RC Circuit Transient

1. Given

Determine the following:

Solution:

By KVL↷:

V − V$ − V% = 0
V$ + V% = V
1
Ri + - idt = V
C
Differentiating both sides:

1
 d i
Ri + = 0
dt C
di i
10 + =0
dt 0.001
di i 1
>10 + = 0? > ?
dt 0.001 10
di
+ 100𝑖 = 0
dt
d
Let D = → 𝐷 = 𝑑 − 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟
dt
Di + 100i = 0
(D + 100)i = 0
𝐴𝑢𝑥𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
𝑚 + 100 = 0
𝑚 = −100
𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
𝑖 = 𝑘𝑒 YZ
𝑖 = 𝑘𝑒 [\]]Z → 𝑒𝑞 ①
a. 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑡 = 0 (𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡)
𝑉 12
𝑖= =
𝑅 10
𝑖 = 1.2 𝐴
𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑖 = 1.2 𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑞 ①
1.2 = 𝑘𝑒 [\]](])
𝑘 = 1.2
𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑘 = 1.2 𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑞 ①
𝒊 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝒆[𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒕 𝑨
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑇𝐶
𝑇𝐶 = 𝑅𝐶 = (10)(0.001)
𝑇𝐶 = 0.010𝑠

b. 𝑖 = ? , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡 = 2𝑇𝐶
𝑖 = 1.2𝑒 [\]](].]r)
𝒊 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟔𝟐 𝑨

2
c. 𝑖 = ? , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡 = 50𝑚𝑠
𝑖 = 1.2𝑒 [\]](].]u)
𝒊 = 𝟖. 𝟎𝟖𝟔 𝑨

d. 𝑡 = ? , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑖 = 0.75𝐴
0.75 = 1.2𝑒 [\]](Z)
0.625 = 𝑒 [\]](Z)
𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 ln 𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠
ln 0.625 = ln 𝑒 [\]](Z)
100𝑡 = 0.47
𝑡 = 4.7𝑚𝑠
e. 𝑡 = ? , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 V$ = V%
V$ = V%
1
Ri = - idt
C
1
10(1.2𝑒 [\]]Z ) = - 1.2𝑒 [\]]Z dt
0.001
[\]]Z
1.2 𝑒 [\]]Z 𝑡
12𝑒 = | }~
0.001 −100 0
1 𝑡
0.01𝑒 [\]]Z = •𝑒 [\]]Z − 𝑒 [\]](]) €•
−100 0
𝑒 [\]]Z =1−𝑒 [\]]Z
[\]]Z
2𝑒 =1
𝑒 [\]]Z = 0.5
𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 ln 𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠
ln 𝑒 [\]]Z = ln 0.5
−100𝑡 = −0.693
𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟔𝟗𝟑 𝒔𝒆𝒄

3
 ∗ 𝑼𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆 𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒔

𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑤𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡 = 0,

By KVL↷:

V − V$ − V% = 0

V$ + V% = V
dq
but i =
dt
dq 1 dq
𝑅 + - dt = V
dt C dt
dq q 1
>𝑅 + = V? > ?
dt C 𝑅
dq q 12
+ =
dt (10)(0.001) 10
dq
+ 100𝑞 = 1.2
dt
d
Let D = → 𝐷 = 𝑑 − 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟
dt
𝐷𝑞 + 100𝑞 = 1.2
(𝐷 + 100)𝑞 = 1.2
𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
𝑞 = 𝑞“ + 𝑞”
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑞 “
(𝐷 + 100)𝑞“ = 1.2
𝐵𝑦 𝒊𝒏𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏:
1.2
𝑞“ =
100
𝑞“ = 0.012 𝐴
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑞 ”
(𝐷 + 100)𝑞” = 0
𝐴𝑢𝑥𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
𝑚 + 100 = 0
𝑚 = −100

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𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠,
𝑞 ” = 𝑘𝑒 YZ
𝑞 ” = 𝑘𝑒 [\]]Z
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑞 “ & 𝑞 ”
𝑞 = 0.012 + 𝑘𝑒 [\]]Z → 𝑒𝑞③
𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑡 = 0, 𝑞 = 0
(𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡, 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑛𝑜 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜)
0 = 0.012 + 𝑘𝑒 [\]](])
𝑘 = −0.012

𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑘 𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑞③
𝑞 = 0.012 − 0.012𝑒 [\]]Z
𝑞 = 0.012(1 − 𝑒 [\]]Z ) 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑜𝑚𝑏
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟 i

dq
i=
dt
d
i = •0.012(1 − 𝑒 [\]]Z )€
dt
i = 0 − 0.012(−100𝑒 [\]]Z )
𝐢 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝒆[𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒕

5
2. The 20µF capacitor in RC circuit shown has an initial charge of qo
= -50µC with polarity shown. At t=0 the switch is closed there by
applying the constant V=50Volts. Find the current transient

Solution:

Using current basis, when the switch is closed at t = 0

By KVL↷:

V − V$ + V% = 0
V$ + V% = V
1
Ri + - idt = V
C
Differentiating both sides:

d i
Ri + = 0
dt C
di i
10 + =0
dt 0.001
di i 1
>1000 + = 0? > ?
dt 20 × 10[Ÿ 1000
di
+ 50𝑖 = 0
dt

6
 d
Let D = → 𝐷 = 𝑑 − 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟
dt
Di + 50i = 0
(D + 50)i = 0
𝐴𝑢𝑥𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
𝑚 + 50 = 0
𝑚 = −50
𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
𝑖 = 𝑘𝑒 YZ
𝑖 = 𝑘𝑒 [u]Z → 𝑒𝑞 ①
𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑡 = 0, 𝑖 =?
𝐹𝑜𝑟i :

solving for V%¢ , by KVL:

𝑞 50 × 10[Ÿ
𝑏𝑢𝑡 V%¢ = =
𝐶 20 × 10[Ÿ
V%¢ = 25𝑉

7
Substitute V%¢ 𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑞 ②
50 + 2.5
i =
1000
i = 0.0525
Substitute i to 𝑒𝑞 ① 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡 = 0
0.0525 = 𝑘𝑒 [u](])
𝑘 = 0.0525
Substitute k to 𝑒𝑞 ①
𝒊 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟐𝟓𝒆[𝟓𝟎𝒕

∗ 𝑼𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆 𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒔

V − V$ − V% = 0

V$ + V% = V
dq
but i =
dt
dq 1 dq
𝑅 + - dt = V
dt C dt
dq q 1
>𝑅 + = V? > ?
dt C 𝑅
dq q 50
+ =
dt (1000)(20 × 10[Ÿ ) 1000
dq
+ 50𝑞 = 0.05
dt
d
Let D = → 𝐷 = 𝑑 − 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟
dt
𝐷𝑞 + 50𝑞 = 0.05
(𝐷 + 50)𝑞 = 0.05
𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
𝑞 = 𝑞“ + 𝑞”
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑞 “
(𝐷 + 50)𝑞“ = 0.05

8
𝐵𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
0.05
𝑞“ =
50
𝑞“ = 0.001𝐴
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑞 ”
(𝐷 + 100)𝑞” = 0
𝐴𝑢𝑥𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
𝑚 + 50 = 0
𝑚 = −50
𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠,
𝑞 ” = 𝑘𝑒 YZ
𝑞 ” = 𝑘𝑒 [u]Z
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑞 “ & 𝑞 ”
𝑞 = 0.001 + 𝑘𝑒 [u]Z → 𝑒𝑞③
𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑡 = 0, 𝑞 = 0
(𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡, 𝑡 = 0, 𝑞 ] = −50µ𝐶 )
50 × 10[Ÿ = 0.012 + 𝑘𝑒 [\]](])
𝑘 = 0.000105

𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑘 𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑞③
𝑞 = 0.001 − 0.000105𝑒 [u]Z 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑜𝑚𝑏
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟 i

dq
i=
dt
d
i = (0.001 − 0.000105𝑒 [u]Z )
dt
i = 0 − 0.00105(−50𝑒 [u]Z )
𝐢 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟐𝟓𝒆[𝟓𝟎𝒕

9
3. In the RC circuit show, the switch is closed on position 1 at t=0,
and after 1TC is moved to position 2. Find the current transient.

Solution:

When the switch is closed at position 1 at t = 0.

By KVL↷:

V − V$ − V% = 0
V$ + V% = V

10
 1
Ri + - idt = V
C
Differentiating both sides:

d i
Ri + = 0
dt C
di i
5000 + =0
dt 0.5 × 10[Ÿ
di i 1
>5000 + = 0? > ?
dt 0.5 × 10[Ÿ 5000
di
+ 1 = 4000𝑖 = 0
dt
d
Let D = → 𝐷 = 𝑑 − 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟
dt
Di + 4000i = 0
(D + 4000)i = 0
𝐴𝑢𝑥𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
𝑚 + 4000 = 0
𝑚 = −4000
𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
𝑖 = 𝑘𝑒 YZ
𝑖 = 𝑘𝑒 [¬]]]Z → 𝑒𝑞 ①
𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑡 = 0 (𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡)
𝑉 20
𝑖= =
𝑅 500
𝑖 = 0.04 𝐴
𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑖 = 0.04 𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑞 ① 𝑎𝑡 𝑡 = 0
0.04 = 𝑘𝑒 [¬]]](])
𝑘 = 0.04
𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑘 = 0.04 𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑞 ①
𝒊 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝒆[𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒕 𝑨

𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 0 < 𝑡 < 𝑡 ¯

11
𝑖 = 0.0147

solving for V%¢

By KVL↷:

20 − 500i − V%¢ = 0
V%¢ = 20 + 500(0.0147)
V%¢ = 12.65 𝑉

solving for q ¢
q ¢ = 𝐶V%¢
q ¢ = (0.5 × 10[Ÿ )(12.65 )
q ¢ = 0.000 006 33 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑠

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑤𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2 𝑎𝑡 𝑡 = 0;

12
By KVL↷:

−V − V$ − V% = 0
V$ + V% = V
1
Ri + - idt = V
C
Differentiating both sides:

d i
Ri + = 0
dt C
di i
5000 + =0
dt 0.5 × 10[Ÿ
di i 1
>5000 + = 0? > ?
dt 0.5 × 10[Ÿ 5000
di
+ 1 = 4000𝑖 = 0
dt
d
Let D = → 𝐷 = 𝑑 − 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟
dt
Di + 4000i = 0
(D + 4000)i = 0
𝐴𝑢𝑥𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
𝑚 + 4000 = 0
𝑚 = −4000

13
𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
𝑖 = 𝑘𝑒 YZ
±
𝑖 = 𝑘𝑒 [¬]]](Z[Z ) → 𝑒𝑞 ②
𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑡 = 𝑡 ¯ , i¢ = ?
𝑡 = 𝑡 ¯ = 1𝑇𝐶

By KVL↷:

−40 − 500i − V%¢ = 0

𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 i 𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑞② , 𝑡 = 𝑡 ¯
±)
−0.1053𝐴 = 𝑘𝑒 [¬]]](Z[Z
𝑘 = −0.1053
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐾 𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑞②

±
𝑖 = −0.1053𝐴𝑒 [¬]]](Z[Z )
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 𝑡 ¯ < 𝑡 𝑜𝑡 𝑡 > 𝑡 ¯
𝑡 = 1𝑇𝐶 = 𝑅𝐶

14
𝑡 = (500)(0.5 × 10[Ÿ )
t = 0.0025s
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒,
±
𝒊 = −𝟎. 𝟏𝟎𝟓𝟑𝑨𝒆[𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎(𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟓𝐬[𝒕 )

15