltage at no load.
11. Repeat the steps 3-10 for inductive load and capacitive load.
12. Switch off supply and remove connections.
13. Plot the graph between terminal voltage V and load current IL for resistive,
inductive and capacitive load on same graph paper.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 89

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)
The nature of graph will be as shown in figure.

XI. Resources used

Sr. Suggested Broad

Name of Resource Quantity
No. Specification
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 90

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)
XIII. Precautions followed
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................

XIV. Observation & Calculation (use blank sheet if space is not sufficient)
Synchronous speed of alternator = _____________ rpm (constant)
Field current of alternator = _______________ Amp (constant)
Rated terminal voltage of alternator = ________Volts

1. For Resistive load

Sr. Load Current (IL) Terminal Voltage (V) Regulation
No. Amperes Volts %

2. For Inductive load :

Sr. Load Current (IL) Terminal Voltage (V) Regulation
No. Amperes Volts %

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 91

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)
3. For capacitive load

Sr. Load Current (IL) Terminal Voltage (V) Regulation

No. Amperes Volts %

Calculations (Sample calculation)

1. For Resistive load (unity PF)

% voltage regulation ‘UP’ = Eo – V x 100 =______ %
V
%Voltage regulation ‘Down’ = Eo – V x 100 =______ %
Eo

2. For inductive load (lagging Pf) = _______________ x 100

=_______________ %

3. For capacitive load (Leading PF) = _______________x 100

= ___________%

XV. Results:
The voltage regulation of alternator at full load is found to be.
For Resistive load = ____________%
For Inductive load = _____________%
For Capacitive load = ____________%

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 92

XVII. Conclusion (Actions/decisions to be taken based on the interpretation of results)

XVIII. Practical related questions : (Use separate sheet for answer)

Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teachers must design
more such questions so as to ensure the achievement of identified CO.
1. Define voltage regulation.
2. List out the different voltage drops in an alternator.
3. Define the term “armature reaction” in case of an alternator.
4. Describe the effect of armature reaction at unity lagging and leading PF.
5. Draw phasor diagram of a loaded alternator for Resistive, Inductive & capacitive
load.
6. ‘Alternators are designed with high regulation compared with transformer’.-
Justify

[Space for Answers]

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 93

XX. Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage %
Process Related (15 Marks) 60%
1. Handling/Selection of the meters and equipments as
10%
per specification of the machine
2. Identification of machine, winding terminals and
20%
taking adequate safety precautions
3. Connecting the circuit and making observation
20%
following systematic procedure.
4. Working in team 10%
Product Related (10 Marks) 40%
5. Calculating accurately the required results. 05%
6. Interpretation of result 10%
7. Conclusions 10%
8. Practical related questions 10%
9. Submitting the journal in time 05%
Total (25 Marks) 100%
Names of Student Team Members

1. .............................................................
2. .............................................................
3. .............................................................
4. .............................................................
5. .............................................................
Dated signature
Marks Obtained
of Teacher
Process Related Product Related Total
(15) (10) (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 95

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 96

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)

Practical No. 12: Determination of regulation of 3 phase alternator from

OC and SC test (Synchronous impedance method)
I. Practical Significance
Predetermination of voltage regulation of 3 phase alternator is one of the prime
requirements to understand the performance and efficient working of alternators
which are widely used in generating stations. Predetermination of regulation by
synchronous impedance method gives higher value of regulation than obtained from
actual loading.

II. Relevant Program Outcomes (Pos)

PO2: Discipline knowledge: Apply Electrical Engineering knowledge to solve broad
based Electrical Engineering related problems.

PO3: Experiments and practice: Plan to perform experiments and practices to use
the results to solve broad-based Electrical Engineering problems.

PSO: To test and maintain various electrical equipments and suggest remedial
measures.

III. Competency and Practical skills

This practical is expected to develop the following skills for the industry identified
Competency: ‘Use relevant Induction, Synchronous and FHP Machines for
different electrical engineering applications.’
● Select relevant meters and rheostats with proper range.
● Understand the operation of exciter, prime mover and alternator.
● Learn to conduct OC and SC test on alternator.
● Measure the resistance of the winding
● Calculate the regulation of alternator by calculating synchronous impedance,
reactance from OC and SC characteristics.

IV. Relevant Course Outcome(s)

● Use the relevant three phase alternator for different load conditions.

V. Practical Outcome :
Determine the regulation of the given three phase alternator from OC and SC tests
(Synchronous impedance method)

VI. Minimum Theoretical Background

Synchronous impedance is predetermination method of calculating regulation of an
alternator which gives higher value of regulation than obtained from actual loading.
This method is indirect method of finding out regulation. In this method O.C. and SC.
Characteristics are plotted by conducting the o.c and s.c test and synchronous

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 97

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)
impedance is calculated from it. Measure the value of stator resistance Ra by
voltmeter ammeter method. Then Xs can be calculated using the values of Zs and Ra.
Then induced emf of alternator E0 can be calculated for any load current and at any
power factor using the values of Xs and Ra. The percentage regulation of alternator can
be obtained knowing the value of E0 and rated terminal voltage V. All the above
values should be per phase values.

VII. Circuit diagram

Circuit diagram 3 Measurement of stator winding resistance

VIII. Resources Required

Sr. Name of Resource Suggested Broad Quantity
No. Specification
Three phase alternator with 240 V, 7.2 Amp, 3 1
1.
shunt exciter KVA, 1500 Rpm with
exciter voltage 220 V

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 98

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)

2. D.C. Shunt motor 220 V, 19 Amp, 5 HP, 1

1500 Rpm
3. Exciter 220 V, 2.3 Amp, 0.5 1
KW, 1500 Rpm
4. Ammeter MI type 0-10 Amp 1

5. Ammeter PMMC type, 0-20 Amp 1

0-2 Amp 1
0-10 Amp 1
6. Voltmeter MI type 0-300 V 1

7. Voltmeter PMMC type 0-300 V 1

0-75 V 1
8. Rheostat 400 Ohm, 1.7 Amp 1
1000 Ohm, 1.2 Amp 2
Starter for D.C. motor or any 3 point starter 1
9.
prime mover

IX. Precautions to be followed

X. Procedure:

(A) Open circuit test

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram (1) with proper wires,
meters, and equipments as per the rating of D.C. motor and alternator.
2. Set the rheostat on the alternator exciter winding at maximum resistance
position.
3. Set the rheostat on the D.C. motor field winding at minimum resistance
position.
4. Switch ON the supply of D.C. motor and move the starter to zero resistance
position smoothly and gradually.
5. Adjust the speed of prime mover to the synchronous speed of alternator using
field rheostat of D.C.motor.
6. Close the switch so that rotor winding of alternator is connected to D.C. shunt
exciter.
7. Decrease the resistance of the field rheostat of shunt exciter so that current
will start to flow in the field winding of alternator.
8. Increased the field current of alternator in steps.
9. Adjust the field current so that alternator will build up voltage upto rated
terminal voltage and even 10% more than the rated voltage.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 99

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)
10. Take the corresponding meter readings of field current of alternator and
induced emf of alternator.
11. Switch off supply and remove connections.

(B) Short Circuit Test

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram (2) with proper cables
(wires), meters, equipment as per the rating of D.C. motor and alternator.
2. Ensure that all the load switches on alternator are in off position.
3. Set the rheostat on the alternator exciter winding at maximum resistance
position.
4. Set the rheostat on the D.C. motor field winding at minimum resistance
position.
5. Switch ON the supply of D.C. motor and move the starter to zero resistance
position smoothly and gradually.
6. Adjust the speed of prime mover to the synchronous speed of alternator using
field rheostat of D.C.motor.
7. Close the switch so that rotor winding of alternator is connected to D.C. shunt
exciter.
8. Decrease the resistance of the field rheostat of shunt exciter so that current
will start to flow in the field winding of alternator.
9. Increased the field current of alternator
10. Adjust the field current so that full load current as given in the rating flows in
the short circuited stator winding of alternator.
11. Take the corresponding meter readings of field current of alternator and short
circuit winding current of alternator.
12. Switch off supply and remove connections.

(C) Measurement of alternator stator winding resistance

1. Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram (3)

2. Switch on the D.C.supply
3. By varying the loading rheostat note down the ammeter reading and volt meter
reading.
4. The current can be increased till the rated current of alternator.

XI. Resources used

Sr. Suggested Broad

Name of Resource Quantity
No. Specification
1.
2.
3.
4.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 100

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)

5.
6.

XIII. Precautions followed

XIV. Observation & Calculation (use blank sheet if space is not sufficient)
Synchronous speed of alternator = _____________ rpm (constant)
1. For open Circuit Test
Sr. Field current (If ) Induced voltage (V1 )
No. Amperes Volts

2. For Short circuit test

Armature short circuit current
Sr. Field current (If )
(I1)
No.
Amperes Amperes

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 101

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)
3. Measurement of Alternator Stator Winding Resistance
Sr. No. Voltage Current Ra = V/I Ra (avg)

Calculation:
● Synchronous impedance Zs is calculated from OC and SC characteristics at a
given field current by the formula
Zs (per phase)= open circuit voltage per phase (from OCC)
Short circuit current per phase (from SCC)
● Alternator stator winding resistance Ra = 1.2 x Ra (dc)
= __________ ohms per phase

● Synchronous reactance X s (per phase) = √ Zs² - Ra ² =_______________

Where Ra is the resistance of the stator winding per phase

Xs (per phase) = _______ ohms per phase

● Full load current Ia of alternator is calculated from the KVA and KV rating
of alternator.
Ia (Rated) = Rated KVA x 1000 = __________ amp (Line)
√ 3 x VL (Rated)

Ia (Rated) (phase) = Ia (Rated) (Line) = (for delta connected stator winding)

√3
=________________
● Then % regulation is calculated as given below :

1. At Unity power factor

Eo= √ (V + Ia Ra )2 + ( IaXs )2 = ________________

Where E0 is no load induced EMF per phase of alternator and V is the rated
voltage of alternator per phase.
E0 = Volts per phase
● Then voltage regulation can be calculated using the following formulae :
% voltage regulation ‘UP’ = Eo – V x 100
V
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 102
Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)

● % regulation ‘Down’ = Eo – V x 100

2. At 0.8 lagging power factor

E0 = √ (V cos Ø + Ia Ra )2 + ( V sin Ø Ia+ IaXs)2

E0 = Volts per phase

● Then voltage regulation can be calculated using the following formulae : %

voltage regulation ‘UP’ = Eo – V x 100
V

● % regulation ‘Down’ = Eo – V x 100

3. At 0.8 leading power factor

E0 = √ (V cos Ø + Ia Ra )2 + ( V sin Ø - IaXs)2

E0 = Volts per phase

● Then voltage regulation can be calculated using the following formulae :

% voltage regulation ‘UP’ = Eo – V x 100
V

● % regulation ‘Down’ = Eo – V x 100

XV. Results :
The voltage regulation of alternator at full load is found to be.
At Unity power factor load = ____________%
At 0.8 lagging power factor load = _____________%
At 0.8 leading power factor load = ____________%

XVI. Interpretation of results (Write the meaning of above obtained results)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 103

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)
XVII. Conclusion (Actions/decisions to be taken based on the interpretation of results)
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................

XVIII. Practical related questions : (Use separate sheet for answer)

Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teachers must design
more such questions so as to ensure the achievement of identified CO.
1. “Open circuit characteristics of Synchronous motor are nonlinear”. Justify.
2. “Synchronous impedance method is called as pessimistic method”. Justify.
3. “Regulation is negative in case of leading power factor”. Justify.
4. “Alternator stator winding resistance Ra = 1.2 Ra (dc)”. Justify.
5. State and explain the accurate method of determining voltage regulation in
case of synchronous alternator.
[Space for Answers]
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Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 104

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)
XIX. References/Suggestions for further reading
a) www.nptel.iitm.ac.in
b) www.vlab.com
c) www.khanacademy.com

XX. Assessment Scheme

Names of Student Team Members

1…………………………
2…………………………
3…………………………
4. …………………………

Marks Obtained
Dated signature
Product Related Total of Teacher
Process Related
(15) (10) (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 105

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 106

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)

Experiment No. 13: Start 3 phase synchronous motor and run it in

forward and reverse directions.
I. Practical Significance
Synchronous motor is not inherently self starting motor. It is widely used for power
factor improvement in industries as synchronous condenser. It is having the unique
feature of running only at synchronous speed or not at all. It is important to learn its
methods of starting and reversal of direction of rotation.

II. Relevant Program Outcomes (Pos)

● PO2: Discipline knowledge: Apply Electrical Engineering knowledge to solve
broad based Electrical Engineering related problems.
● PO3: Experiments and practice: Plan to perform experiments and practices to
use the results to solve broad-based Electrical Engineering problems.
● PSO: To test and maintain various electrical equipments and suggest remedial
measures.

III. Competency and Practical skills

IV. Relevant Course Outcome(s)

● Use suitable synchronous motors in different applications.

VII. Practical Outcome:

Start 3 phase synchronous motor & run synchronous motor in forward & reverse
direction.

VIII. Minimum Theoretical Background

Synchronous motor is not inherently self-starting. It has to be run upto synchronous or
near synchronous speed by some means before it can be synchronized to supply. In
this experiment we are using most common method of starting synchronous motor
where the motor is provided with damper windings which helps to start the motor as
an induction motor. The field winding is kept open and reduced voltage supply is
given to stator. This induces a voltage in damper bars and the motor starts running as
an induction motor. The supply voltage now is made normal. As the synchronous
motor speed is near synchronous speed, the field is excited which pulls the motor into
synchronism.
In synchronous motor, the rotor follows rotating magnetic field. If the direction of
rotation is to be reversed, the direction of rotation of magnetic field should be
reversed. This is done by changing the phase sequence of voltage applied to stator
winding.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 107

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)

IX. Circuit diagram

X. Resources Required
Sr. Name of Resource Suggested Broad Quantity
No. Specification
1. Three phase synchronous 5 KVA, 16.5 Amps, 1
motor with damper winding 1500 Rpm, 230 Volts,
Delta connected
2. Three phase autotransformer 0-415 volts 1

3. Ammeter MI type 0-10 Amp 1

4. Voltmeter MI type 0-300 volts 1

5. Tachometer 0-3000 Rpm, Digital 1

type
Rheostat 60 Ohms, 5 Amps 1
6.
Double pole double throw 1
7.
switch

XI. Precautions to be followed

1. Do not switch on the supply without the connections checked thoroughly by the
competent staff.
2. Do not touch/make/alter any connection when the circuit is live.
3. Ensure that the output of 3 phase transformer is kept at zero output position
initially.
4. Ensure that the field discharge resistance is connected in the field circuit at
starting.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 108

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)

X. Procedure:
1. Starting of three-phase synchronous motor.
1. Select suitable equipments and meter ranges as per rating of synchronous
motor.
2. Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram.
3. Keep the position of knife switch (k) to field circuit in position (1)
4. Keep the variac to zero output.
5. Switch ‘ON’ ICTP.
6. Increase the output of variac gradually. The motor starts running and gain
speed. Observe variation in stator current.
7. Increase voltage applied to stator in steps (keeping current in safe limit).
Note down current and voltage. Note down the corresponding speed.
8. Apply rated voltage to the motor by adjusting variac. Note down the current
Note down the speed.
9. When the motor speed is close to synchronous speed change the position of
knife switch (k) to position (2), (which connects field winding to DC
supply). The motor runs at synchronous speed. Note down current and voltage
Note down the speed.
10. Observe the direction of rotation of synchronous motor. Note down the
direction of rotation in observation table (2)
11. Switch ‘OFF’ DC supply to motor field. Set variac output to zero position and
switch ‘OFF’ ICTP.

2. Reversal of direction of rotation

1. Interchange any two motor stator terminals (other connection remains same)
2. Repeat steps (3) to (9) as given in starting of synchronous motor.
3. Observe the direction of rotation of synchronous motor.
Note down the direction of rotation of motor in observation table (2)
4. Repeat step (11) as given in starting of synchronous motor.

XI. Resources used

Sr. Suggested Broad

Name of Resource Quantity
No. Specification
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 109

XIV. Observation & Calculation (use blank sheet if space is not sufficient)
1. For starting of synchronous motor
Synchronous speed (Ns) = (120f/p) = (120 x 50/ ) = ________r.p.m.
Sr. Stator applied A.C. line current Switch (K) Speed of motor
No. voltage (Volts) (Amp) Position (r.p.m.)
1 1

2 1

3 1

4 1

5 2 (Syn. Speed)

6 2 (Syn. Speed)

2. For reversal of rotation

Phase sequence of stator applied Direction of rotation from shaft side
voltage (Clockwise/anticlockwise)
R–Y–B
R–B–Y

XV. Results :
● Starting and running up of three-phase synchronous motor having dampere
winding is studied. The motor runs at synchronous speed __________r.p.m.
(constantly) or not at all.
● The direction of motor rotation can be reversed by interchanging __________
__________________________________________________________________
● Student should comment about the instant of switching “ON” DC field
excitation.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 110

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)
XVI. Interpretation of results (Write the meaning of above obtained result)
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................

XVII. Conclusion (Action/decisions to be taken based on the interpretation of results)

XVIII. Practical related questions: (Use separate sheet for answer)

Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teachers must design
more such questions so as to ensure the achievement of identified CO.
1. A synchronous motor 10 H.P., 440 V, 50 Hz star connected is having 6 poles on
its stator. Determine its speed.
2. A synchronous motor runs at 1000 rpm at 50 Hz. Calculate its number of poles.
3. What is damper winding?
4. If synchronous motor is not provided with damper winding, how to start it?
5. Synchronous motor either runs at synchronous speed or otherwise not at all, why?
[Space for Answers]
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Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 111

XX. Assessment Scheme

Names of Student Team Members

1……………………….
2………………………….
3………………………….
4………………………….
5………………………….

Marks Obtained
Dated signature of
Process Related Product Related Total Teacher
(15) (10) (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 113

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)

Practical No. 14: Conduct the test on load or no load to plot the ‘V’ curves
and inverted ‘V’ curves of 3-phase synchronous motor

I. Practical Significance
The effect of excitation on armature current and power factor of 3 phase synchronous
motor shall be studied by obtaining ‘V’ curves and inverted ‘V’ curves. Since
synchronous motor acts as a synchronous condenser while operating with leading
power factor it is important to study about these curves.

II. Relevant Program Outcomes (Pos)

PO2: Discipline knowledge: Apply Electrical engineering knowledge to solve broad-

PSO1: Electrical Equipment: Maintain various types of rotating and static electrical
equipment.

III. Competency and Practical skills

This practical is expected to develop the following skills for the industry identified
Competency: ‘Use relevant Induction, Synchronous and FHP Machines for
different electrical engineering applications.’
● Understand the specification of synchronous motor.
● Select relevant meters and rheostats with proper range.
● Start the synchronous motor.
● Vary the field current of motor for observing its effect on armature current
and power factor.

IV. Relevant Course Outcome(s)

 Use suitable synchronous motor in different applications.

V. Practical Outcome :
Conduct the test on load or no load to plot the ‘V’ curves and inverted ‘V’ curves of
3- synchronous motor.

VI. Minimum Theoretical Background

The magnitude of armature current varies with excitation. The current has large value
both for low and high values of excitation (though it is lagging for low excitation and
leading for higher excitation). In between, it has minimum value corresponding to a

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 114

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)
certain excitation. The variations of armature current with excitation are known as ‘V’
curves because of their shape.
For the same input, armature current varies over a wide range and so causes the power
factor also to vary accordingly. When over-excited, motor runs with leading p.f. and
with lagging p.f. when under-excited. In between, the p.f. is unity. The variations of
p.f. with excitation are known as inverted ‘V’ curve. It would be noted that minimum
armature current corresponds to unity power factor.
An over-excited motor can be run with leading power factor. This property of the
motor renders it extremely useful for phase advancing and so power factor correction
purposes in the case of industrial loads driven by induction motors.

VII. Circuit Diagram

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 115

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)
VIII. Resources Required

Sr. Suggested Broad

Name of Resource Quantity
No. Specification
1. 3 phase synchronous motor 6.5 kilo watts, 230 v, 15 1
Amp, 1500 Rpm
2. D.C. Shunt Generator 230 V, 5 kilo watts, 10 1
Amp, 1500 Rpm
3. Exciter 230 V, 1.2 kilo watts, 2 1
Amp, 1500 Rpm
Power Factor meter 1
4.
5. 3 phase Variac 230 V, 20 Amp 1

6. Voltmeter MI type 0-300 V 1

7. Voltmeter PMMC type 0-300 V 1

8. Rheostat 400 Ohm, 1.7 Amp 1

9. Ammeter Mi type 0-20 Amp 1

PMMC type 0-5 Amp 1
PMMC type -15 Amp 1

IX. Precautions to be followed

1. Do not switch on the supply without the connections checked thoroughly by the
competent staff.
2. The output of 3 phase inductor should be kept at minimum output position when
the supply is switched on.
3. The field rheostat at the generator side should be kept at maximum resistance
position when the supply is switched on.
4. Do not touch/make/alter any connection when the circuit is live.

X. Procedure
1. Select suitable equipments and meters as per the rating of synchronous motor,
exciter and DC generator.
2. Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram.
3. Start the 3 phase synchronous motor by gradually applying the voltage using
variac and increase the voltage in steps to the stator. When the motor is close to
synchronous speed give DC supply to the field winding which makes the motor to
run at synchronous speed.
4. Adjust the field current of synchronous motor to suitable value and applying
suitable load on the coupled DC generator.
5. Vary field current by adjusting the synchronous motor field rheostat and note
down the corresponding armature current and power factor readings.
6. Vary the field current to cover a range from a low leading to low lagging through
unity power factor.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 116

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)
7. Plot graph of armature current versus field current, the shape of which is like ‘V’
curve.
8. Plot graph of power factor versus field current, the shape of which is like
‘Inverted V’ curve.

XI. Resources Used

Sr. Suggested Broad

Name of Resource Quantity
No. Specification
1.

XII. Actual Procedure followed (use blank sheet if space is not sufficient)

XIII. Precautions followed

XIV. Observation & Calculation (use blank sheet if space is not sufficient)
Speed of synchronous motor = ________Rpm (rated speed)
DC generator output: Load voltage = __________volts
Load current = _______Amp
Observation table for effect of variation in field current on armature current and
power factor.

Sr. Field current (If ) Power factor (cosØ) Armature current (Ia)
No. (Amp) (Amp)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 117

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)

XV. Results
Armature AC line current and power factor of 3 phase induction motor is found to
vary with the variation in _____________.
For constant motor output synchronous motor armature Ac line current is ________
(maximum/minimum) when power factor is unity.

XVI. Interpretation of Results (Write the meaning of above obtained results

XVII. Conclusion (Actions/Decisions to be taken based on the interpretation of results)

XVIII. Practical related questions : (Use separate sheet for answer)

Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teachers must design
more such questions so as to ensure the achievement of identified CO.
1. Plot the nature of curve between stator current and field current for increasing
power output .
2. Describe the under-excited state of three-phase synchronous motor.
3. Describe the over-excited state of three-phase synchronous motor.
4. State the special applications of an over-excited synchronous motor.
5. Define “ Synchronous condenser”.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 118

XX. Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage %

Process Related (15 Marks) 60%
1. Handling/Selection of the meters and
10%
equipments as per specification of the machine
2. Identification of machine, winding terminals
20%
and taking adequate safety precautions
3. Connecting the circuit and making observation
20%
following systematic procedure.
4. Working in team 10%
Product Related (10 Marks) 40%
5. Calculating accurately the required results. 05%
6. Interpretation of result 10%
7. Conclusions 10%
8. Practical related questions 10%
9. Submitting the journal in time 05%
Total (25 Marks) 100%

Names of Student Team Members

1. ……………………………
2. ……………………………
3. ……………………………
4. ……………………………
5. ……………………………

Marks Obtained
Dated signature of
Process Related Product Related Total Teacher
(15) (10) (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 120

Industrial A.C. Machines (22523)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 121

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