PART1

Quest
ions1-
10

Readthepassage.Thenanswert
hequest
ionsbel
ow.Af
tery
ouhav
eanswer
edt
hef
ir
st10
quest
ionsyouwillanswera'
SummaryQuesti
on'
.

TheCr
eat
orsofGr
ammar

Nost udentofaf or ei
gnlanguageneedst obet oldthatgrammari scompl ex.Bychangi ngwor d
sequencesandbyaddi ngar angeofauxi li
aryv erbsandsuf fi
xes,wear eabl etocommuni cate
ti
nyv ari
at i
onsinmeani ng.Wecant urnast atementi ntoaquest i
on, stat ewhet heranact i
onhas
takenpl aceori ssoont ot akeplace,andper form manyot herwor dt r
ickst oconveysubt l
e
diff
erencesi nmeani ng.Nori sthiscompl exit
yi nherenttot heEngl ishl anguage.Al ll
anguages,
event hoseofso- call
ed'primit
ive'tr
ibeshav ecl evergrammat i
calcomponent s.TheCher okee
pronounsy st
em, forexampl e,
candi sti
nguishbet ween' youandI '
,'sev er alotherpeopleandI '
and'you, anotherper sonandI '.InEnglish,allthesemeani ngsar esummedupi nt heone,crude
pronoun' we'.Gr ammari suniversalandplay sapar ti
nev erylanguage, nomat t
erhow
widespreadi tis.Sot hequestionwhi chhasbaf fl
edmanyl inguistsi s-whocr eatedgrammar ?

Atfirst
,itwouldappearthatthisquest
ionisimpossibl
etoanswer.Tof indouthowgr ammari s
created,someoneneedst obepresentattheti
meofal anguage'
screation,documenti
ngits
emer gence.Manyhi stor
icall
ingui
stsareabletotr
acemoder ncomplexl anguagesbackto
earl
ierlanguages,butinordertoanswerthequesti
onofhowcompl exlanguagesareactuall
y
formed, theresear
cherneedst oobser
vehowl anguagesarestar
tedfrom scratch.Amazingly
,
howev er,thi
sispossibl
e.

Someoft hemostr ecentl anguagesev ol

v edduet ot heAt l
anticsl avetrade.Att hattime, sl
av es
from anumberofdi ffer
entet hnicit
ieswer ef or
cedt owor ktoget herundercol onizer
'sr ule.
Sincet heyhadnooppor tunitytolearneachot her'slanguages, theydev elopedamake- shift
l
anguagecal l
edapi dgin.Pi dginsar estr
ingsofwor dscopi edf rom thel anguageoft he
l
andowner .Theyhav elittl
eint hewayofgr ammar ,
andi nmanycasesi tisdiffi
cultforal i
stener
todeducewhenanev enthappened, andwhodi dwhatt owhom.[ A]Speaker sneedt ouse
circuml ocuti
oni nor dert omaket heirmeani ngunder stood.[ B]Interestingl
y,howev er, alli
t
takesf orapi dgi ntobecomeacompl exlanguagei sf oragr oupofchi ldrentobeexposedt oitat
thet i
mewhent heylearnt heirmot hertongue.[ C]Slav echil
dr endi dnotsi mplycopyt hest r
ings
ofwor dsut t
eredbyt heirelders,theyadapt edt heirwor dstocr eateanew, expressivel anguage.
[D]Compl exgr ammarsy stemswhi chemer gef rom pi dginsar et ermedcr eoles,andt heyar e
i
nv entedbychi ldren.

Fur
therev
idenceoft
hiscanbeseeni
nst
udy
ingsi
gnl
anguagesf
ort
hedeaf
.Si
gnl
anguages
arenotsi mpl yaser iesofgestur es;theyuti
lisethesamegr ammat icalmachineryt hati
sfoundi n
spokenl anguages.Mor eover
, therear emanydi fferentlanguagesusedwor l
dwide.Thecr eation
ofonesuchl anguagewasdocument edquiter ecentlyinNicaragua.Pr ev
iously,alldeafpeople
wer eisolat edf r
om eachot her,buti n1979anewgov ernmenti ntroducedschool sforthedeaf .
Althoughchi ldrenwer etaughtspeechandl i
pr eadingint heclassr oom, i
nt heplaygroundst hey
begant oi nv entt hei
rownsi gnsy st
em, usi
ngt hegest uresthatt heyusedathome.I twas
basicallyapi dgin.Eachchildusedt hesignsdi fferentl
y,andt herewasnoconsi stentgrammar .
Howev er, childrenwhoj oinedt heschool l
ater,whent hisinventivesi gnsystem wasal r
eady
around, dev elopedaqui tedifferentsi gnl
anguage.Al thoughi twasbasedont hesignsoft he
olderchi ldren, they oungerchildren'slanguagewasmor efl
uidandcompact ,
andi tutil
i
seda
l
ar gerangeofgr ammat icaldev i
cest oclari
fymeani ng.Whati smor e,al
lthechildrenusedt he
si
gnsi nt hesameway .Anewcr eolewasbor n.

Somel i
nguist
sbel i
ev et hatmanyoft heworld'
smostest abli
shedl anguageswer ecreol
esat
fi
rst
.TheEngl ishpastt ense–edendi ngmayhav eevolvedfrom thev erb'do'.'
Itended'may
oncehav ebeen'Itend- did'.Theref
oreitwouldappearthatevent hemostwi despread
l
anguageswer epar t
lycr eatedbychil
dren.Chil
drenappeartohav einnategrammat i
cal
machineryintheirbrains, whichspri
ngstoli
fewhent heyaref i
rsttryi
ngtomakesenseoft he
worl
dar oundthem.Thei rmi ndscanservetocreat
elogical
,compl exst r
uctures,evenwhen
ther
eisnogr ammarpr esentf ort
hem tocopy.

1I
npar
agr
aph1,
whydoest
hewr
it
eri
ncl
udei
nfor
mat
ionaboutt
heCher
okeel
anguage?

AToshowhowsi
mpl
e,t
radi
ti
onal
cul
tur
escanhav
ecompl
i
cat
edgr
ammarst
ruct
ures

BToshowhowEngl
i
shgr
ammardi
ff
ersf
rom Cher
okeegr
ammar

CTopr
ovet
hatcompl
exgr
ammarst
ruct
ureswer
einv
ent
edbyt
heCher
okees.

DTodemonst
rat
ehowdi
ff
icul
titi
stol
ear
ntheCher
okeel
anguage

2Whatcanbei
nfer
redaboutt
hesl
aves'
pidgi
nlanguage?

AI
tcont
ainedcompl
exgr
ammar
.

BI
twasbasedonmanydi
ff
erentl
anguages.

CI
twasdi
ff
icul
ttounder
stand,
evenamongsl
aves.

DI
twascr
eat
edbyt
hel
and-
owner
s.

3Al
lthef
oll
owi
ngsent
encesaboutNi
car
aguansi
gnl
anguagear
etr
ueEXCEPT:
AThel
anguagehasbeencr
eat
edsi
nce1979.

BThel
anguagei
sbasedonspeechandl
i
preadi
ng.

CThel
anguagei
ncor
por
atessi
gnswhi
chchi
l
drenusedathome.

DThel
anguagewasper
fect
edbyy
oungerchi
l
dren.

4I
npar
agr
aph3,
wher
ecant
hef
oll
owi
ngsent
encebepl
aced?

I
tincl
udedstandar
disedwordorder
sandgr ammat
ical
mar
ker
sthatexi
stedi
nnei
thert
hepi
dgi
n
l
anguage,northel
anguageofthecoloni
zer
s.

5'
From scr
atch'
inpar
agr
aph2i
scl
osesti
nmeani
ngt
o:

Af
rom t
hev
erybegi
nni
ng

Bi
nsi
mpl
ecul
tur
es

Cbycopy
ingsomet
hingel
se

Dbyusi
ngwr
it
teni
nfor
mat
ion

6'
Make-
shi
ft
'i
npar
agr
aph3i
scl
osesti
nmeani
ngt
o:

Acompl
i
cat
edandexpr
essi
ve

Bsi
mpl
eandt
empor
ary

Cext
ensi
veanddi
ver
se

Dpr
ivat
eandper
sonal

7Whi
chsent
encei
scl
osesti
nmeani
ngt
othehi
ghl
i
ght
edsent
ence?

Gr
ammari
suni
ver
sal
andpl
aysapar
tinev
eryl
anguage,
nomat
terhowwi
despr
eadi
tis.

AAl
ll
anguages,
whet
hert
heyar
espokenbyaf
ewpeopl
eoral
otofpeopl
e,cont
aingr
ammar
.

BSomel
anguagesi
ncl
udeal
otofgr
ammar
,wher
easot
herl
anguagescont
ainal
i
ttl
e.
CLanguageswhi
chcont
ainal
otofgr
ammarar
emor
ecommont
hatl
anguagest
hatcont
aina
l
i
ttl
e.

DThegr
ammarofal
ll
anguagesi
sthesame,
nomat
terwher
ethel
anguagesev
olv
ed.

8Al
loft
hef
oll
owi
ngar
efeat
uresoft
henewNi
car
aguansi
gnl
anguageEXCEPT:

AAl
lchi
l
drenusedt
hesamegest
urest
oshowmeani
ng.

BThemeani
ngwascl
ear
ert
hant
hepr
evi
oussi
gnl
anguage.

CThehandmov
ement
swer
esmoot
herandsmal
l
er.

DNewgest
ureswer
ecr
eat
edf
orev
ery
dayobj
ect
sandact
ivi
ti
es.

9Whi
chi
deai
spr
esent
edi
nthef
inal
par
agr
aph?

AEngl
i
shwaspr
obabl
yonceacr
eol
e.

BTheEngl
i
shpastt
ensesy
stem i
sinaccur
ate.

CLi
ngui
stshav
epr
ovent
hatEngl
i
shwascr
eat
edbychi
l
dren.

DChi
l
drensayEngl
i
shpastt
ensesdi
ff
erent
lyf
rom adul
ts.

10Lookatthewor
d'consi
stent
'i
npar
agr
aph4.Thi
swor
dcoul
dbestber
epl
acedbywhi
chof
thef
oll
owi
ng?

Anat
ural

Bpr
edi
ctabl
e

Ci
magi
nabl
e

Duni
for
m

PART2

Quest
ions1–9

Readthepassage.Thenanswert
hequest
ionsbel
ow.Af
tery
ouhav
eanswer
edt
hef
ir
st9
quest
ionsyouwillanswera'
SummaryQuesti
on'
.

Smar
tEner
gy

Thenextf
ewdecadeswi
l
lseegr
eatchangesi
nthewayener
gyi
ssuppl
i
edandused.I
nsome
maj oroilproducingnat i
ons, '
peakoi l
'hasal readybeenr eached, andtherear eincr easingf ears
ofgl obalwarmi ng.Consequent ly,
manycount r
iesarefocusingont heswi tchtoal owcar bon
economy .Thistransit i
onwi l
lleadt omaj orchangesi nt hesupplyanduseofel ectrici
ty.[ A]
Fi
r stl
y ,t
herewillbeani ncreasei noveral
l demand, asconsumer sswi tchf r
om oi landgast o
el
ect rici
tytopowert heirhomesandv ehicles.[B]Secondl y,t
herewi llbeani ncreasei npower
gener ati
on,notonl yint ermsofhowmuchi sgenerated, butal
sohowi ti
sgener ated, ast hereis
growi ngelectr
icit
ygener ati
onf rom renewabl esour ces.[C]Tomeett hesechal l
enges, count r
ies
areinv esti
nginSmar tGridtechnology .[D]Thi ssystem aimst opr ovi
det heelectricit
yi ndustry
withabet t
erunder standingofpowergener ati
onanddemand, andt ouset hisinfor mationt o
creat eamor eef f
icientpowernet wor k.

SmartGr idt
echnologybasi cal
lyinvol
v estheappli
cat
ionofacomput ersystem t
otheelectr
ici
ty
network.Thecomput ersystem canbeusedt ocoll
ecti
nfor
mat ionaboutsupplyanddemand
andimpr oveengineer'
sabi l
it
ytomanaget hesystem.Withbetterinf
ormat i
onaboutel
ectri
cit
y
demand, thenetworkwi l
lbeabl etoincreasetheamountofelectri
cit
ydeli
v er
edperuni
t
generated,l
eadi
ngt opotent i
alreductionsinf
uelneedsandcar bonemissions.Moreover,
the
comput ersyst
em wi l
lassistinreducingoperati
onalandmaintenancecosts.

Smar tGri
dt echnol ogyoff
ersbenef i
tstotheconsumert oo.Theywi l
lbeabletocoll
ectreal-ti
me
i
nformat i
onont heirener
gyusef oreachappl i
ance.Var y
ingtari
ffsthroughoutthedaywillgive
customer sthei ncenti
vetouseappl i
ancesatt imeswhensuppl ygreatlyexceedsdemand,
l
eadingt ogr eatreducti
onsinbill
s.Forexampl e,theymayuset heirwashi ngmachinesatni ght.
Smar tmet erscanal sobeconnect edtothei nter
netortelephonesy stem,all
owingcustomer sto
swit
chappl i
ancesonorof fremotely.Furthermore, i
fhousesaref i
ttedwiththeapparat
ust o
generatethei rownpower ,appli
ancescanbesett or undirect
lyfr
om t heon-si
tepowersour ce,
andanyex cesscanbesol dtothegr i
d.

Withthesechangescomesar angeofchal lenges.Thef irstinvolv

esmanagi ngt hesupplyand
demand.Sour cesofr enewabl eenergy,suchaswi nd,wav eandsol ar,
arenot ori
ousl
y
unpredict
able,andnucl earpower ,whichisalsosett oincreaseasnat i
onsswi tchtoal
ternat
ive
energysources, i
sinfl
exible.Wi t
hoil andgas, iti
sr el
ativelysimplet oincr
easet hesupplyof
energytomat cht heincreasingdemanddur ingpeakt i
mesoft hedayory ear.Wi t
halt
ernati
ve
sources,t
hisisf armor ediffi
cult
,andmayl eadt oblackout sorsy stem coll
apse.Potential
sol
utionsincludeinvestigati
ngnewandef f
icientway st ost oreenergyandencour agi
ng
consumer stouseel ectrici
tyatoff-
peakt i
mes.

Asecondpr oblem i
sthef actt
hatmanyr enewablepowergenerat
ionsourcesarelocatedi
n
remoteareas,suchaswi ndyuplandsandcoast al
regi
ons,wherether
eiscur r
entl
yalackof
elect
ri
calinf
rastr
ucture.Newi nf
rast
ruct
urestherefor
emustbebui l
t.Thankfull
y,wit
himprov
ed
smarttechnology,t
hiscanbedonemor eeffi
cient
lybyreduci
ngtherei
nforcementor
const
ruct
ioncost
s.

AlthoughSmar tTechnol ogyisst i

lli
nitsinfancy ,pil
otschemest opr omot eandt estitare
alreadyunder way .Consumer sar ecurr
entlyt esti
ngt henewsmar tmet erswhi chcanbeusedi n
theirhomest omanageel ectri
cit
yuse.Ther ear ealsoanumberofdemonst r
at i
onsbei ng
plannedt oshowhowt hesmar ttechnologycoul dpr actical
lywor k,andt r
ialsarei nplacet otest
thenewel ectr
ical inf
rast ructure.Itisli
kelythatt echnologywi l
lbeaddedi n'l
ay ers'
,starti
ngwi t
h
'
qui ckwin'met hodswhi chwi llprovi
deiniti
al carbonsav i
ngs, tobef ollowedbymor eadv anced
syst emsatal at erdat e.Ci ti
esar eprimecandi datesf orinvestmenti ntosmar tener gy,duet o
thehi ghpopul ationdensi t
yandhi ghenergyuse.I tisher ewher eSmar tTechnol ogyisl i
kelyto
bepr omotedf i
rst ,ut
il
isingar angeofsust ainablepowersour ces,transpor tsolutionsandan
i
nf rastr
ucturef orchar gingel ectri
call
ypower edv ehicl
es.Thei nfrastructureisal readychangi ng
fast.Byt hey ear2050, changesi ntheener gysuppl ywi llhavet r
ansf ormedourhomes, our
roadsandourbehav iour .

1Accor
dingt
opar
agr
aph1,
whathashappenedi
nsomeoi
lpr
oduci
ngcount
ri
es?

ATheyar
eunwi
l
li
ngt
osel
lthei
roi
lanymor
e.

BTheyar
enotpr
oduci
ngasmuchoi
last
heyusedt
o.

CThesuppl
yofoi
li
sunpr
edi
ctabl
e.

DGl
obal
war
mingi
smor
esev
erher
ethani
not
hercount
ri
es.

2Wher
einpar
agr
aph1cant
hef
oll
owi
ngsent
encebepl
aced?

Therei
salsol
ikel
ymoreelect
ri
cit
ygener
ati
oncent
res,ashousehol
dsandcommuni
ti
est
akeup
theoppor
tuni
tytoi
nst
all
photovol
tai
ccel
lsandsmallscal
ewindtur
bines.

3Whi
choft
hef
oll
owi
ngi
sNOTabenef
itofSmar
tGr
idt
echnol
ogyt
oconsumer
s?

AI
tcanr
educet
hei
rel
ect
ri
cit
ybi
l
ls.

BI
tcant
ell
them howmuchener
gyeachappl
i
ancei
susi
ng.
CI
tcanal
l
owt
hem t
otur
nappl
i
ancesonandof
fwhent
heyar
enotathome.

DI
tcanr
educet
heamountofener
gyneededt
opowerappl
i
ances.

4Accor
dingt
opar
agr
aph4,
whati
sthepr
obl
em wi
thusi
ngr
enewabl
esour
cesofpower
?

ATheydonotpr
ovi
demuchener
gy.

BTheyof
tencausesy
stem f
ail
ureandbl
ackout
s.

CTheydonotsuppl
yacont
inuousf
lowofener
gy.

DTheycan'
tbeusedatof
f-
peakt
imes.

5I
npar
agr
aph6,
whatcanbei
nfer
redaboutci
ti
esi
nthef
utur
e?

AMor
epeopl
ewi
l
lbel
i
vingi
nci
ti
esi
nthef
utur
ethannowaday
s.

BPeopl
einci
ti
eswi
l
lbeusi
ngcar
sandbusespower
edbyel
ect
ri
cit
y.

CAl
lbui
l
dingswi
l
lgener
atet
hei
rownel
ect
ri
cit
y.

DSmar
tGr
idt
echnol
ogywi
l
lonl
ybeav
ail
abl
einci
ti
es.

6Thewor
d'r
emot
e'i
npar
agr
aph5coul
dbebestr
epl
aceby
:

Ai
sol
ated

Bcr
owded

Cat
tract
ive

Dal
one

7Thewor
d'under
way
'inpar
agr
aph6i
scl
osesti
nmeani
ngt
o:

Aper
manent

Bcompl
ete

Cbenef
ici
al

Di
npr
ogr
ess

817Whati
sthemai
nideaoft
hef
inal
par
agr
aph?(
par
agr
aph6)
.

ATodescr
ibewhowi
l
lbenef
itf
rom Smar
tGr
idt
echnol
ogyf
ir
st.
BToout
li
net
headv
ant
agesofSmar
tGr
idt
echnol
ogy
.

CTosummar
iset
hemai
nideasi
nthepr
evi
ouspar
agr
aphs.

DTodescr
ibehow,
wher
eandwhenSmar
tTechnol
ogywi
l
lbei
ntr
oduced.

9I
npar
agr
aph6,
whatcanbei
nfer
redaboutt
hei
ntr
oduct
ionofSmar
tGr
idTechnol
ogy
?

AThet
echnol
ogi
eswhi
chpr
oducemostbenef
it
swi
l
lbei
ntr
oducedf
ir
st.

BThecheapestt
echnol
ogi
eswi
l
lbei
ntr
oducedf
ir
st.

CThet
echnol
ogi
eswhi
char
emostdi
ff
icul
ttoputi
ntopl
acewi
l
lbei
ntr
oducedf
ir
st.

DTechnol
ogi
cal
l
yadv
ancedsy
stemswi
l
lbei
ntr
oducedf
ir
st.