SUMMER TRAINING REPORT

CENTRAL FARM MACHINERY TRAINING &

TESTING INSTITUTE, BUDNI (M.P)
Under the guidance of

Er. C.K TIJARE

(TRAINING HEAD)

CFMTTI, BUDNI (M.P)

SIR CHHOTU RAM INSTITUTE OF ENGG. & TECH.

CH. CHARAN SINGH UNIVERSITY CAMPUS,

MEERUT
TRAINING DURATION: 02/08/2021 TO 28/08/2021
NAME SIGNATURE
• KARTIKEY MAURYA (100180325) .....................
• VINEETA PANT (100180352) .....................
• ASHISH PAL (100180315) .....................
• ANKITA SINGH (100180311) .....................
•
BRANCH: AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

SESSION: 2018–2022 SUBMISSION DATE:

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express my gratitude for the people who were part of our
project report, directly or indirectly people who gave unending support right from
the stage the idea was conceived.

An engineer with only theoretical knowledge is not a complete engineer. Practical

knowledge is very important to develop and apply engineering skills. It gives us a
great pleasure to have an opportunity to acknowledge and to express gratitude
those who were associated with us during my training at CFMTTI, BUDNI.

We take this opportunity to express our sincere gratitude to the people who have
been helpful in the successful completion of our Industrial training and this project.
We would like to show our greatest appreciation to Er. C.K Tijare (Trainig
Head). We would like to thanks to all those people who directly or indirectly
helped and guided us to complete our training and this project including the
following instructor, technical staff and supervisor of various section.
 INFRASTRUCTURE

Fig. CFMTTI, BUDNI

➢ Training System:- The training system has demonstration -

cum – training laboratories for tractors, engine, irrigation pump,

hydraulics, auto electrical.

 There is a repair shop for on the job training. The

Institute has a large collection of tractors, stationary

engines, pumps, harvesting & threshing machines. A museum

of tractors & farm machinery is also maintained by the

Institute.

Fig. Training centre, CFMTTI Budni

➢ Testing System: - The test system of the Institute has two

test laboratories equipped with modern sophisticated

instrumentation for conducting tests on tractors and other farm

machines. It has a computerized tractors PTO and engine test

set up under controlled environment condition. There is a

computerized drawbar test load vehicle, apart from another

hydraulic load test.

➢ Instrumentation Cell: - The instrumentation cell provides

necessary assistance related to instrumentation needs of the

testing process.

➢ Farm: - The institute has 476 acres of farm attached to it.

Out of this cultivated area is 176 acres, where paddy, wheat

are cultivated. The Institute maintains this farm as an essential

part of its human resources development and testing activities.

Field practices in mechanized farming techniques are imparted

here. Also it is used for testing purposes. Various field trials of

farm machines are conducted at the farm.

➢ Library: - The institute maintains a well equipped library to

cater the need of nascent information required by engineers,

technologists, trainees, and other of the institute fraternity.

➢ Auditorium: - The institute has an auditorium with a capacity

of 200 seats for conducting technical seminars, meetings.

➢ Work shop: - A moderate work shop equipped with maximum

facilities is provided for the testing and training needs.

 INDEX

Project 1: - Power generating system

➢ Introduction of engine
➢ Classification of engine

Specification of kirloskar engine

➢ Assembly and working

➢ Types of system
Firing interval data

Project 2: - Transmission system

➢ Introduction to transmission system

➢ Types of clutch and its working
➢ Gearbox
➢ Steering and brake system

Project 3: - Hydraulic system

➢ Introduction
➢ Principle of hydraulics
➢ Hydraulic pump and its types
➢ Specification of hydraulic system in Eicher tractor
➢ Oil flow in Eicher tractor at different position

Project 4: - Auto Electrical system

 ➢ Tractor Electrical System
➢ Component of Auto Electrical System
➢ Battery Components
➢ Ignition System of Tractor

Project 5: - Tractor maintenance

➢ Introduction
➢ Objectives and function
➢ Important instruction
➢ Learning outcome
➢ Conclusion

Project 6: - Testing

Project 7: - Tillage operation and its implements

➢ TRACTOR
➢ FARM EQIPMENT
1. Primary Tillage
2. Secondary Tillage
3. Levelling
4. Seeding and Fertilizer application

➢ OTHER MACHINES
➢ TILLAGE OPERATION ON FIELD
➢ SOME MEMORIES
 POWER GENERATING SYSTEM

Introduction to engine: - As we all are aware about the term engine,

it is a machine which converts heat energy into mechanical energy. Heat

is generated by the combustion of a fuel, such as coal, petrol, heavy oil

or some gas .This heat is supplied to a working substance at high

temperature. By the expansion of this substance in suitable machines,

heat energy is converted into useful work.

In 1705 the first steam engine was introduced. Rudolf Diesel was the

first man who invented diesel engine in 1893, which was beneficial to

human.

Classification of engine: - Engine is classified in various forms and

some of this form are-

1. According to fuel - petrol, diesel, kerosene

2. According to cycle - Otto cycle, diesel cycle, dual cycle

3. According to stroke - Two stroke, four stroke

4. According to ignition - Spark ignition, compression ignition

5. According to cylinders - single cylinder, multi cylinder

6. According to shape - In line, V-type, horizontally opposed cylinders

7. According to cooling - Air cooled, Water cooled

Technical specification of Kirloskar engine

1. HP 1500 rpm

2. No. of cylinder 1

3. Diameter of bore 80 mm

4. Length of strokes 110 mm

5. Compression ratio 16.5:1

6. Fuel High speed diesel

7. Swept volume 553 cc

8. Capacity of oil sump 2.85 liter

9. Capacity of fuel tank 4.87 liter

10. Capacity of cooling system

By tank 545 liter

By radiator 5.1 liter

11. Fuel pump Bosh type HPFIA, 70BS.185

12. Fuel injection timing Before 27 degree TDC

13. Injection pressure 211 kg/cm^2 or 3000PSI

14. Tappet clearance

Inlet valve 0.20 mm

Exhaust valve 0.25 mm

15. Bumping clearance 0.90-1.5 mm

16. Crankshaft end play 0.12-0.30 mm

17. Connecting side clearance 0.10-0.25 mm

18. Crankpin and main bearing 0.06-0.10,0.12 mm(max)

oil clearance

19. Minimum end clearance of 0.20-0.25 mm

piston ring

20. Maximum end clearance of 0.88 mm

piston ring
21. Side clearance of piston

ring

Top ring 0.05-0.01 mm

Compression ring 0.04-0.065 mm

Oil ring 0.025-0.05 mm

22. Oil clearance of small end 0.02-0.05 mm

bearing

23. Oil clearance of crankshaft 0.10-0.25 mm

24. Maximum ovality of 0.075 mm

crankshaft

25. Maximum friction of liner 0.125 mm

26. Liner ovality 0.05 mm

27. Diameter of crank main 57 mm

general

28. General diameter of 54 mm

crankpin

29. Distance between cylinder 0.80-2.5 mm

head and valve face

30. Valve sheet angle 45 degree(inlet exhaust)

31. Consumption of lubrication oil 2.75 gm/hp/hr

32. Consumption of fuel 199 gm/hp/hr

33. Margin of valve face 0.75 mm

34. Nut bolt tight measurements Torque

Connecting rod bolt 40 pound foot
Balance weight
62 pound foot
Nut of cylinder block in
62 pound foot
crankcase
14 pound foot
Nut of injector

Nut of fuel pump

14 pound foot

Cylinder head nut 94 pound foot

Engine Assembly

1. Tappet cover and fins are attached to inner side of tappet cover

which is used for lubrication purpose

2. Rocker box assembly

3. Dry type air cleaner is used

4. Fuel tank

5. Push rod-it take drive from cam shaft and deliver it to rocker

arm

1. Injector - It is also known as Atomizer whose pressure is

211 kg/cm^2, high pressure pipe line is also attached to it

which is use to deliver diesel from FIP to injector.

2. Cylinder head - Its function is to seal the cylinder with a
flat gasket of copper or asbestos and it is mounted above the

cylinder block upper inspection plate.

3. Cylinder block - It is the main support for all the basic

engine part. It is made of cast iron and engine cylinder is

present inside it, in this assembly 4 hole on the upper side is

present are called water jackets, it allow the water to flow

through them to keep engine cool.

4. Cylinder liner - This is an integral part of the cylinder, it

fits inside the cylinder block. Liner must have high durability,

low cost, hardness, resistance due to corrosion and wear and

maximum heat dissipation with minimum time and wear. It is

made of nickel cast iron and close grained cast iron.

a. Timing gear cover

b. FIP mounted plate

c. Lower inspection plate

5. Camshaft - It is use to open and close the valve on camshaft

3 lobes are mounted, 1st and 3rd is for inlet and outlet valve and

middle is for FIP pump. Inside the camshaft governor is also

present which control the speed of engine.

Rod assembly Piston and connecting: -

Piston head, combustion chamber, ring groove, heat dam, ring groove,

ring land, sank.

Shell bearing and flywheel.

Types of Engine system

1. Fuel supply system: - In this fuel supply system, fuel is fill in

tank and allow to flow by operating the fuel knob. Strainer inside

fuel tank is used to collect impurities. The fuel than flow inside

low pressure pipe line and enters the fuel feed pump and

pressurized there. From there it enters the primary filter and

secondary filter which is 5-8 micron thin and 5-3 micron thin

respectively. The fuel than enters the injector (211 kg/cm^2)

through high pressure pipe line and some fuel goes to sump from

overflow pipe.
2. Lubrication system: - In this splash system the oil is splashed
on to different working parts of the engine by means of a dipper.

The dipper is fitted to the big end bearing caps. When it dips into

oil at every

revolution,

the oil gets

splashed. The

main bearing,

camshaft

timing gear,

piston,

cylinder liner

etc. are

lubricated by this.

3. Water cooling system: - In this system water flow the lower

position of the radiator to the water jacket of the engine

through the centrifugal pump. After the circulation water comes

back to the radiator, it loses its heat by the process of radiation.

The main purpose of water cool system is it takes away the

excessive heat generated in the engine;

 Thermostat valve: – it is a kind of check valve which opens and
closes with the effect of temperature. It is fitted in the water

outlet of the engine. Standard thermostats are designed to start

opening at 70-75 degree and fully open at 82 degree. Fan is

generally mounted on water pump and throws fresh air over the

outer surface of the engine, which takes away the heat conducted

by the engine parts.

Firing interval and Power flow diagram

The interval between successive power strokes in different cylinders is

called firing interval

For four stroke engine: FI = 720/no. of cylinders

For two stroke engine: FI = 360/no. of cylinders

Power flow diagram of six cylinder engine;

Firing order: - the sequence in which the power stroke cylinder

occurs in firing order. The firing order for six cylinders will be 1-5-3-

6-2-4. In other words, after every 120 degree there will be a power

stroke.
 TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

Introduction: - The power generated is to be transmitting to a rear

wheel is called transmission or power train. The function of

transmission is to exchange engine power for greater torque, to

exchange forward and reverse motion, to connect and disconnect the

power and power train by means of neutral position.

A.) Clutch

The clutch works on the principle of friction in which when one

stationary surface is brought into contact with a rotating surface, the

stationary surface start rotating. The clutch is a mechanical device

which is used to engage or disengage the source of power from the

remaining parts of the power transmission system. The characteristics

of clutch are:-

➢ It require less space

➢ High coefficient of friction

➢ Easy to operate

➢ Less vibration
Types of clutch system: - Though the clutch system can be a
mechanical or hydraulic system, all indigenous wheeled tractors are

fitted with a mechanical clutch system. The mechanical is further

divided into wet and dry system. In dry there are two main types of

system single plate and dual plate.

1. Single plate clutch system: - In this clutch plate system

pedal is pressed. It is connected to mechanical linkage which than

push the fork toward release bearing. It is than attached to

release finger which allow the eyebolt to move backward which

bring the

pressure

plate away

from the

clutch plate

against

pressure

spring and hence the clutch shaft is disengage

2. Dual plate clutch system: - In this PTO can be disconnected

without stopping the tractor. In between two clutch plates an

intermediate plate is provided. This system works same as single

plate clutch but there is slight difference in transmission. If half

 paddle is pressed only transmission will stop but PTO will be in

operating condition. When paddle is fully pressed PTO will also

stop. PTO is a power outlet of the tractor.

B.) Gearbox

➢ Sliding mesh gear box: - most of the tractor is fitted with a

sliding mesh gear box. The housing is made of cast iron. It is rigid in

construction.

➢ Contact mesh gear box: - The constant mesh transmission has

parallel shaft one over

the other with gears in

constant mesh. The gears

on the main shaft are

mounted on bushing and

are free to rotate along

 with the counter shaft gear without affecting the main shaft when

in neutral. power is transmitted from counter shaft to lay shaft ,

when first

Gear is applied (i.e. push the lever backward) it is connected to bush

and main shaft start rotating. If main shaft is connected to clutch

shaft it means top gear is applied (push the lever forward).

➢ Synchro mesh gear: -The synchro mesh transmission is basically

a constant mesh transmission system with an extra device called

synchronizer to equalize the speed of mating gears. This system is

very common on automobiles but rarely used in tractor.

C.) Differential system

It transmits the power at 90 degree at straight condition it provides

equal power to both the wheels and at turning condition it provides

maximum power

to the outer

wheel.
➢ Types of differential system:-
1. Bevel type

2. Hi poid type

3. Worm type

D.) Final drive

It is a gear reduction unit in a power train provide between

differential unit and rear wheel.

Types of final drive:-

1. Big crown straight axle.

2. Bull and pinion type.

 HYDRAULIC SYSTEM

Hydraulic system is a system use to hold, lift and lower the

position of implement. This system is based on Pascal’s law. In my

training period I have learnt about the hydraulic system and oil flow of

Eicher tractor in various conditions.

Fig. hydraulic system in tractor

a.) Oil flow of Eicher tractor at neutral position: -

1. Oil is transfer to pump through strainer.

2. Pump than allow the oil to flow through oil spool at port 1.

3. It is than transfer to pump safety valve from gallery, but the

pressure of pump safety valve is more than working pressure so it

didn’t allow safety valve to

open.

4. It than enter the

differential valve.

5. Due to high pressure of oil

differential valve open and

allow the oil to pass through

it and enters the reservoir.

6. This is the neutral position

where the oil comes back to

reservoir.

b.) Oil flow of Eicher tractor at lifting position: -

1. Oil is transfer to tank from pump through strainer.

2. Oil is than passes to port no.1 of spool valve and enters to

backside of differential valve, due to which spring than forced

the valve to remain fixing at its position.

 3. In this condition, oil at differential valve stop’s and enters the

check valve.

4. The seat of check valve designed in such a way that checks valve

open due to oil pressure.

5. Oil than flow toward mode selector through check valve.

6. When mode selector valve open’s oil than enter cylinder safety

valve, the working pressure is more than cylinder safety valve

pressure

therefore it

remain close.

7. Thus oil than

flow toward ram

cylinder.

8. Ram cylinder’s

oil pushes the

piston which

than lift the

linkage attached to hydraulic arm with the help of lever.

9. This position is lifting position.

c.) Oil flow of Eicher tractor at lowering position:-

1. Oil is transfer to tank from pump through strainer.

 2. Oil is than transfer to port no.1 of spool valve and at that time

port no.2 is closed, due to which oil flows toward differential

valve.

3. To take oil of ram cylinder we need to generate the pressure at

spool valve.

4. Ram cylinder pushes the oil back toward check valve; oil passes

through mode selector and applies pressure on check valve.

5. Check valve is one way valve it only allows the oil to enter but

there is no exit port for oil, due to which oil than put pressure on

port no.3 of spool valve.

6. Spool valve’s port no. 3 open and oil enter the reservoir .this is

the lifting position.

d.) Holding position: - In this, oil flow continuously from tank, the
oil flow at differential valve is close but oil that flow through pump.

Ram cylinder oil remain there only because port no.3 of spool valve is

closed, due to which cannot go back to reservoir. This is the holding

position of implement.

Draft control setting

Start the tractor; put the draft lever at down position. Push the

draft toward backside between 3-4 marks so that position lever should
be lifted. If a lever lifted before or after 3-4 mark than adjust it at

3-4 position. Open the check nut of feedback rod and lock the lift

after being lifted.

 AUTO ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

All the systems used on auto electric are single wire system in
which negative of battery is connected to body of Tractor and positive
is controlled by switches.
1] 6 volt system
2] 12 volt system
3] 24 volt system

1. Components of Auto Electrical System:-

a. Battery
b. Self starter
c. Dynamo
d. Alternator
e. Cutout
f. Light
g. Battery Cable

2. Battery Components:-
a. Container
b. Plates
c. Separator Plate
d. Cell connector
e. Electrolyte

3. IGNITION SYSTEM OF TRACTOR:-

The ignition system supplies high voltage of current to

the spark plug. These surges produce the electric spark at the
spark plug gap that ignite or set fire to the compressed air fuel
mixture in the combustion chamber. The sparking must take place
at the correct time at the end of compression stroke in every
cycle of operation. At high speed or during part through
operation, the spark is advanced so that it occurs somewhat
earlier in the cycle the mixture thus has sufficient time to burn
and deliver its power. Following are the components of ignition
system:

1. Battery
2. Ignition coil
a. Ignition switch
b. Distributor
c. Condensor
3. Dynamo/Alternator
4. Self-Starter
 TRACTOR MAINTENANCE

Maintenance is the regular and periodic care of machine helping

us to work well, safe and longer trouble free life. Maintenance is not

the repairing of machine but it is a process of protecting a machine so

it doesn’t break out too quickly.

Objective: - The main objective of tractor maintenance

1. To reduce failure.

2. To save an operating cost.

3. To prevent accident.

4. To improve working condition by minimizing the wear and tear.

5. To increase production by maintaining the quality of the product.

Important instruction:-

A.) Fuel system

1. Keep the fuel clean.

2. Change the fuel filter.

3. Prevent leaks which waste fuel.

B.) Air intake and exhaust system

 1. Clean the air cleaner and change the oil.

2. Replace the muffler when it burns so that it does not produce.

C.) cooling system

1. Check and adjust the fan belt tension.

2. Keep the radiator screen clean.

3. Daily clean and check up the radiator with clean coolant.

D.) lubrication system

1. Keep the right amount of oil.

2. Change the oil and oil filter.

E.) clutch system

1. Check and adjust clutch pedal free play

2. Pedal should be operating when needed.

F.) hydraulic system

1. Change filter regularly

2. Keep the right amount of oil grade in system

3. The tipping trailer should not interchange

G.) brake
 1. Check and adjust the brake pedal free play

2. In case of hydraulic brake keep the right amount of brake oil

in container

H.) Tyres

1. Check the tire pressure everyday

2. Maintain the tire pressure less in field than for ROAD

 TESTING

Lab testing

A.) Power testing

1. PTO performance test

2. Beltpully test

3. Draw bar test

4. Hydraulic power and lifting

B.) Safety test

1. Centre of gravity test

2. Brake test

3. Turning ability test

C.) Environmental test

1. Mechanical vibration test

2. Noise test
 3. Visibility test

4. Smoke level test

D.) miscellaneous test

1. Air cleaner oil pull over test

2. component/assembly/inspection

3. Field test
 TILLAGE OPERATION AND ITS IMPLEMENTS

TRACTOR:

1] New Holland 7500

2] John Deer 5310

3] Ford 3600

4] TAFE

6] Massey Ferguson 1035

7] Farmtrac

8] Mahindra B-275

9] HMT 3511

10] Deutz-Fahr Agrolux 90

FARM EQIPMENT:

a.) Primary tillage:

1] Mould board plough (eight bottoms)

2] Reversible mould board plough

3] Disc plough

4] Subsoiler
b.) Secondary tillage:

1] Disc harrow

2] Power harrow

3] Triangular harrow

4] Spring loaded cultivator

5] Cambridge roller

c.) Levelling:

1] Laser leveler

2] Tracer blade leveler

d.) Seeding and Fertilizer application:

1] Seed drill

2] Seed cum Fertilizer drill

3] Happy seeder

4] Rice transplanter

5] Vegetable transplanter

6] Sugarcane cutter planter

7] Raised bed planter

8] Strip till seed cum fertilizer drill

9] Zero till seed cum fertilizer drill

10] Auger type sugarcane planter

 11] Pneumatic planter

12] Automobile potato planter

OTHER MACHINRIES:

1] Combined harvester

2] Reaper cum binder

3] Bulldozer (JCB)

4] Straw reaper

5] Potato digger elevator

6] Stubble shaver
 7] Rice transplanter

PLANT PROTECTION EQUIPMENT:

1] Nap sack sprayer

2] Aero blast sprayer

3] Paddy weeder

4] Japanese hoe
Tillage and sowing machinery and field operation with
tillage machine

Tillage:

It is a mechanical manipulation of soil to provide favorable

condition for the crop production.

Objective of tillage:

1. Provide a deep seed bed of good structure.

2. To incorporate crop residues and manure into the soil in order to
add more humus and fertility to the soil.
3. To destroy and control weeds by burying the whole plant and
cutting the deeper roots.
4. To leave the soil in a condition so as to have excellent aeration.
5. To facilitate soil conditions suitable for introducing the seed into
firm contact of soil with a minimum of further cultivation.
6. To bury surface soil which has lost its structure under traffic and
so expose a new and un-damaged surface.

Classification and types of tillage:

1. Primary tillage:

It constitutes the initial major soil working operation. The

operation performed to open up any cultivable land with a view to
prepare seed bed for growing crops is called as primary tillage.
The implements used for primary tillage is called primary tillage
implements for e.g. mould board plough, disc plough , subsoil plough
, chisel plough and other similar implements.
2. Secondary tillage:

Tillage operations following primary tillage which are

performed to create proper soil tilth for seeding and planting are
called Secondary tillage. The implements used for secondary
tillage is called Secondary tillage implements, for e.g. Harrow,
Cultivator, Levelers, Clod Crushers and similar implements.

A.) Types of plough/Primary tillage implement:

1. Indigenous plough
2. Mould board plough
3. Disc plough
4. Chisel plough
5. Subsoiler
6. Rotary plough

MOULD BOARD PLOUGH

The mould board plough is a primary tillage implement. Mainly the

mould board plough cuts, loose the furrow slice inverts the furrow
slice, with more or less pulverization

CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES

Since hydraulically mounted ploughs have replaced all other type

of trailed and semi mounted ploughs, we will discuss the same in the
following pages. There are usually two to five 12", 14" or 16" bottoms.
The size, the type of bottom is influenced by soil type and power
available. The main parts of the mould board plough are,

a) Plough bottom
 b) Plough accessories
The Plough accessories include:

i) Adjusting coulters, jointers

ii) Plough frame and beam,
iii) Gauges wheels
iv) Lifting mechanism
v) Plough hitch
vi) Leveling and depth adjusted mechanism
vii) Furrow opener (Bar point share)

DISC PLOUGH:

It is a plough which cuts, turns and in some cases

breaks furrow slices by means of separately mounted large
steel disc. A disc plough is designed with a view to reduce
friction by making a rolling plough bottom instead of sliding
plough bottom. A disc plough works well in the condition
where mould board plough does not work.

Types of disc plough:

1. Standard disc plough

2. Vertical disc plough

Componant of Disc Plough

It consists of steel disc of 60 to 90 cm diameter, set at

a certain angle to the direction of travel. Each disc
revolves on a stub axle in a thrust bearing, carried at the
lower end of a strong stand which is bolted to the plough
beam. The angle of the disc to the vertical and to the
furrow wall is adjustable. In action, the disc cuts the soil,
breaks it and pushes it sideways. There is little inversion
of soil as well as little burying of weeds and trashes. The
disc plough may be mounted or trailed type. The edge of
disc is well sharpened to cut the soil. The amount of
concavity varies with the diameter of the disc. The
approximate values being 8 cm for 60 cm diameter disc and
16 cm for 95 cm diameter disc. A few important terms
connected with disc are:
1. Disc: It is a circular, concave revolving steel
plate used for cutting and inverting the soil.
2. Disc angle: It is the angle at which the plane of
the cutting edge of the disc is inclined to the
direction of travel. It generally varies from 42°
to 47°.
3. Tilt angle: It is the angle at which the plane of
the cutting edge of the disc is inclined to the
vertical line. It generally varies from 15° to 25°.
4. Scraper: it is a device remove soil that tends to
stick to the working surface of the disc.
5. Concavity: it is the depth measured at the centre
of the disc by placing its concave side on a flat
surface.

B.) Secondary tillage implements:

Harrowing:
It is secondary tillage operation which pulverizes,
smoothens and packs the soil in seed bed preparation
or control weeds. There are several types of harrows:
a. Disc harrow
b. Spring tooth harrow
 c. Spike tooth harrow
d. Blade harrow
e. Guntaka
f. Triangular harrow
g. Bodela
h. Zig-zag harrow
i. Bindha
j. Other harrow

Disc Harrow:

Disc harrows are adapted to wide variety of uses and do an

effective job of covering and cutting. Some of the functions are:

1. To cut up vegetable matter before ploughing.

2. To pulverize the soil for better tilth and reception of
seed.
3. Cultivation of crops
4. Summer fallowing.
5. To cover the seeds when sown by broadcast method.

Rotavator:

Rotavator is mainly used for:

• Preparing the land suitable for sowing (without overturning of the

soil)
• For eradicating weeds
• Mixing manure or fertilizer into soil
• To breakup and renovate pasture for crushing clods
• Rotary Tiller is ideal for smooth & speedy preparation for root
crops, fodder crops, orchards & cash crops.
• Enhances the soil fertility by mixing the residue of crops like
 cotton, sugarcane, wheat and paddy.
• Efficient & economical for puddling, Suitable for dry and wet soil
condition because of sealed rotor bearings.
• Results in time & fuel saving. Lesser wear & tear of the tractor as
the soil preparation is accomplished in one or two passes.
• Conserves soil moisture & helps water management as tilling can
be done immediately after harvesting the previous crop.
• Tillage depth varies according to moisture

Advantages:

• Rapid seed bed preparation

• Reduce draft compared to the convectional tillage implement
• Less power loss
• Soil compaction reduce
• Tractor weight reduce

Principle of operation

• Applies direct tractor engine power to the soil through the PTO
without the slippage of excessive tractor weight
• Good tillage management and proper operation, They can provide a
valuable tillage alterative to plough and harrowing
• Two or three pairs of blades are used on each flange which in
turn are clamped to the rotor shaft and may be shifted or
removed for varying tillage pattern
• As rotor shaft revolved each blade cut a slice from untilled soil
• The cross sectional area of slice depend upon the depth of tillage
and the amount of the forward tillage per cut
Component of Rotary tiller

1. Propeller shaft
2. Slip clutch
3. Gear box
4. Side drive
5. Blade

Blade:
1. L – shaped blade
2. C- shaped blade
3. Long shanked blade
4. Speed blade
5. Straight knife blade

Fig.rotavator
Some Memories

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