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Taylor Series: National Teachers' College Kabale

1. Taylor's series provides a way to approximate functions using polynomials. It expresses a function f(x) as a sum of terms calculated from the function's derivatives evaluated at a specific point a. 2. The general form of Taylor's series for f(x) about a is: f(x) = f(a) + f'(a)(x-a) + f''(a)(x-a)2/2! + f'''(a)(x-a)3/3! + ... 3. To obtain a Taylor series, one takes successive derivatives of the function f(x) and evaluates them at the point a to determine the coefficients of the polynomial terms (

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55 views

Taylor Series: National Teachers' College Kabale

1. Taylor's series provides a way to approximate functions using polynomials. It expresses a function f(x) as a sum of terms calculated from the function's derivatives evaluated at a specific point a. 2. The general form of Taylor's series for f(x) about a is: f(x) = f(a) + f'(a)(x-a) + f''(a)(x-a)2/2! + f'''(a)(x-a)3/3! + ... 3. To obtain a Taylor series, one takes successive derivatives of the function f(x) and evaluates them at the point a to determine the coefficients of the polynomial terms (

Uploaded by

Herbert
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Taylor Series

By
MUJUNGU HERBERT

National Teachers’
College Kabale
Taylor Series

Competences
1. Derives and state the Taylor polynomial
2. Obtain Taylor’s series for different functions about specified
values.
3. Approximate some values of the functions
Taylor’s Series

Introduction
Let us assume a general polynomial for any function;
∞
X
f(x) = cn (x − a)n or
n=0
f(x) = co + c1 (x − a) + c2 (x − a)2 + c3 (x − a)3 + c4 (x − a)4 + ... (1)
Taking the general formula,
f(x) = co + c1 (x − a) + c2 (x − a)2 + c3 (x − a)3 + c4 (x − a)4 + ... (2)

deriving recursively,

f 0 (x) = c1 + 2c2 (x − a) + 3c3 (x − a)2 + 4c4 (x − a)3 + ... (3)


00 2
f (x) = 2c2 + 3 · 2 · c3 (x − a) + 4 · 3 · c4 (x − a) + ... (4)
000
f (x) = 3 · 2 · c3 + 4 · 3 · 2 · c4 (x − a) + ... (5)
(4)
f (x) = +4 · 3 · 2 · c4 + ... (6)

Substituting x = a in Eqns 9, 3, 4, 5 and 6, we get


f 00 (a) f 000 (a) f (4) (a)
co = f(a), c1 = f 0 (a), c2 = , c3 = and c4 =
2 3·2 4·3·2
Taylors series
Substituting the coefficients back in Eqn 1, we get;

f 00 (a) f 000 (a)


f(x) = f(a) + f 0 (a)(x − a) + (x − a)2 + (x − a)3 +
2 3·2
f (4) (a)
(x − a)4 + ... (7)
4·3·2

or if you let x = a + h

f 00 (a) 2 f 000 (a) 3


f(x) = f(a + h) = f(a) + f 0 (a)h + h + h +
2 3·2
f (4) (a) 4
h + ... (8)
4·3·2
Example 1
Use Taylor’s theorem to expand sin( π6 + h) in ascending powers of
h.
Example 1
Use Taylor’s theorem to expand sin( π6 + h) in ascending powers of
h.
Solution
Example 1
Use Taylor’s theorem to expand sin( π6 + h) in ascending powers of
h.
Solution

π
Let f(x) = sin(x) = sin( + h) ⇒ f ( π6 ) = sin( π6 ) = 1
2
6 √
f 0 (x ) = cos(x ) ⇒ f 0 ( π6 ) = cos( π6 ) = 2
3

f 00 (x) = − sin(x) ⇒ f 00 ( π6 ) = − sin( π6 ) = − 21


√
f 000 (x ) = − cos(x ) ⇒ f 000 ( π6 ) = − cos( π6 ) = − 2
3

f (4) (x ) = sin(x ) ⇒ f (4) ( π6 ) = sin( π6 ) = 1


2
√ √
π 1 3 1 2 3 3 1
sin( + h) = + h− h − h + h4 + ...
6 2 2 4 12 48
Example 2

Use Taylor’s theorem to express tan( π4 + h) as a series in ascending


powers of h as far as h3 .
Example 2

Use Taylor’s theorem to express tan( π4 + h) as a series in ascending


powers of h as far as h3 .
Solution
Example 2

Use Taylor’s theorem to express tan( π4 + h) as a series in ascending


powers of h as far as h3 .
Solution

π
Let f(x) = tan(x) = tan( + h) ⇒ f ( π4 ) = tan( π4 ) = 1
4
f 0 (x ) = 1 + tan2 (x ) ⇒ f 0 ( π4 ) = 1 + tan2 ( π4 ) = 2
f 00 (x) = 2 tan x + 2 tan3 (x) ⇒ f 00 ( π4 ) = 4
f 000 (x ) = 2 sec2 (x ) + 6 sec2 (x )tan2 (x ) ⇒ f 000 ( π4 ) = 16

π 8
tan( + h) = 1 + 2h + 2h2 + h3
4 3
Example 3
Use Taylor’s theorem to find the first four terms in the expansion
of cos(x) in ascending powers of ()x − α), where α = arctan( 43 ).
Example 3
Use Taylor’s theorem to find the first four terms in the expansion
of cos(x) in ascending powers of ()x − α), where α = arctan( 43 ).

Solution
If α = arctan( 34 ), then cos(α) = 3/5 & sin(α) = 4/5
Example 3
Use Taylor’s theorem to find the first four terms in the expansion
of cos(x) in ascending powers of ()x − α), where α = arctan( 43 ).

Solution
If α = arctan( 34 ), then cos(α) = 3/5 & sin(α) = 4/5

Also Let f(x) = cos(x) ⇒ f (α) = cos(α) = 3/5


f 0 (x ) = − sin(x ) ⇒ f 0 (α) = − 45
f 00 (x) = − cos x ⇒ f 00 (α) = − 35
f 000 (x ) = sin x ⇒ f 000 (α) = 4
5
f (4) (x ) = cos x ⇒ f (4) (α) = 53

3 4 3 12
cos(x) = − (x − α) − (x − α)2 + (x − α)3
5 5 10 15
Example 4

Using the first 3 terms of the expansion in Example √ 1, obtain a


value for sin 31o to five significant figures, taking 3 as 1.7321
and 1o as 0.01745 radians.
Example 4

Using the first 3 terms of the expansion in Example √ 1, obtain a


value for sin 31o to five significant figures, taking 3 as 1.7321
and 1o as 0.01745 radians.
Solution
√ √
Recall sin( π6 + h) = 1
2 + 3
2 h − 14 h2 − 3 3
12 h + 1 4
48 h + ...

So we let h = 1o = 0.01745 radians


Example 4

Using the first 3 terms of the expansion in Example √ 1, obtain a


value for sin 31o to five significant figures, taking 3 as 1.7321
and 1o as 0.01745 radians.
Solution
√ √
Recall sin( π6 + h) = 1
2 + 3
2 h − 14 h2 − 3 3
12 h + 1 4
48 h + ...

So we let h = 1o = 0.01745 radians

1 1.7321 1 1.7321
sin(31o ) = + ∗ 0.01745 − ∗ 0.017452 − ∗ 0.017453
2 2 4 12
Finally, sin(31o ) = 0.51503
Trial Questions
1. Apply Taylor’s theorem to expand ln(x) in ascending powers
of (x − e) as far as the term in (x − e)4 ,
2. Apply Taylor’s theorem to expand cosec(x) in ascending
powers of (x − π2 ) as far as the term in (x − π2 )4
3. Find the Taylor series for f(x) = ex about x = 0.
4. (a) Use Taylor’s theorem to expand cos( π3 + h) in ascending
powers √of h upto the h3 term.
(b) Taking 3 as 1.7321 and 5.5 as 0.09599 radians, find the
value of cos 54.5o to three decimal places.
5. State Taylor’s theorem for the exapnsion of f(a + h) in
ascending powers of h. Prove that the first four terms in the
1 1 1 1
Taylor expansion of arctan(1 + h) are π + h − h2 + h3
4 2 4 12
Follow the link joinmyquiz.com and use the game code 8089255
to play the game please. If you are not registered with the Google
Calculus class (class code qmpktps), you wont access this work.
Summary
1. General Polynomial

f(x) = co + c1 (x − a) + c2 (x − a)2 + c3 (x − a)3 + c4 (x − a)4 + ... (

2. Taylor’s Series

f 00 (a) f 000 (a)


f(x) = f(a) + f 0 (a)(x − a) + (x − a)2 + (x − a)3 +
2 3·2
f (4) (a)
(x − a)4 + ...(10)
4·3·2
3. Steps for obtaining Taylor’s series.
(a) Obtain successive derivaties of the the function.
(b) Then determine the values of the derivatives at a given point.
(c) Finally use these values to write the Taylor’s series of the
desired function.
Thank You for Your Attention
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