Foreword

In order to improve learning outcomes the Department of Basic Education conducted research
to determine the specific areas that learners struggle with in Grade 12 examinations. The research
included a trend analysis by subject experts of learner performance over a period of five years
as well as learner examination scripts in order to diagnose deficiencies or misconceptions in
particular content areas. In addition, expert teachers were interviewed to determine the best
practicesto ensure mastery of thetopic by learners and improve outcomes in terms of quality and
quantity.

The results of the research formed the foundation and guiding principles for the development of
the booklets. In each identified subject, key content areas were identified for the development of
material that will significantly improve learner's conceptual understanding whilst leading to improved
performance in the subject.

The booklets are developed as part of a series of booklets, with each bookletfocussing onlyon
one specific challenging topic. The selected content is explained in detail and include relevant
concepts from Grades 10 - 12 to ensure conceptual understanding.

The main purpose of these booklets is to assist learners to master the content starting from a
basic conceptual level of understanding to the more advanced level. The content in each booklets
is presented in an easy to understand manner including the use of mind maps, summaries and
exercises to support understanding and conceptual progression. These booklets should ideally
be used as part of a focussed revision or enrichment program by learners after the topics have
been taught in class. The booklets encourage learners to take ownership of their own learning
and focus on developing and mastery critical content and skills such as reading and higher order
thinking skills.

Teachers are also encouraged to infuse the content into existing lesson preparation to ensure in-
depth curriculum coverage of a particular topic. Due to the nature of the booklets covering only
one topic, teachers are encouraged to ensure learners access to the booklets in either print or
digital form if a particular topic is taught.
 Contents
1. How to use this Study Guide 4
2. Study and Examination Tips 5
2.1 Subject specific 6
3.2 Topic specific 6
4. The Atomic Theory 6
4.1The Mole Concept 7
4.2 Excess and Limiting Reagents: Concrete Models 8
4.3 Worked Examples from Grade 10 9
More activities and solutions 17
Section A 26
Section B 27
Section C 29
[22] Question 4 30
Section D 32
Question 4 33
Question 5 34
Question 5 36
Question 6 38
Question 5 40
Question 6 40
1. How to use this Study Guide

This book serves as a guide to understanding the material prescribed for the Grade 12 Physical
Sciences subject. However, it does not replace your textbook. The authors have used their
experience and focused their attention on the areas that learners seem to struggle with a lot.
The book focuses more on the areas that are seen as a challenge, given learners’ responses in
the Grades 12 National examinations over the past few years.

This guide aims to help explain the usual concepts in your regular textbook. It also offers more
exercises and examples that serve as building blocks to your own understanding of what is
expected of you in this subject. The book draws on the basic knowledge obtained the in lower
grades and demonstrates how this knowledge fits in with the new material in Grade 12, starting
from atomic theory. Figure 1 shows how studying chemistry is related to atomic theory. The
atomic theory is a framework for the whole chemistry curriculum. It is therefore important to
remember this theory, as well as the properties of the parts of an atom and the role they play in
all chemistry.

The chemistry in your textbook is presented in chapters and sections, but remember to integrate
these chapters when you answer questions, because everything is interrelated. Science as
an expression of nature draws from nature; therefore, DO NOT THINK OF CONCEPTS IN
ISOLATION TO THE REST OF THE CHEMISTRY. Use information learnt in other sections to
solve the problem at hand.

All the questions in this booklet have solutions. Some questions have been sourced from past
papers, while the rest were sourced elsewhere. Study each question carefully and make sure
you understand the steps taken to solve the question. Then try the rest of the questions without
looking at the solutions. After completing an exercise, check your solutions in the answer
section. Move on to the rest of the questions and try to understand why you were wrong if you
got the answer wrong. The solutions to all exercises are provided in the last section of this
booklet.

Do not hesitate to ask your teacher if you struggle with any of the exercises.

2. Study and Examination Tips

Pay attention to your health. Here are some tips:

 at wholesome food like grains, fruits and vegetables, and drink enough water.
1. E
 ngage in light exercise like walking.
2. E
 et enough sleep and rest.
3. G
 evelop a study timetable and try to be adhere to the time allocated to studying.
4. D

2.1 Subject specific

As you prepare to write the examination, it is important to carefully understand the rules that
govern certain aspects of your work, i.e.: definitions, rules, laws and concepts. Understand
these definitions/ rules/ laws/ concepts very well. Understand what they mean, where they apply
and when they apply - and also when and where they do not apply. Also, always:
 tart with the questions that you know you are able to answer.
1. S
 ead the question that you are working on carefully.
2. R
 nderstand what the question says and what is required of you.
3. U
 rite down the information that you have.
4. W
 rite down the information that you do not have.
5. W

1
  se existing information to derive what you need to solve the question.
6. U
 ll questions have hints that point to the answer.
7. A
 heck your work by going through these steps again.
8. C

2.2 Topic specific

Stoichiometry underlies all calculations in chemistry. Understanding stoichiometry will help you
do calculations in any area of chemistry.

This topic begins with a short introduction on the mole concept. This is an important aspect of
stoichiometry, since all calculations require knowledge of the molar mass, the mass and the
number of moles. The activities in this booklet all have solutions. You are required to look how
the first few solutions have been answered, and then do the rest first, without looking at the
solutions, and only confirm the steps and the answers after trying them first. The exercises
cover all the different topics, to demonstrate that stoichiometry will be used across an array of
topics.

4. The Atomic Theory

The theory states that all matter is made up of tiny indivisible particles, called atoms. According
to modern interpretations of the theory, the atoms of each element are effectively identical
(except for isotopes), but differ from those of other elements, and combine to form compounds
in fixed proportions.

The atomic theory underlies everything in science. The atomic theory was developed through
the participation and cooperation of many scientists and a variety of experiments. While no-
one has ever seen an atom, the experiments carried out over the years on the material world
made scientists come to certain conclusions that led them to agree that everything in the world
- including living and non-living matter - is made up of very small particles, called atoms. Atoms
themselves are made up of sub-particles called: electrons, protons and neutrons. (Read the
history of this development). In explaining the nature of the atom, the following is accepted as
the nature of the atom:

The atom has a nucleus, made up of neutrons and protons. The electrons are negatively
charged and circle the atom at a high speed. This motion never stops. According to a calculation
done by some scientists, the speed is about 2,200 kilometres per second: so an electron can
circle the Earth in just over 18 seconds!

Different substances are made up of different atoms.

Atoms differ in terms of the following: Proton
Neutron
1. Number of protons in each atom.
Electron
2. Number of electrons in each atom.
3. Number of neutrons in each atom.
4. Number of energy levels on which electrons orbit in each atom.
All these differences give atoms different physical and chemical
properties, and different intrinsic and extrinsic properties. The second section of Chemistry is
concerned with products that are formed from the reaction of one set of atoms with another set
of atoms. It is this formation of new products that is the subject of stoichiometry – specifically,
knowing how much of these tiny particles are needed in order for a reaction to occur. Since
atoms are extremely small, a way of measuring them was devised, i.e. the mole concept.

2
4.1 The Mole Concept

 he amount of a substance that contains 6,02 x 1023 particles. This number is

Mole: T
also called Avogadro’s number.

One MOLE has 6.022x 1023 items. So, there are 6.022 x 1023 items in a mole.

Quick Activity
1. How many atoms of potassium make up one Mole? ___________
2. How many atoms of potassium make up 2 Moles? ___________
3. How many formula units of salt make up 10 Moles? ___________
4. How many molecules of water make up 1 Mole? ___________
5. How many molecules of water make up 5 Moles? ___________
6. How many moles are 6.022 x 1023 atoms of sodium? ___________
7. How many moles are 12.04 x 1023 atoms of carbon? ___________
8. How many moles are 18.06 x 1023 atoms of sodium? ___________
9. How many moles are 60.22 x 1023 atoms of sodium? ___________
10. How many moles are 6.022 x 1023 molecules of water? ___________
11. How many moles are 12.04 x 1023 molecules of water? ___________
12. How many moles are 30.10 x 1023 molecules of water? ___________

All chemistry calculations require an understanding of the mole concept. When we carry out
calculations on reactions in chemistry, we always use the moles that react - NEVER the mass
that reacts. If you are given the mass, you must always work out the number of moles contained
in the mass.

In a chemical reaction, the reactants with a higher number of moles than is necessary will have
some unreacted molecules(s) at the end of a reaction, the unreacted reactant(s) is/are called
excess reactant(s). The reactant that is used up while there is still an excess is called a limiting
reactant(s)

Calculate the mole of a given mass as follows:

4.2 Excess and Limiting Reagents: Concrete Models

If you have 6 car bodies and 48 tyres, how many cars with tyres can you produce?

See how many tyres you are able to use in this example. The remaining tyres are
in excess. The cars are said to be limiting.

3
Which of the two reactants is in excess and which is the limiting reagent in the following
diagrams?

Which of the two molecules, H2, N2, is a limiting reagent?

4.3 Worked Examples from Grade 10

Reminder:

At STP: 1 mole of any gas occupies 22,4 dm3 at 0 °C (273 K) and 1 atmosphere.
1. Find the number of moles of ions in:
(a) 2 moles of Fe2(SO4) 3
From the formula, we know that 1 mole of Fe2(SO4) 3 contains 2 moles of Fe3+ ions and 3
moles of SO42- ions.
No. of moles of Fe3+ ions = 2x2=4
No. of moles of SO4 ions =
2-
3x2=6
Total no. of moles of ions = 4 + 6 = 10
(b) 0.2 moles of Al(NO3) 3
No. of moles of Al3+ ions = 0.2
No. of moles of NO3- ions = 0.2 x 3 = 0.6
Total no. of moles of ions = 0.2 + 0.6 = 0.8
2. Given 1.6g of methane (CH4), find:
(a) The number of moles of CH4
Molar mass of CH4 = 12 + 1 x 4 = 16 gmol-1
Number of moles of CH4 = mass of CH4 /molar mass of CH4
= 1.6/16 = 0.10
 he number of molecules of CH4
(b) T
Number of molecules of CH4 = no. of moles x Avogadro Number
= 0.10 x 6.02 x 1023
= 6.02 x 1022

4
  he number of H atoms.
(c) T
One CH4 molecule contain 4 H atoms.
number of H atoms = 6.02 x 1023 x 4
= 2.41 x 1023

3. Find the mass of:

(a) 1 H2O molecule (b) 1 Cu atom
18 / 6.02 x 1023 63.5 / 6.02 x 1023
3.0 x 10-23 g 1.05 x 10-22 g
(c) 1 Na+ ion (d) 1 OH- ion
23 / 6.02 x 1023 17 / 6.02 x 1023
3.8 x 10-23 g 2.8 x 10-23 g
(e) 1 neutron (f) 1 electron
1.0 / 6.02 x 1023 0.00055 / 6.02 x 1023
1.7 x 10-24 g 9.1 x 10-28 g

4. Find the mass of:

6.02 x 1022 lead atoms 3.01 x 1024 carbon dioxide 3.01 x 1023 sulphate ions
molecules
Number of moles of Pb Number of moles of SO42-
atoms Number of moles of CO2 ions
= 6.02 x 1022 / 6.02 x 1023 molecules = 3.01 x 1023 / 6.02 x 1023
= 0.100 = 3.01 x 1024 / 6.02 c 1023 = 0.500
= 5.00 Molar mass of SO42-
Mass of Pb atoms Molar mass of CO2 = 32 + 16 x 4 = 96 g
= 0.100 x 207 = 12 + 16 x 2 = 44 g Mass of SO42- ions
= 20.7 g Mass of CO2 molecules = 0.500 x 96
= 5.00 x 44 = 48 g
= 220 g

5. (a) How many molecules are there in 3.00 moles of oxygen molecules?
Number of oxygen molecules
= 3.00 x 6.02 x 1023
= 1.806 x 1024

(b) How many ions are there in 0.600 moles of potassium ions?
Number of potassium ions
= 0.600 x 6.02 x 1023
= 3.612 x 1023
(Molar mass: O = 16.0, K = 39.0)

5
6. Calculate the number of moles of atoms in:
(a) 127 g of copper

Number of moles of copper

= 127 / 63.5
= 2 mol
(b) 12.8 g of sulphur.
Number of moles of sulphur
= 12.8 / 32.0
= 0.4 mol
(Molar Mass of Cu = 63.5, S = 32.0)

7. How many atoms are there in:

(a) 2.50 moles of oxygen atoms?
Number of oxygen atoms
= 2.50 x 6.02 x 1023
= 1.505 x 1024

(b) 6.00g of magnesium atoms?

Number of moles of magnesium atoms
= 6.00 / 24.0 = 0.25 mol
Number of magnesium atoms
= 0.25 x 6.02 x 1023
= 1.505 x 1023

8. What is the mass of 2.50 moles of magnesium atoms?

(Relative atomic mass: Mg = 24.0)
Mass of magnesium atoms
= 2.50 x 24.0
= 60.0 g

More Worked examples:

1. What is the empirical formula of a compound containing: 40.0% C; 6.71% H; 53.28% O?
Solution:

Elements (atoms) % Composition divided by Divide ALL the answers in

molar mass the left column by the lowest
number
Carbon (C)
40,0 3,33
= 3,33 =1
12 3,33
Hydrogen (H)
6,71 6,71
= 6,71 =2
1 3,33
Oxygen (O)
53,28 3,33
= 3,33 =1
16 3,33

C = 1; H = 2; O = 1
The empirical formula = CH2O

6
  etermine the molecular formula of the compound in Question 1, if its molar mass is 180g.
2. D
mol-1

MCH2 O = 30 g.mol-1
180
Ratio =
30 =6

Molecular formula (multiply each of the number of atoms in the empirical formula by 6.)
Molecular formula = C6H12O6

 icotine is an alkaloid in the nightshade family of plants that is mainly responsible for the
a. N
addictive nature of cigarettes. It contains: 74.02% C; 8.710% H; 17.27% N. If 40.57g of
nicotine contains 0.25 mol nicotine, what is the molecular formula?

Solution
Elements (atoms) % Composition divided by Divide ALL the answers in
molar mass the left column by the lowest
number
Carbon (C)
74,02 6,168
= 6,168 =5
12 1,229
Hydrogen (H)
8,71 8,71
= 8,71 =7
1 1,229
Oxygen (O)
17,2 1,229
= 1,229 =1
14 1,229

Empirical formula is C5H7N

m
=n
M

40,57 = 0,25
M
162,28 g.mol-1 = MNicotine
M(C5H7N) = 81,14

Ratio = 162,28 = 2
81,14
Molecular formula: multiply each of the number of atoms in the empirical formula by 2.

Molecular formula = C10H14N2

A pure sample of calcium chloride CaCl2 was found to contain 7.10 g of Cl- ions.
What mass of Ca2+ ions does the sample contain?
Number of moles of Cl- ions = 7.10 / 35.5
= 0.200
The formula CaCl2 shows that the ratio of Ca2+ ions to Cl- ions is 1 : 2.
Hence, the number of moles of Ca2+ ions = 0.200 / 2 = 0.100
Mass of Ca ions in the sample
2+
= 0.100 x 40
= 4.0 g

7
  metal (M) ionizes to give Mn+ ions. If the atomic mass of M is 24 and 1.2g of M ionizes to
3. A
give 6.02 x 1022 electrons, calculate n (the charge on each ion of M).

Number of moles for electrons given

= number of electrons/ Avogadro Number
= 6.02 x 1022 / 6.02 x 1023 = 0.100
Number of moles of M ionized
= 1.2 / 24 = 0.050
0.050 moles of M gives 0.100 moles of electrons on ionization.
Thus, 1 mole of M gives 0.100 / 0.050 = 2 moles of electrons.
Since the charge on an ion of M is numerically equal to the number of moles of
electrons given by 1 mole of M, each ion of M carries 2 charges, i.e. n = 2.

 se the table below

5. U
Substance Molar mass of Mass of Number of moles Number of
substance substance of substance molecules/ formula
present present units present
Sulphuric acid 98g mol-1 58.8g 0.6 mol 3.612 x 1023
(H2SO4)
Sodium
hydroxide (NaOH) 40g mol-1 2.0g 0.05 mol 3.01 x 1022
Potassium
carbonate 138g mol-1 331.2g 2.4 mol 1.44 x 1024
(K2CO3)
(Relative atomic mass numbers: C = 12.0; H = 1.0; K = 39.0; Na = 23.0; O = 16.0; S = 32.0.

6. If we breathed in 3913 x 1018 molecules of air pollutant, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), how many
grams of NO2 would we breathe in?
(Relative atomic mass numbers: N = 14.0; O = 16.0)
Number of moles of nitrogen dioxide:
= 3913 x 1018 / 6.02 x 1023
= 6.5 x 10-3mol
Mass of nitrogen dioxide
= 6.5 x 10-3 x (14.0 + 2 x 16.0)
= 0.299g

7. ( I) How many moles of calcium fluoride (CaF2) are present in 16.5g of it?
Formula mass of CaF2
= 40.0 + 19.0 x 2
= 78.0 g
Number of moles of CaF2
= 16.5 / 78.0 = 0.21 mol
(II) How many calcium and fluoride ions are present?
Number of Ca2+ ions
= 0.21 x 6.02 x 1023 = 1.26 x 1023
Number of F ions
-

= 0.42 x 6.02 x 1023 = 2.53 x 1023

(Relative atomic mass numbers: Ca = 40.0; F = 19.0)

8
  hat mass of water contains the same number of molecules as 2.20g of carbon dioxide?
8. W
(Relative atomic mass numbers: C = 12.0; H = 1.0; O = 16.0)
Number of moles of CO2 = 2.20 / (12.0 + 2 x 16.0) = 0.05 mol
Mass of water
= 0.05 x (1.0 x 2 + 16.0)
= 0.9g

9. Identity the substance that contains the greater number of molecules from each set:
(a) 2 moles of carbon dioxide molecules (CO2) or 8.40g of sulphuric acid (H2SO4)
Number of CO2 molecules
= 2 x 6.02 x 1023
= 1.20 x 1024 (greater number of molecules)
Number of moles of H2SO4
= 8.40 / (1.0 x 2 + 32.0 + 16.0 x 4) = 0.086 mol
Number of H2SO4 molecules
= 0.086 x 6.02 x 1023
= 5.16 x 1022

(b) 88.0g of carbon dioxide (CO2) or 84.0g of nitrogen (N2)

Number of CO2 molecules
= (88.0 / 44.0) x 6.02 x 1023
= 1.20 x 1024
Number of moles of N2
= (84.0 / 28.0) x 6.02 x 1023
= 1.81 x 1024 (greater number of molecules)

(c) 5 x 1024 ammonia molecules (NH3) or 8.00g of sulphuric acid (H2SO4)

Number of NH3 molecules
= 5 x 1024 (greater number of molecules)
Number of moles of H2SO4 molecules
= [8.00 / (1.0 x 2 + 32.0 + 16.0 x 4)] x 6.02 x 1023
= 4.91 x 1022
(Relative atomic mass numbers: C = 12.0; H = 1.0; N = 14.0; O = 16.0; S = 32.0)

 alculate the molarity of each of the following solutions:

10. C
(a) 23.4g of sodium chloride (NaCl) solid in 1.0 dm3 solution.
Number of moles of NaCl
= 23.4 / (23.0 + 35.5)
= 0.4 mol
Molarity of NaCl solution
= 0.4 / 1
= 0.4 M
(b) 17.0 g of silver nitrate (AgNO3) solid in 200.0 cm3 solution.
Number of moles of AgNO3
= 17.0 / (108.0 + 14.0 + 16.0 x 3)
= 0.1 mol
Molarity of AgNO3 solution
= 0.1 / (200.0 / 1000.0)
= 0.5 M
(Relative atomic mass numbers: Ag = 108.0; Cl = 35.5; N = 14.0; Na = 23.0, O = 16.0)

9
  omplete the table below:
17. C
Substance Molar mass Concentration Molarity Mass of solute
(g mol-1) (g dm-3) (M) required to
prepare 250.0 cm3
of solution (g)
KOH 56.0g mol-1 5.60 g dm-3 0.10 M 5.60 g dm-3 ×
(250.0/1000) dm3
= 1.40g
CuSO4 159.5g mol-1 31.9 g dm-3 7.975g
(COOH) 2˙2H2O 126.0g mol-1 30.24 g dm-3 0.24 M
(Relative atomic mass numbers: C = 12.0; Cu = 63.5; H = 1.0; N = 14.0; O = 16.0, S = 32.0)

 alculate the molarity of each of the following solutions:

18. C
(a) 500.0 cm3 of 0.10 M sodium hydrogencarbonate (NaHCO3) solution.
Number of moles of NaHCO3
= 0.10 x (500.0 / 1000.0) = 0.05 mol
Mass of NaHCO3
= 0.05 x (23.0 + 1.0 + 12.0 + 16.0 x 3)
= 0.05 x 84
= 4.2g
(b) 100.0 cm3 of 3.00 M potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) solution.
Number of moles of K2Cr2O7
= 3.00 x (100.0 / 1000.0) = 0.3 mol
Mass of K2Cr2O7
= 0.3 x (39.0 x 2 + 52.0 x 2 + 16.0 x 7)
= 0.3 x 294
= 88.2 g
(Relative atomic mass numbers: C = 12.0; Cr = 52.0; H = 1.0; K = 39.0; Na = 23.0; O = 16.0)

 .6g of a metal (M) combine with 2.4g of oxygen to form an oxide with the formula M2O3.
19. 5
What is the atomic mass of M?
Let the atomic mass of M be Ar.
Mass of M in compound / Mass of oxygen in compound
= 2Ar / 16 x 3
= 5.6 / 2.4
= 56
Hence, the atomic mass of the metal M is 56.

 crystalline salt with the formula M2S2O3 . 5H2O is found to contain 36.3% by mass of water
20. A
of crystallization. Calculate:
(a) the formula mass of the hydrated salt
(b) the atomic mass of the metal M.

(a) 5(1 x 2 + 16) / formula mass of hydrated salt

= 36.3 / 100
= 248
Formula mass of hydrated salt = 248.
(b) Let the atomic mass of M be A.
Formula mass of hydrated salt
= 2Ar2 + 32 x 2 + 16 x 3 + 5(1 x 2 + 16) = 248
Ar = 23
Therefore, the atomic mass of M is 23.

10
  0.0g of hydrated iron (II) sulphate (Fe2SO4.nH2O) gave 4.53g of water after strong heating.
21. 1
Find the value of n.
FeSO4 H 2O
Relative mass (g) 5.47 4.53
Relative number of mass 5.47 / 152 = 0.036 4.53 / 18 = 0.252
0.036 / 0.036 = 1 0.252 / 0.036 = 7
Therefore, n = 7

 metal (M) forms two chlorides (A and B), which contain 55.9% and 65.5% by mass
22. A
of chloride, respectively. The empirical formula of A is found to be MCl2. Determine the
empirical formula of B (without having to find the atomic mass of M).

If the mass of M in chloride B is the same as that in chloride A (i.e. 44.1g), the mass
of chlorine in chloride B will be equal (by proportion) to
65.5 x 44.1 / 34.5 = 83.7g
Therefore, for the same mass (hence the same number of moles) of M:
the mass of chlorine in chloride B / the mass of chlorine in chloride A
= number of moles of chlorine in chloride B / number of moles of chlorine in chloride
A
= 83.7 / 55.9 = 1.5
Since the formula of chloride A is given to be MCl2, the formula of chloride B should
be MCl3.
 

11
More activities and solutions

Exercises 1

Hydrogen peroxide decomposes at room temperature according to the following balanced

chemical equation:

2H2O2(aq) → O2(g) + 2H2O(ℓ)

 hat does (aq) represent in the equation above?

1.1 W (1)

1.2 Identify the type of reaction above. Choose between PRECIPITATION and
REDOX. Give a reason for your answer. (2)

1.3 Is the reaction an example of a physical change or a chemical change? (1)

 efine the term one mole of a substance.

1.4 D (2)

1.5 If 4 moles of hydrogen peroxide decompose, calculate the volume of gas
formed at STP. (4)

 alculate the number of oxygen atoms in H2O2, if 17g of H2O2 decomposes.

1.6 C (4)

Solutions
 solution in which the solvent is water.
1.1 A (1)

 edox. There is a change in oxidation number of atoms involved this reaction

1.2 R
(i.e. hydrogen and oxygen). (2)

 hemical change.
1.3 C (1)

 ne mole is the amount of substance that has the same number of particles
1.4 O
as there are atoms in 12g carbon-12. (2)

 (H2O2) : n(O2)
1.5 n
2:1
Therefore: n(O2) = 2 mol
n (O2) =
2=
V = 44,8 dm3
(4)

 (H2O2) =
1.6 n
n(H2O2) =
n(H2O2) = 0,5 mol

n(O2) =
(0,5)(2) =
N = atoms
(4)

12
n(H2O2) : n(O2)
2:1
Therefore: n(O2) = 2 mol
n (O2) =
2=
V = 44,8 dm3
(4)

13
Exercise 2

 he empirical formula of a certain compound is to be determined. On analysis of a sample

2.1 T
of the compound it, was found to contain: 40% C; 6,6% H; 53,3% O.

 efine the term empirical formula.

2.1.1 D (2)

 etermine the empirical formula of the compound. Show ALL calculations.

2.1.2 D (5)

2.1.3 If the molecular mass of the compound is 60 g·mol-1, calculate the molecular formula
of the compound. (3)

 he molar mass of hydrated sodium carbonate is found to be 268 g∙mol-1. The formula of
2.2 T
the hydrated sodium carbonate is Na2CO3.xH 2O.

Calculate the number of moles of water of crystallisation (x) in the compound. (4)
[14]

Solutions

 he empirical formula is the simplest whole number ratio of atoms in a compound.

2.1.1 T (2)

2.1.2 If 100g of the compound is available, then:

Elements (atoms) Mass divided by molar Divide ALL the answers in
mass the middle column by the
lowest molar mass of all
Carbon (C) 40,0 3,3
= 33,3 =1
12 3,3
Hydrogen (H) 6,6 6,6
= 6,6 =2
1 3,3

Oxygen (O) 53,3 3,3

= 3,3 =1
16 3,3

C = 1; H = 2; O = 1
The empirical formula = CH2O (5)

 CH O = 30g.mol-1
2.1.3 M
Ratio = = 2
Molecular formula: multiply each of the number of atoms in the empirical formula by 2.
Molecular formula = C2H4O2 (3)

 (Na2CO3) = 106g·mol-1
2.2 M
M (x H2O) = 268 – 106 = 162g·mol-1
n(H2O) =
n(H2O) = 9 mol (4)

14
Exercise 3

Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid (HCℓ) according to the following
balanced equation:

CaCO3(s) + 2HCℓ(aq) → CaCℓ2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(ℓ)

 he above reaction is an example of an acid-base reaction. Define the term acid-base

3.1 T
reaction. (2)

The graph below shows the relationship between the volume of carbon dioxide gas, CO2(g)
formed and the mass of PURE calcium carbonate.

 rom the graph, determine the volume of CO 2(g) produced when 0,072g of PURE
3.2 F
CaCO3(s) reacts. (1)

 certain antacid tablet, with a mass of 0,25g, contains mainly calcium carbonate,
3.3 A
which reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid in the stomach to produce carbon dioxide gas.
The concentration of hydrochloric acid in the stomach is 0,1 mol·dm-3

 efine the term concentration of a solution.

3.3.1 D (2)

3.3.2 It is found that 25 cm3 of CO2(g) is formed when one antacid tablet completely
reacts.
Use the information in the graph to calculate the percentage CaCO3(s) in one
antacid tablet. (3)

 alculate the volume of hydrochloric acid that will be neutralised by ONE

3.3.3 C
antacid tablet. (5)

Solutions
[13]
 reaction in which a proton/ hydrogen ion/ H+ is transferred from one reactant to
3.1 A
another. (2)

15
  8 cm3
3.2 1 (1)

 he number of moles of solute per cubic decimetre/ litre of solution.

3.3.1 T (2)

3.3.2  %CaCO3 = x 100

%CaCO3 = 40% (3)

 (CaCO3) =
3.3.3 n
n(CaCO3) =
n(CaCO3) = 0,001
n(HCℓ) = 2 x n(CaCO3) = 2 x 10-3 mol

Volume of acid
c=
0,1 =
V = 0,02 dm3 (5)

[13]

16
Exercise 4

 tudy the balanced chemical equation of the reaction between sodium carbonate (Na2CO3)
4.1 S
and hydrochloric acid (HCℓ) and answer the questions that follow.

Na2CO3 + 2HCℓ → 2NaCℓ + CO2 + H2O

Identify the type of reaction above. Choose between REDOX and GAS FORMING. (1)

4.2 In a reaction, 10,6g of sodium carbonate reacts completely with excess hydrochloric acid.

 alculate the molar mass of sodium carbonate.

4.2.1 C (2)

 alculate the initial number of moles of sodium carbonate.

4.2.2 C (2)

 alculate the mass of CO2 produced during this reaction.

4.2.3 C (4)

 alculate the mass of sodium chloride produced if 4,87 dm3 of carbon dioxide is
4.2.4 C
produced at STP. (6)

 4,2g of a sample of hydrated sodium carbonate (Na2CO3•xH2O) was heated until no further
4.3 1
change in mass was recorded. On heating, all the water of crystallisation evaporated as
follows:

Na2CO3•xH2O → Na2CO3+ x H2O

If 4 moles of hydrogen peroxide decompose, calculate the volume of gas formed at STP.

Calculate the number of oxygen atoms in H2O if 17g of H2O2 decomposes. (5)

[20]

 as forming
4.1 G (1)

 (Na2CO3) = 2(23) + 12 + 3(16)

4.2.1 M
M(Na2CO3) = 106g.mol-1 (2)

 (Na2CO3) =
4.2.2 n
n(Na2CO3) =
n(Na2CO3) = 0,1 mol (2)

 (Na2CO3) : n(CO2)
4.2.3 n
1:1
Thus: n(CO2) = 0,1mol
n(CO2) =
0,1 =
m = 4,4 g (4)

 (CO2) =
4.2.4 n

17
 n (CO2) =
n (CO2) = 0,217 mol

n(CO 2) : n(NaCl)
1:2
n(NaCl) = 0,434 mol
n(NaCl) =
0,434 =
m = 25,16 g (6)

4.3 M ass of H2O = 14.2 – 5,3

= 8,9 g
n(Na2CO3) = n(H2O) =
n(Na2CO3) = n(H2O) =
n(Na2CO3) = 0,05 mol n(H2O) = 0,5 mol
Na2CO3 : H2O
0,05 : 0,5
0,05 : 0,05
1 : 10
Thus, X = 10 (5)

[20]

18
Exercise 5

The reaction between sodium and water is represented by the following balanced chemical
equation:

2Na(s) + 2H2O(ℓ) → 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g)

 rite down the value of the temperature and the pressure at STP.
5.1 W (2)

 alculate the following:

5.2 C

 ass (in grams) of hydrogen gas produced.

5.2.1 M (5)

 olume (in dm3) of hydrogen gas produced at STP.

5.2.2 V (3)

 ass (in grams) of NaOH produced.

5.2.3 M (4)

 oncentration of the sodium hydroxide solution.

5.2.4 C (3)

[17]

 emperature : 0°C or/of 273 K

5.1 T
Pressure : 101,3 kPa or 1 atm (2)
m
 (Na) =
5.2.1 n M
10
n(Na) = 23
n(Na) = 0,43 mol
Na : H2
2:1
Thus, 0,22 mol H2 produced
m
n(H2) = M
m
0,22 = 23
m = 0,44 g H2 produced (5)
V
 (H2) =
5.2.2 n Vm
V
0,22 = 22,4
V = 4,93 dm3 (3)

 (Na) : n(NaOH)
5.2.3 n
2:2
Thus, mol NaOH = 0,43 mol
m
n(NaOH) = M
m
0,43 = 40
m = 17,2 g (4)

19
5.2.4 c = n
V

0,43
c =
2
c = 0,22 mol.dm-3 (3)

[17]

20
Exercise 6

Hydrogen H2(g) and nitrogen N2(g) react to form ammonia NH3(g). The reaction that takes
place is represented by the following equation:

N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g)

 efine the term 1 mole.

6.1.1 D (2)

 ow many moles of ammonia will be produced from 1 mole of hydrogen gas?

6.1.2 H (1)

6.1.3 Initially 10 cm3 of nitrogen and 24 cm3 of hydrogen are mixed in a container. T
he temperature and pressure remain constant.

Calculate the volume of gas that will remain in the container after the
reaction is completed. (4)

In another experiment, 80g of hydrogen gas reacts with nitrogen gas to form
ammonia.

Calculate the:
6.1.4 T he number of moles of hydrogen gas that reacted. (2)
6.1.5 T he volume of nitrogen gas used at STP. (2)

 hen 207g of lead, Pb, combines with oxygen, 239g of a certain oxide of lead is
6.2 W
formed. Use a calculation to determine the formula of this oxide of lead. (5)

[16]

 ne mole is the amount of substance that has the same number of particles
6.1.1 O
as there are atoms in 12g carbon-12. (2)

 ,67 mol mol

6.1.2 0 (1)

 ol( N2) : V(H2) : V(NH 3) = 1 : 3 : 2

6.1.3 V
Vol(N2 reacted = V(H2)
Vol(N2 reacted = (24)
Vol(N2 reacted = 8 dm3
Volume N2 remains = 10 – 8 = 2 dm3
The volume of gas that remains = 2 + 16
The volume of gas that remains = 18 dm3 gas (4)

m
6.1.4 n =
M

n = 80
2
n = 40 mol (2)

21
 1 (40) x 22,4
 ol(N2) =
6.1.5 V
3
Vol(N2) = 2 98,67 dm3

 (O2) = 239 – 207 = 32 g

6.2 m

nPb = m
M

nPb = 207
207
nPb = 1 mol

nO2 = m
M

nO2 = 32
M
nO = 2 mol

n(Pb) : n(O) 1 : 2
PbO2 (5)

[16]

22
Exercise 7

Nitric acid (HNO3) is a strong acid and is an important acid used in industry.

 ive a reason why nitric acid is classified as a strong acid.

7.1 G (1)
 rite down the NAME or FORMULA of the conjugate base of nitric acid.
7.2 W (1)
 alculate the pH of a 0,3 mol∙dm-3 nitric acid solution.
7.3 C (3)

A laboratory technician wants to determine the percentage purity of magnesium oxide.

He dissolves a 4,5 g sample of the magnesium oxide in 100 cm3 hydrochloric acid of
concentration 2 mol∙. dm-3.

 alculate the number of moles of hydrochloric acid added to the

7.3.1 C
magnesium oxide. (3)

He then uses the apparatus below to titrate the EXCESS hydrochloric acid in the above
solution against a hydroxide solution.

 rite down the name of the apparatus Q in the above diagram.

7.3.2 W (1)

7.3.3 The following indicators are available for the titration:

INDICATOR pH RANGE
A 3,1 – 4,4
B 6,0 – 7,6
C 8,3 – 10,0

Which ONE of the above indicators (A, B or C) is most suitable to indicate the exact
endpoint in this titration? Give a reason for your answer. (3)

 uring titration, the technician uses distilled water to wash any sodium hydroxide that
7.3.4 D
was spilt against the side of the Erlenmeyer flask into the solution.
Give a reason why the addition of distilled water to the Erlenmeyer flask will not
influence the results. (1)

 t the endpoint of the titration, the technician finds that 21 cm3 of a 0,2 mol∙dm-3 sodium
7.3.5 A
hydroxide solution has neutralised the EXCESS hydrochloric acid.
Calculate the number of moles of hydrochloric acid that are in excess. (3)

23
  he balanced equation for the reaction between hydrochloric acid and magnesium
7.3.6 T
oxide is:
MgO(s)+ 2HCℓ(aq) → MgCℓ2(aq)+ 2H2 O(ℓ)

Calculate the percentage purity of the magnesium oxide. Assume that only the magnesium
oxide in the 4,5 g sample reacted with the acid. (5)

24
Exercise 8

8.1 Ionises / dissociates completely in water. (1)

 O3- / Nitrate ion

8.2 N

 H= -log[H3O+]
8.3 p
= - log (0,3)
=0,52 (3)

8.2
1.2.1 c = n/V
2= n/0,1
n(HCℓ)=0,2 mol (3)

 urette
8.2.2 B (1)


8.2.3 B
Titration of a strong acid and a strong base. (3)

 he number of moles of acid in the flask remains constant.

8.2.4 T (1)

8.2.5 c = n/V
0,2= n/0,021
n=4,2 × 10-3 mol

n(HCl in excess )=n(NaOH)

=4,2 × 10-3 mol (3)

n(HCl in excess ):
0,2 - 4,2 × 10-3 =0,196 mol

n(MgO reacted):
= (1/2) n(HCl) = n(MgO)
= (1/2)(0,196)
= 9,8 × 10-2 mol

m(MgO)=nM
= (0,098)(40)
= 3,92 g

% purity = 3,92/4,5 ×100 = 87,11% (5)

[21]
 

25
Exercise 9

 ulphuric acid is a diprotic acid.

9.1 S
 efine an acid in terms of the Lowry-Brønsted theory.
9.1.1 D (2)
 ive a reason why sulphuric acid is referred to as a diprotic acid.
9.1.2 G (1)

 he hydrogen carbonate ion can act as an acid and a base. It reacts with water according to
9.2 T
the following balanced equation:

HCO_3(aq) + H2O(ℓ) H2CO3 (aq) + OH_(aq)

 rite down ONE word for the underlined phrase.

9.2.1 W (1)

 CO_3(aq) acts as a base in the above reaction. Write down the formula of the
9.2.2 H
conjugate acid of HCO_3(aq). (1)

 learner accidentally spills some sulphuric acid of concentration 6 mol∙dm-3 from a flask
9.3 A
on the laboratory bench. Her teacher tells her to neutralise the spilled acid by sprinkling
sodium hydrogen carbonate powder onto it. The reaction that takes place is indicated below.
(Assume that the H2SO4 ionises completely.)

H2SO4(aq) + 2NaHCO3(s) → Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2 O(ℓ) + 2CO2(g)

The fizzing, due to the formation of carbon dioxide, stops after the learner has
added 27 g sodium hydrogen carbonate to the spilled acid.

 alculate the volume of sulphuric acid that was spilt. Assume that all the sodium
9.3.1 C
hydrogen carbonate reacts with all the spilt acid. (6)

The learner now dilutes some of the 6 mol∙dm-3 sulphuric acid solution in the flask to
0,1 mol∙dm-3.

 alculate the volume of the 6 mol∙dm-3 sulphuric acid solution needed to prepare
9.3.2 C
1 dm3 of the dilute acid. (2)

 uring titration, 25 cm3 of the 0,1 mol∙dm-3 sulphuric acid solution is added to an
D
Erlenmeyer flask and titrated with a 0,1 mol∙dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution.

 he learner uses bromothymol blue as an indicator. What is the purpose of this

9.3.3 T
indicator? (1)

 alculate the pH of the solution in the flask after the addition of 30 cm3 of
9.3.4 C
sodium hydroxide. At this point, the endpoint of the titration has not yet been
reached. (8)

[22]

26
Solutions

9.1
9.1.1 An acid is a proton (H+ ion) donor. (2)

9.1.2 It ionises to form 2 protons/ 2 moles of H+ ions.

OR
It donates 2 H+ ions per H2SO4 molecule. (1)

9.2
9.2.1 Amphiprotic (substance)/ Ampholyte (1)

9.2.2 H2SO3(aq) (1)

9.3
9.3.1 n(NaHCO3 ) = m/M
= 27/84
= (0,321485714 mol)
= 0,32 mol

n(H2SO4 )=n(NaHCO3 ) = (1/2) (0,32)

= 0,16 mol (0,1607142857 mol)

c= n/V
6= 0,16/V
V=0,027 dm3 (6)

 a (initial)= na (final)
9.3.2 n
ca Va (initial)= ca Va (final)
(6) Va =(01)(1)
Va =0,017 dm3 (2)

9.3.3 It shows the endpoint of titration./ It shows when neutralisation occurs. (1)
 

27
9.3.4 - Marking criteria:
- Substitute initial [acid] and volume.
- Substitute reacted [base] and volume.
- Use the ratio 1:2
- Initial mole acid – mole acid
- Substitute volume acid + volume base
- pH formula
- Substitute 2 × c_a in pH formula
- Final answer: 1,44

na ( initial)= ca Va
=(0,1)(25 × 10-3
=2,5 × 10-3 mol

nb (reacted)= cb Vb
=(0,1)(30 × 10^(-3) )
=3 × 10^(-3) mo

n_a/n_b = 1/2
na (neutralised) = (1/2) nb= (1/2) (3 × 10-3
=1,5 × 10-3 mol

na(left ) =na (initial) - na (neutralised)

=2,5 × 10-3 - 1,5 × 10-3
= 1× 10-3 mol

ca= n/V
= ( 1× 10-3)( 25× 10-3 ) + ( 30× 10-3 )
=0,018 mol∙dm-3

pH= -log [H_3 O^+ ]

= -log ( 2 ×0,018)
=1,44
(8)

28
Exercise 10

Dilute acids are indicated in the table below. These react with EXCESS zinc in each of the three
experiments to produce hydrogen gas. The zinc is completely covered with the acid in each
experiment.

EXPERIMENT DILUTE ACID

1 100 cm3 of 0.1 mol∙dm-3 H2SO4
2 50 cm3 of 0.2 mol∙dm-3 H2SO4
3 100 cm3 of 0.1 mol∙dm-3 HCℓ

The volume of hydrogen gas produced is measured in each experiment.

10.1  Name TWO of the essential apparatus pieces needed to determine the rate of hydrogen
production. (2)

The graph below was obtained for Experiment 1.

Use this graph and answer the questions that follow.

10.1  At which time (t1, t2 or t3) is:

10.1.1  The reaction rate the highest? (1)
10.1.2  The mass of the zinc present in the flask the smallest? (1)

10.2  At which time interval does the largest volume of hydrogen gas form per second?
Choose from: between t1 and t2 OR between t2 and t3. (1)

10.3  Re-draw the graph for Experiment 1 in your ANSWER BOOK.

On the same set of axes, sketch the graphs that will be obtained for
Experiment 2 and Experiment 3.
Clearly label the three graphs as EXPERIMENT 1, EXPERIMENT 2 and
EXPERIMENT 3. (4)

29
10.4  The initial mass of zinc used in each experiment is 0,8 g. The balanced equation for the
reaction in Experiment 3 is:

Zn(s) + 2HCℓ(aq) → ZnCℓ 2(aq) + H2(g)

10.4.1  Calculate the mass of zinc used present in the flask after completion of the
reaction in Experiment 3. (5)

10.5  How will the mass of the zinc present in the flask after completion of the reaction in
Experiment 2 compare to the answer to QUESTION 5.5.1? Write down one of the
following only: LARGER THAN; SMALLER THAN; EQUAL TO. (1)

[15]

30
Solutions

10.1.  Time: Stopwatch

Volume: Gas syringe / Burette / Measuring cylinder / Chemical balance /
Erlenmmeyer flask / Graduated flask (2)

10.2. 
10.2.1.  t1 (1)
10.2.2.  t3 (1)

10.3.  Between t1and t2 (1)

10.4. 

Exp.2
Volume (cm3)

Exp.1

Exp.3

Time (s)

Marking criteria
Exp. 2 Initial gradient higher than that of Exp. 1
Curve reaches same constant volume as for Exp. 1, but earlier.
Exp. 3 Initial gradient lower than that of Exp. 1.
Curve reaches a smaller constant volume, as for Exp. 1, at a later stage.

(4)

10.5.1  c(HCℓ)= n/V
0,1= n/100 × 10-3
n(HC)=0,01 mol

n(Zn)= □(1/2) n(HC)=0.005 mol

n(Zn)= m(Zn reacted )/M

0.005= m(Zn reacted )/(65)
m(Zn reacted )= 0.325 g
m(Znf )= 0.8-0.325 = 0.475 g (5)

10.5.2  Smaller than (1)

[15]

31
Exercise 11

An unknown gas, X2(g), is sealed in a container and allowed to form X3(g) at 300°C. The reaction
reaches equilibrium according to the following balanced equation:

3X2 ⇌ 2X3(g)

11.1.  How will the rate of formation of X3(g) compare to the rate of formation of X2(g)
at equilibrium? Write down only one of the following: HIGHER THAN; LOWER
THAN; EQUAL TO. (1)

The reaction mixture is analysed at regular time intervals. The results obtained are shown in the
table below.

TIME [ X2 ] [ X3 ]
(s) (mol ∙ dm-3) (mol ∙ dm-3)
0 0,4 0
2 0,22 0,120
4 0,08 0,213
6 0,06 0,226
8 0,06 0,226
10 0,06 0,226

11.2.  Calculate the equilibrium constant, Kc, for this reaction at 300°C. (4)

11.3.  More X3(g) is now added to the container.

11.3.1.  How will this change affect the amount of X2(g)? Write down only one
of the following: INCREASES; DECREASES; REMAINS THE SAME. (1)

11.3.2.  Use Le Chatelier’s principle to explain your answer to QUESTION 5.3.1. (2)

The curves on the set of axes below (not drawn to scale) were obtained from the results in the
table above.

11.4.  How does the rate of the forward reaction compare to that of the reverse reaction at t1?
Write down only one of the following: HIGHER THAN; LOWER THAN; EQUAL TO. (1)

The reaction is now repeated at a temperature of 400°C. The curves indicated by the dotted
lines were obtained at this temperature.

300°C
400°C
Concentration
(mol.dm-3)

Time (s)

32
11.5.  Is the forward reaction EXOTHERMIC or ENDOTHERMIC? Explain in full how you arrived
at your answer.

The Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution curve below represents the number of particles against
kinetic energy at 300°C. (4)

Number of
300°C

particles

Kinetic energy

11.6.  Re-draw this curve in your ANSWER BOOK. On the same set of axes, sketch the
curve that will be obtained at 400°C. Clearly label the curves as 300°C and 400°C,
respectively. (2)

[15]

33
Exercise 12

 qual to
12.1 E (1)

[ X3 ]2
 c=
12.2 K
[ X2 ]2
= (0,226)2)
(0,06)2
=236,46
(4)

12.3
6.3.1 Increases (1)
6.3.1 
● The increase in [ X3 ] is opposed. The change is opposed.
● The reverse reaction is favoured. X3 is used [ X3] decreases
(2)

 igher than
12.4 H (1)

 xothermic
12.5 E
● [ X3 ] decrease and [ X2 ] increases.
● Kc decreases if temperature increases.
● The decrease in temperature favoured the forward reaction. (4)

12.6
Number of particles /
Aantal deeltjies

300°C

400°C

Kinetic energy / Kinetiese energie

Marking criteria
The peak of the curve at 400°C is lower than at 300°C and it shifted to the right.
The curve at 400°C has a larger area at the higher Ek.
(2)

34
Exercise 13

Initially, 2,2 g of pure CO2(g) is sealed in an empty 5 dm3 container at 900°C.

 alculate the initial concentration of CO2(g).

13.1 C (4)

 ive a reason why equilibrium will not be established.

13.2 G (1)

CaCO3(g) is now added to the 2,2 g CO2(g) in the container. After a while, equilibrium is
established at 900°C according to the following balanced equation:

CaCO3(s) ⇌ CaO(s) + CO2(g)

The equilibrium constant for this reaction at 900°C is 0,0108.

 ive a reason why this reaction will only reach equilibrium in a SEALED container.
13.3 G (1)

 alculate the minimum mass of CaCO3(s) that must be added to the container to achieve
13.4 C
equilibrium. (7)

 ow will EACH of the following changes affect the amount of CO2(g)?

13.5 H
Write down only one of the following: INCREASES; DECREASES; REMAINS
THE SAME.
 ore CaCO3(s) is added at 900°C.
6.5.1 M (1)
 he pressure is increased.
6.5.2 T (1)

13.6 It is found that the equilibrium constant (K_c) for this reaction is 2,6 × 10-6 at 727°C.
Is the reaction EXOTHERMIC or ENDOTHERMIC? Explain in full how you arrived
at the answer. (4)

[19]

35
Solutions

 (CO2)=12+2(16)=44 g∙mol-1
6.1 M
c= m/MV
= 2,2/(44)(5)
=0,01 mol∙ dm-3 (4)

6.2 If only CO2 is present, the reverse reaction cannot take place. (1)

 O2 is a gas that will escape if the container is not sealed.

6.3 C (1)

 c= [ CO2 ]
6.3 K
=0,0108
[ CO2 ]=0,0108 mol∙ dm-3

CaCO3 CaO CO2

Ratio 1 1 1
Initial quantity (mol) 0,004 0 0,05
Change (mol) Used 0,004

Form 0,004

Quantity at equilibrium (mol) 0,054

Equilibrium concentration (mol∙ dm3) 0,0108

m( CaCO3 )=nM
=(0,004)(100)
=0,4 g
(7)

6.5 
8.5.1 Remains the same. (1)
8.5.2 Decreases. (1)

 ndothermic
6.6 E
● Kc increases with an increase in temperature.
● The increase in temperature favours the forward reaction.
● The increase in temperature favours the endothermic reaction. (4)

[19]

36
Exercise 14

Methanol and hydrochloric acid react according to the following balanced equation:

CH3OH(aq) + HCℓ(aq) → CH3Cℓ(aq) + H2O(ℓ)

 tate TWO factors that can INCREASE the rate of this reaction.
14.1 S (2)

 efine the term reaction rate.

14.2 D (2)

 he rate of the reaction between methanol and hydrochloric acid is investigated. The
14.3 T
concentration of HCℓ(aq) was measured at different time intervals. The following results were
obtained:
TIME HCℓ CONCENTRATION
(MINUTES) ( mol∙ dm-3 )
0 1,90
15 1,45
55 1,10
100 0,85
215 0,60

 alculate the average rate, in (mol∙ dm-3)∙ min-1 during the first 15 minutes.
14.3.1 C (3)

 se the data in the table to draw a graph of concentration versus time.

14.3.2 U
NOTE: The graph is not a straight line. (3)

 rom the graph, determine the concentration of HCℓ(aq) at the 40th minute.
14.3.2 F (1)

 se the collision theory to explain why the reaction rate decreases with time.
14.3.2 U
Assume that the temperature remains constant. (3)

 alculate the mass of CH3 Cℓ(aq) in the flask at the 215th minute. The volume
14.3.2 C
of the reagents remains 60 cm3 during the reaction. (5)

37
Exercise 15

15.1 Increase temperature.

Increase the concentration of acid.
Add a catalyst. (2)

 hange in concentration of products / reactants per unit time.

15.2 C
OR
Rate of change in concentration. (2)

15.2 
6.1.3 Average rate=-∆c/∆t
=-(1,45 - 1,9)
(15 - 0)

=0,03 ( mol∙ dm-3 )∙ min-1 (3)

Marking criteria
Four points correctly plotted.
Curve drawn as shown.

 ,2 mol∙ dm-3
15.2.3 1 (1)

15.2.4 
● The concentration of reactants decreases.
● Less particles per unit volume.
● Less effective collisions per unit time. (3)

38
  c(HCℓ) = 0,6-1,9
15.2.5 ∆
= -1,3
=1,3 mol∙ dm-3

c(HCℓ) = n/V

1,3 = n
60 × 10-3
n(HCℓ) = 0,078 mol

n(CH3ℓ Cℓ)= n(HCℓ) = 0.078 mol

n(CH3 Cℓ)= m
M

0.078= m
(50,5)
m(CH3 Cℓ)= 3,94 g

(5)

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