A REPORT ON FAST CHARGING FOR

ELECTRIC VEHICLES
Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the award of degree of
Bachelor of Technology
in
Electrical And Electronics Engineering
by
N. JAGADEESH
(19131A0263)
P. AKANKSHA
(19131A0269)
R. SWAROOP KUMAR
(19131A0283)
P. DURGA PRASAD
(20135A0214)

Under the guidance of

Dr. G.V.E. Satish Kumar, M.Tech.
(NIT Durgapur), Ph.D (NIT, Allahabad)
Professor,
DEPARTMENT OF EEE
GVPCE

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(AUTONOMOUS)

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

GAYATRI VIDYA PARISHAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (AUTONOMOUS)
(Affiliated to J.N.T.U Kakinada, A.P)
VISAKHAPATNAM- 530 048
February, 2021
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project titled A REPORT ON FAST CHARGING FOR
ELECTRIC VEHICLES is a bonafide record of the work done by

NEMALA JAGADEESH (19131A0263)

PATHINA AKANKSHA (19131A0269)
RUTHULA SWAROOP KUMAR (19131A0283)
PILLI DURGA PRASAD (20135A0214)

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of

Bachelor of Technology in (Specialization)

of the Gayatri Vidya Parishad College of Engineering (Autonomous) affiliated to

Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada during the year .

(Name & Signature of the Supervisor) (Name & Signature of the HoD)

Project Viva-voce held on

External Examiner
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We express our deep sense of gratitude to our esteemed institute “Gayatri Vidya Parishad
College of Engineering (Autonomous)” which has provided us an opportunity to fulfill the
most cherished desire to reach our goal.

We are highly indebted to Professor Dr. G.V.E. Satish Kumar, Department of EEE, who has
been our project guide, Chief instructor and our mentor. We thank her for her guidance and
constant supervision also for her support in completing the project.
We would also like to express our deep hearted thanks to Dr. K. Narasimha Rao, Professor
and Head of the Department (Electrical and Electronics Engineering) for his valuable advice
and guidance.
Our deep hearted thanks to the faculty members of our department for their value-based
imparting of theory and practical subjects, which we have to put into use in our project. We
are indebted to the non-teaching staff for their cooperation. We would like to thank our
parents and friends for all their help and support in making our project a success.

NEMALA JAGADEESH (19131A0263)

PATHINA AKANKSHA (19131A0269)
RUTHULA SWAROOP KUMAR (19131A0283)
PILLI DURGA PRASAD (20135A0214)
 ABSTRACT

Charging an Electric Vehicle is like charging a mobile phone, but done in large
scale. The faster we want a device to charge, the greater the output power delivered
from the charging outlet. Similarly, the faster we want an EV to charge, the more is
the supply given to the battery to charge. Generally, a DC charger is used in case of
fast charging rather than AC charging. Fast charging of an EV is not possible at
home. Separate charging stations are built for this purpose. Now a days most of the
automobile companies are in a race of manufacturing Electric Vehicles. Most
happening EV manufacturing companies are Tesla, Tata, Hyundai, Hero, etc.
Norway is the country with the maximum number of electric vehicle users and
charging stations. The demand for electric vehicles is increasing day by day. And
with the increase in demand of vehicles, the demand for charging stations also
increases rapidly. It is not possible for everyone, to charge their vehicles at home.
Sometimes we need our vehicles to be charged fast, which is not possible through
the supply available at home. This report discusses different methods of charging an
electric vehicle, the battery pack required for an EV, few charging techniques (solar
charging, wireless charging etc.). To overcome the pollution, methods involving
renewable energy should be effectively implemented.

Key words: Charging, wireless charging, CHAdeMO connector, Combined Charging

System (CCS), A Tesla Supercharger.
 CONTENTS
Chapter-1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Problem statement and background
1.2 Definition and objectives
Chapter-2: LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1 List of articles referred
2.2 Summary from the survey
Chapter-3: ELECTRIC VEHICLES
3.1 What is an Electric Vehicle?
3.2 History of EV’s
3.3 Basic parts of an EV
3.4 Different types of EV’s
3.5 EV’s manufacturing companies
Chapter-4: CHARGING OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES
4.1 Types of charging systems
4.2 Cables available for charging an EV
4.3 Effects of fast charging and over charging
Chapter-5: CHARGING TECHNIQUES
5.1 Solar charging
5.2 V2V charging
5.3 Battery swapping
5.4 Wireless charging
CONCLUSION
REFFERENCES
 Chapter-1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Problem statement and background

Fast charging for Electric vehicles is the problem statement for the report. An electric
vehicle (EV) is a vehicle that uses one or more electric motors for propulsion of wheels,
instead of an engine. It can be powered by a collector system, with electricity from
extravehicular sources, or it can be powered autonomously by a battery. Sometimes the
batteries are charged by solar panels, or by converting fuel to electricity using fuel cells or
a generator. EVs include, but are not limited to, road and rail vehicles, surface
and underwater vessels, electric aircraft and electric spacecrafts. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency categorizes all-electric vehicles as zero-emission vehicles because they
produce no pollutants or tailpipe emissions. Today, transportation accounts for maximum
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. By using EV’s we can, not only tailpipe emissions but
also, it is cost effective than internal combustion engine type vehicles. Research by the
European Energy Agency found that, even with electricity generation, the carbon emissions
of an electric car are around 17 – 30% lower than driving a petrol or diesel car. The
emissions from electricity generation are also dramatically improved when low carbon
electricity is used. Depending on the source of the electricity used to recharge the batteries,
there may be some pollution from the generation plants. This is referred to as the long
tailpipe of electric vehicles. However, it is far less than fossil fueled cars because power plant
emissions are far less per unit of power than internal combustion engines. All this shows that
electric vehicles have a big role to play in reducing transport emissions and being a major
factor in cleaning up the air we breathe.

1.2 Definition and objectives

Research has shown that electric cars are better for the environment. They emit fewer
greenhouse gases and air pollutants than petrol or diesel cars. And this takes into account
their production and electricity generation to keep them running. The major benefit of
electric cars is the contribution that they can make towards improving air quality in towns
and cities. With no tailpipe, pure electric cars produce no carbon dioxide emissions when
driving. This reduces air pollution considerably.
The objectives of this work are
 To study the basics of Electric Vehicles.
 To gain knowledge about the primary parts of an EV.
 To know about different charging techniques of EV’s.
 To study the motive and consequences of fast charging.
 A brief on wireless charging for EV’s.
 Chapter-2
LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1 List of Articles Referred
Table-2.1.1: The articles referred
S.no Name of the Article Year of Name of the Remarks
Publication author
1. History of the electric 1998 Wakefield, E H The research
automobile - hybrid undertaken in previous
electric vehicles centuries which led to
the first electric vehicle
in 1881

2. A dual-purpose battery 1998 M. Bojrup, This article presents a

charger for electric P. Karlsson, dual purpose(high
vehicles M. Alakula, power, off-board
B. Simonsson battery charger) for
electric vehicles.

3. Battery chargers for 2000 M.M. Morcos, This article presents a

electric vehicles N.G. Dillman, comparative study of
C.R. Mersman the performance of
battery chargers being
developed for electric
vehicles.

4. Contactless Power 2013 Theodora-Elli Contactless Power

Transfer (CPT) systems Stamati, Pavol Transfer (CPT)
are applicable for charging Bauer systems are applicable
electric vehicles (evs) for charging electric
without any physical vehicles (evs) without
interconnection. any physical
interconnection.

5. DC Charging Station for 2014 Clemente Capasso, In this paper the main
Electric and Plug-in Diegoiannuzzi, design criteria, setting
Vehicles Ottorinoveneri up and experimental
tests of a DC micro-
grid for fast recharging
stations of road full
electric and plug-in
hybrid vehicles, are
presented.

6. Comparison of Different 2017 C Iclodeanl, Electric Vehicle

Battery Types for Electric B Varga, utilizes four different
 Vehicles N Burnete, types of batteries:
D Cimerdean, Lithium Ion (Li-Ion),
B Jurchis Molten Salt (Na-nicl2),
Nickel Metal Hydride
(Ni-MH) and Lithium
Sulphur (Li-S), all of
them having the same
electric energy storage
capacity

7. Review of Electric 2021 Syed Muhammad This paper provided a

Vehicle Technologies, Arif, Tek Tjing thorough trendy review
Charging Methods, Lie, Boon Chong of the EV
Standards and Seet, Soumia technologies, including
Optimization Techniques Ayyadi and EV charging methods
Kristian Jensen

8. Electric Vehicles & DC 2021 Luke Gear This article focusses on

Fast Charging: Moving to different types of
the Next Level electric vehicle
charging levels.

2.2 Summary from the survey

Therefore, form the above listed articles we gained a lot of information regarding electric
vehicles, history, basic parts, batteries used in electric vehicles, charging levels, fast
charging, cables used for charging, wireless charging for electric vehicles. We got to know
about different manufacturing companies of EV’s. Reasons why few parts of modern EV’s
are different from traditional EV’s are known.

Chapter-3
 ELECTRIC VEHICLES
3.1 What is an Electric Vehicle?

An EV is a shortened acronym for an electric vehicle. EVs are vehicles that are either
partially or fully powered on electric power. Electric vehicles have low running costs as they
have fewer moving parts for maintaining and also very environmentally friendly as they use
little or no fossil fuels (petrol or diesel). Electric cars function by plugging into a charge
point and taking electricity from the grid. They store the electricity in rechargeable batteries
that power an electric motor, which turns the wheels. Electric cars accelerate faster than
vehicles with traditional fuel engines – so they feel lighter to drive.

3.2 History of EV’s

Talking about the typical invention of electric vehicles, the credit goes to many people. In
1828 Anyos Jedlik invented an electric motor, and, using his motor, he created the small
electric car. Between 1832 and 1839, Scottish inventor Robert Anderson also developed a
crude electric carriage. In 1996, the first electric vehicle was a three-wheeler, invented by
Scooter's India Pvt Ltd, and it was named VIKRAM SAFA. Approximately 400 vehicles
were made and sold. In 2000, BHEL developed an eighteen-seater electric bus, which
became popular too. Then approx. 200 electric vans were made and ran in Delhi. But it did
not do that well in the market as it required a high cost for the battery and its low life.
Electric vehicles came into existence in the 19th century. Earlier, they did not do that well in
the market because of its high cost, low speed, and short-range. So initially, the demand
declined worldwide. However, they have been used for transportation and public transport,
especially as rail vehicles. But now-a-days the demand increased rapidly due to new
technologies and luxurious features of electric vehicles. They are also economic and
environmental to the society.

3.3 Basic parts of an EV

3.3.1 Battery pack

There are two types of batteries, they are primary and secondary batteries. While speaking
about electric vehicles, the batteries used are secondary batteries. This is because the battery
used must be re-chargeable. If a primary battery is used, it has to be replaced with a new one
after it is totally discharged. This leads to accumulation of a lot of e-waste. So, to avoid all
these problems, secondary batteries are used.
There are many secondary cells used for electric vehicles, based on the discharge rate, charge
density etc. some of them are listed below
3.3.1.1 Lead acid batteries: these batteries are used
mostly in the initial stages of EV’s because of high
availability and low cost. However, they exhibit poor
performance at low temperatures and have short life cycle. In the charged state, the chemical
energy of the battery is stored in the potential difference between the pure lead at the
negative side and the PbO2 on the positive side, plus the aqueous sulfuric acid.
Fig-3.3.1.1: Lead acid battery
These batteries are only used in commercially available electric-drive vehicles for ancillary
loads.
3.3.1.2 Lithium-Ion Batteries: Lithium-ion batteries are
currently used in most portable consumer electronics such
as cell phones and laptops because of their high energy per
unit mass relative to other electrical energy storage systems.
They also have high energy efficiency, good high-
temperature performance, and low self-discharge. Most
components of lithium-ion batteries can be recycled. Most
of today's PHEVs and EVs use lithium-ion batteries.
Research and development are ongoing to reduce their
relatively high cost, extend their useful life, and address
safety concerns in regard to overheating.
Fig-3.3.1.2: Li-ion battery
3.3.1.3 Nickel-Metal Hydride Batteries: These are used routinely in computer and medical
equipment, offer reasonable specific energy and specific power capabilities. Nickel-metal
hydride batteries have a much longer life cycle than lead-acid batteries and are safe and abuse
tolerant. These batteries have been widely used in HEVs. The main challenges with nickel-
metal hydride batteries are their high cost, high self-discharge and heat generation at high
temperatures.

3.3.2 Electric motor

Based on the availability and application, a suitable electric motor is chosen. There are many
electric motors used for EV’s. Some of them are listed below
3.3.2.1 DC Series Motor: High starting torque capability of the DC Series motor makes it a
suitable option for traction application. It was the most widely used motor for traction
application in the early 1900s. The advantages of this motor are easy speed control and it can
also withstand a sudden increase in load. All these characteristics make it an ideal traction
motor. The main drawback of DC series motor is high maintenance due to brushes and
commutators. These motors are used in Indian railways. This motor comes under the
category of DC brushed motors.
3.3.2.2 Brushless DC Motors: It is similar to DC motors with
Permanent Magnets. It is called brushless because it does not have
the commutator and brush arrangement. The commutation is done
electronically in this motor because of this BLDC motors are
maintenance free. BLDC motors have traction characteristics like
high starting torque, high efficiency around 95-98%, etc. The
BLDC motors are the most preferred motors for the electric vehicle
application due to its traction characteristics. On the basis of the construction these are of two
types
1. Out-runner type BLDC Motor: In this type, the rotor of the motor is present outside and
the stator is present inside. It is also called as Hub motors because the wheel is directly
connected to the exterior rotor. This type of motors does not require external gear system.
Fig-3.3.2.2.1: Out-runner type
BLDC Motor
2. In-runner type BLDC Motor: In this type, the rotor of the
motor is present inside and the stator is outside like
conventional motors. These motors require an external
transmission system to transfer the power to the wheels. Many
three- wheeler manufacturers, low and medium performance
scooter manufacturers use BLDC motors for propulsion.
Fig-3.3.2.2.2: In-runner type
BLDC Motor
3.3.2.3 Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor
(PMSM): This motor is also similar to BLDC motor which
has permanent magnets on the rotor. Similar to BLDC
motors these motors also have traction characteristics like
high power density and high efficiency. The difference is
that PMSM has sinusoidal back EMF whereas BLDC has
trapezoidal back EMF. Permanent Magnet Synchronous
motors are available for higher power ratings. PMSM is the
Fig-3.3.2.3: PMSM
best choice for high performance applications like cars, buses.
3.3.2.4 Three Phase AC Induction Motors: The induction motors do not have a high
starting toque like DC series motors under fixed voltage and fixed frequency operation. But
this characteristic can be altered by using various control techniques like FOC or v/f
methods. By using these control methods, the maximum torque is made available at the
starting of the motor which is suitable for traction application. Squirrel cage induction motors
have a long life due to less maintenance. Induction motors can be designed up to an
efficiency of 92-95%. The drawback of an induction motor is that it has a rugged
construction and it requires complex inverter circuit and control of the motor is difficult. By
opting for induction motors, Tesla might have wanted to eliminate the dependency on
permanent magnets. Even Mahindra Reva e2o uses a three-phase induction motor for its
propulsion. Major automotive manufacturers like TATA motors have planned to use
Induction motors in their cars and buses.

3.3.3 Electric power control unit

3.3.3.1 The Battery Management System (BMS) manages the battery’s many cells so that
they can operate as if they are a single entity. The primary function of BMS is, safety. EV’s
run on high voltage battery packs which involve risk of operation. It continuously monitors
parameters like temperature, voltage and current, and ensures that the EV is being operated in
under safe conditions, every time the vehicle is turns on.

3.3.3.2 Battery Heating System, in lower temperatures, the battery sees a decrease in both
charging capacity and speed. The battery heater exists to keep the battery within the ideal
temperature range, preventing seasonal performance decreases and maintaining the max
driving distance. The system functions while charging as well, ensuring the efficiency of the
charge.

3.3.3.3 On-board charger (OBC), is used while an AC charger is connected to charge the
vehicle. It converts Alternating Current (AC) from slow chargers or portable chargers used on
home outlets into Direct Current (DC). This may make the OBC look similar to the
traditional inverter, but they differ crucially in function; the OBC is for charging, and the
inverter is for acceleration/deceleration. Incidentally, the OBC is not needed in fast-charging,
since fast chargers already supply the electricity in direct current.

3.3.3.4 Regenerative braking system: Regenerative braking systems (RBSs) are a type of
kinetic energy recovery system that transfers the kinetic energy of an object in motion into
potential or stored energy to slow the vehicle down, and as a result increases fuel efficiency.
These systems are also called kinetic energy recovery systems.

3.4 Types of EV’s

Based of the construction of the internal parts, the EV’s are classified as follows
1. Battery electric vehicle (BEV): Battery
Electric Vehicles, also called BEVs and more
frequently called EVs, are fully electric
vehicles with rechargeable batteries and no
engine. All energy to run the vehicle comes
from the battery pack which is recharged from
the grid. BEVs are zero emissions vehicles, as
they do not generate any harmful tailpipe
emissions or air pollution hazards caused by
traditional internal combustion vehicles.
Fig-3.4.1: Battery electric vehicle
2. Hybrid electric vehicles (HEV): Hybrid
Electric Vehicles, or HEVs, have both a fuel-
powered engine and an electric motor to drive
the car. All energy for the battery is gained
through the regenerative braking, which
recoups otherwise lost energy in braking to
assist the gasoline engine during acceleration.
In a traditional internal combustion engine
 vehicle, this braking energy is normally lost as heat in the brake pads and rotors.
Fig-3.4.2: Hybrid electric vehicle
Regular hybrids cannot plug into the grid to recharge the electric vehicle.
Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV): Plug-
in Hybrid Electric Vehicles, or PHEVs, have
both an engine and electric motor to drive the
car. Like regular hybrids, they can recharge their
battery through regenerative braking. They differ
from regular hybrids by having a much larger
battery, and being able to plug into the grid to
recharge.
Fig-3.4.3: Plug-in hybrid EV
3. Extended range electric vehicle (EREV): For an extended-range electric vehicle
(E-REV), an auxiliary power unit (APU) is often used as a companion to charge the
battery pack. The APU is a small internal combustion engine with the sole purpose
of recharging the primary batteries of the EV. These E-REVs are also known as
plug-in hybrid vehicles.
4. Fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV): Oxygen from the air and hydrogen from the
hydrogen tank are used to produce the electricity. The by products are heat and
water. These are classified as zero emission vehicles. Hyundai Tucson is the first
FCEV (2013). The hydrogen from the hydrogen tank is ionized and the electrons
thus formed are used to produce electricity. The remaining hydrogen undergo an
exothermic reaction with the oxygen from the atmosphere and produces heat and
water as byproducts. The most common type of fuel cell for vehicle applications is
the polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell.

3.5 EV’s manufacturing companies

In this modern and developing world, everyone is in a race to come up with more sustainable
products. EV’s are in a great demand these days. There are many EV manufacturing
companies. Some of the companies are listed below
3.5.1 Tesla: In 2008 Tesla Motors released its first car, the completely electric Roadster. In
company tests, it achieved 245 miles (394 km) on a single charge. Tesla is the industry leader
of Electric vehicles. There are 8 total vehicles announced whether discontinued, in
production, or coming out in the future. There are 4 models currently available, the Model X,
Model S, Model 3, and Model Y.
Tesla Model S is a full-sized electric four-door sedan
produced by Tesla Motors.it is travelling 60 miles per
hour without hesitation and without a drop of gasoline.
In this model acceleration is instantaneous like flipping
a switch. Hit the acceleration in 5.6 seconds. Tesla
Model S is the world’s first all-electric production
model luxury sports hatchback. Its huge 85kWh battery can deliver Fig-3.5.1: Tesla
model S
over 300kW of power, giving it an acceleration of 0-97km/h in 4.2 seconds, and a top speed
of 210 km/h. It also has a range estimated at 510 km at a constant speed of 89 km/h. The
battery accounts for much of its 2 tons weight, and requires a special charger.
3.5.2 NIO: A Chinese SUV specialist is a
Chinese brand that makes high-end electric cars.
It’s one of the best-selling EV companies in
China. Along with being a performance-oriented
car company, Nio also focuses on its cars’
features and premiumness. At the moment, Nio
offers only three electric cars: a full-size electric
SUV ES8, a mid-size electric ES6, and a
crossover EC6. Fig-3.5.2: Nio EV
3.5.3 Mahindra electric: Mahindra Electric mobility limited formerly known as the Reva
Electric car company, is an Indian company based in Bangalore, it is involved in designing
and manufacturing compact electric vehicles.
The range of vehicles offered by Mahindra electric are: Mahindra eVerito, Mahindra eSupro,
Mahindra Treo, Mahindra Treo Zor, Mahindra eAlfa Mini, Mahindra e2o plus.
3.5.4 TATA motors: Tata motors launched the Nexon EV in 2019, it is the electric version
of the Tata nexon. It produces 129ps and 245Nm and has a range of 312km. The nexon EV
uses the components from tata motors electric vehicle technology brand “Ziptron”. Tata
Motors Chairman Natarajan Chandrasekaran has announced that TATA is planning to
introduce 10 new electric vehicles in India by 2025 and also set up charging infrastructure
across India. The electric version of the Altroz is expected to be launched late 2021.
List of electric vehicles offered by Tata are:Tata Nexon EV, Tata Tigor EV, Tata Altroz EV.
3.5.5 Ather energy: Ather energy is an Indian electric vehicle company founded in 2013
backed by Hero MotoCorp ltd, it manufactures electric
scooters. The company has also established electric vehicle
charging infrastructure called the Ather Grid.
The Ather 450X is powered by 6000 W PMSM Motor. The
Ather 450X takes 5.45 Hours to get fully charged its 2.9
kwh battery. The Price of Ather 450X starts at Rs 1.13 Lakh
and goes up to Rs 1.32 Lakh (ex-showroom, Delhi). It is
available in two variants, Ather 450 Plus and Ather 450X. Fig-3.5.5: Ather
450X
 Chapter-4
CHARGING OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES
4.1 Types of charging systems

Charging can be both domestic and public. Based on the capacity and rate of charging, the
charging systems are of two types

1. AC charging system
An AC charger supplies the EV’s onboard charger, which then converts the AC power to
DC allowing the battery to charge. The size of the onboard charging device is constrained
by space. Due to this limited space, the amount of power they can deliver to the battery is
relatively low. Which means that charging is typically slower.
Again, the AC charging systems are of three levels
• Level 1: It is the slowest type of charging equipment. Its chargers plug directly into a
standard 120-volt (V) AC outlet supplying an average power output of 1.3 kW to 2.4
kW. This power output is equivalent to 3-5 miles of EV
range per hour. An overnight charge will add 30-50 miles
of range, which is sufficient for many commuters. A full
charge for an empty EV battery can take over 24 hours.
These charging occurs primarily in residential settings.
There are very few Level 1 chargers built for public use. A
majority of Level 1 chargers are the “emergency” cables
that come standard with the purchase Fig-4.1.1: Type-1
connector
of an EV.
• Level 2: These chargers operate at 208-240 V and output
anywhere from 3 kW to 19 kW of AC power. This power
output translates to 18-28 miles of range per hour. An
average EV can be fully charged in 8 hours or less. Many EV
drivers choose to purchase a Level 2 charger for home use as
it allows them to fully charge their EV overnight. Fig-4.1.2: Type-
2 connector

2. DC charging system
Level 3 chargers are also referred to as fast chargers, DC fast chargers. These are the
fastest chargers available with a maximum output of 350 kW. DCFCs are designed to fill
an EV battery to 80% in 20-40 minutes, and 100% in 60-90 minutes. Approximately 150
miles are added range per hour of charging. Not all EVs are designed to handle this kind
of charging. If their battery is smaller, they won’t be able to receive that kind of voltage.
 DC Fast Charging bypasses all of the limitations of the on-board charger and required
conversion, instead providing DC power directly to the battery, charging speed has the
potential to be greatly increased. Charging times are dependent on the battery size, and
other factors, but many vehicles are capable of getting an 80% charge in about or under
an hour using most currently available DC fast chargers. Currently, there are three types
of DC fast charging: CHAdeMO, Combined Charging System (CCS) and Tesla
Supercharger. All major DC charger manufacturers offer multi-standard units that offer
the ability to charge via CCS or CHAdeMO from the same unit. The Tesla Supercharger
can only service Tesla vehicles, however Tesla vehicles are capable of using other
chargers, specifically CHAdeMO for DC fast charging using an adapter.

4.2 Cables available for charging an EV

1. The Combined Charging System (CCS) is based on open and universal standards
for electric vehicles. The CCS combines single-phase AC,
three-phase AC and DC high-speed charging. It has High
power and neat arrangement with 2 x 'Type 2' pins. The
Combined Charging System (CCS) is a standard for
charging electric vehicles, which uses the Combo 1 and
Combo 2 connectors to provide power at up to 350
kilowatts. These two connectors are extensions of the IEC
62196 Type 1 and Type 2 connectors, with two additional
direct current (DC) Fig-4.2.1:
CCS connector
contacts to allow high-power DC fast charging. The Combined Charging System
allows AC charging using the Type 1 and Type 2 connector depending on the
geographical region.
2. CHAdeMO is a DC charging standard for electric
vehicles. It is developed by CHAdeMO Association.
CHAdeMO is an abbreviation of "CHArge de MOve",
equivalent to "move using charge" or "move by charge"
or "charge 'n' go", a reference to the fact that it's a fast
charger. CHAdeMO can charge low-range (120 km, or
75 mi) electric cars in less than half an hour. CHAdeMO
connector, generally used for DC fast charging, Adds 75
-150 miles for 30 mins of charging. Fig-4.2.2: CHAdeMO
connector
3. Tesla has installed their own chargers throughout the
world to provide long distance driving capability to
Tesla vehicles. They are also placing chargers in
urban areas that are available for drivers through
their daily lives. Tesla is currently has over 1,600
Supercharger stations across North America.
Fig-4.2.3: Tesla super charger
4.3 Effects of fast charging and over charging

Sometimes we forget to remove the connector and the

charging continuous even it is full. This leads to heating
up of the battery, sometimes burning of the battery.
Trickle charging prevents from over charging. Trickle
charging means charging a fully charged battery at a rate
equal to its self-discharge rate, thus enabling the battery
to remain at its fully charged level. In-built battery
management systems, they effectively work to ensure the
car’s main battery pack does not overcharge. An electric
car’s ability to accept higher charge currents is Fig-4.3.1: overnight charging
affected by the battery chemistry. Overcharging of an electric vehicle causes the following
problems - Heats up the battery, decreases the life span of the battery, declines the
performance of the battery. Recently released models of EV’s tried to overcome this problem
by improving the performance of the battery.
Once charging is initiated and the car’s battery is warmed up, the flow of kilowatts typically
increases to the vehicle’s maximum input. The charger will sustain this rate for as long as
possible, though it may drop to a more moderate speed if the vehicle tells the charger to slow
down so as not to compromise battery life. Once an EV’s battery reaches a certain level of its
capacity, usually 80 percent, charging essentially slows to what would then become Level 2
operation. This is known as the DC Fast Charging curve.
 Chapter-5
CHARGING TECHNIQUES
Based on the necessity, place and availability of power, there are some charging techniques
to charge an EV. Some of them are listed below

5.1 Solar charging

This may not be compact as well as may not deliver

power, enough to run an EV. Moreover, the power
generated from the over roof panels can be used for some
minor applications. A photovoltaic (PV) panel harnesses
the solar radiation into electrical energy to be supplied to
the electric vehicle batteries. In fast EV charging stations,
large array (~300) of electrically connected solar panels
would be installed to generate the
Fig-5.1.1: over top panel
required power to charge electric cars in a day. The angle of solar panel is one of the crucial
factors in deciding the output efficiency of these panels.
The other factors being the latitude, longitude and weather
conditions. The solar panels are attached to moveable,
motor-controlled solar trackers. Based on the inputs from
the microcontrollers, these motor-run trackers move the
solar panels axis to receive maximum sunlight. Moreover,
the charging stations can be supplies with the power
generated from the solar panel as shown
in fig-5.1.2. Fig-5.1.2: solar powered charging station

5.2 Vehicle to vehicle charging

Based on the availability of the connectors, this method of charging is of two types
5.2.1 Isolated mode charging
In this method two vehicles are connected to each other
by means of a connector that allows communication
between the two vehicles. This is expressed through
fig-5.2.1.
5.2.2 Power sharing at a charging station Fig-5.2.1: Isolated mode charging

In this method two vehicles are provided with a charging

station as a bypass to communicate with each other. Here
the vehicle which provides the power is first connected to
the charging station and then the plug is taken from the
station to charge the vehicle.
Fig-5.2.2: power sharing method

5.3 Battery swapping

This is a process in which a fully discharged battery

is replaced with a fully charged one. This is a more
viable option of charging an EV. This doesn’t need
large infrastructure. Battery swapping is a new
technology allowing super-fast charging for electric
cars. Ample is a Californian Start-up company
partnering with Uber and its project involves using
ultra-rapid fully-autonomous battery swapping
stations. Fig-5.3.1: Battery swapping system

5.4 Wireless charging

Adapting wireless technologies like air pods, mobile chargers etc. have become rapid these
days. Wireless charging for an EV may be more convenient to use. Instead of a charging
port, a charging plate is kept under the vehicle. Whenever the vehicle stops on the other plate
fixed on the ground, it automatically starts to charge. This
works on the principle of transfer of electric field from
one coil to the other i.e., mutual induction. ElectReon
company of Sweden, made a truck to run on a 200-meter
(0.1-mile) segment of the road, at various speeds of up to
60 kph (37 mph), averaging a transfer rate of 70 kW
while also proving that snow and ice do not affect the
charging capabilities.
Fig-5.4.1: wireless charging
 Fig-5.4.2: ElectReon company, trail on Fig-5.4.3: Testing of wireless charging under
wireless charging different climate conditions
CONCLUSIONS

Using of fossil fuels results in the emission of many pollutants and exhaustion of such non-
renewable energy. EV’s can be a perfect and a modern approach to end this. The future of
automobiles is Electric Vehicles. As battery is the heart of an EV, it must be noticed the
most. Using of primary batteries results in accumulation of a lot of e-waste. To avoid this
secondary or re-chargeable batteries are adapted by the EV manufacturers. Charging these
batteries is the most important process to run an EV successfully. As the number of EV’s
increases, new methods of charging will evolve. At present there are methods like battery
swapping, charging stations, home charging etc. Wireless charging has maximum chances to
rule the future of EV charging systems.

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