EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 673

November 1997
NORME EUROPÉENNE
+ A1
EUROPÄISCHE NORM September 2000
+ A2
December 2002

ICS 81.040.20

Descriptors: Glazing, window glass, thermal insulation, rules of calculation, heat transfer coefficient, measurements, opacity, infrared
radiation

English version

Glass in building — Determination of thermal

transmittance (U value) — Calculation method
(includes amendments A1:2000 and A2:2002)

Verre dans la construction — Glas im Bauwesen —

Détermination du coefficient de transmission Bestimmung des
thermique, U — Wärmedurchgangskoeffizienten(U-Wert) —
Méthode de calcul Berechnungsverfahren
(inclut les amendements A1:2000 et A2:2002) (enthält Änderungen A1:2000 und A2:2002)

This European Standard was approved by CEN on 8 October 1997. Amendment

A1:2000 was approved by CEN on 23 September 2000 and amendment A2:2002
was approved by CEN on 1 November 2002.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal
Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard
the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and
bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained
on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French,
German). A version in any other language made by translation under the
responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the
Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and
United Kingdom.

CEN
European Committee for Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation
Europäisches Komitee für Normung

Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 36, B-1050 Brussels

© 1997 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national
Members.
Ref. No. EN 673:1997 + A1:2000 + A2:2002 E
EN 673:1997

Foreword Foreword to amendment A2

This European Standard has been prepared by This document (EN 673:1997/A2:2002) has been
Technical Committee CEN/TC 129, Glass in prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 129,
building, the Secretariat of which is held by IBN. Glass in building, the Secretariat of which is held by
This European Standard shall be given the status of IBN.
a national standard, either by publication of an This European Standard shall be given the status of
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest a national standard, either by publication of an
by May 1998, and conflicting national standards identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by
shall be withdrawn at the latest by May 1998. June 2003, and conflicting national standards shall
CEN/TC 129/WG 9, Light and energy transmission, be withdrawn at the latest by June 2003.
thermal insulation, prepared a working draft based According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal
on the document ISO/DIS 10292, Thermal Regulations, the national standards organizations
insulation of glazing: Calculation rules for of the following countries are bound to implement
determining the steady state U value of double or this European standard: Austria, Belgium, Czech
multiple glazing, prepared by ISO/TC 160, Glass in Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany,
building. Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta,
Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden,
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal
Regulations, the national standards organizations Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
of the following countries are bound to implement
this European standard: Austria, Belgium, Czech Contents
Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany,
Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Page
Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Foreword 2
Switzerland and the United Kingdom. 1 Scope 3
2 Normative references 3
Foreword to amendment A1 3 Symbols 4
This amendment EN 673:1997/A1:2000 4 Definitions 5
to EN 673:1997 has been prepared by Technical 5 Basic formulae 5
Committee CEN/TC 129, Glass in building, 6 Basic material properties 7
the Secretariat of which is held by IBN.
7 External and internal heat transfer
This amendment to the European Standard coefficients 9
EN 673:1997 shall be given the status of a national
8 Declared values: standardized boundary
standard, either by publication of an identical text
conditions 10
or by endorsement, at the latest by April 2001, and
conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn 9 Expression of the results 10
at the latest by April 2001. 10 Test report 11
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Annex A (normative) Determination of
Regulations, the national standards organizations normal and corrected emissivity 12
of the following countries are bound to implement Annex B (normative) Iteration procedure
this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Czech for glazing with more than one gas space 13
Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany,
Annex C (informative) Bibliography 14
Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg,
Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland and the United Kingdom.

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1 Scope
This European Standard specifies a calculation method to determine the thermal transmittance of glazing
with flat and parallel surfaces.
This European Standard applies to uncoated glass (including glass with structured surfaces, e.g. patterned
glass), coated glass and materials not transparent in the far infrared, which is the case for soda lime silicate
glass products (called hereafter soda lime glass), borosilicate glass and glass ceramic. It also applies to
multiple glazing comprising such glasses and/or materials. It does not apply to multiple glazing which
include in the gas space sheets or foils that are far infrared transparent. The procedure specified in
this European Standard determines the U value1) (thermal transmittance) in the central area of glazing.
The edge effects due to the thermal bridge through the spacer of a sealed glazing unit or through the
window frame are not included. Furthermore, energy transfer due to solar radiation is not taken into
account.
The document for the calculation of the overall U value of windows, doors and shutters (see C.1) makes
normative reference to the U value calculated for the glazing components according to this standard.
For the purpose of product comparison, a vertical position of the glazing is specified. In addition U values
are calculated using the same procedure for other purposes, in particular for predicting:
— heat loss through glazing;
— conduction heat gains in summer;
— condensation on glazing surfaces;
— the effect of the absorbed solar radiation in determining the solar factor (see C.2).
Reference should be made to C.4 and C.5 or other European Standards dealing with heat loss calculations
for the application of glazing U values determined by this standard.
A procedure for the determination of emissivity is also given.
The rules have been made to be as simple as possible whilst remaining consistent with accuracy.

2 Normative references
This European Standard incorporates by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications.
These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the publications are listed
hereafter. For dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of these publications apply
to this European Standard only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references
the latest edition of the publication referred to applies.
EN 674, Glass in building — Determination of thermal transmittance (U value) — Guarded hot plate
method.
EN 675, Glass in building — Determination of thermal transmittance (U value) — Heat flow meter method.
prEN 1098, Glass in building — Determination of thermal transmittance (U value) — Calibrated and
guarded hot box method.

1) In some countries the symbol k has been used up to now.

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3 Symbols
A constant —
c specific heat capacity of gas J/(kg·K)
d thickness of material layer (glass or alternative glazing material) m
F volume fraction —
h — heat transfer coefficient W/(m2·K)
— also thermal conductance W/(m2·K)
M number of material layers —
n exponent —
N number of spaces —
r thermal resistivity of glass (glazing material) m·K/W
P gas property —
Rn normal reflectance (perpendicular to the surface) —
s width of gas space m
T absolute temperature K
U thermal transmittance W/(m2·K)
%T temperature difference K
( corrected emissivity —
(n normal emissivity (perpendicular to the surface) —
Ô gas density kg/m3
Ö Stefan-Boltzmann’s constant 5,67 × 10p8 W/(m2·K4)
È dynamic viscosity of gas kg/(m·s)
Æ — thermal conductivity of gas in space W/(m·K)
— also wavelength 4m
Ú temperature on the Celsius scale °C

Dimensionless numbers
Gr Grashof number —
Nu Nusselt number —
Pr Prandtl number —

Subscripts
c convection
e external
i internal
j j-th material layer
g gas
m mean
n normal
r radiation
s space
t total
1;2 first, second etc.

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4 Definitions
For the purposes of this standard, the following definitions apply.
4.1
U value
parameter of glazing which characterizes the heat transfer through the central part of the glazing,
i.e.without edge effects, and states the steady-state density of heat transfer rate per temperature difference
between the environmental temperatures on each side. The U value is given in watts per square metre
kelvin [W/(m2·K)]
4.2
declared value
U value obtained under standardized boundary conditions (see Clause 8)

5 Basic formulae
The method of this standard is based on a calculation according to the following principles.
5.1 U value
The U value is given by:

1 1 1 1
---- = ------ + ----- + ----- (1)
U he ht hi

where
he and hi are the external and internal heat transfer coefficients;
ht is the total thermal conductance of the glazing.

N
1 1 M
----- =
ht ∑ ------ + ∑ d j r j
hs
(2)
1 1

where
hs is the thermal conductance of each gas space;
N is the number of spaces;
dj is the thickness of each material layer;
rj is the thermal resistivity of each material (thermal resistivity of soda lime glass = 1,0m K/W);
M is the number of material layers.

hs = hr + hg

where
hr is the radiation conductance;
hg is the gas conductance.

For glazing with more than one gas space the U value shall be found by iteration (see Annex B).

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5.2 Radiation conductance hr

The radiation conductance is given by:

1 1 –1
h r = 4Ö  ----- + ----- – 1 T m
3
 ¼1 ¼2  (4)

where
Ö is Stefan-Boltzmann’s constant;
Tm is the mean absolute temperature of the gas space;
¼1 and ¼2 are the corrected emissivities at Tm.

5.3 Gas conductance hg

The gas conductance is given by:

Æ
h g = Nu --- (5)
s

where
s is the width of the space;
Æ is the thermal conductivity;
Nu is the Nusselt number.

Nu = A(Gr Pr)n (6)

where
A is a constant;
Gr is the Grashof number;
Pr is the Prandtl number;
n is an exponent.

3 2
9,81s %TÔ
Gr = -------------------------------- (7)
2
Tm È

Èc
Pr = ------ (8)
Æ

where
∆T is the temperature difference between glass surfaces bounding the gas space;
Ô is the density;
È is the dynamic viscosity;
c is the specific heat capacity;
Tm is the mean temperature.

The Nusselt number is calculated from equation (6).

If Nu is less than 1, then the value unity is used for Nu in equation (5).

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5.3.1 Vertical glazing

For vertical glazing:
A is 0,035;
n is 0,38.
5.3.2 Horizontal and angled glazing
For horizontal or angled glazing and upward heat flow the heat transfer by convection is enhanced.
This effect shall be considered by substituting the following values of A and n in equation (6).

Horizontal spaces A = 0,16 n = 0,28

Space at 45° A = 0,10 n = 0,31

For intermediate angles linear interpolation is satisfactory.

When the direction of heat flow is downward the convection shall be considered suppressed for practical
cases and Nu = 1 is substituted in equation (5).

6 Basic material properties

6.1 Emissivity
The corrected emissivities ¼ of the surfaces bounding the enclosed spaces are required to calculate the
radiation conductance hr in equation (4).
For uncoated soda lime glass surfaces or for soda lime glass surfaces with coatings which have no effect on
the emissivity, the corrected emissivity to be used is 0,837.
NOTE 1 With reasonable confidence the same value may be used for uncoated borosilicate glass and glass ceramic.
For other coated surfaces the normal emissivity shall be determined with an infrared spectrometer
(see A.1 and C.6) and the corrected emissivity is determined from the normal emissivity as described
in A.2.
NOTE 2 Two different definitions of emissivity should theoretically be used to describe radiation exchange between:
a) glass surfaces facing each other in glazing;
b) a glass surface facing a room.
However, in practice numerical differences are found to be negligibly small. Thus corrected emissivity describes both types of heat
exchange with a sufficient approximation.

6.2 Gas properties

The following properties of the gas filling the space are required:

thermal conductivity Æ;
density Ô;
dynamic viscosity È;
specific heat capacity c.

The relevant values are substituted in equations (7) and (8) above for the Grashof and Prandtl numbers
and the Nusselt number is determined from equation (6) above.
If the Nusselt number is greater than 1 this indicates that convection is occurring, enhancing the heat flow
rate.
If the calculated value of the Nusselt number is less than 1 this indicates that heat flow in the gas is by
conduction only and the Nusselt number is given the bounding value of 1. Substitution in equation (5) gives
the gas conductance hg.
Values of gas properties for a range of gases used in sealed glazing units are given in Table 1.

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For all practical gas mixtures the gas properties are proportioned in the ratio of the volume fractions, F1,
F2..., with sufficient approximation:
Gas 1: F1; Gas 2: F2 etc.
Thus
P = P1 F1 + P2 F2 (9)

where P represents the relevant property: thermal conductivity, density, viscosity or specific heat capacity.
6.3 Infrared absorption of the gas
Some gases absorb infrared radiation in the 5 µm to 50 µm range. Where the gas concerned is used in
combination with a coating with corrected emissivity less than 0,2 this effect is neglected because of the
low density of the net infrared radiant flux.
For other cases the U value shall be measured according to EN 674, EN 675 or prEN 1098 if the possible
improvement is to be taken into account.

Table 1 — Gas properties

Gas Temperature Density Dynamic viscosity Conductivity Specific heat
capacity
Ú Ô È Æ c
°C kg/m3 kg/(m·s) W/(m·K) J/(kg·K)
Air p10 1,326 1,661 × 10p5 2,336 × 10p5
0 1,277 1,711 × 10p5 2,416 × 10p5 1,008 × 103
10* 1,232 1,761 × 10 p5
2,496 × 10 p5

20 1,189 1,811 × 10 p5
2,576 × 10p5
Argon p10 1,829 2,038 × 10p5 1,584 × 10p5
0 1,762 2,101 × 10p5 1,634 × 10p5 0,519 × 103
10* 1,699 2,164 × 10p5 1,684 × 10p5
20 1,640 2,228 × 10p5 1,734 × 10p5
SF6** p10 6,844 1,383 × 10p5 1,119 × 10p5
0 6,602 1,421 × 10p5 1,197 × 10p5 0,614 × 103
10* 6,360 1,459 × 10p5 1,275 × 10p5
20 6,118 1,497 × 10p5 1,354 × 10p5
Krypton p10 3,832 2,260 × 10p5 0,842 × 10p5
0 3,690 2,330 × 10p5 0,870 × 10p5 0,245 × 103
10* 3,560 2,400 × 10p5 0,900 × 10p5
20 3,430 2,470 × 10p5 0,926 × 10p5
Xenon p10 6,121 2,078 × 10p5 0,494 × 10p5
0 5,897 2,152 × 10p5 0,512 × 10p5 0,161 × 103
10 5,689 2,226 × 10p5 0,529 × 10p5
20 5,495 2,299 × 10p5 0,546 × 10p5
* Standardized boundary conditions.
** Sulfur hexafluoride.

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7 External and internal heat transfer coefficients

7.1 External heat transfer coefficient he
The external heat transfer coefficient he is a function of the wind speed near the glazing, the emissivity and
other climatic factors.
For ordinary vertical glass surfaces the value of he is standardized to 23 W/(m2·K) for the purposes of
comparison of glazing U values.
1
NOTE The reciprocal ------ is 0,04 m2·k/W expressed to two decimal figures.
h
e
This procedure does not consider the improvement of the U value due to the presence of externally exposed
coated surfaces with an emissivity lower than 0,837.
For the he values of non-vertical surfaces reference is made to C.3.
7.2 Internal heat transfer coefficient hi
The internal heat transfer coefficient hi is given by the following formula:
hi = hr + hc (10)

where
hr is the radiation conductance;
hc is the convection conductance.

The radiation conductance for uncoated soda lime glass surfaces is 4,4 W/(m2·K). If the internal surface of
the glazing has a lower emissivity, the radiation conductance is given by:

4,4¼
h r = --------------- (11)
0,837

where
¼ is the corrected emissivity of the coated surface;
0,837 is the corrected emissivity of uncoated soda lime glass (see 6.1).
This is only applicable if there is no condensation on the coated surface. A procedure for determining the
corrected emissivity of a coating is given in Annex A.
The value of hc is 3,6 W/(m2·K) for free convection. Where a fan blown heater is situated below or above a
window this value will be larger if a current of air is blown over the window.
For vertical soda lime glass surfaces and free convection:
hi = 4,4 + 3,6
= 8,0 W/(m2·K) (12)

which is standardized for the purposes of comparison of glazing U values.

1
NOTE The reciprocal ----- for soda lime glass surfaces is 0,13 m2·K/W expressed to two decimal figures.
h
i
For the hi values of non-vertical surfaces, reference is made to C.3.
7.3 Design values
For the application of glazing U values in building design the use of a declared value may not always be
sufficiently accurate. In special circumstances a design value shall be determined using this standard.
Design U values appropriate to the position of the glazing and the environmental conditions shall be
determined using the correct boundary values of hs, he and hi which shall be stated.
NOTE The application of the declared value of an external building element for calculating heat losses is not strictly consistent on
the basis of dry resultant temperature in internally heated spaces. In most practical cases it is adequate, but for glazing elements
with relatively large surface area and particularly with internal low emissivity surface, errors may arise.
For heat loss calculations reference is made to C.4, C.5 or other relevant European Standards.

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8 Declared values: standardized boundary conditions

For all cases where U values are stated for promotional purposes, the standardized boundary conditions
defined below shall be used.
The standardized boundary conditions for declared values are:
r thermal resistivity of soda lime glass 1,0 m·K/W
¼ corrected emissivity of uncoated soda lime and borosilicate glass surface 0,837
∆T temperature difference between bounding glass surfaces 15 K
Tm mean temperature of gas space 283 K
Ö Stefan-Boltzmann’s constant 5,67 × 10p8 W/(m2·K4)
he external heat transfer coefficient for uncoated soda lime glass surfaces 23 W/(m2·K)
hi internal heat transfer coefficient for uncoated soda lime glass surfaces 8 W/(m2·K)
A constant 0,035
n exponent 0,38

Standardized boundary conditions for the gas properties are given in Table 1 for a temperature
of 10 °C (283 K).

9 Expression of the results

9.1 U values
U values shall be expressed in W/(m2·K) rounded to one decimal figure. If the second decimal is five, it shall
be rounded to the higher values.
Example 1: 1,53 becomes 1,5;
Example 2: 1,55 becomes 1,6;
Example 3: 1,549 becomes 1,5.
9.2 Emissivity
When emissivity is presented in promotional material it shall be given to two decimal figures specifying
whether it is normal or corrected emissivity.
9.3 Intermediate values
In computations, intermediate values shall not be rounded.

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10 Test report
10.1 Information included in the test report
The test report shall state the following elements.
10.2 Identification of the glazing
— total nominal thickness of the glazing (millimetres);
— nominal thickness of each glass pane (millimetres);
— nominal thickness of each material layer, if any (millimetres);
— nominal thickness of gas space(s) (millimetres);
— type of gas filling;
— position of IR-reflecting coating, if any;
— inclination of glazing (angle to horizontal);
— any other condition diverging from the standardized boundary conditions.
10.3 Cross-section of the glazing
A figure shall show the structure of the glazing [position and thickness of glass panes and of material
layers, position of coating(s), position and thickness of gas space(s), type of gas filling].
The layers of glass and of other materials and the gas spaces shall be numbered starting from the pane
facing outside.
10.4 Results
— corrected emissivity of the coating, in the case of coatings which modify the emissivity;
— internal heat transfer coefficient hi, in the case of coatings which modify the
emissivity; [W/(m2·K)]
— total thermal conductance of the glazing, ht; [W/(m2·K)]
— U value of the glazing; [W/(m2·K)]
— hs, he and hj if used to calculate a design U value in which case the expression
“design U value” shall be used. [W/(m2·K)]

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Annex A (normative)
Determination of normal and corrected emissivity
NOTE This annex is in agreement with C.6.

A.1 Determination of normal emissivity ¼n

The normal emissivity, ¼n, of a coated surface is computed from its spectral reflectance curve measured at
near nominal incidence with an infrared spectrophotometer equipped with a specular reflectance accessory
using the following procedure.
Normal reflectance, Rn, for a mean temperature of 283 K is determined from the curve by taking the
mathematical average of spectral reflectances, Rn(Æ), measured at the 30 wavelengths given in Table A.1.

i = 30
1
R n = ------
30 ∑ Rn ( Æi ) (A.1)
i=1

Normal emissivity ¼n at 283 K is given by:

¼n = 1 p Rn (A.2)
NOTE For other ambient temperatures emissivity is not strongly dependent on the mean temperature.

Table A.1 — Thirty selected wavelengths Æi for determining normal reflectance, Rn, at 283 K
Ordinal number i Wavelength 2i Ordinal number i Wavelength 2i
4m 4m
1 5,5 16 14,8
2 6,7 17 15,6
3 7,4 18 16,3
4 8,1 19 17,2
5 8,6 20 18,1
6 9,2 21 19,2
7 9,7 22 20,3
8 10,2 23 21,7
9 10,7 24 23,3
10 11,3 25 25,2
11 11,8 26 27,7
12 12,4 27 30,9
13 12,9 28 35,7
14 13,5 29 43,9
15 14,2 30 50,0*
* 50 4m has been chosen because this wavelength is the limit of most commercially available spectrometers. This approximation
has a negligible effect on the accuracy of the calculation.

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A.2 Determination of corrected emissivity ¼

The corrected emissivity, ¼, is determined by multiplying normal emmisivity by the ratio given
in Table A.2.
Other values can be obtained with sufficient accuracy by linear interpolation or extrapolation.

Table A.2 — Factors to compute corrected emissivity ¼ from normal emissivity ¼n

Normal emissivity Ratio
¼ ¼/¼n
0,03 1,22
0,05 1,18
0,1 1,14
0,2 1,10
0,3 1,06
0,4 1,03
0,5 1,00
0,6 0,98
0,7 0,96
0,8 0,95
0,89 0,94

Annex B (normative)
Iteration procedure for glazing with more than one gas space
For glazing with more than one gas space (N > 1), the calculation shall be performed by an iteration
procedure (exemplified in Table B.1), in which the gas space conductance hs of each gas space is determined
at a mean temperature of 283 K (sufficient accuracy is obtained because the influence of small deviations
from 283 K can be neglected).
For the first step of the iteration procedure a temperature difference of ∆T = 15/N (K) for each space is used
in equation (7).
With gas space conductances hs obtained, new ∆Ts values for each space shall be calculated from the
equation:

 1 ⁄ hs 
 ------------------------
N 
%T s =  
∑
1 ⁄ h s (B.1)
1 

These ∆Ts values are used for the second iteration, and so on. N
The iteration procedure shall be repeated until the resistance of the glazing ∑ 1 ⁄ h s from equation (2)
1
converges at the third significant figure (usually no more than three iterations, and exceptionally four).
This converged resistance shall be used in equations (2) and (1) to calculate the U value.
Where the initial hs values are equal, the respective temperature differences are given by ∆T = 15/N (K)
and iteration is unnecessary.

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Table B.1 — Example of iteration for a triple glazing with the following characteristics:
structure 4/12/4/12/4; one coating in second space with ¼n = 0,1 (¼ = 0,114); both spaces SF6 filled
Iteration number 1 2 3 4
1/hs for space 1 (m2·K/W) 0,163 1 0,173 2 0,170 8 0,171 3
1/hs for space 2 (m2·K/W) 0,332 7 0,303 6 0,308 7 0,307 6

2
∑ 1 ⁄ h s (m2·K/W) 0,495 8 0,476 8 0,479 5 0,478 9
1

%T for space 1 (K) 4,93 5,45 5,34 5,37

%T for space 2 (K) 10,07 9,55 9,66 9,63
U value [W/(m2·K/)] 1,48 1,52 1,51 1,51

Annex C (informative)
Bibliography

C.1 prEN 30077, Windows, doors and shutters — Thermal transmittance — Calculation method.
(ISO/DIS 11077:1993)

C.2 prEN 410, Glass in building — Determination of light transmittance, solar direct transmittance, total
solar energy transmittance, ultraviolet transmittance and related glazing characteristics.

C.3 Building components and building elements — Thermal resistance and thermal transmittance —
Calculation method. (ISO/DIS 6946-1:1995) (WI: 00089013)

C.4 prEN 832, Thermal performance of buildings — Calculation of energy use for heating —
Residential buildings.

C.5 EN ISO 10211-1, Thermal bridges in building construction — Heat flows and surface temperatures —
Part 1: General calculation methods. (ISO 10211-1:1995)

C.6 prEN 12898, Glass in building — Determination of the emissivity.

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