INTRODUCTION

1 Read and answer these questions. Which questions do you think test IQ
(Intelligence Quotient) and which test EQ (Emotional Intelligence Quotient)? When
you have finished, compare answers in pairs.

b Jack is poorer than Kate. Kate is richer

than Mark. Mark is as rich as Ann.
Ann is richer than Jack .
Which person is the richest?
c You lent something to a friend.
It isn't worth much money, but it means
a lot to you. You've asked for the item
back, but your friend has failed to give
it back. What do you do?
1 Tell your friend that the item has great
sentimental value and that you would like
to have it back.
2 End the friendship. A real friend would
have more consideration for you.
3 Forget about it. Friends are more important than possessions.
4 Don't speak to your friend until your item is returned.
d You are coming o.ut of a shop when you suddenly trip and nearly fall over. What do you
do?
1 Feel angry and swear to yourself.
2 See the funny side and carry on walking.
3 Look around quickly to see if anyone was watching.
4 feel really embarrassed and walk on, pretending nothing has happened.
2 Discuss these questions
a How useful are IQ and EQ tests? How well do you perform on them?
b To what extent can practising these tests help you get a better score?

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READING AND USE OF ENGLISH

1 Read this short text. What or who do the words in italics refer to?
Volker Sommer, Professor of Evolutionary Anthropology at University College,
London, carried out research into how chimpanzees use sticks to avoid being bitten by the
army ants they are trying to eat. In order to do so, he travelled to Nigeria's Gashaka Gumti
national park. There, chimpanzees and army ants and sticks are plentiful - the former use
the latter to dip into nests for the ants. His studies showed that the ants respond to
predatory chimpanzees by streaming to the surface to defend their colony through painful
bites. In response to this, chimpanzees typically harvest army ants with stick tools, thereby
minimizing the bites they receive.
You are going to read an article about animal behaviour. Six sentences have
been removed from the article. Choose from the sentences A-G the one
which fits each gap There is one extra sentence which you do not need
to use.
A This use of a third individual to achieve a goal is only one of the many tricks
commonly used by apes.
When she looked and found nothing, she 'walked back, hit me over the head with
her hand and ignored me forlhe rest of the day'.
The ability of animals to deceive and cheat may be a better measure of their
intelligence than their use of tools.
D So the psychologists talked to colleagues who studied apes and asked them if
they had noticed this kind of deception.
E The psychologists who saw the incident are sure that he intended to get the
potato.
Of course, it's possible that he could have learned from humans that such
behaviour works , without understanding why.
Such behaviour, developed over hundreds of thousands of years , is instinctive and
completely natural.
3 Discuss these questions.
a Did you play tricks on your brothers and sisters when you were a child? Do you
regret your behaviour now?
b Have you ever tried to deceive any of the following people? Why and how did you
do it? What were the consequences?
a boss a customs officer a friend
a parent a partner a teacher

Nature’s cheats
Anna is digging in the ground for a potato, when along comes Paul. Paul looks to see what
Anna's doing and then, seeing that there is no one in sight, starts to scream as loud as he
can. Paul's angry mother rushes over and chases Anna away. Once his mum has gone, Paul
walks over and helps himself to Anna’s potato.
Does this ring a bell? I’m sure it does. We’ve all experienced annoying tricks when we
were young – the brother who stole your toys and then got you into trouble by telling your
parents you had hit him. But Anna and Paul are not humans. They’re African baboons, and
playing tricks is as much a part of monkey behaviour as it is of human behaviour.

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Throughout nature, tricks like this are common – they are part of daily survival. There are
insects that hide from their enemies by looking like leaves or twigs, and harmless snakes
that imitate poisonous ones. [1]________ Some animals, however, go further and use a
more deliberate kind of deception – they use normal behaviour to trick other animals. In
most cases the animal probably doesn't know it is deceiving, only that certain actions give
it an advantage. But in apes and some monkeys the behaviour seems much more like that
of humans.
What about Paul the baboon? His scream and his mother’s attack on Anna could have been
a matter of chance, but Paul was later seen playing the same trick on others. [2 ]________
Another tactic is the ‘Look behind you!’ trick. When one young male baboon was attacked
by several others, he stood on his back legs and looked into the distance, as if there was an
enemy there. The attackers turned to look behind them and lost interest in their victim. In
fact, there was no enemy.
Studying behaviour like this is complicated because it is difficult to do laboratory
experiments to test whether behaviour is intentional. It would be easy to suggest that these
cases mean the baboons were deliberately tricking other animals, but they might have
learnt the behaviour without understanding how it worked. [3 ]_______ They discovered
many liars and cheats, but the cleverest were apes who clearly showed that they intended
to deceive and knew when they themselves had been deceived.
An amusing example of this comes from a psychologist working in Tanzania. A young
chimp was annoying him, so he tricked her into going away by pretending he had seen
something interesting in the distance. [4 ]________
Another way to decide whether an animal’s behaviour is deliberate is to look for actions
that are not normal for that animal. A zoo worker describes how a gorilla dealt with an
enemy. 'He slowly crept up behind the other gorilla, walking on tiptoe. When he got close
to his enemy he pushed him violently in the back, then ran indoors.’ Wild gorillas do not
normally walk on tiptoe. [5 ]________ But looking at the many cases of deliberate
deception in apes, it is impossible to explain them all as simple imitation.
Taking all the evidence into account, it seems that deception does play an important part in
ape societies where there are complex social rules and relationships and where problems
are better solved by social pressure than by physical conflict. [6 ]_______ Studying the
intelligence of our closest relatives could be the way to understand the development of
human intelligence.

VOCABULARY
A- Think ahead
1 Work in pairs. Discuss these questions.
• How much sleep do you need each night? How much do you normally get? What
happens if you don't get enough sleep?
• What is your favourite sleeping position?
• Do you ever have a nap during the day?
What advice would you give someone who suffers from insomnia?
Read this short text, ignoring the words in italics. Are any of your ideas in 2
mentioned?
It is difficult to sleep 1 if you are stressed and worried. If your mind
races as soon as your head hits the pillow, you need to 2 meet face the problem
before you go to sleep. It may help to actually write down what your
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 anxieties are and try to think of solutions. Reading or watching a video can
also help as it distracts you not TV, as it indicates what time it is. The later it gets,
the more anxious you may become.
B- Collocations
4 Choose the correct collocation from the words in in the text in 3.
Choose the adjective which collocates with the noun in each of these sentences.
a Susan is a friend.
b Armed robbery is a crime.
c Digging is work.
d There will be rain in the north.
e Truancy is a(n) problem.
f Traffic is usually during the rush hour.
g We were almost blown over by the wind.
The adverbs below all mean 'with intensity'. Match each adverb with an
appropriate verb.
Adverbs: attentively hard (2) passionately soundly
drink listen sleep think work
For each of these sentences, cross out the verb which does not collocate with the
noun.
a I'm my exam in June.
b We need to a solution.
c Can I say an opinion?
d The increase in traffic is a problem.
e Have you a decision yet?
f We the business three years ago.
Use the verbs catch, keep and put to form collocations with the words and phrases
in italics making any necessary changes. Then, discuss the questions in pairs.
a Do you find it hard to __________ a secret?
b On average , how many colds do you _______ a year? How do you treat them?
c If you ___________ sight of someone you didn't like, what would you do?
d Have you ever ____________ your foot in it really badly?
e How do you _________ costs down when you're planning a holiday?
f How good are you at a name to a band you hear on the radio?
Which verb, make or do, is used with each of these phrases?
business with sb the cooking damage a decision
an effort exercises fun of sb a fuss
the housework a job a mistake money
a noise a profit progress
sb an offer a suggestion trouble your best
Complete these questions with make or do in the correct form. Then, discuss the
questions with a partner.
the cooking in your house? Why?
b How good are you at decisions?
c If your next door neighbours ________ too much noise, what would you do?
fun of you, how do you respond?

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 Quickly read the text below, ignoring the gaps. How many hours of sleep do most
people say they need?
C - Multiple-choice cloze
12 For questions 1-8, read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D)
best fits each gap. There is an example at the beginning (0).

SLEEP
By the time we (0) old age, most of us have spent 20 years sleeping. (1)
nobody knows why we do it.Most scientists believe that when we
sleep, we allow time for
(3) _____________ there is can be put right more quickly if energy isn't being
used up doing other things.
Sleep is controlled by certain chemicals, the effects of which we can alter to some
extent: caffeine helps to (4) ________ us awake, while alcohol and some medicines
make us sleepy: Scientists have (5) that when we first drop off everything
slows down. Then, after about 90 minutes we go into what is (6) ________REM* sleep,
which is a (7) _________ that we've started to dream. You have dreams every night,
even if you don't remember them.
Most people say they need eight hours' sleep every night, while others seem to (8)
______ on much less. One thing is certain; we all need some sleep.

*REM = Rapid Eye Movement

arrive B reach C be.come D get
After all Generally C Yet D Therefore
main elementary C needed D essential
damage suffering C harm D hurt
stay keep C make D maintain
looked researched C discovered D watched
named called C known D labelled
message proof C signal D show
need manage C get D deal

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